Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus 1758)

Holotype: UMMZ 134.

Type locality: “America.”

Distribution: Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Widespread from Mexico through Central America and South America to Paraguay and Northern Argentina; also, in Trinidad and Tobago. Widespread in lowland Venezuela, even in disturbed areas.

Remarks: This taxon recently changed genus and species. Most commonly known as Phrynohyas venulosa, until Faivovich et al. (2005) transferred it to the genus Trachycephalus, as T. venulosus . Then Lavilla et al. (2010) elucidated the long controversial nomen typhonius (used for a complex of bufonids as Bufo typhonius, and for an Asian ranoid) to be applied as Trachycephalus typhonius .

Selected references: Lutz (1927); Duellman (1956, 1971b, 1997); Rohl (1959); Rivero (1961, 1964a –d); Tello (1968); Rivero and Esteves (1969); Staton and Dixon (1977); Hoogmoed and Gorzula (1979); Rivero-Blanco and Dixon (1979); Ramo and Busto (1989, 1990); Barrio (1996a); Yústiz (1996); Lavilla et al. (2010); Tárano (2010); Barrio-Amorós et al. (2011).