identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BF3E7D480179FFF2FC00FAAFFB18FA4A.text	BF3E7D480179FFF2FC00FAAFFB18FA4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chikunia YOSHIDA 2009	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CHIKUNIA YOSHIDA, 2009</p>
            <p> Chikunia Yoshida, 2009: 378 ; type species  C. alba Yoshida, 2009 by original designation. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF3E7D480179FFF2FC00FAAFFB18FA4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Cassandra;Cotter, Addie;Grinsted, Lena;Bowolaksono, Anom;Watiniasih, Ni Luh;Agnarsson, Ingi	Smith, Cassandra, Cotter, Addie, Grinsted, Lena, Bowolaksono, Anom, Watiniasih, Ni Luh, Agnarsson, Ingi (2019): In a relationship: sister species in mixed colonies, with a description of new Chikunia species (Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 337-352
BF3E7D480179FFFEFC8FF9C4FD24FF4B.text	BF3E7D480179FFFEFC8FF9C4FD24FF4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chikunia nigra (O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE 1880)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CHIKUNIA NIGRA (O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, 1880)</p>
            <p> Originally,  Argyrodes nigra O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 . Later placed in  Theridion by Simon (1905),  Theridula by Saito (1935) and  Chrysso by Levi (1962). Transferred here by Grinsted et al. (2012). </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>  Types from Sri Lanka (Thwaites’s Ceylon collection), not examined.  Multiple male and female specimens from northern central Bali, near lake Buyan  , </p>
            <p>0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0</p>
            <p> a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8.2 4 3 6 9 3° S, 1 1 5. 1 0 4 0 7 0 °E t o 8.282064°S, 115.164817°E (Fig. 3),  collected in July 2017. Five specimens from Sri Lanka and India (see Grinsted et al., 2012) were also re-examined . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p> Chikunia nigra differs from other  Chikunia species in the long, tapering male abdomen, conformation of male palp (Figs 6J, 7J, 8) with very long embolus and large conductor, and in the epigynum with oval spermathecae and simple non-spiralling copulatory ducts. Furthermore,  C. nigra females are distinct by having both pedipalps and tarsus of leg I black or very dark brown in colour (Fig. 6A, C), in contrast to the remaining leg segments, which are pale white or yellow in colour. </p>
            <p>Redescription</p>
            <p>Female (from Bali, Indonesia): Legs I–IV. Total length 3.54 mm. Cephalothorax 1.11 mm long, 0.91 mm wide, 0.71 mm high, medium to dark brown with tan markings laterally. Chelicerae are dark brown in colour. Sternum 0.69 mm long, 0.56 mm wide, extending halfway through coxae IV, medium brown. Abdomen 2.43 mm long, 2.55 mm wide, 1.77 mm, subtriangular in shape and tapering towards posterior (Fig. 6A–C). Wide dark brown patch and scattered spots occur dorsally along abdomen (Fig. 6A–C). Eyes approximately equal in size anterior lateral eyes (ALE) 0.06 mm, anterior median eyes (AME) 0.08 mm in diameter. All eyes within one eye diameter apart from each other excluding the anterior median, which are 0.12 mm apart. Leg I femur 1.70 mm, patella 0.40 mm, tibia 1.0 mm, metatarsus 1.10 mm and tarsus 0.61 mm. All legs tan in colour; tarsus of leg I dark brown (Fig. 6A, C). Leg formula 1423. Epigynum simple, translucent cuticle, with tiny copulatory openings, leading to oval spermathecae (Fig. 6D–F).</p>
            <p>Male (from Bali, Indonesia): Total length 2.32 mm. Cephalothorax 0.83 mm long, 0.71 mm wide, 0.53 mm high, dark brown to black in colour with faint medium brown broad patches dorsally, relatively slender and tapering towards end (Fig. 6G–I). Sternum 0.60 mm long, 0.47 mm wide, dark brown. Abdomen 1.49 mm long, 0.81 mm wide, 0.72 mm high, black in colour. Eyes approximately equal in size, ALE 0.07 mm, AME 0.08 mm in diameter. All eyes within one eye diameter apart from each other excluding the anterior median, which are 0.12 mm apart. Leg I femur 1.60 mm, patella 0.31 mm, tibia 0.95 mm, metatarsus 0.74 mm and tarsus 0.46 mm. All legs dark brown with white coxae and white coloration where trochanter and femur meet. Leg formula 1423. Male palps with prominent and long embolus, spiral covering outer edge of tegulum, distally supported by a large conductor.</p>
            <p> Variation: Female total length 2.01–3.54 mm, femur I 1.11–1.70 mm; male total length 2.32–3.20 mm, femur I 1.37–1.98 mm. Female abdomen shape and coloration vary greatly (Fig. 9A–I). Colours range from pale orange to reddish orange, amber, various shades of brown, greenish grey and black. Some abdomens are uniformly coloured, whereas others have a nondistinct, mottled black pattern of varying size in the centre of the abdomen. Abdomen shape varies from having rather large abdominal humps and a short, pointy rear end (abdomen wider than long, similar to  C. bilde ) to a more slender look with smaller abdominal humps and a longer, tapering rear end (abdomen longer than wide). </p>
            <p> CHIKUNIA BILDE SMITH, AGNARSSON &amp; GRINSTED</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF3E7D480179FFFEFC8FF9C4FD24FF4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Cassandra;Cotter, Addie;Grinsted, Lena;Bowolaksono, Anom;Watiniasih, Ni Luh;Agnarsson, Ingi	Smith, Cassandra, Cotter, Addie, Grinsted, Lena, Bowolaksono, Anom, Watiniasih, Ni Luh, Agnarsson, Ingi (2019): In a relationship: sister species in mixed colonies, with a description of new Chikunia species (Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 337-352
BF3E7D480175FFFCFF5AFED9FE7CFA17.text	BF3E7D480175FFFCFF5AFED9FE7CFA17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chikunia nigra (O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE 1880)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chikunia nigra (misidentified). </p>
            <p>Type material</p>
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                 Male holotype from northern central Bali ,   near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.16584/lat -8.271211)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.16584&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.271211">Lake Beretan</a>
                 , −8.271211, 115.165842, collected in July 2017, legit L. Grinsted, in the Smithsonian MNH, Washington DC  . 
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            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p>
                  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.16438/lat -8.282525)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.16438&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.282525">Multiple</a>
                 additional male and female specimens from type locality and nearby (−8.271211, 115.165842 to −8.282525, 115.164386; Fig. 3), collected in July 2017, legit L. Grinsted. Two females   from Malaysia, Pahang  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.4/lat 4.46)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.46">Tanah Rata</a>
                 , 4.46°N, 101.40°E, 1500 m, 21–22 May 2005, legit I. Agnarsson. 
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            <p>Etymology</p>
            <p> The species epithet honours Professor Trine  Bilde, Aarhus University, for her significant scientific contributions to the field of behavioural ecology and social evolution in spiders and for her inspiring role as a PhD supervisor to L. Grinsted. The discovery of  C. bilde by L. Grinsted in 2010 was a direct result of Professor Bilde’s approval and encouragement of an exploratory expedition to Bali. Professor Bilde is a strong female role model of high scientific integrity. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis (Smith et al., 2019: 345)</p>
            <p> Chikunia bilde differs from  Chikunia nigra in the blunt terminus of the male abdomen (Smith et al., 2019: fig. 7H, I) and in the male leg colouration that gives legs a stripy appearance (yellow-brown stripes; Fig. 1G). Furthermore,  C. bilde differs in the conformation of male palp with embolus covering the tegulum almost entirely, and short and transparent conductor (Smith et al., 2019: figs 7J, 8), and in having a conspicuous epigynum with oval to round spermathecae and spiralling copulatory ducts (Smith et al., 2019: fig. 7A–L). In habitus,  C. bilde females tend to have larger bulbous abdominal humps than  C. nigra . Furthermore,  C. bilde females differ from  C. nigra by lacking the dark brown or black tarsus of leg I. </p>
            <p>Description</p>
            <p>Female: Total length 2.83 mm. Cephalothorax 1.13 mm long, 1.01 mm wide, 0.61 mm high, dark brown with faint tan patches stretching across the midsection. Chelicerae shift from tan in colour to a medium brown as they transition outward from the body (Fig. 7B). Sternum 0.71 mm long, 0.56 mm wide, dark brown and extending halfway through coxae IV. Abdomen 1.88 mm long, 2.42 mm wide, 1.59 mm high, subtriangular with large bulbous humps on both laterals (Fig. 7A, B). Large dark brown-coloured patches laterally, a dark brown patch present at the posterior of the abdomen, and a dark brown streak running dorsally in a groove between the two humps (Fig. 7A–C). Abdomen tapers distinctly behind humps. Eyes approximately equal in size, ALE 0.09 mm, AME 0.10 mm in diameter. All eyes within one eye diameter apart from each other excluding the anterior median, which are 0.10 mm apart. Leg I femur 1.93 mm, patella 0.37 mm, tibia 1.32 mm, metatarsus 1.20 mm and tarsus 0.81 mm. All legs tan in colour. Leg formula 1423.</p>
            <p>Male: Total length 2.34 mm. Cephalothorax 1.06 mm long, 0.86 mm wide, 0.61 mm high, black in colour. Sternum 0.63 mm long, 0.58 mm wide, dark brown in colour extending to past coxae IV. Abdomen 1.29 mm long, 1.01 mm wide, 0.88 mm high, dark brown in colour with brown speckled pattern covering entire abdomen, oval in shape, and lacking any humps or ridges; narrows slightly to an abruptly blunt posterior (Fig. 7G–I). Eyes approximately equal in size, ALE 0.08 mm, AME 0.09 mm in diameter. All eyes within one eye diameter apart from each other excluding the anterior median, which are 0.10 mm apart. Leg I femur 2.17 mm, patella 0.35 mm, tibia 1.39 mm, metatarsus 1.37 mm and tarsus 0.75 mm. Legs gradually darken moving from the coxae all the way to the tarsus. Coxae are white in colour. Femora fade from white to tan to dark brown where they meet the patella. Metatarsus and tarsus both medium brown in colour. Leg formula 1423.</p>
            <p>Variation: Female total length 2.64–3.18 mm, femur I 0.94–1.48 mm; male total length 2.09–2.78 mm, femur I 1.62–2.19 mm. Female abdomen coloration varies greatly (Fig. 9J–O). Colours range from bright yellow to orange, amber, various shades of brown and black. Black abdomens are uniformly coloured, whereas all other colour variants have a clearly defined black or dark brown pattern running dorsally. Additionally, the very tip of the abdomen can be black or dark brown, and often there is a dark brown or black patch, of varying size, on the tip of each of the abdominal humps.</p>
            <p>FIELD OBSERVATIONS</p>
            <p> Within a dense mixed-species colony, nearest neighbouring females with a brood were of the same species significantly more often than would be expected by chance (Figs. 10, 11). This was true for both  C. nigra and  C. bilde (Pearson’s χ 2 test with Yates’ continuity correction:  C. nigra χ 2 = 4.52, d.f. = 1, P = 0.034;  C. bilde χ 2 = 4.45, d.f. = 1, P = 0.035). Within the colony, we recorded 48  C. nigra , of which 39 had a same-species nearest neighbour, and 30  C. bilde , of which 19 had a same-species nearest neighbour. </p>
            <p>Distances to nearest neighbours ranged from 1 to 14 cm, with both mean and median = 7.0 cm. There was no significant difference between species in the distance they kept to their nearest neighbour (Fig. 11; t -value = 0.32, P = 0.75), nor was there a significant difference in distances kept to nearest same-species vs. different-species neighbour (Fig. 11, t -value = −0.99, P = 0.33; the interaction term between the two factors was also not significant: t -value = −0.34, P = 0.73).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF3E7D480175FFFCFF5AFED9FE7CFA17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Cassandra;Cotter, Addie;Grinsted, Lena;Bowolaksono, Anom;Watiniasih, Ni Luh;Agnarsson, Ingi	Smith, Cassandra, Cotter, Addie, Grinsted, Lena, Bowolaksono, Anom, Watiniasih, Ni Luh, Agnarsson, Ingi (2019): In a relationship: sister species in mixed colonies, with a description of new Chikunia species (Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 337-352
