identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
91CF62F4D33C500EB789F26C0228E00A.text	91CF62F4D33C500EB789F26C0228E00A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cistanche laxiflora Aitch. & Hemsl.	<div><p>Cistanche laxiflora Aitch. &amp; Hemsl.</p><p>Description.</p><p>A holoparasitic (achlorophyllous), glabrous herb, with a stout stem, swollen at the base. Plant robust, 30–120 cm, with white or pale grey to pale lilac stem, 20–40 mm in diameter. Lower scales dense, constricted, entire, wide-triangular, yellowish, 10 × 10 mm. Middle and upper scales and floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, fleshy, entire, non-scarious and non-serrate, or sometimes very slightly serrulate, white or grey to pale lilac, 10 × 25 mm. Inflorescence a more or less lax spike with 40–200 flowers, 30–100 cm long, 5–8 cm in diameter, with or without a stem up to 20 cm below. Flowers at the base of the inflorescence sometimes with pedicels up to 15 mm long. Floral bracts about as long as calyx, or somewhat longer. Floral bracteoles 2, linear, obtuse, 2–4 × 10–15 mm, white, pale grey or pale lilac, fleshy, sometimes slightly serrulate at the margin, entire, non-scarious, attached to the calyx base and slightly shorter than calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 13–17 mm. Calyx lobes 5, equal to subequal, oblong-rounded, entire, slightly scarious along the margins. The apical lobe 3–5 × 8–12, usually slightly shorter than the rest (3–5 × 11–15), sometimes the two bottom lobes slightly shorter than the side lobes (by 1 mm at most). Corolla infundibuliform, pentamerous, 30–35 mm. Corolla tube white, sometimes tinged lilac externally, with two yellow, flat, inconspicuous folds inside. Corolla tube arched at the middle or just beneath. Tube 15–16 mm below the arch, and 15–20 mm above. Inner tube more or less very short-pubescent around the filament bases, glabrous elsewhere. Limb whitish to very pale mauve or violet, 20–25 mm in diameter. Corolla lobes 5, rounded, equal or the upper ones slightly smaller than the other 3, usually wider than long. Stamens 4, inserted at about 1 / 3 the total corolla length, included. Filaments 15–20 mm, more or less short-pubescent at the base, glabrous or very sparsely, very short-glandular elsewhere. Anthers 3–4 × 2 mm, sparsely lanuginose, apically rounded, usually with a small tubercule at the base. Stigma lobes white. Ovary tubular-elliptic, white or yellowish-white with a yellow ring at base, dark brown when dry, 10–15 × 5–8 mm. Capsules ovoid-globose, 13–25 × 5–15 mm, dehiscent with 2–4 valves. Fl. March-April.</p><p>Habitat and prevalence.</p><p>Sandy-loessial soils and alluvial gravel near springs or over high-level ground water in the desert. This species is extremely rare in the region, currently known from 4 localities and threatened by depleting levels of ground water.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Probably Tamarix nilotica (Erenb.) Bunge, 1852 ( Tamaricaceae), which we observed in association with the parasite in all four localities.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>All four populations co-occur with C. tubulosa . The two distinct species co-occur in sympatry and although they bloom simultaneously, intermediate morphotypes have not been observed – although molecular data shows there are rare events of hybridization (Ein-Gidron).</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Israel • Arava Valley, Ein Hosb (En-Hatzeva), 9. April. 1950. Near spring, on roots of Tamarix maris-mortui Gutmann, Zohary D. (HUJ 123665!) ; Israel • Negev desert, Makhtesh Ramon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.93811&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.601667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.93811/lat 30.601667)">Ein-Saharonim</a>, coor. 30°36'06"N, 34°56'17.2"E, 300 m, Wet, somewhat saline sandy banks of a small freshwater stream, 14 April 2020. Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ 133363!, HUJI 133366!, HUJ 133364!, HUJ 133361!, HUJ 133365!, HUJ 133369!, TELA 2050!, TELA 2051!) ; Israel • N. Arava Valley, Lower Ein Gidron, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.276222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.79636" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.276222/lat 30.79636)">N. of Hatzeva</a>, sand and grit, near flowing water, coor. 30°47'46.9"N, 35°16'34.4"E, 190 m, 22. April. 2021. parasitic on T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge ? together with Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ 133398!) ; Israel • N. Arava Valley, Lower Ein Gidron . Dry capsules with 4 valves. 6. Oct. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ 134741!) ; Israel • E Negev, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.153862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.893" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.153862/lat 30.893)">Ein-Akrabim</a>, coor: 30°53'34.8"N, 35°09'13.9"E. Parasitic on T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge. 26. Mar. 2022, Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ 134766!, HUJ 134769!) ; Israel • Makhtesh Ramon, Ein Saharonim, 30. 3. 2023, Dar Ben-Natan (TELA!) ; Israel • Arava valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.276196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.79622" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.276196/lat 30.79622)">lower Ein-Gidron</a>, coor: 30°47'46.4"N, 35°16'34.3"E, alt: 180 m. Hidden in the undergrowth at the S. bank of the wadi, near the eastern edge of the water stream, on wet, saline silt-grit. Probably parasitic on T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge. 14. Apr. 2024 Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ! 1006364!) ; Israel • Arava valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.276054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.79625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.276054/lat 30.79625)">lower Ein-Gidron</a>, coor: 30°47'46.5"N, 35°16'33.8"E, alt: 180 m. Hidden in the undergrowth at the S. bank of the wadi, near the eastern edge of the water stream, on wet, saline silt-grit. Probably parasitic on T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge. 14. Apr. 2024. Dar Ben-Natan and Mimi Ron (HUJ 1006365!, HUJ 1006366!, HUJ 1006367!, HUJ 1006368!, HUJ 1006369!) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/91CF62F4D33C500EB789F26C0228E00A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ben-Natan, Dar;Thorogood, Chris	Ben-Natan, Dar, Thorogood, Chris (2025): A revision of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Israel, and considerations for its taxonomic circumscription in the Middle East. PhytoKeys 260: 213-236, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.158426
429FB37DA79E5C8AA82163BE33D43E22.text	429FB37DA79E5C8AA82163BE33D43E22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cistanche mimii Ben-Natan & Thorogood 2025	<div><p>Cistanche mimii Ben-Natan &amp; Thorogood sp. nov.</p><p>Type materials.</p><p>Holotype: Israel • central Negev desert, upper Nahal Zin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.76836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.783054" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.76836/lat 30.783054)">SW of Avdat, loess terraces at the side of rout 40</a>, coor 30°46'59.0"N, 34°46'06.1"E, 570 m, parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 31. Mar. 2023. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 135080!)</p><p>Isotypes: Israel • central Negev desert, upper Nahal Zin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.76836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.783054" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.76836/lat 30.783054)">SW of Avdat, loess terraces at the side of rout 40</a>, coor 30°46'59.0"N, 34°46'06.1"E, 570 m, parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 31. Mar. 2023. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 135077!, HUJ 135081!, HUJ 135079!, HUJ 135078!, HUJ 135076!, TELA 4908!)</p><p>Description.</p><p>A holoparasitic (achlorophyllous) herb, with a thick, glabrous stem, often lanuginose in the lower part of the inflorescence and immediately beneath, swollen and fleshy at the base. Plant short, up to 30 cm, conspicuously floccose-lanuginose to arachnoid-hairy in bud. Lower scales dense, imbricate, fleshy ovate-triangular, brown to purplish, weakly villous on margins or completely glabrous. Middle and upper scales ovate-triangular, shortly villous on the margins or completely glabrous. Floral bracts lanceolate, entire, non-scarious, non-serrulate, grey-brown to pink or dark purple, covered at least partially on outer side and on the margins with floccose-lanuginose, partly caducous hairs, often matted and capturing loess particles in between them, more rarely glabrescent and lanate only on the margins, 5–10 × 7–15 mm. Inflorescence an obtuse to broadly lanceolate raceme, up to 25 cm long and 8 cm in diameter. Floral bracts longer than calyx. Floral bracteoles 2, linear, 1–3 × 10–20 mm, grey-brown to purple, entire, non-scarious, sparsely floccose-lanuginose to glabrescent on outer side, lanate at margins, attached to the base of the calyx and usually more or less as long as the calyx. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, zygomorphic, 10–20 mm. Calyx lobes 4–5, unequal, oblong-lanceolate, entire, sometimes slightly serrulate at the margin, sparsely floccose-lanuginose to glabrescent on the exterior, lanate along the margins. The upper lobe, if present, 1–4 × 1–7, much shorter than the rest (4–5 × 6–13) or entirely missing. Corolla infundibuliform, pentamerous, almost regular, 25–35 mm. Corolla tube externally cream to flesh-coloured, sometimes tinged lilac or mauve, and internally yellow, suffused with small dark purple or black dots, with two well-pronounced yellow folds at the throat. Corolla tube arched beneath the middle. Inner tube glabrescent to slightly pubescent. Limb pale cream to fleshy pink-brown, sometimes tinged lilac, pink or mauve, especially externally (more visible in bud), 15–30 mm in diameter. Corolla lobes 5, rounded, sparsely lanuginose on the inner side, lanate at the margins, the upper ones slightly smaller than the other 3, usually wider than long. Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the tube, included. Filaments 10–17 mm, densely villous-lanate at the base, glabrous elsewhere. Anthers 2–3.5 × 4–5.5 mm, densely pilose, narrowly acuminate. Stigma lobes whitish to yellowish. Ovary elliptic, white or purplish-white with a yellow ring at base, 4–10 × 9–13 mm. Capsules globose, dark brown, 10–13 × 13–18 mm, always dehiscent with 2 valves. Fl. March-April.</p><p>Habitat and prevalence.</p><p>Found in Israel on loess plateaus and rocky slopes in the central Negev ridges from Yeruham to Mt. Sagi. Blooming time varies with annual rainfall, but generally falls between February to May. Collected in the 1920 s by Eig, Zohary and Feinbrun-Dothan in the eastern Gilead in N Jordan as well. In the Negev it is rare, known from only 10 localities, most of which comprise small, highly local populations.</p><p>Hosts.</p><p>Parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel and possibly on other chamaephytes in the Amaranthaceae, such as Haloxylon negevensis (Iljin &amp; Zihary) Boulos 1995 and Agathophora alopecuroides (Delile) Fenzl ex Bunge 1862 .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species is named in honour of Mimi (Miriam) Ron, an accomplished field botanist and surveyor and dear friend and teacher to the first author, who was a helpful companion to the field observations and collections presented in this paper.</p><p>Notes.</p><p>In bloom, the plants were found by the authors to emit a strong, pleasant odour, somewhat similar to that of a citron ( Citrus medica L. 1753.)</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>C. mimii (Paratypes): Israel • central Negev desert, Wadi Nafah near Avdat, 1. April. 1945. Daniel Zohary (HUJ 123605!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, Wadi Murra . Yoav Waisel (HUJ 123608!) ; Israel • central Negev, South of Avdat, 17. May. 1979. Prusbul L. (HUJ 123667!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.76664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.782555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.76664/lat 30.782555)">near Avdat, Nabatean loess terrace at the banks of upper Nahal Zin, west of road 40</a>, coor 30°46'57.2"N, 34°45'59.9"E, 560 m, Parasite on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 7. March. 2018. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 133783!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, south-western Makhtesh Ramon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.656223&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.499779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.656223/lat 30.499779)">Maavar Arod</a>, coor 30°29'59.2"N, 34°39'22.4"E, 85 m, 5. May. 2019. Yedidya Shmuel (HUJ 1006363!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, south of Yeruham, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.894253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.966557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.894253/lat 30.966557)">Loess platform at the bank of upper Nahal Revivim</a>, coor 30°57'59.6"N, 34°53'39.3"E, 490 m, Parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 12. April. 2020. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 133782!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.768723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.783611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.768723/lat 30.783611)">near Avdat, side of road 40</a>, coor 30°47'01.0"N, 34°46'07.4"E, 570 m, parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 14. April. 2020. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2070!) ; Israel • central Negev desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.768723&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.783611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.768723/lat 30.783611)">near Avdat, sides of road 40</a>, coor 30°47'01.0"N, 34°46'07.4"E, 570 m, parasitic on Haloxylon scoparium Pomel, 18. April. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 133785!) ; Israel • Negev, rout 40, 1 km S of Avdat, sides of road . 19. Mar. 2022, Yael Orgad (HUJ 133359!) ; Israel • Central Negev desert, SW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.89428&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.966612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.89428/lat 30.966612)">Yeruham</a>, coor: 30°57'59.8"N, 34°53'39.4"E, alt: 480 m. Loess slopes above upper Nahal Revivim, at the foots of Yeruham anticline. 31. 3. 2023. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 135074!, HUJ 135075!) ; Israel • Avdat, loess, 24. 4. 2023, A. Singer and T. Faraj (TELA 4747!) ; JORDAN, E. Gilead, ascent to Yabok River (Zarqa River), 8. May. 1927, Eig A., Zohary M. &amp; Feinbrun N. (HUJ 123609!, HUJ 123611!) .</p><p>C. fissa: Azerbaijan • prov. Gandzha, distr. Kazach, inter pontem, Krasny-Most, et. p. Kazach-Begly, 2. May. 1927. A. Kolakowsky (HUJ 133396!).</p><p>C. salsa: Turkey • Env. of Chihanbeyli, 25. May. 1953. B. Kasapligil (HUJ 123619!).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/429FB37DA79E5C8AA82163BE33D43E22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ben-Natan, Dar;Thorogood, Chris	Ben-Natan, Dar, Thorogood, Chris (2025): A revision of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Israel, and considerations for its taxonomic circumscription in the Middle East. PhytoKeys 260: 213-236, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.158426
635D3BBAB6055AD4A15BA8A9D5BB33DE.text	635D3BBAB6055AD4A15BA8A9D5BB33DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cistanche tinctoria (Forssk.) Beck. Presumably 1904	<div><p>Cistanche tinctoria (Forssk.) Beck</p><p>Description.</p><p>A holoparasitic (achlorophyllous), glabrous herb, with a stout stem, swollen at the base. Plant robust, 30–150 cm, stem purple to dark purplish-brown, 15–40 mm in diameter. Lower scales dense, constricted, entire, triangular, dark, 5–10 × 5–10 mm. Middle and upper scales and floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, entire, scarious and markedly serrate along the margins, purple to dark purplish-brown, 7–15 × 15–30 mm. Inflorescence a dense, many-flowered spike, 20–150 cm long, 5–15 cm in diameter. Floral bracts about as long as calyx or somewhat longer. Floral bracteoles 2, linear or lanceolate, obtuse, 2–6 × 10–20 mm, pale lilac to dark purple, scarious and serrate along the margin, attached to the calyx base and equal or slightly shorter than calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, pale lilac to dark purple, 10–22 mm. Calyx lobes 5, equal or subequal with one slightly shorter lobe, oblong-rounded, entire, scarious and serrate at the margin. The upper lobe is shorter than the rest by up to 3 mm. Corolla infundibuliform, pentamerous, 35–45 mm. Corolla tube tinged lilac to purple externally (conspicuous, especially in bud), yellow within with two shallow yellow folds inside. Corolla tube arched beneath the middle. Inner tube more or less short-pubescent around the filament bases and glabrous elsewhere. Limb tinged pale violet to deep purple (mostly on upper lobes, most noticeable in bud), 15–30 mm in diameter. Corolla lobes 5, rounded, equal or the upper ones slightly smaller than the other 3, usually slightly wider than long. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the tube, included. Filaments 20–25 mm, densely pubescent at the base and weakly, very short-pubescent or glabrous above. Anthers 3 × 5 mm, densely lanuginose, rounded-elliptic to apiculate. Stigma lobes white to pale yellow. Ovary ovate, 4–5 × 10–12 mm, white or yellowish-white with a yellow ring at base, dark brown when dry. Capsules ovoid-globose, 12–20 × 15–20 mm, dehiscent with 2 valves. Fl. January-April.</p><p>Habitat and prevalence.</p><p>Wadis in the arid desert, on sandy or loessial soils. Also in planted groves of Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsten. at the margins of agricultural plots. In the region, it is restricted to the southern Arava Valley, from Yotvata to Eilat. It seems this species occurs in the region at the margins of its distribution, and is very rare in Israel – currently known from only 15 localities. Is it present in S. Sinai, and probably also in Jordan on the eastern side of the Arava Valley.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Observed in the region on Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsten. Other potential hosts include: Haloxylon persicum Bunge, Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq. And Caroxylon gaetulum (Maire) Akhani &amp; Roalson. Probably other desert shrubs, especially in the Amaranthaceae .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>We initially considered these populations to be a colour morph of C. tubulosa, until phylogenetic work confirmed these species are genetically distinct (in prep.). No clear, discernible morphological differences were observed between the two species, beside the purple coloration of C. tinctoria . Further work may confirm ecological differences such as habitat and host range; for example C. tubulosa (as circumscribed here) is not reported to parasitize any the host species described for C. tinctoria, and is absent from sandy substrates in the region. The taxa are not known to co-occur in the region.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Israel • Arava Valley, Samar. Sands, 4. 3. 1983, A. Liston (HUJ 123613!) ; Israel • S. Arava Valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.077194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.906166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.077194/lat 29.906166)">sand, crop fields north of Yotvata</a>, coor 29°54'22.2"N, 35°04'37.9"E, 80 m, parasite on Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karsten, purple form, 17. January. 2013. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2073!) ; Sinai • Tiran Island, S. peninsula, coastal foothills N. of Gebel Tiran, small sandy wadis between low sandstone questas, 13. December. 1968. N. Tadmor &amp; A. Danin (HUJ 123614!) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/635D3BBAB6055AD4A15BA8A9D5BB33DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ben-Natan, Dar;Thorogood, Chris	Ben-Natan, Dar, Thorogood, Chris (2025): A revision of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Israel, and considerations for its taxonomic circumscription in the Middle East. PhytoKeys 260: 213-236, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.158426
C3EA47B14180584BA962CC69FC406843.text	C3EA47B14180584BA962CC69FC406843.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Hook. f.	<div><p>Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook. f.</p><p>≡ Phelypaea tubulosa Schenk, Sp. Pl. Aegypt. 23–24 (October 1840) [basionym].</p><p>Description.</p><p>A holoparasitic (achlorophyllous), glabrous herb, with a stout stem, swollen at the base. Plant robust, 30–130 cm, stem dirty-white or grey, 15–40 mm in diameter. Lower scales dense, constricted, entire, triangular, yellowish-white, grey or dark grey, 5–10 × 5–10 mm. Middle and upper scales and floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, entire, scarious and variably, often markedly serrate along the margins, dirty-white to grey, 7–15 × 15–30 mm. Inflorescence a dense, many-flowered spike, 20–100 cm long, 4–15 cm in diameter. Floral bracts about as long as calyx or somewhat longer. Floral bracteoles 2, linear or lanceolate, obtuse, 2–6 × 10–20 mm, white to grey, scarious and serrate along the margin, attached to the calyx base and equal or slightly shorter than calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, dirty-white to grey, 10–22 mm. Calyx lobes 5, equal or subequal with one slightly shorter lobe, oblong-rounded, entire, scarious and serrate at the margin. The upper lobe shorter than the rest by up to 3 mm. Corolla infundibuliform, pentamerous, 35–45 mm. Corolla tube bright yellow, with two shallow, yellow folds inside. Corolla tube arched beneath the middle. Inner tube more or less short-pubescent around the filament bases and glabrous elsewhere. Limb usually bright yellow, sometimes slightly tinged crimson (especially conspicuous in bud), 15–30 mm in diameter. Corolla lobes 5, rounded, equal or the upper ones slightly smaller than the other 3, usually wider than long. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the tube, included. Filaments 20–25 mm, densely pubescent at the base and weakly, very short-pubescent or glabrous above. Anthers 3 × 5 mm, densely lanuginose, rounded-elliptic to apiculate. Ovary ovate, 4–5 × 10–12 mm, white or yellowish-white with a yellow ring at base, dark brown when dry. Capsules ovoid-globose, 12–20 × 15–20 mm, dehiscent with 2 (- 3–4) valves. Fl. January-April.</p><p>Habitat and prevalence.</p><p>Wadis in the desert. Along the Rift Valley from the southern Jordan River to Eilat, in the eastern and southern Judean desert, and the central and southern Negev desert. Fairly common in its habitat.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Mostly Tamarix ssp. from T. nilotica (Erenb.) Bunge. group and Atriplex halimus L. Probably other desert shrubs, especially in the Amaranthaceae .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>see C. tinctoria . C. tubulosa can be found in mixed populations with either C. laxiflora or C. violacea, and there is evidence of hybridization with the latter.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Israel • (Palestine), Lower Jordan Valley, plain of Jerico, 27. May. 1905. Dinsmore J. E. (HUJ 123660!) ; Israel • Judean desert, Wadi ‘ Ghar, 26. March. 1929. Gabrielith R. (HUJ 123662!) ; Israel • southern Negev, Wadi ‘ Ideid (Nahal ‘ Arod), between Khiar ‘ Ideid (Be’erot ‘ Oded) and Gebel ‘ Oreif (Har ‘ Arif), 21. April. 1946. Zohary D. (HUJ 123669!) ; Israel • Arava Valley, Ein Hosb (En-Hatzeva), 9. April. 1950. Near spring, on roots of Tamarix maris-mortui Gutmann, Zohary D. (HUJ 123664!) ; Israel • Arava Valley, 82 km N of Eilat, Wadi bed, 13. March. 1951. Orshan G. &amp; Zohary D. (HUJ 123666!) ; Israel • Env. of Dead Sea, env. of Masada, 7. March. 1954. D’Angelis Y. (HUJ 123626!) ; Israel • Env. of south Dead Sea, 23. March. 1954. Zohary M. (HUJ 123627!) Israel • Dead Sea area, En-Gedi, Nahal David, 18. March. 1961. Fuchs S. (HUJ 123625!) ; Israel • central Negev, Ein Avdat, 8. April. 1968. Prusbul L. (HUJ 123668!) ; Israel • (Palestine), 15 km S of Jericho, on edge of Dead Sea, 13. February. 1987. Musselman L. Y. (HUJ 123623!, HUJ 123624!) ; Israel • (Palestine), Samaria, Far’a Valley, Nahal Tirtsa, SE of Adam junction, 26. February. 2001. Ur Y. (HUJ 123630!) ; Israel • Negev desert, Makhtesh Ramon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.938057&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.600166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.938057/lat 30.600166)">Ein-Saharonim</a>, coor. 30°36'00.6"N, 34°56'17.0"E, 300 m, Wet, somewhat saline sandy banks of a small freshwater stream, 14 April 2020. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 1005812!) . Israel • N. Arava Valley, Lower Ein Gidron, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.276196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.796028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.276196/lat 30.796028)">N. of Hatzeva</a>, sand and grit, near flowing water, coor. 30°47'45.7"N, 35°16'34.3"E, 190 m, 25. May. 2022. parasitic on T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 1000047!) ; Israel • Arava Valley, north of Tzofar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.187862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.566807" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.187862/lat 30.566807)">western side of road 90, Nahal Shivya</a>, coor 30°34'00.5"N, 35°11'16.3"E, 50 m, parasitic on Atriplex halimus L., containing fruiting capsules dehiscent by 3 and 4 valves 7. May. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2796!) ; Israel • Judean Desert, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.296528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.177639" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.296528/lat 31.177639)">Side of Arad to Dead Sea road</a>, coor 31°10'39.5"N, 35°17'47.5"E, 150 m, parasitic on Atriplex halimus L., containing fruiting capsules dehiscent by 4 valves 7. May. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2797!) ; Israel • Judean Desert, Side of Arad to Dead Sea road, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.311306&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.173138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.311306/lat 31.173138)">Nahal Zahav</a>, coor 31°10'23.3"N, 35°18'40.7"E, 110 m, parasitic on Atriplex halimus L., containing fruiting capsules dehiscent by 4 valves 7. May. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 134826!) ; Israel • Judean desert, Lower Nahal Og, containing capsules dehiscent by 3–4 valves, 1. Oct. 2022, Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 1005811!) ;</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3EA47B14180584BA962CC69FC406843	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ben-Natan, Dar;Thorogood, Chris	Ben-Natan, Dar, Thorogood, Chris (2025): A revision of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Israel, and considerations for its taxonomic circumscription in the Middle East. PhytoKeys 260: 213-236, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.158426
33A9E3170E80519D87FD103F39C457A7.text	33A9E3170E80519D87FD103F39C457A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cistanche violacea (Desf.) Hoffmanns & Link 1813	<div><p>Cistanche violacea (Desf.) Hoffmanns &amp; Link</p><p>≡ Phelypaea violacea Desf., Fl. Atlant. 2: 60, t. 146 (1798) [basionym].</p><p>≡ Orobanche violacea (Desf.) Wallr., Orob. Gen. 70 (1825).</p><p>≡ Cistanche violacea (Desf.) Beck, Biblioth. Bot. 19: 267 (1890), comb. superfl.</p><p>Description.</p><p>A holoparasitic (achlorophyllous), glabrous herb. Plant robust, 10–80 cm, stem white to grey or purple, 10–20 mm in diameter, swollen at the base. Lower scales dense, constricted, entire, triangular, yellowish-white to dark grey, 5–10 × 5–10 mm. Middle and upper scales and floral bracts triangular-lanceolate, entire, scarious and strongly serrate along the margins, white or lilac to purple or dark purplish-brown, 7–15 × 15–30 mm. Inflorescence a dense spike, up to 30 cm long, 5–15 cm in diameter. Floral bracts about as long as calyx or somewhat longer. Floral bracteoles 2, linear or lanceolate, obtuse, 2–6 × 10–22 mm, white, grey or purple, scarious and serrate along the margins, attached to the calyx base and equal or slightly shorter than calyx. Calyx tubular-campanulate, white, lilac, purple or purplish-brown, 10–22 mm. Calyx lobes 5, subequal, oblong-rounded, entire, scarious and serrate along the margins. The upper lobe is shorter than the rest by up to 3 mm. Corolla infundibuliform, pentamerous, 35–50 mm. Corolla tube white, with two well-pronounced, conspicuous yellow folds inside. Corolla tube arched beneath the middle. Inner tube more or less pubescent around the filament bases and glabrous elsewhere. Limb pale to deep purple-violet, 15–25 mm in diameter. Corolla lobes 5, rounded, equal or the upper ones slightly smaller than the other 3, usually wider than long. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the tube, included. Filaments 18–21 mm, densely pubescent at the base and very sparsely, very short-pubescent or glabrous above. Anthers 2–3 × 4.5–5.5 mm, densely pilose, acuminate. Ovary ovate, 5–10 × 10–15 mm, white with a yellow ring at base. Stigma lobes whitish or yellowish. Capsules ovoid-globose, 12–20 × 15–20 mm, dark brown when dry, dehiscent with 2 (- 3–4) valves. Fl. February-April.</p><p>Habitat and prevalence.</p><p>C. violacea occurs on alluvial gravel and clay substrates (mostly loess and marl) in wadies along the Rift Valley from the Dead Sea to Eilat, in the eastern and southern Judean desert and rarely in the central Negev, and on stabilized or shallow sands over chalk in the western Negev desert. It is fairly common, though much less than C. tubulosa, occurring often in mixed populations with the latter along the Rift Valley. Present also in SE Jordan (Dead Sea area, Arava Valley, Wadi Rum), and occasionally mistaken for C. salsa there as well.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Mostly Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. and Atriplex halimus L., more rarely observed on Haloxylon negevensis (Iljin &amp; Zohary) L. Boulos. Other possible hosts include Tamarix nilotica (Erenb.) Bunge. and Anabasis setifera Moq. 1840 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Aside from coloration, C. violacea can be difficult to distinguish from C. tubulosa and C. tinctoria, which makes determination of dry herbarium specimen problematic. Moreover, in some mixed populations in the Rift Valley, morphological intermediates occur which are most likely hybrids of C. violacea and C. tubulosa (Fig. 5 I), based on molecular work (in prep.). In the western Negev desert, however, populations appear to be distinct. Besides pigmentation and stature, the very well-pronounced yellow folds in the throat of the corolla and anther morphology proved to be important and useful diagnostic characteristics for C. violacea – especially in dry specimens, both in the field and the herbarium.</p><p>Specimens examined.</p><p>Israel • Judean desert, Massada, 7. April. 1942. Zohary D. (HUJ 123604!); Israel • Judean Desert, steppes, 4.1942, Issac Halevv (HUJ 123663!); Israel • Dead sea area, Wadi Fuqra ( Nahal Zin), 18. March. 1967. Avishai M. (HUJ 123601!, HUJ 123602!) ; Israel • Judean desert, east of Arad, small wadi, 11. April. 1967. Kollman F. (HUJ 123600!) ; Israel • Judean desert, btw. Mezad Zafit and Mezad Tamar, hard rock, 11. March. 1972. Zohary D. (HUJ 123603!) ; Israel • Western Negev, 10 km NNW from Nizzana, Nahal Lavan, sandy loess, 25. March. 1986. Danin A. (HUJ 123612!) ; Israel • Hatzeva field school, 13. March. 1997. Pazy B. and Plitmann U. (HUJ 123606!) ; Israel • Judean Desert, Nahal Metsada west of Metsada, 60 m, 21. February. 2012. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2076!) ; Israel • West Negev, near Shivta, on route 211 . Mar. 2015. (HUJ 133888!) ; Israel • Judean Desert, Arad to Dead Sea road, 280 m, parasite on Atriplex halimus L., together with C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook. f. and possible intermediate forms, 3. March. 2015. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2077!) Israel • northern Arava Valley, Idan reservoir, 180 m, together with C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook. f. and possible intermediate forms between the two species, 19. March. 2019. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2072!) ; Israel • western Negev desert, Nizzana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.42481&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.88525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.42481/lat 30.88525)">Han Nizzana yard</a>, shallow sand over loam, coor 30°53'06.9"N, 34°25'29.3"E, 190 m, parasite on Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. 12. March. 2020. Dar Ben-Natan (HUJ 133784!) ; Israel • Dead Sea area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.386475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.323195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.386475/lat 31.323195)">east of road 90, across from massada</a>, white clay, together with C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook. f., coor: 31°19'23.5"N, 35°23'11.3"E, - 380 m, some possibly parasitic on Anabasis setifera Moq., some on Atriplex halimus L., containing fruiting capsules dehiscent by 3 and 4 valves, 7. May. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 2799!) ; Israel • Dead Sea area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.38161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.287472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.38161/lat 31.287472)">estuary of Nahal Rahaf, western side of road 90</a>, coor 31°17'14.9"N, 35°22'53.8"E, - 380 m, possibly parasitic on Atriplex halimus L., containing fruiting capsules dehiscent by 4 valves 7. May. 2021. Dar Ben-Natan (TELA 27800!) ; JORDAN, 40 km S of Ma’an. “ Nubian sand ” fields . 18. Apr. 1929. A. Eig and M. Zohary (HUJ 123672!) ; Sinai • Gebel el Tih, 110 km S. of Nakhl, Badlands of Ghareb formation at the foot of Igma Plateau, 22. November. 1969. N. Tadmor (HUJ 123615!) ; Sinai • w. foothills of Gebel Ya’allaq, wadi bed and terraces with variable sand cover of 0–50 cm, 20– 30. March. 1973. Corolla violet-white (not yellow), I. Noy-Meir (HUJ 123617!) ; Sinai • N. Sinai, Umm Qataf, 2 km north of Nizzana, sands covering limestone hill, 9. April. 1976. Avinoam Danin (HUJ 123616!) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/33A9E3170E80519D87FD103F39C457A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Ben-Natan, Dar;Thorogood, Chris	Ben-Natan, Dar, Thorogood, Chris (2025): A revision of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in Israel, and considerations for its taxonomic circumscription in the Middle East. PhytoKeys 260: 213-236, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.260.158426
