Rivulinae .

Monophyly of Rivulinae is supported by eight synapomorphies (Costa, 2011a): 1. ventral process of the angulo-articular narrow and triangular shaped (Fig. 3 b-c); 2. interhyal bone rudimentary or absent; 3. first epibranchial twisted (Fig. 4a); 4. subdistal process of the second epibranchial absent (Fig. 4a); 5. uncinate process of the third epibranchial forming an angle of about 45–60° (Fig. 4a); 6. paired process on the first vertebra anteriorly directed; 7. membrane between preopercular laterosensory series and isthmus continuous; 8. E-scales not overlapped. Other combined (Costa, 2013); and molecular phylogenies (Murphy, Collier, 1996; Murphy et al., 1999; Hrbek et al., 2004; Vermeulen, Hrbek, 2005; Furness et al., 2015; Pohl et al., 2015) support the monophyly of Rivulinae .