Tribe Tropidocephalini Muir

Description. Gonapophyses IX linear to slightly curvilinear, average length 770.50–1977.16 µm, width 61.26– 142.98 µm; 13–17 prominent, widely spaced teeth, extending 2/3 of gonapophyses, variable in shape, ranging from rhomboid, and semi-rectangular to peg-shaped (Figs 17, 18); average height of teeth 9.40–18.16 µm; width 18.88– 19.59 µm; average space between teeth 18.05–20.83 µm; apex porrect to slightly curved in ventral view; surface variable; and apex serrate (except Purohita muiri; Fig. 18A).

Notes. Tropidocephalini currently includes 179 species in 35 genera, with most taxa restricted to bamboo ( Poaceae: Bambusoideae) (Bartlett 2010b), except for some species of Tropidocephala on other grasses, for example T. andropogonis Horvath on Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng and Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. and T. tuberipennis (Mulsant & Rey) on Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. all on grasses in the Panicoideae (Holzinger et al. 2003) . New World Columbisoga (3 species), Macrocorupha gynerii Muir and Malaxa occidentalis Muir were reported on Gynerium Willd. ex P. Beauv. 1812 not Bonpl. 1813 ( Poaceae: Panicoideae: Gynerieae), which is physiognomically but not phylogenetically, similar to bamboo. New World Tropidocephalini are restricted to Central and South America (Bartlett 2010b); however, taxa from the Old World are distributed in Australia, China, India, Indomalaya, and the Philippines (Donaldson 1991, Chen 2003, Qin & Zhang 2010).