taxonID	type	description	language	source
A54587BBFFCDFFC3B477FBBAEF89D07C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Ryuthela males can be distinguished from all other Heptathelinae genera by lacking the conductor and by the contrategulum with an elongated spine (i. e. Fig. 8 A, C, E). The females differ from Heptathela, Qiongthela, Sinothela, Songthela and Vinathela by one pair of receptacular clusters close to each other (i. e. Fig. 5 A – V), located at the anterior margin of the bursa copulatrix, and from Ganthela by receptacular clusters without stems (Xu et al., 2015 b). Ryuthela body length varies from 6.5 to 14.5 mm, and Ryuthela species can have seven or eight spinnerets. Distribution: Ryuthela species are restricted to Ryukyu archipelago and are found from central Ryukyus (Okinawa group) to southern Ryukyus. Ryuthela species on central Ryukyus share habitats with Heptathela species (Xu et al., 2016). Composition: After this revision, Ryuthela contains 15 species. Remarks: Seven of the 15 delimited species with male and female specimens can be diagnosed from each other morphologically. For the other eight species without males, especially for those that are distributed on the same islands, the species-specific nucleotide changes in the standard DNA barcode alignment were used to augment insufficient morphological diagnoses.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFCDFFC1B6CEFEA0EF42D3A1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntypes deposited at NSMT, one female, one male (NSMT-Ar 422 – 423) from Shuri, Okinawajima island, Okinawa Prefecture, 15 March 1976 (male became adult in October 1977), by M. Nishihira and J. Haupt; examined. Other material examined: Eight females [XUX- 2012 - (301 – 304, 306 / 307 / 309 A / 309 B)], Sheyoshi Park, Shuri, Naha, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.23 ° N, 127.72 ° E, 35 m a. s. l., 17 December 2012; 5 females [XUX- 2012 - (541 / 541 A, 542 – 544)], Asato, Yaese-cho, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.12 ° N, 127.74 ° E, 28 m a. s. l., 17 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu; 9 females and 1 juvenile [XUX- 2014 - (013 - 022)], Sheyoshi Park, Shuri, Naha, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.23 ° N, 127.72 ° E, 52 m a. s. l., 4 May 2014; 3 females (XUX- 2014 – 041 / 043 / 044) from Chibana, Gusuku, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 127.81 ° E, 67 m a. s. l., 7 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Diagnosis: Male R. nishihirai s. s. can be distinguished from all other Ryuthela species by the contrategulum with sparse denticles on proximal margin (Fig. 5 W). Females of R. nishihirai s. s. differ from most other island Ryuthela species by the short receptacular clusters that are close to each other, and further differ from the other species on Okinawajima island by detailed arrangement of the receptacular clusters. These are either fused into one group with obvious granula or form flat receptacular clusters separated from each other (Fig. 5 L, P). However, R. nishihirai s. s. can also be diagnosed from all other Okinawajima island Ryuthela species by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: A (16), C (173), T (278), G (304), C (475), C (494), G (496), T (571). Description: Male (lectotype). Body colour somewhat faded. Carapace light yellowish brown with darker frontal margin and black ocular area; opisthosoma yellow, with beige tergites; sternum narrow, much longer than wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with ten denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the first tergite forming the superior lorum of the pedicel, the 12 th tergite forming the dorsal wall of the anal tubercle, the third widest; seven spinnerets. Measurements: BL 9.05, CL 5.25, CW 4.20, OL 4.20, OW 3.15; ALE> PLE> PME> AME (left PME absent); leg I 17.10 (4.75 + 2.25 + 3.40 + 4.50 + 2.20), leg II 17.15 (4.50 + 2.25 + 3.20 + 4.95 + 2.25), leg III 18.80 (4.25 + 2.10 + 3.45 + 6.00 + 3.00), leg IV 23.90 (5.25 + 2.40 + 4.65 + 7.70 + 3.90). Palp. Prolateral side of paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized; numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 5 X). Prolateral contrategulum with a short and curved spine and sparse denticles on proximal margin (Fig. 5 W); the distal part of contrategulum blunt (Fig. 5 Y, Z); tegulum with a large smooth marginal apophysis (Fig. 5 Y, Z); embolus with a narrow basal part (Fig. 5 X, Z) (cf. Ono, 2009, p. 79, figs 26 – 29). Female. Carapace and opisthosoma brown; tergites slightly dark brown; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 13 – 15 strong denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 9.75 – 13.92, CL 4.85 – 6.30, CW 3.80 – 5.80, OL 5.82 – 7.28, OW 4.10 – 5.92; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 10.11 (3.28 + 1.90 + 2.25 + 2.68), leg I 12.15 (3.72 + 2.12 + 2.25 + 2.58 + 1.48), leg II 11.76 (3.55 + 2.13 + 2.03 + 2.55 + 1.50), leg III 12.59 (3.53 + 2.18 + 2.05 + 3.05 + 1.78), leg IV 18.82 (5.21 + 2.43 + 3.25 + 5.18 + 2.75). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix; in the dorsal view, their basal parts close to each other (Fig. 5 A – D, K – L, Q – S) or fused to form one large receptacular cluster with obvious granula (Fig. 5 I – J); with a high intraspecific variation in the shape and number of the receptacular clusters. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Asato, Chibana and Shuri), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Remarks: Tanikawa (2013 a) considered all species on Okinawajima island as R. nishihirai s. l., but based on our exhaustive collection on Okinawajima island, results from an integrative analysis of the geographic distribution, phylogenetic and population genetic data, and distinct barcoding gaps in the genus Ryuthela (5.6 – 6.7 % for K 2 P and 5.3 – 6.3 % for p - distance), we propose seven Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island, including R. nishihirai s. s. Since the holotype locality of R. nishihirai s. l. is Shuri, Okinawajima island (Haupt, 1979), we treated the specimens collected from the southern part of Okinawajima island (from Chibana to the south Okinawajima island) as R. nishihirai s. s. We examined the syntype series of R. nishihirai deposited at NSMT. According to the remarks in Dunlop, Steffensen & Ono (2014, p. 39), we designated the male specimen deposited at NSMT from syntype series as the lectotype because it is important for describing and classifying all other new species on Okinawajima island. Female genitalia of R. nishihirai s. s. are highly variable. The fused receptacular clusters may be caused by a physical moment at forming their female genital instead of variation; however, we considered them as variation in this study.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFCFFFC6B693FCF1E867D60B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2012 - 468), collected near Henoko Dam, Nago-shi, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.54 ° N, 128.03 ° E, 50 m a. s. l., 25 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Paratypes: Female (XUX- 2012 - 471), collected at the same locality, 25 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Females of Ryuthela henoko sp. nov. differ from all other Ryuthela species except the species on Okinawajima island by the receptacular clusters close to each other at the basal part and separated from each other at the terminal part (Fig. 6 A – D); the shape of receptacular clusters of this species is similar to Ryuthela motobu sp. nov., but can be distinguished from that species by the receptacular clusters with bases close to each other (Fig. 6 A – D) and from R. nishihirai s. s. by the shape of receptacular clusters (Fig. 6 A – D). However, R. henoko sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: G (64), G (70), G (157), T (211), C (226), G (247), A (257), T (322), T (328), T (445), T (484), T (547), C (607), C (613). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace brown; opisthosoma light brown, with dark brown tergites; sternum narrow, much longer than wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a SPECIES DELIMITATION OF RYUTHELA 887 longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 13 denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fifth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.85, CL 5.38, CW 4.50, OL 6.68, OW 4.82; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 9.40 (3.06 + 1.68 + 2.10 + 2.56), leg I 10.74 (3.25 + 1.82 + 2.15 + 2.30 + 1.22), leg II 10.83 (3.15 + 1.90 + 2.03 + 2.45 + 1.30), leg III 10.77 (2.82 + 1.80 + 1.85 + 2.70 + 1.60), leg IV 15.39 (4.22 + 1.60 + 3.00 + 4.36 + 2.21). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix with their basal parts close to each other; the two receptacular clusters similar in length and their length about two times their width (Fig. 6 A, B) or less than two times (Fig. 6 C, D). Male. Unknown. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Henoko Dam, Nago-shi), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC8FFC7B6F6FB31EBCCD71B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2012 - 474) collected southeast of County Road 104 and 58 junction, Kisenbaru, area between Onna-son and Kin-cho, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.48 ° N, 127.91 ° E, 30 m a. s. l., 25 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Paratypes: Two females (XUX- 2012 - 476 / 477), collected at the same locality, 25 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Females of R. kisenbaru sp. nov. differ from all other Ryuthela species except R. nishihirai s. s. by the short and slightly cylindrical receptacular clusters, and can be distinguished from R. nishihirai s. s. by the receptacular clusters fused together with fewer granula (Fig. 7 C, D). However, R. kisenbaru sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from R. nishihirai s. s. by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: T (16), A (19), T (115), A (157), A (160), T (173), C (239), C (262), A (278), A (304), A (310), T (352), G (358), T (382), G (406), G (454), A (475), T (494), A (496), C (554), A (559), C (571), T (574), C (592), T (601). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites slightly dark brown; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 – 14 strong denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 8.08 – 9.90, CL 3.65 – 4.85, CW 3.38 – 3.92, OL 3.88 – 5.50, OW 3.00 – 3.90; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 8.53 (2.90 + 1.48 + 1.85 + 2.30), leg I 10.08 (3.20 + 1.60 + 2.00 + 2.10 + 1.18), leg II 9.52 (2.85 + 1.62 + 1.60 + 2.15 + 1.30), leg III 10.16 (2.80 + 1.71 + 1.75 + 2.42 + 1.48), leg IV 14.53 (4.05 + 2.00 + 2.15 + 3.95 + 2.38). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix; the basal parts close to each other or fused together; without genital stalks (Fig. 7 A – D). Male. Unknown. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Kisenbaru), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC9FFC5B47BF949E8DBD741.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Male (XUX- 2014 - 090, matured 6 September 2014 at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University), collected at Jahana, Motobu-cho, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.68 ° N, 127.90 ° E, 77 m a. s. l., 11 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Paratypes: Five females and one juvenile [XUX- 2014 - (085 - 089 / 091)], collected at the same locality as the holotype, two females (XUX- 2014 - 092 / 098), collected at Yamazato, Motobu-cho, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.67 ° N, 127.91 ° E, 143 m a. s. l., 11 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Male R. motobu sp. nov. can be distinguished from R. nishihirai s. s. by the short and curved contrategular spine (Fig. 8 A, C, E); from R. iheyana by the larger marginal apophysis of tegulum (Fig. 8 C – E); from other Ryuthela species by the short and blunt distal contrategulum, and the narrow basal part of embolus (Fig. 8 B, D, E). Females of R. motobu sp. nov. can be distinguished from R. henoko sp. nov. by the receptacular clusters with bases separated from each other and from the other Okinawajima island species by the receptacular clusters that are longer than their width (Fig. 8 F – N). However, R. motobu sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from R. nishihirai s. s. by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: G (1), T (16), C (26), A (58), C (76), T (109), C (115), G (119), A (157), A (160), T (173), G (181), C (239), G (241), T (247), C (256), A (278), A (304), C (313), C (332), T (337), T (343), T (352), G (358), A (445), T (475), C (484), T (494), A (496), T (533), G (535), C (571), T (577), C (592), T (601), C (604), G (607), G (619) and differs from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: A (58), C (76), G (181), T (337), T (533), G (535), G (619). Description: Male (holotype). Carapace light brown; opisthosoma brown, with dark brown tergites; sternum narrow, much longer than wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 11 denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fourth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.50, CL 6.15, CW 5.20, OL 6.60, OW 5.00; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 16.45 (4.10 + 1.25 + 3.60 + 4.90 + 2.60), leg II 19.80 (5.30 + 1.90 + 4.10 + 5.50 + 3.00), leg III 20.00 (5.20 + 1.60 + 3.90 + 5.60 + 3.70), leg IV 28.00 (6.70 + 2.20 + 5.50 + 8.80 + 4.80). Palp. Prolateral side of paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized; numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 8 A). Prolateral contrategulum with a short and curved spine and numerous denticles on proximal margin (Fig. 8 A, B); the distal part of contrategulum blunt (Fig. 8 E); tegulum with a large smooth marginal apophysis (Fig. 8 C, E); embolus with a narrow basal part (Fig. 8 C – E). Female. Carapace and opisthosoma brown; tergites slightly dark brown; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 11 – 15 strong denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fourth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 10.90 – 14.80, CL 5.00 – 6.90, CW 4.00 – 5.80, OL 6.10 – 9.40, OW 5.00 – 7.30; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 9.20 (2.90 + 1.40 + 2.20 + 2.70), leg I 11.20 (3.50 + 1.90 + 2.25 + 2.35 + 1.20), leg II 10.95 (3.40 + 1.80 + 2.00 + 2.30 + 1.45), leg III 10.55 (3.15 + 1.85 + 2.15 + 2.10 + 1.30), leg IV 17.55 (4.80 + 2.40 + 3.15 + 4.70 + 2.50). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix; their length longer than their width in dorsal view (Fig. 8 F – H, L); without genital stalks (Fig. 8 F – N). Distribution: Okinawajima island (Jahana and Yamazato, Motobu-cho), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFCBFFC5B46AF980EED9D4C9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2012 - 448), collected at Mt. Nago dake, Nago-shi, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.58 ° N, 128.01 ° E, 210 m a. s. l., 24 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Paratypes: Seven females and one juvenile [XUX- 2012 - (447 / 449 – 455)], collected at the same locality as holotype, 24 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Females of Ryuthela nago sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Okinawajima island species by the terminal part of the receptacular clusters, which slightly extends outward (Fig. 9 A, C, G, I). Ryuthela nago sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: A (7), C (43), C (100), C (106), G (124), G (205), C (270), G (322), G (337), T (383), C (433), G (523). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites slightly dark brown; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 – 14 strong denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fifth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 8.80 – 12.00, CL 4.25 – 5.52, CW 3.70 – 4.55, OL 4.62 – 6.50, OW 3.50 – 4.70; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 8.00 (2.70 + 1.38 + 1.80 + 2.12), leg I 9.52 (3.00 + 1.60 + 1.78 + 1.95 + 1.19), leg II 9.06 (2.75 + 1.50 + 1.65 + 1.98 + 1.18), leg III 9.44 (2.52 + 1.50 + 1.65 + 2.35 + 1.42), leg IV 14.22 (4.02 + 1.82 + 2.50 + 3.88 + 2.00). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix with their basal parts close to each other or separated; the terminal parts slightly extending outward; without genital stalks (Fig. 9 A – I). Male. Unknown. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Mt. Nago dake, Nago-shi), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFCBFFCBB6FAFA05EBCCD446.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2012 - 323), collected at Taira near Haneji-Dam, Nago-shi, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.59 ° N, 127.03 ° E, 100 m a. s. l., 18 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Paratypes: One female (XUX- 2012 - 333), collected at the same locality, 18 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Etymology: The species epithet honours Matsuei Shimojana who pioneered the study of liphistiids in Okinawa. Diagnosis: Females of Ryuthela shimojanai sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the relative length of the receptacular clusters (slightly longer than their width) and the lack of obvious granula in dorsal view (Fig. 10 A, C). Ryuthela shimojanai sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: C (25), T (86), C (244), G (292), C (298), G (319), A (379), T (409), C (424), G (457), T (469). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace brown; opisthosoma light brown, with dark brown tergites; sternum narrow, much longer than wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 13 denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fifth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 12.00, CL 5.33, CW 4.56, OL 6.40, OW 4.61; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 9.62 (3.25 + 1.75 + 2.10 + 2.52), leg I 10.80 (3.55 + 1.73 + 2.12 + 2.15 + 1.25), leg II 10.73 (3.32 + 1.88 + 1.95 + 2.28 + 1.39), leg III 10.29 (3.18 + 1.92 + 1.88 + 1.76 + 1.55), leg IV 16.62 (4.76 + 2.22 + 3.10 + 4.24 + 2.30). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix with their basal parts close to each other or separated; the length of the receptacular clusters slightly longer than their width, with unclear granula in dorsal view; without genital stalks (Fig. 10 A – D). Male. Unknown. 892 X. XU ET AL. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Taira, Nago-shi), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC5FFC8B461FAAFEFBFD41A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2012 - 524), collected at Unten Port, Nakijin-son, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.68 ° N, 128.00 ° E, 24 m a. s. l., 27 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Paratypes: Four females [XUX- 2012 - (525 / 528 / 529 / 531)], collected at the same locality as holotype, 27 December 2012; two females [XUX- 2012 - (532 / 536)] from near Beach Rock Village, Mt. Otowa dake, Nakijin-son, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.67 ° N, 127.97 ° E, 80 m a. s. l., 27 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu; two females (XUX- 2014 - 084 / 100), collected from Mt. Otowa dake, Nakijin-son, Okinawajima island, Japan, 26.67 ° N, 127.97 ° E, 100 m a. s. l., 11 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Females of Ryuthela unten sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Okinawajima island Ryuthela species by the more or less triangular receptacular clusters from both ventral and distal views (Fig. 11 A – H). Ryuthela unten sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Okinawajima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: G (97), T (127), C (148), C (160), G (172), G (196), C (202), G (269), C (352), T (364), C (376), C (379), G (430), G (487), C (502), A (514), A (550). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites slightly dark brown; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 12 – 13 strong denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, the fifth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 9.22 – 11.40, CL 4.40 – 5.18, CW 3.90 – 4.62, OL 5.30 – 7.25, OW 3.88 – 5.40; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 8.16 (2.81 + 1.42 + 1.75 + 2.18), leg I 9.06 (2.70 + 1.61 + 1.75 + 2.00 + 1.00), leg II 9.23 (2.75 + 1.60 + 1.70 + 1.98 + 1.20), leg III 9.56 (2.60 + 1.61 + 1.65 + 2.30 + 1.40), leg IV 15.01 (3.80 + 2.83 + 2.43 + 3.88 + 2.07). Female genitalia. A pair of more or less triangular receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, without genital stalks (Fig. 11 A – H). Male. Unknown. Distribution: Okinawajima island (Unten Port and Mt. Otowa dake, Nakijin-son), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC6FFCEB6FCFA4BE85BD76C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female deposited at NSMT (NSMT-Ar 5185), from Mt. Gayozan, NE slope, 50 m a. s. l., Iheyajima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 20 January 1998, by H. Ono; examined. Other material examined: Male (XUX- 2014 - 067) and female (XUX- 2014 - 068), collected at forest trail, Mt. Koshi dake, Iheyajima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 27.04 ° N, 127.97 ° E, 10 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Diagnosis: Male R. iheyana can be distinguished from R. motobu sp. nov. by the straight contrategulum spine and the narrower marginal apophysis of tegulum and from all other Ryuthela species by the short and straight contrategulum spine (Fig. 12 D – F, J) and the rather sharp distal part of contrategulum (Fig. 12 E, G), as well as the wider and blunt terminal apophysis of tegulum (Fig. 12 F, J). Females of R. iheyana can be distinguished from R. sasakii and R. nishihirai s. s. by the bar-shaped receptacular cluster (Fig. 12 A – C). Ryuthela iheyana can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: G (2), G (5), G (32), C (68), A (95), T (107), C (112), T (199), T (217), G (307), C (373), T (388), C (397), T (580), C (586). Description: Male. Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites dark brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 11 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites, close to each other, the first 2 – 5 larger and the fifth largest; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 9.40, CL 4.80, CW 4.00, OL 5.20, OW 3.70; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 14.05 (3.90 + 1.70 + 2.75 + 3.70 + 2.00), leg II 14.45 (3.78 + 1.75 + 2.85 + 4.07 + 2.00), leg III 15.53 (3.70 + 1.70 + 2.88 + 4.75 + 2.50), leg IV miss. Palp. Prolateral side of paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized, numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 12 D); contrategulum with a short and straight spine and numerous denticles on proximal margin (Fig. 12 D – F, J); in the ventral view, the distal part of contrategulum sharp (Fig. 12 E, G); the terminal apophysis of tegulum is wide and blunt in retrolateral view (Fig. 12 F, J); embolus with a narrow basal part (Fig. 12 F). Female. Coloration similar to that of male; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove with 14 strong denticles of variable size; legs and opisthosoma as in the male; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 12.70, CL 5.70, CW 5.00, OL 6.40, OW 4.70; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 9.83 (3.10 + 1.70 + 2.28 + 2.75), leg I 11.70 (3.46 + 1.95 + 2.36 + 2.50 + 1.43), leg II 11.45 (3.45 + 2.00 + 2.00 + 2.50 + 1.50), leg III 12.68 (3.10 + 2.90 + 2.00 + 3.00 + 1.68), leg IV 17.50 (5.00 + 2.25 + 3.10 + 4.65 + 2.50). Female genitalia. Fused receptacular cluster forming a bar with a very short genital stalk (Fig. 12 A – C). D i s t r i b u t i o n: I h e y a j i m a i s l a n d, O k i n a w a Prefecture, Japan. Remarks: Based on Tanikawa’s (2013 a) description, the female genitalia of R. iheyana show high intraspecific variation comparable to other species.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC0FFCEB44EF9B3EE8BD7BA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Male deposited at NSMT (NSMT-Ar 3459), from Aharen, c. 100 m a. s. l., Tokashikijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 11 October 1990, by M. Owada; examined. Other material examined: Fourteen females and five juveniles [XUX- 2012 - (404 – 416, 418 – 420 / 422 / 426 / 429 A / 430)], collected at Aharen, Tokashikijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.17 ° N, 127.35 ° E, 50 m a. s. l., 22 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu. Diagnosis: Females of R. owadai differ from all other Ryuthela species by the relative length of receptacular clusters (these are slightly longer than wide; Fig. 13 A – L); the female genitalia are morphologically similar to R. sasakii, but the length of the receptacular clusters is shorter than that of R. sasakii. Moreover, R. owadai can also be diagnosed from R. sasakii by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: T (10), A (22), A (43), C (163), C (211), C (239), T (241), T (271), T (322), C (343), T (352), T (361), T (364), T (367), C (370), T (415), T (454), A (470), T (502), T (541), G (544), C (601), C (610), C (622). Description: Female. Carapace and opisthosoma yellow brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 12 – 14 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 6.80 – 10.50, CL 3.50 – 5.18, CW 2.98 – 4.20, OL 3.48 – 5.85, OW 2.60 – 4.20; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 5.98 (2.05 + 1.08 + 1.30 + 1.55), leg I 8.63 (2.50 + 1.43 + 1.55 + 1.50 + 1.65), leg II 8.29 (2.43 + 1.50 + 1.45 + 1.73 + 1.18), leg III 8.59 (2.40 + 1.37 + 1.35 + 2.15 + 1.32), leg IV 11.89 (2.97 + 1.78 + 2.10 + 3.21 + 1.83). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters with the basal parts separated or fused together and with the distal part heart shaped (Fig. 13 D, F); the opening part of receptacular clusters is located at the ventral part of bursa copulatrix, but visible in the dorsal view (Fig. 13 A – L). D i s t r i b u t i o n: To k a s h i k i j i m a i s l a n d, O k i n a wa Prefecture, Japan. Remarks: Tanikawa (2013 a) considered R. owadai as synonym of R. sasakii based on the lack of distinct morphology to distinguish them. Although we only collected females whose genitalia are highly variable as in other Ryuthela, the results from other data sources support the validity of R. owadai.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFC0FFCCB6E7F8ECEE4AD63D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Female holotype and male allotype deposited at NSMT (NSMT-Ar 3464 – 3465), collected from the middle area of Shirasegawa River, Gushikawa-son, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 2 – 3 December 1994 (male became adult on 26 October 1995 at laboratory), by H. Ono; female (NSMT-Ar 3471), Mt. Uegusuku dake, 28 m a. s. l., Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 10 March 1997, by H. Ono; examined. Other material examined: Seven females and three juveniles [XUX- 2012 - (334 - 335 A, 337 – 343)] and one male (XUX- 2012 - 340 A matured 5 November 2013 at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University), collected at Yamazato, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 126.75 ° E, 50 m a. s. l.; nine females [XUX- 2012 - (344 – 348, 350 – 353)], collected at Yamagusuku, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.33 ° N, 126.78 ° E, 30 m a. s. l.; ten females [XUX- 2012 - (354 – 363)], collected at Tokujimu Nature Park, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.30 ° N, 126.80 ° E, 75 m a. s. l., 19 December 2012; eight females and one juvenile [XUX- 2012 - (364 – 366, 368 – 373)], collected at Maja, Nakazato-son, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 126.80 ° E, 40 m a. s. l.; ten females [XUX- 2012 - (374 – 383)], collected at Uegusuku Castle Site, Mt. Uegusukuson, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.38 ° N, 126.77 ° E, 300 m a. s. l.; five females and three juveniles [XUX- 2012 - (384 – 393)], collected at Near Daruma Yama Park, Mt. Daruma, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 126.76 ° E, 140 m a. s. l., 20 December 2012; eight females and two juveniles [XUX- 2012 - (394 – 403)], collected at Shirasegawa River, Gushikawa-son, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.35 ° N, 126.77 ° E, 50 m a. s. l., 21 December 2012, by D. Li, F. X. Liu and X. Xu; five females [XUX- 2014 - (108 / 109 A / 110 A / 110 B / 110 C)] and one male (XUX- 2014 - 110, matured 28 September 2014 at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University), collected at Maja, Nakazato-son, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 126.80 ° E, 60 m a. s. l., 12 May 2014; one female (XUX- 2014 - 111 B) and six males (XUX- 2014 - 111 C / D / E / G / K / L, matured September – October 2014 at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University) collected at Uezu, Kumejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 26.36 ° N, 126.75 ° E, 80 m a. s. l., 13 May 2014, by D. Li and B. Wu. Diagnosis: Males of R. sasakii differ from other Ryuthela species by the bifurcated tip of the embolus (Fig. 14 C, D, F) and longer contrategulum (Fig. 14 E); they can be distinguished from R. motobu sp. nov. by the longer contrategular spine (Fig. 14 C, F); from R. iheyana by the curved contrategular spine (Fig. 14 C, F); and from species on Ishigakijima island by the shape of the contrategulum (Fig. 14 C, E, F). Females of R. sasakii can be distinguished from R. owadai by the longer and slender receptacular clusters (Fig. 14 G – R). Ryuthela sasakii can also be diagnosed from R. owadai by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: A (4), G (10), A (19), T (43), T (163), T (211), A (238), T (239), A (241), A (250), C (271), A (292), T (319), A (322), C (352), A (355), C (361), C (364), C (367), T (370), T (383), C (415), T (433), G (470), T (475), C (502), T (524), A (541), A (601), T (610), T (622). Description: Male. Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 10 – 14 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 9.80 – 13.60, CL 4.35 – 6.30, CW 4.10 – 5.80, OL 4.70 – 6.90, OW 3.00 – 4.70; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 15.68 (4.15 + 1.90 + 3.21 + 4.22 + 2.20), leg II 16.05 (4.10 + 1.90 + 3.05 + 4.50 + 2.50), leg III 15.80 (3.90 + 1.95 + 3.00 + 4.00 + 2.95), leg IV 21.66 (5.30 + 2.00 + 3.95 + 6.65 + 3.76). Palp. Prolateral side of paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized, numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 14 A); long contrategulum with a long, curved spine and several denticles on proximal margin (Fig. 14 C, E, F); embolus with a wide basal part and bifurcated tip (Fig. 14 B, E); in retrolateral view, the marginal apophysis and terminal apophysis of tegulum more or less parallel (Fig. 14 C, F). Female. Coloration similar to that of male; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 12 – 15 strong denticles of variable size; legs and opisthosoma as in the male; 7 – 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 7.68 – 14.95, CL 3.63 – 6.63, CW 3.10 – 5.90, OL 3.70 – 8.05, OW 2.60 – 6.28; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 7.69 (2.50 + 1.45 + 1.73 + 2.28), leg I 9.60 (3.10 + 1.60 + 1.78 + 2.00 + 1.12), leg II 9.40 (2.91 + 1.60 + 1.57 + 2.07 + 1.25), leg III 9.85 (2.70 + 1.70 + 1.55 + 2.35 + 1.55), leg IV 14.83 (4.00 + 1.97 + 2.55 + 4.01 + 2.30). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters with the basal parts separated or fused and with the heartshaped distal part (Fig. 14 K, O); the opening part of receptacular clusters is located at the ventral part of bursa copulatrix, but visible in the dorsal view; the dorsal view of each receptacular cluster is slender (Fig. 14 I, L – N). D i s t r i b u t i o n: K u m e j i m a i s l a n d (Ya m a z a t o, Yamagusuku, Tokujimu Nature Park, Maja, Uegusuku Castle Site, Mt. Daruma, Shirasegawa River, Uezu), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFFCFFF2B5B4FF35EE08D596.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Nine females [XUX- 2013 - (240 – 242, 244 – 249)] and one male (XUX- 2013 - 243 matured 5 November 2013 at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University), collected at Mt. Kara dake, Ishigakijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.40 ° N, 124.24 ° E, 75 m a. s. l., 10 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Diagnosis: Male of R. ishigakiensis s. s. is similar to Ryuthela banna sp. nov. and Ryuthela hirakubo sp. nov. (see below for the description), but it can be distinguished from R. banna sp. nov. by the long and curved contrategular spine and the fusion of the inner serrate margin of the upper edge and the lower edge at the distal part of contrategulum (Fig. 15 A, C, E); from R. hirakybensis sp. nov. by the curved contrategular spine and the sharp lower edge of contrategulum (Fig. 15 C, E); and from other Ryuthela species by the contrategulum with two edges (Fig. 15 C, E) and the wide separation of tegulum from contrategulum (Fig. 15 C, E). Female genitalia of R. ishigakiensis s. s. lack diagnostic characters from other species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island (Fig. 15 F – K). However, R. ishigakiensis s. s. can be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: C (7), G (16), C (139), C (154), T (188), C (220), T (331), C (343), C (379), G (385), T (454). Description: Male. Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 10 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.15, CL 5.70, CW 5.30, OL 5.50, OW 4.40; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 15.10 (3.80 + 2.00 + 2.80 + 4.00 + 2.50), leg II 16.85 (4.70 + 1.35 + 3.50 + 4.40 + 2.90), leg III 15.90 (3.50 + 2.10 + 2.90 + 4.30 + 3.10), leg IV 23.15 (5.80 + 2.00 + 3.90 + 7.35 + 4.10). Palp. Prolateral paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized, numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 15 A); contrategulum with a long and curved spine, and with two edges, the upper edge with two margins (inner one with serrate margin and the outer one with smooth margin) and the lower edge (Fig. 15 C, E); the distal part of the inner serrate margin fused with the lower edge (Fig. 15 C, E); the terminal apophysis of tegulum blunt (Fig. 15 C, E); embolus with a wide basal part (Fig. 15 E). In retrolateral view, the terminal apophysis of tegulum located approximately at the middle basal part of embolus (Fig. 15 C, E). Female. Coloration darker than that of male; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 12 – 16 strong denticles of variable size; legs and opisthosoma as in the male; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.40 – 14.48, CL 5.88 – 7.80, CW 5.00 – 6.25, OL 6.50 – 7.65, OW 4.60 – 5.60; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 10.56 (3.64 + 1.82 + 2.30 + 2.80), leg I 12.40 (3.95 + 2.10 + 2.45 + 2.60 + 1.30), leg II 12.07 (3.60 + 2.10 + 2.25 + 2.67 + 1.45), leg III 12.52 (3.65 + 1.90 + 2.40 + 3.32 + 1.25), leg IV 18.20 (5.15 + 1.90 + 3.25 + 5.10 + 2.80). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, basally separated from each other, cylinder shaped and granulated (Fig. 15 G – H, J – K), or basally fused (Fig. 15 F, I). Distribution: Ishigakijima island (Mt. Kara dake), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Remarks: The holotype locality of R. ishigakiensis is at Mt. Omoto dake, which is located at the central Ishigakijima island (Haupt, 1983). Our specimens were collected at Mt. Kara dake at the eastern Ishigakijima island. We did not examine the holotype of this species, but based on male and female illustrations, we consider the specimens collected from Mt. Kara dake as R. ishigakiensis s. s.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFFCFFF0B6EBFAC2EEDFD308.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Male (XUX- 2013 - 214), collected at Mt. Banna dake, Ishigakijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.37 ° N, 124.16 ° E, 216 m a. s. l., 9 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Paratypes: Two females (XUX- 2013 - 211 / 213), collected at the same locality as holotype; three females and three juveniles [XUX- 2013 - (216 – 221)], collected at Mt. Nose dake, Ishigakijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.37 ° N, 124.14 ° E, 125 m a. s. l., 9 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Male of R. banna sp. nov. is similar to R. ishigakiensis s. s. and R. hirakubo sp. nov., but it can be distinguished from them by the short and curved contrategular spine, and the fewer denticles at the basal part of the contrategulum (Fig. 16 A, D, E); from R. ishigakiensis s. s. by the relative location between the basal part of the embolus and the terminal apophysis of the tegulum (Fig. 16 F); and from R. hirakubo sp. nov. by the fusion of the outer smooth margin of the upper edge and the lower at the distal part of contrategulum (Fig. 16 F); it differs from other Ryuthela species by the contrategulum with two edges, the wider basal embolus (Fig. 16 C, E, F) and the wide separation of the tegulum from the contrategulum (Fig. 16 C, F). Female genitalia of R. banna sp. nov. lack diagnostic characters from other species on Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima islands (Fig. 16 G – L). However, R. banna sp. nov. can be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: G (4), T (61), G (64), G (85), T (157), C (226), T (310), T (328), G (349), C (367), A (376), C (439), G (454), T (533), A (559). Description: Male (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma yellow brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 14 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 13.00, CL 6.50, CW 5.70, OL 5.60, OW 4.35; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 18.85 (5.00 + 2.30 + 3.60 + 5.30 + 2.65), leg II 20.05 (5.15 + 2.55 + 3.70 + 5.70 + 2.95), leg III 21.45 (5.30 + 2.30 + 3.70 + 6.65 + 3.50), leg IV 27.45 (6.50 + 2.80 + 5.00 + 8.55 + 4.60). Palp. Prolateral paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized, numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 16 A); contrategulum with a short and curved spine and fewer denticles at the basal part of contrategulum (Fig. 16 A, D, E); the outer smooth margin of the upper edge and the lower fused at the distal part of contrategulum, and lower edge of contrategulum blunt (Fig. 16 E, F); the distal part of terminal apophysis of tegulum thumb-shaped in retrolateral view (Fig. 16 C, F); embolus with a wide basal part (Fig. 16 E, F); in retrolateral view, the terminal apophysis of tegulum is located at two thirds of the basal embolus (Fig. 16 F). Female. Coloration similar to that of the male; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 13 – 14 strong denticles of variable size; legs and opisthosoma as in the male; 7 – 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 10.90 – 15.50, CL 5.28 – 7.83, CW 4.11 – 6.90, OL 5.60 – 8.28, OW 4.35 – 6.25; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 13.81 (4.70 + 2.58 + 2.88 + 3.65), leg I 15.35 (4.70 + 2.4 0 + 3.25 + 3.30 + 1.70), leg II 15.78 (4.70 + 2.68 + 2.80 + 3.60 + 2.00), leg III 16.51 (4.25 + 2.88 + 2.70 + 4.20 + 2.48), leg IV 22.80 (6.10 + 2.50 + 4.30 + 6.40 + 3.50). Female genitalia. A pair of small, ball-shaped receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, basally separated from each other, with many or with unclear granula in ventral view (Fig. 16 G – L). Distribution: Ishigakijima island (Mt. Banna dake, Mt. Nose dake), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFFEFFF7B6F0FD59EB5ED34B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Male (XUX- 2013 - 231, matured 12 November 2013, at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University) collected at Hirakubo River, Ishigakijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.59 ° N, 124.32 ° E, 125 m a. s. l.; 10 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Paratypes: Ten females and four juveniles [XUX- 2013 - (222 – 228, 230 / 232 – 239)] and one male (XUX- 2013 - 228 matured 5 November 2013, matured 10 October 2013, at CBEE, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University) collected at the same locality as holotype, 10 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Male of R. hirakubo sp. nov. is similar to R. ishigakiensis s. s. and R. banna sp. nov., but it can be distinguished from them by the straight contrategular spine and the terminal shape of the contrategulum in retrolateral review (Fig. 17 A, C, E); it differs from other Ryuthela species by the contrategulum with two edges, and the longer contrategulum, and the wide separation of tegulum from contrategulum (Fig. 17 C, E). Females R. hirakubo sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species of Ryuthela on the Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island by the paired receptacular clusters basally close to each other and bifurcated (Fig. 17 F, G). Ryuthela hirakubo sp. nov. can also be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: C (19), T (31), G (49), G (142), C (169), A (184), T (196), C (202), C (223), A (244), T (370), C (403), G (487), C (499), C (505), T (547), C (595), T (604), T (616). Description: Male (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma light brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 10 – 11 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 7 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 8.20 – 10.20, CL 4.80 – 5.45, CW 4.00 – 4.50, OL 4.40 – 5.00, OW 3.10 – 3.30; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; leg I 14.65 (3.65 + 2.00 + 2.90 + 3.90 + 2.20), leg II 14.80 (3.70 + 1.90 + 2.80 + 4.00 + 2.40), leg III 15.40 (3.90 + 1.60 + 2.60 + 4.50 + 2.80), leg IV 20.00 (4.95 + 2.00 + 3.55 + 5.50 + 4.00). Palp. Prolateral paracymbium unpigmented and unsclerotized, numerous setae and spines at the tip of paracymbium (Fig. 17 A); contrategulum with a long and straight spine and with two edges not fused at the distal parts in retrolateral view (Fig. 17 A, C, D, E); the distal part of terminal apophysis of tegulum thumb-shaped in retrolateral view (Fig. 17 C, E); embolus with a wide basal part (Fig. 17 E). In retrolateral view, the basal tegulum locates approximately at the middle basal part of embolus (Fig. 17 C, E). Female. Coloration darker than that of males; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 12 – 16 strong denticles of variable size; legs and opisthosoma as in the male; 7 – 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 10.00 – 12.80, CL 5.20 – 6.50, CW 4.21 – 5.32, OL 5.00 – 6.40, OW 3.28 – 5.25; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 10.76 (3.81 + 1.95 + 2.20 + 2.80), leg I 12.61 (4.11 + 2.18 + 2.30 + 2.50 + 1.52), leg II 13.03 (4.00 + 2.30 + 2.30 + 2.91 + 1.52), leg III 13.64 (3.72 + 2.30 + 2.28 + 3.45 + 1.89), leg IV 20.23 (5.60 + 2.68 + 3.62 + 5.55 + 2.78). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, basally close to each other and bifurcated (Fig. 17 F, G). Distribution: Ishigakijima island (Hirakubo), Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFF9FFF7B467FD9CEF32D57F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female (XUX- 2013 - 251), collected at Mt. Yarabu dake, Ishigakijima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.44 ° N, 124.10 ° E, 111 m a. s. l., 11 July 2013, by D. Li and B. Wu. Etymology: The species epithet, a noun in apposition, refers to the type locality. Diagnosis: Female Ryuthela yarabu sp. nov. differs from all the other Ryuthela species except R. banna sp. nov. by the slightly globose receptacular clusters separated at the basal part, but cannot be morphologically diagnosed from R. banna sp. nov. (Fig. 18 A, B). The highly variable female genitalia of Ryuthela fail to diagnose species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island. However, R. yarabu sp. nov. can be diagnosed from all other Ryuthela species on Ishigakijima island and Iriomotejima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: C (67), C (79), C (91), G (157), G (172), A (250), T (259), T (263), T (322), A (379), T (383), G (406), G (506), G (538), C (577), C (592), A (595), G (604), T (617). Description: Female (holotype). Carapace and opisthosoma yellow brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 15 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.50, CL 5.60, CW 4.70, OL 5.60, OW 4.60; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 9.08 (3.10 + 1.65 + 1.88 + 2.45), leg I 11.21 (3.60 + 1.98 + 2.05 + 2.30 + 1.28), leg II 10.74 (3.31 + 1.78 + 1.85 + 2.40 + 1.40), leg III 11.61 (3.23 + 2.00 + 1.75 + 2.98 + 1.65), leg IV 17.43 (4.68 + 2.30 + 3.10 + 4.80 + 2.55). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, basally separated from each other, short cylinder shaped without any granulum in dorsal view (Fig. 18 A, B).	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
A54587BBFFFAFFF5B450FF35EB54D2BD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Female deposited at NSMT (NSMT-Ar 3484), from Urauchi, Iriomotejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 30 March 1983, by A. Tanikawa; examined. Other material examined: Two females (XUX- 2013 - 200 / 206), collected at Mihara, Iriomotejima island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24.35 ° N, 123.92 ° E, 30 m a. s. l., 8 July 2013, collected by D. Li and B. Wu. Diagnosis: Females R. tanikawai differ from all other Ryuthela species except R. ishigakiensis s. s. by short cylinder-shaped and granulated receptacular clusters, but cannot be morphologically diagnosed from R. ishigakiensis s. s. (Fig. 19 A – D). However, R. tanikawai can be distinguished from all other Ryuthela species on Ishigakijima island by the following unique nucleotide substitutions in the standard DNA barcode alignment: T (43), G (70), C (121), G (169), T (250), T (257), T (266), C (268), C (292), A (334), A (356), T (358), A (383), T (415), G (470), G (484), T (556). Description: Female. Carapace and opisthosoma dark brown; tergites darker brown; sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide; a few long pointed hairs running over ocular mound in a longitudinal row; chelicerae robust with promargin of cheliceral groove containing 13 – 15 vestigial denticles of variable size; legs with strong hairs and spines; opisthosoma with 12 tergites; 8 spinnerets. Measurements: BL 11.20 – 11.50, CL 5.60 – 6.44, CW 4.38 – 4.70, OL 6.03 – 6.52, OW 4.31 – 4.40; ALE> PLE> PME> AME; palp 10.47 (3.52 + 1.88 + 2.19 + 2.88), leg I 12.57 (3.90 + 2.20 + 2.30 + 2.68 + 1.49), leg II 12.47 (3.72 + 2.16 + 2.18 + 2.85 + 1.56), leg III 13.26 (3.78 + 2.18 + 2.22 + 3.18 + 1.90), leg IV 18.03 (5.43 + 1.80 + 3.30 + 5.00 + 2.50). Female genitalia. A pair of receptacular clusters along the anterior margin of bursa copulatrix, basally separated from each other, cylinder-shaped and granulated (Fig. 19 B, D), or granulated receptacular clusters close to each other at the basal part (Fig. 19 A, C). Male. Unknown. D i s t r i b u t i o n: I r i o m o t e j i m a i s l a n d, O k i n a w a Prefecture, Japan. Remarks: Ono (2009) indicated some differences in male palpal organ between R. ishigakiensis s. l. and R. tanikawai based on specimens and photographs made by Haupt (2003). Contrary to this, Tanikawa (2013 a) considered R. tanikawai as the synonym of R. ishigakiensis based on the lack of distinct male and female morphology to distinguish between them. In this study, we collected only two females and no males. Considering highly variable female genitalia in Ryuthela, we base our revalidation of R. tanikawai on other data sources.	en	Xu, Xin, Liu, Fengxiang, Ono, Hirotsugu, Chen, Jian, Kuntner, Matjaž, Li, Daiqin (2017): Targeted sampling in Ryukyus facilitates species delimitation of the primitively segmented spider genus Ryuthela (Araneae: Mesothelae: Liphistiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 867-909
