Halipeurus diversus (Kellogg, 1896)

Lipeurus diversus Kellogg, 1896: 123, pl. 8, fig. 3, 4. Type host: Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, 1864 (in error). Syntypes Ƥ in USNM & CISC.

Lipeurus limitatus Kellogg, 1896: 124, pl. 8, fig. 5, 6. Type host: Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) . Syntypes nymphs in USNM & Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas.

Esthiopterum constrictiventre Pessôa & Guimarães, 1935: 313, fig. 6, 7. Type host: Pterodroma macroptera (Smith, 1840) (in error). Holotype 3 in Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.

Halipeurus hanaki Balát, 1958: 415 . Type host: Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) . Syntypes Ƥ, repository unknown.

Halipeurus diversus; Hopkins & Clay,1952: 163.

Halipeurus diversus; Timmermann, 1961: 408, fig. 6.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Edwards, 1961: 142, figs 3F– 7F.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Timmermann, 1965: 142, fig. 83.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) diversus; Price et al., 2003: 187.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Non-types

Ex Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789): 12Ƥ, Pacific Grove, California, U.S.A., Aug. 1896, V. Kellogg. (CISC); 23, Nova Scotia, Canada, 24 Jun. 1927, O.L. Austin (USNM); 23, 2Ƥ, Antipodes Is, N.Z., 4 Nov. 1950, R.A. Falla (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Lyall Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 12 May 1954, K.J. Brownie (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., 25 Jan. 1955, B.A. Holloway (MONZ); 23, Lake Forsyth, N.Z., 30 Nov. 1958, J.R. Jackson (CMNZ); 2Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 4 Nov. 1961, R.L.C. Pilgrim (RLCP; CMNZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A., 4 Apr. 1964, C. Christoan (BPBM); 23, 3Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 2o35’N- 174o34’W, 17 May 1965, POBSP 4148 (USNM); 83, 5Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 2o32’N- 174o42’W, 17 May 1965, POBSP 4130, 4131, 4134,4149, 4150 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 3o10’N- 178o45’W, 23 May 1965, POBSP 4136 (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., 9 Nov. 1968, J.S. Dugdale & J.C. Watt (NZAC); 43, Reef Point, Antipodes Is, N.Z., 17 Feb. 1969, G. Kuschel (MONZ; NZAC); 13, 1Ƥ, Big South Cape I., Stewart Is, N.Z., Feb. 1969, L.J. Dumbleton (NZAC); 13, Taylor's Mistake, Canterbury, N.Z., 3 May 1969, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 63, 6Ƥ, Waipara River mouth, Canterbury, N.Z., 11 May 1969, R.L. Sparrow (RLCP); 43, Wellington, N.Z., 11 May 1969, M. Harrison (RLCP); 23, 1Ƥ, Lake Ellesmere, Canterbury, N.Z., 15 May 1970, C.J. Burrows (RLCP); 13, 1Ƥ, Motukiekie Rocks, Greymouth, N.Z., 12 Dec. 1970, J.R. Jackson (RLCP); 23, 1Ƥ, Snares Is, N.Z., 15 Dec. 1970, O.R. Wilkes & C.J. Wilson (RLCP); 13, Bahía Crossley, Staten I., Argentina, 26 Apr. 1971 (USNM); 1Ƥ, Bahía Capitán Cánepa, Staten I., Argentina, 1 May 1971 (USNM); 33, 3Ƥ, Stewart I., N.Z., 11 May 1971, G. Fenwick (RLCP); 1Ƥ, Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Peninsula, N.Z., 16 May 1971, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 33, 1Ƥ, New Brighton, Christchurch, N.Z., J.R. Jackson, 24 Oct. 1971 (MONZ; RLCP); 13, Snares Is, N.Z., 5 Feb. 1972, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 13, Biological Station, Snares Is, N.Z., 3 Mar. 1972, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 33, 2Ƥ, Christchurch, N.Z., 29 Apr. 1972, B.N. Norris (MONZ; RLCP); 53, 3Ƥ, Thorndon, Wellington, N.Z., 14 Mar. 1974, Wildlife Dept (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Taiaroa Head, Dunedin, N.Z., 6 May 1974, A. Wright (NZAC); 33, 3Ƥ, Pinehaven, Hutt Valley, N.Z., 8 May 1974, D.J. Campbell (MONZ); 23, Ohope Beach, Bay of Plenty, N.Z., 19 Jun. 1974, N.R. Hellyer (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Station Cove, Snares Is, N.Z., 18 Dec. 1974, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 13, Biological Station, Snares Is, N.Z., 31 Dec. 1974, C.J. Horning (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Otago Peninsula, N.Z., 1 Mar. 1975, A. Wright (MONZ); 73, 2Ƥ, Mollymawk Bay, Snares Is, N.Z., 26 Nov. 1976, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Muttonbird Creek, Snares Is, N.Z., 11 Feb. 1977, D.S. Horning (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Stokes Valley, N.Z., 6 May 1977, Wildlife Dept (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Eastbourne, Wellington, N.Z., May 1977, W.H. Gibbs (MONZ); 13, Taylor's Mistake, Canterbury, N.Z., 1 May 1978, B.N. Norris (RLCP); 33, 3Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 5 May 1982, G. Taylor (MONZ); 13, 2Ƥ, Isla Guamblin, Magallanes Province, Chile, 30 Oct. 1983, G. Clark, “ Totorore Expedition” (MONZ); 43, 8Ƥ, Montrose, Scotland, 11 Feb. 1987, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Bill Baileys Bank, 60o30’N- 11o00’W, Faroe Is, 20 Sep. 1996, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF); 53, 5Ƥ, Bill Baileys Bank, Faroe Is, 14 Aug. 1997, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF).

Ex Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck, 1836): 2Ƥ, Rat I., Alaska, U.S.A., 20 Jun. 1937, V.B. Schaeffer (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Fisher I., Bass Strait, Australia, 1 Jan. 1953 (ANIC); 1Ƥ, Castlepoint, Wairarapa, N.Z., 23 Jul. 1956, F. Abernethy (MONZ); 23, 67 o38’N- 165o45’W, Alaska, U.S.A., 20 Aug. 1960 (BPBM; KCEM); 13, 1Ƥ, Fisher I., Bass Strait, Australia, 27 Nov. 1961 (ANIC); 13, Pacific Ocean, 22 Nov. 1964 (USNM); 33, 5Ƥ, South Beach, Greymouth, N.Z., 30 Oct. 1968, T.H. Smith (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Auckland, N.Z., Oct. 1974, C. Smith (MONZ); 83, 4Ƥ, Waimairi Beach, Canterbury, N.Z., 8 Nov. 1975, J.R. Jackson (MONZ; RLCP); 13, St Kilda, Dunedin, N.Z., 7 May 1977, L.C. Esler (RLCP); 43, 4Ƥ, Wellington west coast, N.Z., 17 Mar. 1979, N McKenzie (MONZ; YIOJ); 53, 5Ƥ, Palliser Bay, N.Z., 25 Oct. 1979, D. Sim (MONZ; YIOJ); 1Ƥ, Sleaford Dist., South Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, 19 Apr. 1983, C. Gill (KCEM); 2Ƥ, Macquarie I., Australia, 1984–1985, T. Scarborough (QVTA); 63, 2Ƥ, Waitarere Beach, Manawatu, N.Z., 8 May 1986, D.M. Stracy (MONZ); 13, Park Beach, Tasmania, Australia, 11 Jan. 1989, A. Cupit (TMTA); 53, 4Ƥ, Vanua Belavu I., Northern Lau Group, Fiji Is, 3 Jan. 1994, G. Wragg (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Straham, Australia, 28 Dec. 2000, R.W. Furness (MONZ).

Ex Puffinus puffinus (Brünnich, 1764): 13, 4Ƥ, South Atlantic Ocean, 1912–1913, R.C. Murphy (USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pukerua Bay, Wellington, N.Z., 26 Jun. 1972, T.L.C. Symms (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, 20 Apr. 1984, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Waikanae Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 25 Jan. 1985, B.A.J.D. Tennyson (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, Sep. 1985, R. Furness (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Rhum I., Hebrides Is, Scotland, 29 Sep. 1985, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 13, Skerryvore, Scotland, Jul. 1986, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, 7 Jul. 1987, F. Zino (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Skerryvore, Scotland, May 1988, B. Zonfrillo (MONZ); 53, 5Ƥ, Skúvoy, Faroe Is, 10 Sep. 1996, J.-K. Jensen (MONZ; NHTF); 43, 4Ƥ, Otaki Beach, Wellington, N.Z., 12 Jul. 2002, E. Horn (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Madeira I., North Atlantic Ocean, no date (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Strait of Bosphorus, no date (MONZ).

Ex Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827): 23, Island of Malta, Mediterranean Sea, Dec. 1863 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Sicilia, Italy, 28 Jul. 1898 (MONZ); 63, 8Ƥ, Isla Marettimo, off Sicilia, Italy, 8 Jul. 1923 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Tunis, 1923, Whitaker Coll. (MONZ); 33, 2Ƥ, Akrotiri, Cyprus, 26 Aug. 1969 (MONZ); 93, 9Ƥ, Catalky, near Kyrenia, Cyprus, 14 Jul. 1996, A. Kelly (MONZ).

Ex Puffinus mauretanicus Lowe, 1921: 93, 2Ƥ, Málaga, Spain, 30 Jan. 1877 (MONZ); 5Ƥ, La Mola, Isla Formentera, Baleares Is, Spain, 19 May 1950 (MONZ); 23, 3Ƥ, Algeria, 24 Feb. 1973 (MONZ); 33, 3Ƥ, Ericeira Sea, Portugal, 23 Jun. 1975, C. Pinto (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Isla Tagomago, Baleares Is, Spain, 9 Jun. 1995, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Llumeta, Isla Cabrera, Baleares Is, Spain, 21 Jun. 1995, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Blanquer, Conills I., off Isla Cabrera, Baleares Is, Spain, 3 Jul. 1996, J.S. Aguilar G. (MONZ); 43, 2Ƥ, Villanova, Spain, 2 Jun. 2008, E. Soldaat (MONZ).

Ex Puffinus assimilis boydi Mathews, 1912: 33, Rombos I., Cape Verde Is, 25 Nov. 1897, B. Alexander, N.M.18667 (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Raso I., Cape Verde Is, 16o37’N- 24o36’W, 1 Apr. 1999, R.W. Furness (MONZ). Ex Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte, 1857): 13, 2Ƥ, Porto Santo I., Madeira Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 7 Feb. 1893 (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Stockport, Chesire, England, 12 May 1958 (NHML 1958-277); 13, 1Ƥ, Bugio I., Desertas Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Oct. 1989, F. Zino (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Selvagem Grande I., Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1992, F. Zino (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Selvagem Grande I., Selvagems Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 1 Sep. 1997, R.W. Furness (MONZ); 23, 1Ƥ, Vila, Santa María I., Azores Is, North Atlantic Ocean, 27 Aug. 2003, E. Gómez Díaz (MONZ). New host record.

DISCUSSION: Edwards (1961: 143) identified five males and 13 females from Puffinus assimilis boydi (as “ Puffinus l’hermineiri boydi ”) ex Cape Verde Islands as Halipeurus diversus, while Timmermann (1961: 410) identified material from P. a. boydi as H. intestatus (= H. spadix spadix). My examination of three males and one female from P. a. boydi (see above) agrees with Edwards’s identification. This host-louse association was not included in Price et al. (2003).

Edwards (1961: 146) identified two males and four females collected from Puffinus assimilis baroli near Porto Santo ( Madeira Islands) as Halipeurus taxosetus, a species now regarded as a junior synonym of H. spadix spadix (see above). However, my identification of the specimens listed above under P. assimilis baroli, including some from Madeira Islands, show that they are Halipeurus diversus .

Austin et al. (2004: 859, Table 3) placed Puffinus boydi and P. b a ro l i as subspecies of P. lherminieri based on a molecular phylogeny of the Puffinus lherminieri – assimilis complex. If the phylogeny proposed by Austin et al. (2004) is correct, and considering that these two petrels are parasitised by Halipeurus diversus, there must have been a host switch of H. diversus from one of its Atlantic Ocean hosts onto the ancestor of P. a. b o y d i and P. a. baroli, which replaced their ancestral Halipeurus spadix lineage.