Spalangia gemina Bouček, 1963

(Figs 10, 13)

Diagnosis. Head with dense circular setiferous punctures; gena with malar space distinctly shorter than eye height and malar sulcus absent; pronotal collar coarsely reticulate-rugose, except for a nearly triangular area close to the crenulate cross-line posteriorly; mesoscutal median lobe with median longitudinal carina separating two groups of irregular foveae posteriorly (Bouček 1963; Gibson 2009).

Taxonomy. See S. endius .

Biology. Most of the host records of this parasitoid are from tephritids. There are also reports of this species as hyperparasitoid, using tachinids ( Diptera) as primary hosts, all in Lepidoptera . Other hosts include Musca domestica L. and species of Drosophila . Spalangia gemina has apparently a narrower host range than S. endius, and experiments showed that some hosts, including Drosophila virillis Sturtevant and A. ludens, are not parasitized by S. gemina (Sivinski et al. 1998) . Tephritid hosts in Brazil include A. obliqua (Uchôa et al. 2003) and Ce. capitata (Silva et al. 2020) .

Biological control. See S. endius .

Distribution. Mainly tropical, but reaching temperate zones of the New and Old World, and Australasia.

Distribution in Brazil (associated with Tephritidae). MS (Uchôa et al. 2003) and RN (Silva et al. 2020).