taxonID	type	description	language	source
A572961D7A38FFBFFF414A32FD3EFD34.taxon	description	Description: — Apothecia irregularly lobed or saddle-shaped, 10 – 30 mm high, 20 – 40 mm broad, edges fused with stipe; hymenium smooth without hairs, creamy to greyish brown when fresh, brownish when dried; receptacle surface without hairs, whitish when fresh, light grey when dried (FIGURE 2 A). Stipe 20 – 40 mm long, 5 – 20 mm broad, expands to upwards and fuses with edges of pileus, cream to light greyish, becoming creamy when dried, covered in fine hairs, with deep longitudinal ribs, few anastomoses between furrows, with white mycelium at the base (FIGURE 2 A). Ectal excipulum 60 – 70 μm broad, of textura angularis, hyaline. Medullary excipulum 220 – 300 μm broad, of textura intricata, hyaline, formed 3 – 4 μm broad hyphae. Asci 250 – 300 × 13 – 20 μm, 8 - spored, uniseriate, pleurorhynchous base, subcylindrical to clavate (Figs 2 B, E, G). Paraphyses 2 – 4 μm broad, septate, rarely branched, filiform, slightly exceeding the asci, with a yellow refractive content in Melzer’s reagent, apices spear-like and irregularly enlarged to 5 – 10 μm broad (Figs 2 E, F). Ascospores (14) 15 – 17 (19) × 10 – 13.5 μm, Q = (1.3) 1.4 – 1.6 (1.7), ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth-wall and uniguttulate (Figs 2 C, D). Specimens examined: — Türkiye, Erzurum-Kars province Sarıkamış district, under conifer trees, 40 ° 26 ’ 32 ” N 42 ° 29 ’ 56 ” E, 2427 m 20.05.2021, MEA 141, VANF 7892. Habitat and distribution: — Solitary or gregarious on the soil under Castanea spp. or Quercus spp. trees. Only known from high altitude localities in southwestern China (Wang et al. 2016). Notes: — Helvella sublactea is morphologically and phylogenetically close to H. fuscolacunosa and H. ravida. Helvella sublactea has creamy to greyish brown hymenium and broader paraphyse apices, whereas H. fuscolacunosa has grey-brown to almost black hymenium and also differs with cylindrical and narrower (up to 17 µm) asci (Skrede et al. 2020). Helvella ravida has a white hymenium without any brownish tint and narrower paraphyse apices. Additionally characterized by wider paraphyses (measuring 8 – 13 µm at the tips) and longer asci (reaching up to 340 µm) (Wang et al. 2023). Phylogenetic analyses using multi and single-locus data indicated that H. sublactea shares a close evolutionary relationship with H. fuscolacunosa and H. ravida (FIGURE 1 and Figs S 1 – S 3). These species share similar characteristics, such as connivant saddle-shaped or irregularly lobed pileus, whitish hymenium, a white surface on the receptacle, and white ribbed stipes, though they can be distinguished by certain features as mention above. Molecularly, H. sublactea is distinguished by 116 substitutions from H. fuscolacunosa (92 in ITS and 24 in LSU) and 103 substitutions from H. ravida (79 in ITS, 17 in LSU, and 7 in TEF 1 - α).	en	Terman, Şuheda Aldemir, Akçay, Mustafa Emre, Dizkirici, Ayten (2025): Phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses reveal three new records of Helvella in Türkiye. Phytotaxa 694 (3): 247-263, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4
A572961D7A3EFFBCFF414E14FEDEFC15.taxon	description	Description: — Apothecia compressed cup shaped or discoid when young, later saddle-shaped or irregularly expanded to flat, 5 – 20 mm across, margin free and often inrolled, hymenium more or less pubescent, dark-greyish to brown with bluish-brown tints, receptacle surface finely villose especially when young, same color as hymenium or somewhat darker (FIGURE 3 A). Stipe 2 – 15 mm long, 1 – 5 mm broad, solid, slightly curled cylindrical sometimes expands towards the pileus, conspicuously pubescent, whitish to cream or pale grey (FIGURE 3 A). Ectal excipulum 190 – 230 µm thick, of textura angularis or textura prismatica, outer cells cylindrical or clavate, hyaline. Medullary excipulum 320 – 350 µm thick, of textura intricata, hyphae 3 – 4 µm thick, septate and branched, hyaline. Asci 300 – 360 × 16 – 24 μm, 8 - spored, uniseriate, cylindrical, tapers towards the base, almost all pleurorhynchus (Figs 3 B, C, D). Paraphyses filiform, septate, somewhat branched, 3 – 4 µm thick, thickened at the tip to 5 – 10 µm, slightly exceeding the asci (Figs 3 B, C). Ascospores (16) 17.5 – 22 (23) × 11 – 14.5 µm, Q = (1.4) 1.5 – 1.8, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline and uniguttulate (Figs 3 E, F, G). Specimen examined: — Türkiye, Erzurum-Kars province, Şenkaya district, under conifer trees, 40 ° 34 ’ 51 ” N 42 ° 23 ’ 43 ” E 2373 m, 03.06.2021, ME 714, VANF 7891. Habitat and distribution: — Grow often 10 – 20 gathered or rarely solitary, at the subalpine to alpine zones, among hygrophilous mosses and on the calcareous sand (Dissing & Sivertsen 1980, Carbone 2011, Skrede et al. 2017). Notes: — Helvella rivularis shares morphological, ecological and phylogenetic similarities with H. multiformis and H. sublicia. However, these species can be distinguished by several features. Helvella multiformis has lighter-colored caps and shorter, thinner ascospores, with a maximum length of 20 µm and a width of 13 µm, resulting in smaller asci (Mao et al. 2023). Helvella sublicia can be distinguished by its near-white to greyish hymenium surface, sub-pubescent to villose receptacle, and narrower ellipsoid ascospores (Skrede et al. 2017, 2020). Molecular data, including combined and three single-locus datasets, further supports the separation of H. rivularis from its close relatives (FIGURE 1 and S 1 - S 3). In the aligned concatenated dataset, 98 nucleotide differences were identified between H. rivularis and H. multiformis (ITS: 63, LSU: 17, TEF 1 - α: 18), and 98 variations between H. rivularis and H. sublicia (ITS: 60, LSU: 18, TEF 1 - α: 20).	en	Terman, Şuheda Aldemir, Akçay, Mustafa Emre, Dizkirici, Ayten (2025): Phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses reveal three new records of Helvella in Türkiye. Phytotaxa 694 (3): 247-263, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4
A572961D7A3DFFBDFF414934FAA3FF3D.taxon	description	Description: — Apothecium cupulate, typically wider than it is tall, that becomes more prominent with age, 10 – 20 mm high, 10 – 50 mm broad, hymenium smooth, dark ocher when young (FIGURE 4 A), later dark brown to blackish (FIGURE 4 B), margin villose and sometimes with distinct white hairs, inrolled initially, expanding at maturity, receptacle surface paler than hymenium, dark cream to brownish, slightly more coarsely pubescent to villose, more or less sharp, mostly indistinctly double-edged, branching upwards, mostly reaching about halfway along pileus, at times restricted to lower part of pileus. Stipe poorly to moderately differentiated, 3 – 5 mm long, 5 – 10 mm broad, solid or with few chambers, evidently ribbed, with ribs that may have sharp or blunt edges and minimal branching or merging, ochre when fresh, cream to white when dry, with less prominence, somewhat tapered to base, surface pubescent or finely pubescent (Figs 4 A, B). Ectal excipulum brownish, pigment deposits in the cell wall and cytoplasm. Medullary excipulum hyaline. Asci 210 – 300 × 14 – 19 μm, pleurorhynchous base, 8 - spored, uniseriate, subcylindrical to clavate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, somewhat branched, 2 – 4 μm broad, slightly exceeding the asci, content pale brown to medium brown, ± homogeneous, apex apparently enlarged, 4 – 7 μm broad, weakly to moderately cyanophilic (Figs 4 F, G, H). Ascospores (16) 17 – 21 (22) × 11 – 13.5 μm, Q = (1.4) 1.5 – 1.7 (1.8), broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline, smooth-wall and uniguttulate (Figs 4 C, D, E). Specimens examined: — Türkiye, Erzurum-Kars province, Sarıkamış district, under conifer trees, 40 ° 16 ’ 20 ” N 42 ° 27 ’ 30 ” E 2373 m, 07.06.2021, ME 127, VANF 7893. Habitat and distribution: — In the subalpine to alpine zones of high-altitude countries such as Sweden and Norway, it often grows in groups among herbaceous plants such as Dryas and Braya spp. (Harmaja 1977, Skrede et al. 2017). Notes: — Harmaja (1977) described Helvella arcto-alpina based on detailed analyses of H. acteabulum collections and provided a morphological, anatomical and ecological comparison of the two species. According to Harmaja, the concept of H. acetabulum is a large, pale, early southern species, while H. arcto-alpina is characterized as a small, dark, late arctic-alpine species. The caps of H. acetabulum can reach up to 8 (12) cm in diameter, whereas the cap of H. arcto-alpina is up to 2 cm in diameter. The collection of specimens from the Erzurum-Kars region, the highest altitude area in Eastern Anatolia of Türkiye and close to the alpine zone boundary, supports our identification as H. arcto-alpina. Skrede (2017) further established that H. arcto-alpina is phylogenetically distinct from H. acetabulum based on several nucleotide variations in the TEF 1 - α and LSU sequences. In the current study, similar results were observed; with H. arcto-alpina and H. acetabulum consistently grouped together in all generated phylogenetic trees (FIGURES 1 and S 1 – S 3) but discriminated from each other by 25 variations in ITS, 30 in LSU and 19 in TEF 1 - α data.	en	Terman, Şuheda Aldemir, Akçay, Mustafa Emre, Dizkirici, Ayten (2025): Phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses reveal three new records of Helvella in Türkiye. Phytotaxa 694 (3): 247-263, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.3.4
