identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A67D0E50291EFFC22EFFFE0B0DB66480.text	A67D0E50291EFFC22EFFFE0B0DB66480.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe JOHNSTON 1839	<div><p>PHOLOE JOHNSTON, 1839: 437</p><p>Type species:  Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839, by monotypy; Wolf, 1984: 25-4; Pettibone, 1992: 4; Blake, 1995: 178; Barnich &amp; Fiege, 2003: 107; Meissner et al., 2017: 240–241.</p><p>Diagnosis (according to Meissner et al., 2017): Prostomium fused to the first segment and withdrawn into anterior segments; anteriorly deeply incised, with median antenna on ceratophore in this incision; lateral antennae present or absent. Inarticulate ventral palps present. Papilliform or antenna-like facial tubercle present or absent. Eyes present, sometimes fused or absent. Pharynx with two pairs of jaws and nine dorsal and nine ventral marginal papillae. Nuchal organ unknown. First segment with two pairs of tentacular cirri rising from tentaculophore; achaetous. Elytra paired, present on segments 2 (chaetiger 1), 4 (3), 5 (4), 7 (6) and continuing on alternate segments to 23 (22), thereafter on every segment. Cirriform dorsal cirri absent. Ventral cirri present. Parapodia biramous, both rami with conical acicular lobes. Simple, slender capillaries, distally spinose notochaetae of two types: shorter, strongly bent (geniculate) and longer, slightly curved or straight; compound unidentate and falcate neurochaetae. Pygidium with pair of anal cirri; anus usually terminal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E50291EFFC22EFFFE0B0DB66480	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
A67D0E50291DFFC12C49FAC80A64664D.text	A67D0E50291DFFC12C49FAC80A64664D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe assimilis Orsted 1845	<div><p>PHOLOE ASSIMILIS ÖRSTED, 1845</p><p>(FIGS 2, 6)</p><p>PHOLOE ASSIMILIS ÖRSTED, 1845: 404; PETERSEN, 1998: 1375, FIG. 1I–K</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E50291DFFC12C49FAC80A64664D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
A67D0E50291DFFCE2DE1F9F8090965E9.text	A67D0E50291DFFCE2DE1F9F8090965E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe minuta BICK & GOSSELCK 1985	<div><p>PHOLOE MINUTA BICK &amp; GOSSELCK, 1985 [IN PART]</p><p>Type locality: Norway, Oslo Fjord, Drøbak; no types are known to exist (Petersen, 1998) .</p><p>Non-type material: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.9366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=78.92834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.9366665/lat 78.92834)">North Atlantic Ocean</a>: Spitsbergen: Kongsfjorden, 78° 55.7’N, 11° 56.2’E, 1 September 2004, depth 26 m, very fine sand, 32.2 psu, 2.0 °C, 5 af, 5 mf, 1 pf (ZSRO-P2494) ,  78° 54.3’N, 12° 15.26’E, 1 September 2004, depth 10–15 m, very fine sand, 1 complete, 7 af, 11 mf (ZSRO-P2495);   Norway,  Oslofjorden, Tollerhausen, 10 November 1992, depth 75 m, det. M. Petersen,&gt;100 af, several complete (NHMD-297276), 1af, 4 mf, 2 pf SEM (NHMD-297276) ;   UK, Scotland, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.20255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.284283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.20255/lat 56.284283)">Loch Etive</a>, 11 May 1968, soft mud, det. M. Petersen, ~30 af, several mf and pf (NHMD-298015); Kattegat, 56° 17.057’N, 12° 12.153’E, 5 September 1998, depth 30.4 m, 2 af, 3 pf (ZSRO-P598) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.485283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.100834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.485283/lat 56.100834)">Øresund</a>, 56°06’3”N, 12°29’7”E (56° 6.050’N, 12° 29.117’E), 12 September 1981, depth 17.5–18.0 m, muddy sand and shells, det. M. Petersen, 13 af, several mf (NHM UK 1998.370) ,   1 af SEM (NHM UK 1998.370a), c. 100 specm. (NHMD-298014); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.838333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.838333/lat 54.2)">Mecklenburg Bay</a>: 54°12’N, 11°50.3’E, 12 July 1988, depth 18 m, 10 af (ZSRO-P229) ,  28 specm., few complete, 2 af SEM (ZSRO-P228) .</p><p>Specimens collected for DNA work, fixed in 96% ethanol, morphologically examined:  Norway: Barents Sea,  Svalbard: 80.010 22.2006 (80° 0.600’ N 22° 12.036’ E), 1 September 2009, depth 171 m (ZMBN 127059, 127061, 127062, 127063, 127071); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.918167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.89833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.918167/lat 69.89833)">Finnmark</a>: Sør-Varanger, 69.898333, 30.918167 (69° 53.900’N, 30° 55.0900’E), 15 April 2014, depth 315 m (ZMBN 127040)  .   Sweden: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0833/lat 58.95)">Koster Area</a>, between Hällsöarna, 58.95, 11.0833 (58° 57’N, 11° 4.998’E), April 2005, depth 70–80 m, mud, soft bottom (ZMBN 127056, 127058) , <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.7460165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.410233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.7460165/lat 58.410233)">Aust-Agder</a>, Arendal, AErøydypet: 58.410233, 8.746017 (58° 24.614’N, 8° 44.761’E), 26 May 2011, depth 90–100 m, soft mud (ZMBN 127052)  .</p><p>Diagnosis: Specimens often pale, sometimes with orange or brownish cover on the surface; two pairs of closely set black eyes present; mid-dorsum completely covered by elytra; elytral papillae mostly marginal, long, slender, distally capitate, elongated on posterior elytra; facial tubercle absent; lateral antenna absent; notopodium at the base with few large simple papillae along its anterior and posterior edge, neuropodium with several short papillae more or less evenly distributed over the neuropodial surface, short papillae slightly more numerous at the posterior side; neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with two or more rows of short teeth along the blade (only seen in SEM) or blade smooth.</p><p>Description: Smallest of  Pholoe species from European coastal waters. Largest complete specimen with 37 chaetigers, about 6.1 mm in length and 1.1 mm wide (from Spitsbergen). Other examined specimens between 2.1 and</p><p>5.1 mm long and 0.6–1.0 mm wide, with 22–35 chaetigers. Body short, linear, depressed (Fig. 2C, D); ventral surface with evenly distributed small papillae, more abundant on the anterior half of the body. Mid-dorsum completely covered by elytra (Fig. 2C, D). First pair of elytra rounded, in succeeding segments reniform and clearly wider than long, in posterior segments becoming rounded again (Fig. 2B); segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; first elytron with mostly marginal and several submarginal papillae, only few papillae next to the centre, in all succeeding segments elytra with marginal and few submarginal papillae; elytral papillae cirriform to distally knobbed, without articulations (Fig. 2B, D′, E), in posterior segments longest, the latter implying a spiny appearance of the worm; elytral surface usually without pigment (Fig. 2C), some specimens with orange or brownish cover.</p><p>Prostomium with smooth cirriform, slightly knobbed median antenna without articulations (Fig. 2A); lateral antennae absent; with two pairs of closely set, black eyes, often anterior and posterior pair of eyes fused, anterior pair larger (Fig. 2C, D). Facial tubercle absent; sometimes short papillae below the median antenna and above the mouth (Fig. 2A). Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore, dorsal pair rather smooth, ventral pair with few papillae; tentaculophore with simple papillae; dorsal tentacular cirrus only slightly longer and thicker than ventral one (Fig. 2A). Palps massive, tapering.</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Fig. 6); notopodium shorter of conical shape at the end, without terminal papillae; three to five long papillae arranged in an irregular row along its anterior edge and usually three prominent papillae along its posterior edge, number of papillae along the anterior edge more variable whereas the number of three prominent papillae along the posterior edge was found to be quite invariable (Fig. 6); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, with several short and few long simple papillae distributed over the surface, few longer terminal papillae (stylodes) only rarely present, usually absent (Fig. 6); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodia, ventral cirrus at first chaetiger (buccal cirrus) anteriorly oriented and more robust and almost twice as long than on other chaetigers, ventral cirri otherwise laterally oriented. Both podial lobes bearing single stout aciculae; notopodium with long spinous capillaries and short stout geniculate capillaries with serrations; neurochaetae compound falcigerous heterogomph chaetae with two, sometimes three to four, rows of short teeth on the blade (Fig. 2F–H), serrations near the tip of the shaft present.</p><p>Pygidium with pair of long cirriform anal cirri, terminoventrally attached.</p><p>Pigmentation: All examined specimens white (without colour) in ethanol with no pigment discernible (Fig. 2C). According to Petersen (1998), elytra evenly pigmented brownish or blackish and pale in worms from deep water.</p><p>Geographical distribution: All along the coasts of northern European waters, also occurring in the White and Baltic Seas, in coastal waters of Spitsbergen; Canada (see Meissner et al., 2017, fig. 9, clade I): Hudson Bay, Resolute Bay; Bering Sea (Alaska).</p><p>Remarks:  Pholoe assimilis Örsted, 1845 was described from Drøbak, Oslo Fjord (Norway) in a brief description and at that time distinguished from  P. baltica because the eyes are closer together. Also, the anal cirri were mentioned to be long (as long as eight posterior segments). Petersen (1998) resurrected  P. assimilis based on comprehensive material from European waters, also including the type locality of the species, and provided a short, illustrated description that is in good agreement with our observations (except the pigmentation that was not observed during the present study). Petersen (1998) also listed  P. minuta Bick &amp; Gosselck, 1985 in her synonymy list of  P. assimilis . According to the description and illustration provided by these authors, we cannot agree with Petersen’s view in full but would assume that  P. assimilis was among the studied material of Bick &amp; Gosselck (1985), since the occurrence of the species can be confirmed herein for central parts of the Baltic Sea.  Pholoe assimilis would appear amongst the smallest of European congeners. The species is characterized by two pairs of closely set black eyes, the absence of a facial tubercle, elytra completely covering the dorsum, the presence of long marginal elytral papillae on posterior elytra, the presence of usually three prominent papillae along the posterior edge of the notopodium (seen after staining) and double (sometimes more) rows of teeth on the blade of compound neurochaetae (only observable in SEM). There are two other species from the North Atlantic, which lack a facial tubercle but exhibit a complete elytral cover of the dorsum,  P. minuta and  P. inornata . The identity of  P. minuta has only recently been fixed based on the study of material from the type locality (south-western Greenland) in a combined morphological and molecular approach by Meissner et al. (2017). Accordingly,  P. minuta has until now been recorded only in the western North Atlantic. Morphological differences are the rather strong pigmentation of  P. minuta opposed to a lack of pigment in  P. assimilis . Moreover, short parapodial papillae are numerous along the lower edge of the neuropodium and in particular the notopodium, in both anterior and posterior view, in  P. minuta (Fig. 7), whereas short papillae are far less numerous in  P. assimilis, in particular along the notopodium (Fig. 6).  Pholoe inornata can be distinguished from  P. assimilis by the single row of teeth on the blades of compound neurochaetae (Fig. 4F) opposed to two and more rows of teeth in  P. assimilis (Fig. 2G, H). The parapodial papillae are differently distributed in the two species (Fig. 7). Also, up to five distinct papillae are present on the dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri (Fig. 4B), the latter being a character unambiguously identifying  P. inornata among all  Pholoe in the eastern North Atlantic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E50291DFFCE2DE1F9F8090965E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
A67D0E502912FFCB2C41FA780C2C611A.text	A67D0E502912FFCB2C41FA780C2C611A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe baltica Orsted 1843	<div><p>PHOLOE BALTICA ÖRSTED, 1843</p><p>(FIGS 3, 6)</p><p>Pholoe baltica Örsted, 1843: 14–15, figs 21, 34–36, 40; Petersen, 1998: 1374–1375, fig. 1E–H.</p><p>Pholoe tuberculata Southern, 1914: 57–59, pl. VI 14A–L.</p><p>Type locality, according to Petersen (1998): Øresund near Hellebaek and Kattegat near Skagen, Denmark, from muddy bottoms; no types are known to exist.</p><p>Non-type material: Specimens with lateral antennae: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.8196666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.491833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.8196666/lat 60.491833)">North Atlantic Ocean</a>: Norway: 60°29.51’N, 2°49.18’E, 4 May 1998, depth 112 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P689) ,  60°23.03’N, 2°47.05’E, 4 May 1998, depth 102 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P699),   Oslofjord, Lagøy, N of Drøbak, 22 March 1984, depth 27 m, sandy mud, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.622184&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.6393" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.622184/lat 59.6393)">Ockelmann</a> dredge, 1 af (NHMD-298017), 59°44’04”N, 10 ⁰33’49”E (59°38.358’N, 10°37.331’E), station 10-10, October 2014, depth 200 m, sand/mud, 96% EtOH (ZSRO-P2550) ,  59°38.694’N, 10°36.700’E, station 10–13, October 2014, depth 130 m, gravel/mud/stones, 96% EtOH (ZSRO-P2551); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.871567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.7798" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.871567/lat 57.7798)">Kattegat</a>: 57°46.788’N, 10°52.294’E (supposedly not far from suggested type locality Skagen, pers. comment), 8 September 1998, depth 47.5 m, 4 af, several mf, 1 af SEM (ZSRO-P1816 a), off Frederikshavn, Denmark, 4 August 1980, depth 27 m, soft bottom (mud), Ockelmann dredge, 4 af, several mf, 1 af SEM (NHMD-298016) ;   Baltic Sea: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.376667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0/lat 55.376667)">Great Belt</a>, 55°22.60’N, 11°00.0’E, 17 May 1995, depth 38 m, muddy sand, 4 af (ZSRO-P 365) , <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.5495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.315033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.5495/lat 54.315033)">Mecklenburg Bay</a>, 54°18.902’N, 11°32.970’E, 30 October 2004, depth 25.7 m, 2 af, 2 mf (ZSRO-P 1668)  .   Specimens without lateral antennae: North Atlantic Ocean: Scotland,  Loch Creran, st. 12 ABD II,  Box 4, 6 November 1972, soft mud, Van Veen grab, ~ 90 specimens (several af, many mf, few pf or complete) (NHMD-297277), 3 af, 2 mf, 1 pf SEM (NHMD-297277) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.79855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.79442" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.79855/lat 55.79442)">North Sea</a>: 55°47.665’N, 6°47.913’E, 16 May 2002, depth 28 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P1547) ;   Skagerak,  Gullmarnfjord, 23 July 1993, depth 20 m, mud, 4 af, 1 mf (ZSRO-P 318) ,  12 August 2009, depth 20–40 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P2015); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.20255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.284283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.20255/lat 56.284283)">Kattegat</a>: 57°46.788’N, 10°52.294’E, 8 September 1998, depth 47.5 m, 17 af, several mf, 1 pf (ZSRO-P 1816 b), 56°17.057’N, 12°12.153’E, 5 September 1998, depth 30, 4 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P 597) ;   Baltic Sea: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.873&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.2566" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.873/lat 54.2566)">Mecklenburg Bay</a>, 54°15.396’N, 11°52.380’E, 2 May 1999, depth 21, 8 m, 1 complete, 2 af, 1 mf (ZSRO-P 1805)  . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.4541335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.278416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.4541335/lat 62.278416)">Specimens</a> collected for DNA work, fixed in 96% ethanol, morphologically examined: Norway: Møre og Romsdal, Sande, 62.27842, 5.45413 (62°16.705’N, 5°27.248’E), 21 July 2012, depth 169–188 m (ZMBN 127092) ,   Hordaland, Radøy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.9558334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.6363" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.9558334/lat 60.6363)">Mangersfjorden</a>, 60.6363, 4.955833 (60°38.178’N, 4°57.350’E), 7 February 2006, depth 37 m (ZMBN 127112, 127113) ,   Bergen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.880833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.33885" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.880833/lat 60.33885)">Vatlestraumen</a>, 60.33885, 5.88083 (60°20.331’N, 5°52.850’E), 17 March 2008, depth 23 m (ZMBN 127107, 127110) , <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.2028832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.28158" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.2028832/lat 60.28158)">Sletten</a>, 60.28158, 5.20288 (60°16.895’N, 5°12.173’E), 12 May 2007, depth 40 m, gravel (ZMBN 127102) ,   Rogaland, Karmøy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.3250666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.287884" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.3250666/lat 59.287884)">Karmøysundet</a>, 59.28789, 5.32506 (59°17.273’N, 5°19.504E, 8 June 2014, depth 74–79 m, mud (ZMBN 127086)  .  UK: S of Shetland Islands, 58.592264, -2.349642 (58°35.536’N, 2°20.9792’W), 18 July 2008, depth 70 m, sand with shell fragments (ZMBN 127093) .</p><p>Additional material examined:  Pholoe tuberculata (Southern, 1914), co-type: Ireland , <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.332667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.662334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.332667/lat 35.662334)">Blacksod Bay</a>, W 180, shore, 15 March 1911, coll. Irish Fisheries, 1 af, dissected parapodia (NHM UK: 1914.12.12.63).  Pholoe petersenae Ravara &amp; Cunha, 2016, paratypes: NE Atlantic, Gulf of Cadiz, Captain Arutuynov mud volcano, 35°39.740’N, 7°19.960’W, station 180, depth 1323 m, 2 af (NHM UK 2016.349–351)  .</p><p>Diagnosis: Elytral papillae usually moniliform or appearing articulated; facial tubercle present; pair of lateral antenna present or absent; elytral cover of anterior dorsum incomplete; notopodia usually with 4–5 long papillae arranged in an irregular row along the lower anterior edge and 3–5 prominent papillae along the posterior edge; neuropodia with several to numerous simple papillae distributed mainly posteriorly and ventrally over the surface, several long terminal papillae (stylodes) present; neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with one row of teeth on the blades (teeth can be lost).</p><p>Description: Most examined specimens incomplete, between 1.8 and 11.4 mm long and 0.3–2.0 mm wide, with 29 to 61 chaetigers. Largest examined complete specimen with 60 chaetigers 11.4 mm long and 2.0 mm wide.</p><p>Body short, linear, depressed (Fig. 3F); ventral surface with longitudinal groove and papillate laterally. Mid-dorsum usually not completely covered by elytra, uncovered gap at dorsal midline most prominent in large specimens but also present in smaller specimens (Fig. 3E, F). First pair of elytra rounded, in succeeding segments subrectangular to reniform, sometimes with anterior notch, further posterior and in posteriormost segments more transversely elongate and of oval shape; segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; each elytron with papillae at lateral and posterior margins and in submarginal position (Fig. 3J), on anterior elytra papillae also at more central parts of the elytral surface; elytral papillae often moniliform or articulated, sometimes pseudoarticulated (Fig. 3I, J).</p><p>Prostomium with smooth, distally tapering median antennae without articulations (Fig. 3A–D); pair of lateral antenna present or absent (see Remarks) (Fig. 3A–C, D); with two pairs of closely set, black eyes, usually anterior and posterior pair of eyes fused (Fig. 3C, H). Facial tubercle present, conspicuous and usually easy to detect (Fig. 3A, C, D). Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore, dorsal tentacular cirrus slightly longer than ventral one (Fig. 3A, C, D), the latter with few simple papillae whereas the dorsal one is rather smooth, tentaculophore with few papillae (Fig. 3A, D). Palps massive, tapering (Fig. 3D).</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Fig. 6); notopodium short of conical shape at the end, without terminal papillae, usually 4–5 long papillae arranged in an irregular row along its lower anterior edge and 3–5 longer papillae along its posterior edge (Fig. 6: second and third rows); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, with several to numerous simple papillae distributed mainly posteriorly and ventrally over the surface, several long terminal papillae (stylodes) present (Fig. 6: second and third rows); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodial (Fig. 6), sometimes pseudoarticulated, ventral cirrus at first chaetiger (so-called buccal cirrus) anteriorly oriented and more robust and longer than on other chaetigers, otherwise laterally oriented. Both parapodial lobes bearing single stout aciculae which can penetrate the epidermis; notopodium with long spinous capillaries and short stout geniculate capillaries with serrations; neurochaetae compound falcigerous heterogomph chaetae with one row of teeth on the blade, teeth can also be lost, few serrations distally on the shaft (Fig. 3G, K)).</p><p>Pygidium with terminoventrally attached pair of long, cirriform anal cirri (Fig. 3F).</p><p>Pigmentation: Pigmentation either present or absent: some specimens lacking pigmentation entirely, others with yellow, brownish or black plaques on elytra and dorsal surface. Petersen (1998) described some diffuse dark pigment between the eyes, which could also be recognized in some specimens examined in the course of the present study (Fig. 3H).</p><p>Ecology: Mostly in muddy sediments between 27 and about 50 m water depth. At Clew Bay (Scotland), also between  Laminaria roots, dredged in 9–11 fms (16.5– 20.0 m) (Southern, 1914).</p><p>Geographical distribution: Off Ireland: Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, off southern Norway, Oslo Fjord, German Bight (North Sea), Kattegat, Skagerrak, Mecklenburg Bay (western Baltic Sea).</p><p>Remarks:  Pholoe baltica was originally described by Örsted (1843) from the Kattegat and Öresund. In his description he mentions and clearly illustrates acuminate anterior projections from the head (‘… prominentias duas acuminatas product ’ could be translated to English as ‘prostomial peaks’) and three pairs of tentacular processes. The tentacular processes were later interpreted as median antenna and facial tubercle above each other in the middle, and the dorsal and ventral pairs of tentacular cirri to the sides (Petersen, 1998). The also mentioned acuminate anterior projections from the head are most interesting. Petersen (1998) referred to these projections as ‘lateral antennae’ and emphasized that Örsted (1843) was the first to recognize lateral antennae in  Pholoe . Morphologically, most similar to  P. baltica is the meanwhile unaccepted species  P. tuberculata Southern, 1914. In the course of the present study, type material of  P. tuberculata was available from the BMNH (NHM UK 1914.12.12.63). The specimen was labelled ‘co-type’ and thus might be part of the syntype series or a paratype. The original description of  P. tuberculata by Southern (1914) is detailed and our examination of the type revealed good agreement with it. Lateral antennae could not be found in the type specimen and we concluded their absence in  P. tuberculata (as their presence was also not mentioned in the original species description). Other important morphological characters are shared between the two species (e.g. presence of both a conspicuous facial tubercle and moniliform elytral papillae, presence of neuropodial stylodes). Petersen (1998) included  P. tuberculata as potential junior synonym of  P. baltica . Unfortunately, this listing was not discussed by the author. As we know, Petersen (1998) was aware of Örsted’s observation of lateral antennae in  P. baltica, but did not comment on the situation in  P. tuberculata . However, based on the presence of lateral antennae in  P. baltica and their absence in  P. tuberculata, the two species can be distinguished and, accordingly, could be considered distinct. In the course of our study we found anterior processes (lateral antennae) in some specimens from Norway, the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. The lateral antennae are easily missed and are only seen after staining (e.g. with methyl green) in LM (Fig. 3C) or also in SEM in well-preserved specimens (Fig. 3A, B). If lateral antennae were present (in addition to other diagnostic characters, see Diagnosis) these specimens were initially identified by us as  P. baltica, whereas their absence identified them as  P. tuberculata . The occurrence of parapodial papillae seemed more pronounced in specimens without lateral antennae (‘tuberculata’), but also varied among specimens with lateral antennae (‘baltica’) (Fig. 6). Additional consistent differences were not found. However, the results of our molecular studies did not support the hypotheses that specimens with and without lateral antennae belong to two different species, occurring sympatrically in the study area. The single COI haplotype and the single haplotype of 28S rDNA found in the two specimens available for DNA-analysis of ‘tuberculata’ are also found among specimens of ‘baltica’. We have thus to conclude that the presence of lateral antennae, in combination with other characters (see diagnosis), is not a reliable character for the identification of  P. baltica, nor of  P. tuberculata in case of their absence. Based only on molecular data, we have to regard  P. tuberculata as junior synonym of  P. baltica, as suggested by Petersen (1998). We are unable to explain the background of this variation in  P. baltica . There are no reports about sexual dimorphism in  Pholoe, and we did not find ovigerous specimens in our samples to test this hypothesis.</p><p>A species reported to also exhibit prostomial terminal peaks is  Pholoe petersenae Ravara &amp; Cunha, 2016 from deep waters of the north-east Atlantic. We examined the paratypes of this taxon and support the view that this is a distinct species. Most conspicuous are the long cirriform terminal extensions of the notopodia.</p><p>Pholoe baltica is morphologically similar to  P. longa . The two species exhibit moniliform elytral papillae, the elytral cover of the dorsum is incomplete, a facial tubercle is present, and the compound neurochaetae have blades with one row of teeth. Lateral antennae are absent in  P. longa . The number and size of neuropodial stylodes is reduced in  P. longa, whereas they are conspicuous in  P. baltica (Fig. 6).  Pholoe longa is known to occur in the western North Atlantic along the coasts of Greenland, Canada and Alaska (USA), whereas  P. baltica is widespread in coastal waters from the North to Baltic Seas. The two species are also genetically distinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E502912FFCB2C41FA780C2C611A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
A67D0E502917FFC82EF0FE060A856207.text	A67D0E502917FFC82EF0FE060A856207.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe inornata Johnston 1839	<div><p>PHOLOE INORNATA JOHNSTON, 1839</p><p>(FIGS 4, 7)</p><p>Pholoe inornata Johnston, 1839: 437–438, pl. XXIII, figs 1–5; Chambers, 1985: 19–20, figs 13a–b, 18a–d, pl. A: 1–2, pl. B: 1–2.</p><p>Pholoe synophthalmica Claparède, 1868: 389, pl. III, fig. 1.</p><p>?  Pholoe minuta McIntosh, 1900: pl. XXXIV, figs 16, 17 (in part; mix of several species in the publication). Not:  Pholoe minuta Hartmann-Schröder, 1971: 78, fig. 24a–d.</p><p>Type locality: UK, England,   Berwick Bay, amongst c o n f e r v a e b e t w e e n t i d e m a r k s. A c c o r d i n g t o Chambers (1985): Berwick Bay, Berwick on Tweed, Northumberland, England  .</p><p>Non-type material: North Atlantic Ocean: UK, St. Baldred’s Cradle, East Lothians, Tunninghame, 56°01’25”N, 02°34’57”W (56°1.4167’N, 2°34.950’W), 2 October 1974, intertidal, 2 af, 1 pf (NHMD-298021), Cullercoats, Dove, 19 March 1984 (NHMD-298020). Skagerrak: N Jütland, Skarreklit, 57 ⁰09’33”N, 09 ⁰01’23”E (57°9.550’N, 9°1.383’E), 20 September 1968, depth ~ 2 m, between red algae and  Electra, 6 complete, 3 af, 4 mf, 3 pf (NHMD-298018), Koster Fjord, off Råssö, S of Tjärnö, Klinken (=  Pomatoceros reef), depth 15 m, dredge, 31 July 1985, 1 complete, 3 af, 2 pf, 2 mf (NHMD-298019); Baltic Sea, Flensburg Fjord, 54°47.12’N, 9°58.57’ E, 3 July 1996, depth 15 m, sand, 2 complete, 3 af, 1 mf SEM (ZSRO-P 366), 54°47.1’N, 9°58’E, 2 November 2017, depth 10 m, sand, 2 af (ZSRO-P 2515), Fehmarnsund, 54°22’N, 11°15.5’E, 25 October 2017, depth 17 m, sand, 1 complete (ZSRO-P 2514); Mediterranean Sea, Adria: Croatia, Šipan, Šipanska Luka Bay, 9 October 2001, depth 18 m, between serpulid tubes, 1 af, 1 mf (ZSRO-P 1166). Specimens collected for DNA work, fixed in 96% ethanol, morphologically examined: Great Britain: Plymouth, The Sound, 50.358333, -4.48333 (50°21.500’N, 4°28.999’W), 16 March 2011, depth 10–15 m, coarse shell gravel (ZMBN 127117, 127120). Sweden: Koster Area, Klinken, 58.8616667, 11.1972222 (58°51.700’N, 11°11.833’E), April 2015, depth 2–4 m, mud, soft bottom;  Pomatoceros reef (ZMBN 127124).</p><p>Diagnosis: Specimens are pale to strongly pigmented, often with orange pigment on the ceratophore of the median antenna; two pairs of closely set black eyes, often with anterior and posterior pair fused; dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri with three to five distinct spine-like papillae; mid-dorsum in larger specimens not completely covered by elytra; elytral papillae long and slender, distally capitate, elongated on posterior elytra; facial tubercle absent; lateral antenna absent; parapodia with only few long and few short simple papillae, long terminal papillae (stylodes) absent; neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with one row of short teeth along the blade (only seen in</p><p>SEM).</p><p>Description: Largest complete specimen fixed in formalin with about 44 chaetigers 6 mm in length and 1.0 mm wide. Other examined specimens mostly incomplete, between 4.1 and 5.3 mm long and 0.6– 1.0 mm wide, with 34–44 chaetigers.</p><p>Body short, linear, depressed (Fig. 4D); ventral surface with evenly distributed short papillae, denser on the anterior two thirds of the body than posteriorly. In larger specimens, elytra of the middle body region leaving a narrow mid-dorsal gap along the body uncovered (Fig. 4D), but in smaller specimens, mid-dorsum completely covered by elytra. First pair of elytra rounded (Fig. 4G), in succeeding segments reniform and anteriorly notched, in posterior segments transversally elongated (Fig. 4H); segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; first elytron with marginal, submarginal and central papillae (Fig. 4), only area that overlaps with first elytron on opposite side without papillae, in all succeeding segments elytra with several to many marginal and submarginal papillae along the lateral and the posterior margins (Fig. 4H); elytral papillae cirriform to slightly knobbed distally, with broad base, without articulations (Fig. 4G–I), in posterior elytra cirriform papillae longest, implying spiny appearance of the worm; elytral surface with or without pigment, some specimens (often fixed in formalin for several years) with pale elytra (Fig. 4D), others with strongly or weakly pigmented brownish elytra.</p><p>Prostomium with smooth cirriform median antenna without articulations, ceratophore of median antenna occasionally of orange colour (Fig. 4A–C); lateral antennae absent (Fig. 4B); with two pairs of closely set, black eyes, often anterior and posterior pair of eyes fused (Fig. 4C), anterior pair larger. Facial tubercle absent; sometimes short papilla present below the median antenna and above the mouth opening being the position of the facial tubercle; ventral fold of mouth opening with fringe of about 15–20 cirri (Fig. 4J).</p><p>Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore (Fig. 4B); tentaculophore with few simple papillae; dorsal tentacular cirrus slightly longer than ventral one, both tentacular cirri with three to five distinct spine-like papillae (Fig. 4A–C). Palps massive, tapering (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Fig. 7); notopodium shorter than neuropodium, notopodium of conical shape at the end, without terminal papillae; few (one to three) long papillae present on its anterior lower edge and usually three prominent papillae along its posterior lower edge (Fig. 7); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, with few long and few short simple papillae mainly at the ventral surface, long terminal papillae (stylodes) absent (Fig. 7); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodia, ventral cirrus at first chaetiger (buccal cirrus) anteriorly oriented and considerably longer than on following chaetigers, ventral cirri otherwise laterally oriented. Both podial lobes bearing single stout acicula; notopodium with long spinous capillaries and short stout geniculate capillaries with serrations; neurochaetae compound falcigerous heterogomph chaetae with one row of short teeth on the blade, serrations near the tip of the shaft present (Fig. 4E, F).</p><p>Pygidium with pair of long cirriform to thread-like anal cirri, terminoventrally attached.</p><p>Pigmentation: Several specimens with orange or brownish pigment at the base of the median antenna (Fig. 4C). The orange pigment was also reported by Petersen (1997), even for ethanol-fixed material, in an unpublished ICES workshop document. We can confirm this observation for our material. Elytra either pale or with brown pigment and light-coloured centre (elytral pigment often lost in formalin and also in ethanol-fixed specimens).</p><p>Ecology: The species was found in coastal waters of different European seas (see below), usually in water depths less than 50 m. According to the original description, the species was collected at the type locality in the littoral zone between filamentous green algae (confervae).</p><p>Geographical distribution: The species occurs from the North Sea to the western Baltic Sea and also in the Mediterranean Sea (based on a single specimen from Croatia morphologically examined in the course of the present study); according to Barnich &amp; Fiege (2003) present in all parts of the Mediterranean except for the central Mediterranean.</p><p>Remarks:  Pholoe inornata is easily and unambiguously identified by the presence of up to seven robust spine-like papillae on dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri (Fig. 4A, B), usually arranged in an irregular row on the inner side. Also, the orange pigment often present on the ceratophore of the median antenna is distinct (Fig. 4C). Moreover,  P. inornata is characterized by the absence of lateral antennae and the absence of the facial tubercle, the latter being present in most other  Pholoe spp. from coastal European waters, except  P. assimilis . However, Petersen (1997) mentions the presence of an inconspicuous facial tubercle and Chambers (1985) observed a retractile papilla-like facial tubercle in  P. inornata . In our specimens we sometimes noted the presence of papillae in about the position where a facial tubercle would be found, but do not interpret them as facial tubercle. The presence of papillae near the mouth or proboscis is common in  Pholoe spp., but the presence of papillae in the position of the facial tubercle was not consistent in the examined specimens of  P. inornata . We state that the facial tubercle among  Pholoe spp. varies regarding its size. If present, it is always found in the typical position below the median antenna and above the mouth opening. Its presence (or absence) is consistent for all specimens belonging to the same species. The facial tubercle is absent in  P. inornata .  Pholoe inornata can be distinguished from  P. assimilis by the absence of distinct spine-like papillae on tentacular cirri in the latter, and by the different dentation of the blades of heterogomph neurochaetae (with two and more rows of teeth in  P. assimilis, whereas a single row can be found in  P. inornata). Also, the patterns of parapodial papillae are different, with long papillae being more numerous on the anterior side of the neuropodium in  P. assimilis (Fig. 6) than in  P. inornata (Fig. 7). Another species without facial tubercle is  P. minuta . However, this species is so far only reliably reported from Greenland and the western North Atlantic (see Meissner et al., 2017). Some illustrations in McIntosh (1900, fig. 16, pl. XXXIV) of the head region of  P. minuta with conspicuous papillae on the surface of the tentacular cirri might show  P. inornata . However, other illustrations of the same species in this publication are different. Thus, we conclude that several species are involved in McIntosh’s descriptions of  P. minuta .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E502917FFC82EF0FE060A856207	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
A67D0E502914FFD42DAFFD23090E6159.text	A67D0E502914FFD42DAFFD23090E6159.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe pallida Chambers 1985	<div><p>PHOLOE PALLIDA CHAMBERS, 1985</p><p>(FIGS 5, 7)</p><p>Pholoe pallida Chambers, 1985: 21, figs 13 c–d, 18 e–h, pl. A: 3–4, pl. B: 3–4.</p><p>Pholoe cf. anoculata Christie, 1982: 284 [synonymy adopted from Chambers (1985)].</p><p>Type locality: Great Britain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.1166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.1166666/lat 56.066666)">Berwickshire</a>, off St. Abbs, 56°4’N, 2°7’W  .</p><p>Type material:   Holotype: Great Britain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.1166666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.1166666/lat 56.066666)">Berwickshire</a>, off St. Abbs, Firth of Forth, sludge dumping ground, station 17, 56°4’N, 2°7’W, coll. A. Mackie, 1 af, dissected elytron (RSM Z. 1983.84.1), wet slide with dissected elytron RSM Z. 1983.84.12 ).   Paratype: UK,  Berwickshire, off St. Abbs, 15 March 1911, coll. Irish Fisheries, 1 af (RSM Z. 1983.84.2)  .</p><p>Non-type material:   North Atlantic Ocean: Norway: 60°42.68’N, 3°30.74’E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.5123334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.711334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.5123334/lat 60.711334)">Stn</a> 44–5, 14 May 1998, depth 319 m, 1 af (ZSRO-P700) ,   60°47.31’N, 2°54.82’E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.9136667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.7885" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.9136667/lat 60.7885)">Stn</a> 7-5, 16 May 1998, depth 181 m, 1 (ZSRO-P701) ;   Oslofjord, 59°38.694’N, 10°36.700’E, station 10–13 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.611667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.6449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.611667/lat 59.6449)">PolySkag</a>, depth 130 m, gravel/mud/rocks, 2 af (ZSRO-P2553, 2554)  .   North Sea: 59°3.15’N, 1°1.59’W, S of Shetland Islands, Apr / May 1993, depth 130.4 m, 5 af, 5 mf (RSM Z. 1996.4.36); 58°42’N, 1°17’E, Brae Oilfield, station MBI 2, 2 af (RSM Z. 1984.4.2.), MBI 3, 4 af (RSM Z. 1984.4.3.), MBI 4, 1 af, 4 mf (RSM Z. 1984.4.4.), MBI 5, 2af, 5 mf, 1 pf (RSM Z. 1984.4.5.), MBI 8, 1 af (RSM Z. 1984.4.6.), MBI 9, 7 af, 7 mf (RSM Z. 1984.4.1.); 57° 44’ N 0° 64’ E, Forties Oilfield, StF78, depth 114 m, 1 af, 4 mf, wet slide (RSM unregistered); UK: 57°56.892’N, 2°0.375’W, Outer Moray Firth, Smilers Hole, OMFA T4.4#2, DTI strategic Environmental assessment area 5, 22 September 2003, depth 118.3 m, muddy sand, 2 af (RSM Z.2009.5.137.); Berwickshire, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-1.2633333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -1.2633333/lat 55.075)">St. Abbs</a>, 56°4’N. 2°7’W, sludge dumping ground, November 1981, station 23 and 15, 3 af, 4 mf, 1pf (RSM Z.1983.84.1-4); 55°4.5’N, 1°15.8’W, off Northumberland coast, 22 January 1982, depth 50 m, 2 af, 1 mf, wet slide with 2 af (RSM Z.1983.85)  .   Specimens collected for DNA work, fixed in 96% ethanol, morphologically examined: Great Britain: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.87422&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.85559" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.87422/lat 57.85559)">South</a> of Shetland Islands, 57.855592, -2.87422 (57°51.33552’N, 2°52.4532’W), 17 July 2008, depth 90–98 m, silty clay (ZMBN 127131, 127132)  .   Sweden: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.1/lat 58.87)">Koster Area</a>, 58.87, 11.10 (58°52.2’N, 11°6’E), April 2005, depth 60–80 m (ZMBN 127133, 127134) ,   mellan <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.1/lat 58.87)">Hällsöarna</a>, 58.87, 11.10 (58°52.2’N, 11°6’E), April 2005, depth 70–80 m (ZMBN 127135, 127136, 127137, 127138)  .   Norway: Sogn og Fjordane, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.1663165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.1339" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.1663165/lat 61.1339)">Hyllestad</a>, 61.1339, 5.16632 (61°8.034’N, 5°9.979’E), 22 July 2012, depth 631–644 m (ZMBN 127140)  .</p><p>Diagnosis: Specimens without pigment; eyes absent; dorsal and ventral tentacular cirri smooth, cirriform, dorsal one only slightly longer; mid-dorsum with almost complete cover by elytra; elytral papillae strong with robust base; facial tubercle present, often with conspicuously wide base; lateral antenna present; parapodia without stylodes; neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with two parallel rows of short teeth along the blade (only seen in SEM).</p><p>Description: Holotype anterior fragment of 15 chaetigers, 2.2 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Largest complete specimen fixed in formalin with about 53 chaetigers 6.9 mm in length and 1.0 mm wide. Other complete specimens 5.5 mm long and 1.0 mm wide, at 45 chaetigers.</p><p>Body short, linear, depressed (Fig. 5B, C); ventral surface with evenly distributed short papillae. Mid-dorsum completely covered by elytra; in larger specimens, anterior two to three pairs of elytra leaving a narrow mid-dorsal gap uncovered; in smaller specimens, complete cover all along the body (Fig. 5A–C). First pair of elytra rounded, in succeeding segments reniform and anteriorly notched (Fig. 5A), in posterior segments transversally elongated (Fig. 5D); segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; first elytron with marginal, submarginal and central papillae, only inner margin without papillae (Fig. 5B), in all succeeding segments elytra with several marginal and submarginal papillae along the lateral and the posterior margins (Fig. 5D); elytral papillae robust with strong base, tip slender and slightly knobbed (Fig. 5E); elytral surface without pigment.</p><p>Prostomium with smooth cirriform, slightly capitate median antenna without articulations (Fig. 5A, A′, A″); lateral antennae present (Fig. 5A′); eyes absent. Facial tubercle present, prominent, with wide base wide with few papillae (Fig. 5A, A′, A″); mouth opening on ventral side with slightly elongated papillae.</p><p>Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of cirriform tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore (Fig. 5A, A′, A″); dorsal tentacular cirrus slightly longer than ventral one, both tentacular cirri cirriform (Fig. 5A, B). Palps massive, tapering (Fig. 5A).</p><p>Parapodia biramous (Fig. 7); notopodium shorter than neuropodium, notopodium of conical shape at the end, without terminal papillae; few (one to three) strong papillae present on its anterior and posterior lower edge (Fig. 7); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, anterior surface almost smooth, posteriorly with evenly distributed short simple papillae, long terminal papillae (stylodes)absent(Fig.7); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodia, ventral cirrus at first chaetiger (buccal cirrus) anteriorly oriented and considerably longer than on following chaetigers, ventral cirri otherwise laterally oriented. Both parapodial lobes bearing single stout acicula; notopodium with long, spinous capillaries and short, stout, geniculate capillaries with serrations; neurochaetae compound falcigerous heterogomph chaetae with two rows of short teeth on the blade, fine serrations near the distal end of the shaft present (see: Chambers 1985: pl. B, 4).</p><p>Pygidium with pair of long cirriform to thread-like anal cirri, terminoventrally attached (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Pigmentation: Preserved specimens without pigment. Photography of live specimen shows pink colour inside the first three segments (which might not be pigment of the worm itself).</p><p>Ecology: The species was found in the North Sea in water depths between 50 and 644 m, in silty clay and muddy sand.</p><p>Geographical distribution: The species was recorded from the North Sea as far north as southern Norway, in the central North Sea, near the British coasts and in the Skagerrak.</p><p>Remarks:  Pholoe pallida is one of the  Pholoe species exhibiting morphological characters allowing a straightforward identification. These characters are the absence of eyes, the presence of distinct elytral papillae with robust base (Fig. 5E) and a conspicuous facial tubercle with wide base in large specimens (Fig. 5A). Also, the presence of lateral antennae could be documented using CLSM (Fig. 5A, A’) and thus contradicting the statement in the original description of lateral antennae being absent. The presence of two rows of teeth on the blades of compound neurochaetae has been documented by a SEM micrograph to be found in Chambers (1985). This character is shared with  P. assimilis and  P. minuta, whereas other  Pholoe spp. from European waters exhibit one row of teeth on the blades.  Pholoe assimilis and  P. minuta can be distinguished from  P. pallida by the absence of the facial tubercle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A67D0E502914FFD42DAFFD23090E6159	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	MEIssNER, Karin;Götting, Miriam;Nygren, Arne	MEIssNER, Karin, Götting, Miriam, Nygren, Arne (2020): Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189: 178-206
