Paragenidens Marceniuk et al. 2019

(Figs 1–3, 12C, 15)

Type species: Arius grandoculis Steindachner, 1877 .

Diagnosis

Mesethmoid median portion very narrow (2, 1> 0); lateral horn of lateral ethmoid long and posteriorly oriented (12, 1> 2); bony bridge formed by lateral ethmoid and frontal cylindrical and thin (16, 0> 1); frontal mesial laminar projection absent (23, 1> 0); anterior margin of vomer very pronounced and acute (50, 0> 1); lateral expansions of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid absent (64, 1> 0); optic foramen very large (67, 1> 0), homoplastic in Potamarius; distance between optic foramen and trigemino-facialis foramen small, equal to width of trigemino-facialis foramen (68, 1> 0); contact face for articulation of transcapular process with basioccipital large and depressed (85, 0> 1); transcapular process very short and thick (87, 0> 1); maxilla lateral and mesial margins considerably closer to each other proximally, distally narrow and pointed (102, 2> 3); premaxilla very wide and short, only as long as wide (120, 1> 3); opercle posterior portion well developed posteriorly (129, 0> 1); interopercle rectangular (134, 0> 1), homoplastic in Potamarius; metapterygoid one and one-half times longer than deep in perpendicular section (135, 1> 2); metapterygoid anterior process truncate (138, 0> 1); bony blade connecting posterolateral processes of urohyal absent (159, 0> 1); third basibranchial long and narrow (169, 1> 2); third pharyngobranchial funnel shaped (192, 1> 0); 14 or fewer ribs (213, 1> 0).

Ambiguous optimization: Posterior cranial fontanel relatively narrow and long (27, 0> 1).

Included species

Paragenidens grandoculis (Steindachner, 1877) .

Habitat and distribution: Fresh and brackish waters, east coast of Brazil (Fig. 12).

Remarks

The total-evidence analysis corroborates the result of a previous morphological and molecular study that supports the recognition of Paragenidens (Marceniuk et al. 2019c) .