Hylurgops palliatus (Gyllenhal, 1813)

Distribution in Iran. Guilan (Samin et al. 2011; Omid et al. 2011).

General distribution. Throughout the Palaearctic region from Europe and North Africa to China, Korea, Japan. Introduced into the USA.

Biology. This species breeds in species of Abies, Larix, Picea and Pinus (Pinaceae) (Stark 1952; Chararas 1962; Pfeffer 1995). In Iran it is recorded from Pinus pinea (Samin et al. 2011) . Nuorteva (1956) and Chararas (1962) give details of the biology and gallery system. Other aspects of its biology and natural enemies are treated by Nuorteva (1956), Peltonen and Helioväara (1999), Schroeder and Lindelöw (1989), Schroeder et al. (1999), Rollins et al. (2003), Kohnle (2004), Johansson et al. (2006).