identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
C4399947FFF3C20AFCDF8E9025C9FD06.text	C4399947FFF3C20AFCDF8E9025C9FD06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aedes aegypti eggs </p>
            <p> We used Ae.  aegypti eggs provided by the Vector Insect Laboratory of the University of Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Filter papers containing the Ae.  aegypti eggs were placed in plastic containers (44 cm x 30 cm x 8 cm) filled with distilled water preheated to 28 °C to stimulate  larvae hatching. These containers were kept in a Biological Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) incubator set at 28 ± 0.5 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, and a 12:12 light/dark photoperiod until the  larvae reached the stage for use in the bioassays. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4399947FFF3C20AFCDF8E9025C9FD06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nascimento, Tatiane Aparecida;Cruz, Igor Luiz Souza da;Carvalho, Karine Silva de;Valicente, Fernando Hercos;Santos, Maria José Paes;Queiroz, Margareth Maria de Carvalho	Nascimento, Tatiane Aparecida, Cruz, Igor Luiz Souza da, Carvalho, Karine Silva de, Valicente, Fernando Hercos, Santos, Maria José Paes, Queiroz, Margareth Maria de Carvalho (2024): Screening for new Bacillus thuringiensis (Caryophanales: Bacillaceae) strains effective against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240021) 68 (4): 1-11, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0021
C4399947FFF0C20FFF8F8D8921B0FC74.text	C4399947FFF0C20FFF8F8D8921B0FC74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bacillus thuringiensis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pathogenicity of  Bacillus thuringiensis</p>
            <p> Among the 13 Bt strains tested, 1644, 1608A, and 1656 resulted in a mortality rate of over 70% for Ae.  aegypti larvae . A Bti strain was used as the positive control in this study due to its proven efficacy against  Culicidae of medical importance and its presence in various commercial products for  mosquito control (Davidson and Sweeney, 1983; Mohammad, 2022). Consequently, the BtiJAB strain caused 100% mortality in Ae.  aegypti larvae . Similarly, strain 1644 was capable of causing 100% mortality in immatures within 24 hours. Up to 72 hours, strains 1608A and 1656 killed 95 and 85% of the  larvae , respectively. The other strains exhibited low efficiency in controlling the target insect, with average mortality ranging from 0 to 53% (Table 2). </p>
            <p> During the evaluation, a distinct behavior was observed between the  larvae in the control group and those treated with the BtiJAB strain (positive control) (Figures 1C and 1D), as well as strains 1644, 1608A, and 1656.The  larvae contaminated by these Bt strains lost their agility, spending most of their time at the bottom of the plastic container without feeding, and rarely surfacing to breathe. The  larvae slowed down their movements to a standstill, and their tegument changed color, becoming matte. The  larvae became flaccid, and upon death, there was a darkening of the muscles and fatty body, indicating the onset of tissue deterioration. These changes may indicate the toxic effect caused by ingesting the spores and crystals of the Bt strains (Figures 1C, 1E, 1G). </p>
            <p> This evaluation showed that the observed changes were dependent on the Bt strains tested. The Ae.  aegypti larvae in the negative control group maintained a normal elongated and vermiform appearance, with a body visually divided into the head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax was wider than the head and had tufts of bristles, which were also present on the abdomen (Figures 1A and 1B). According to Serra-Freire and Mello (2006), the general characters of the first body parts of Ae.  aegypti larvae are globose, and the abdomen consists of 10 segments, with the eighth segment having a pair of spiracles located at the end of the siphon (tubular organ). </p>
            <p> During exposure to the Bt strains, we observed that the Ae.  aegypti larvae showed reduced agility, spending most of their time at the bottom of the container without feeding and rarely rising to the surface to breathe. Their movements gradually slowed to a complete stop, and their integument changed color, adopting a matte appearance. The  larvae became flaccid, and, upon death, their muscles and fatty bodies darkened, initiating a process of tissue deterioration.This indicates the toxic effect resulting from ingesting the spores and crystals of the Bt strains (Figures 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1I, 1J). </p>
            <p> The main changes in  larvae treated with Bt strains include a narrowing of the mesenteron, a decrease in body fat, thickening of the peritrophic membrane, leakage from the intestine, elongation of the cervix, and spacing of the anal papillae. The morphology of the anal papillae can affect the regulation of osmotic functions, influencing the survival of Ae.  aegypti larvae (Chaithong et al., 2006) . These observations are consistent with those reported by Fujiwara et al. (2017) and Lobato Rodrigues et al. (2021), who, in addition to observing lethargic movement of  Culicidae larvae exposed to natural substances extracted from plants, noted the shortening and darkening of the abdomen and morphological changes in the anal papillae of Ae.  aegypti . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4399947FFF0C20FFF8F8D8921B0FC74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Nascimento, Tatiane Aparecida;Cruz, Igor Luiz Souza da;Carvalho, Karine Silva de;Valicente, Fernando Hercos;Santos, Maria José Paes;Queiroz, Margareth Maria de Carvalho	Nascimento, Tatiane Aparecida, Cruz, Igor Luiz Souza da, Carvalho, Karine Silva de, Valicente, Fernando Hercos, Santos, Maria José Paes, Queiroz, Margareth Maria de Carvalho (2024): Screening for new Bacillus thuringiensis (Caryophanales: Bacillaceae) strains effective against Aedes aegypti larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240021) 68 (4): 1-11, DOI: 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2024-0021
