Halipeurus kermadecensis (Johnston & Harrison, 1912)

Lipeurus kermadecensis Johnston & Harrison, 1912: 365, fig. 1. Type host: Pterodroma neglecta neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) . Holotype nymph in MONZ.

Lipeurus diversus var. excavatus Johnston & Harrison, 1912: 366, fig. 2. Type host: Pterodroma neglecta (Schlegel, 1863) . Two syntypes Ƥ in MONZ.

Halipeurus kermadecensis; Hopkins & Clay, 1952: 164.

Halipeurus kermadecensis; Timmermann, 1960: 327, fig. 8.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecense (sic); Edwards, 1961: 150, figs 3Q– 7Q.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecensis; Timmermann, 1965: 137, fig. 87.

Halipeurus kermadecensis; Watt, 1971: 236, fig. 5.

Halipeurus kermadecensis; Emerson, 1972: 80.

Halipeurus (Halipeurus) kermadecensis; Price et al., 2003: 187.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

Types

Ex Pterodroma neglecta neglecta: Holotype nymph of Lipeurus kermadecensis, Kermadec Is, New Zealand, 1907–1908, W.R.B. Oliver (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, syntypes of Lipeurus diversus excavatus, Kermadec Is, New Zealand, 1907–1908, W.R.B. Oliver (MONZ).

Non-types

Ex Pterodroma neglecta neglecta: 43, 1Ƥ, Rapa I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is) French Polynesia, Feb. 1922, R.H. Beck (MONZ); 1Ƥ, Ducie I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 3 Jan. 1935, E.J. Gerberg, “Crocker Expedition” (KCEM); 43, 4Ƥ, Kermadec Is, N.Z., 6 Aug. 1944, N o 52 (CMNZ; NHML); 23, 4Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Aug. 1944, J.H. Sorensen, DM 11376 (MONZ); 13, 2Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 30 Oct. 1962, G.A. Samuelson, 210 (NHML); 13, 3Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 17 Mar. 1963, C.M. Clark (BPBM; NHML); 243, 20Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 29–31 Dec. 1966, D.E. Crockett & J.C. Watt (NZAC; MONZ; RLCP; NHML); 13, 1Ƥ, Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 20 Jan. 1967, D. Merton (MONZ); 83, 8Ƥ, North Meyer I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 23 Mar. 1973, J. Ireland (NZAC; MONZ; RLCP); 93, 10Ƥ, Baixo do Sueste, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 28 Dec. 1975, S.L. Olson, USNM 503731 (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Cuvier I., N.Z., 27 Jan. 1976, S.M. Reed (MONZ); 113, 11Ƥ, Chanter I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 13 Oct. 1976, A.N. Baker (MONZ); 63, 6Ƥ, Raoul I., Kermadec Is, N.Z., 1983, A.W. Blundell (MONZ); 43, 3Ƥ, Omamari (35o52’S- 173o40’E), Northland, N.Z., 22 Mar. 1986, G. Carlin (MONZ); 83, 8Ƥ, Henderson I., Pitcairn Group, South Pacific Ocean, 20 Jul. 1991, J.N. Jolly, E176251 (MONZ); 13, 3Ƥ, Raivavae I., Austral Group (Tubuai Is) French Polynesia, Jul. 1992, G. McCormack (MONZ); 13, New Zealand, no date (MONZ); 13, Bass Rocks, Tubuai Is, French Polynesia, no date (AMNH). Ex Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, 1935: 13, 3Ƥ, Santa Clara I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, 27 Feb. 2004, P. Scofield (MONZ); 13, 1Ƥ, Masatierra I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, no date, RLE 28 (NHML, 1954-251); 53, 4Ƥ, Masatierra I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, no date (AMNH).

Ex Pterodroma neglecta (not identified to subspecies): 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 24 Nov. 1964, POBSP 2044 (USNM); 23, 3Ƥ, Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, no date (AMNH).

Ex Pterodroma externa (Salvin, 1875): 63, 15Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 21–22 Jul. 1964, POBSP 1762-1767 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 1Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 8 Aug. 1964, POBSP 1907 (USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, 23–24 Nov. 1964, POBSP 2043, 2045 (USNM); 13, Pacific Ocean, 13o07’N- 170o20’W, 11 Dec. 1964, POBSP 3989 (USNM); 43, 4Ƥ, Pacific Ocean, off Chile, 5 Apr. 1965, Watson & Angle POBSP 3802 (KCEM; USNM); 13, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 9o07’N- 150o34’W, 9 Jun. 1965, POBSP 3822 (USNM); 43, 4Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 8o12’N- 162o12’W, 13 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4030 (USNM); 23, 2Ƥ, at sea, Pacific Ocean, 8o54’N- 162o58’W, 13 Jun. 1965, POBSP 4033 (USNM); 13, 9o N-155o W, 5 Jul. 1965, POBSP 4212 (USNM); 73, 5Ƥ, North Pacific Ocean, 8o02’N- 174o00’W, 21 Nov. 1965, POBSP 503358 (MONZ); 3Ƥ, off Masafuera I., Juan Fernández Is, Chile, 25 Nov. 1965, P.C. Harper, DM 12608 (MONZ); 13, Central Pacific Ocean, 26 Nov. 1965, P.C. Harper (MONZ); 2Ƥ, Juan Fernández Is, Chile, Mar. 1966, R.F. Cressey (USNM); 33, 2Ƥ, Ngahinapouri, South Auckland, N.Z., 22 Oct. 1971, D.G. Berrett, A.M. Av.1072.1 (MONZ); 43, 4Ƥ, Waimanalo, Oahu I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 27 Jul. 1991 (MONZ; BPBM, 178481); 23, 3Ƥ, Daimon-cho, Moriyama-shi, Siga Prefecture, Japan, 5 Aug. 2004, S. Kobayashi (MONZ; YIOJ). Ex Pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana (Giglioli & Salvadori, 1869): 23, 6Ƥ, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 3 Jan. 1906 (MONZ); 13, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, 28 Jul. 1910, E.A. Wilson, “British Antarctic Expedition”, NMNZ 18657 (MONZ); 793, 86Ƥ, (ex 64 birds) Trindade I. (several locations), Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, Jun. 2006 – Apr. 2007, L. Bugoni (MONZ; MZSB); 73, 13Ƥ, Trindade I., Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean, no date (NHML, Thompson Collection 1980-40; Meinertzhagen Collection 12590 & 12598).

Ex Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway, 1884): 73, 7Ƥ, on board ship “ Townsend Cromwell ”, 22o20’N- 151o W, 21 Jul. 1964, D. Au (BPBM; MONZ); 103, 5Ƥ, Haleakala Crater, Maui I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., May 1973, USNM 512636 (MONZ); 33, 5Ƥ, Haleakala Crater, Maui I., Hawaiian Is, U.S.A., 20 May 1976, BBM- X 148358 (BPBM; MONZ). New host record.

DISCUSSION: The new host-louse record of Halipeurus kermadecensis from Hawaiian petrels –referred to as Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis by Dickinson (2003: 74) —is further evidence that the Galápagos and the Hawaiian petrels are different species and not subspecies, as shown by Browne et al. (1997) with a study of the genetic diversity and divergence of those petrels based on allozyme electrophoresis. The Galápagos petrel, Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia, is host to Halipeurus noctivagus (see below), a louse species extremely different from H. kermadecensis .

Halipeurus kermadecensis has been found parasitising two species of Pterodroma petrels on Trindade Island, situated off the coast of Brazil in the South Atlantic Ocean: Pt. neglecta and Pt. arminjoniana arminjoniana . That is, if the identification by Imber (2004: 36) of a specimen kept in the USNM collection (Reg. 503731) as Pt. neglecta is accepted as valid; see Hammer et al. (2010) and discussion under H. heraldicus below.