taxonID	type	description	language	source
82E3CEC23D1758FBBCAFCFAAE4247229.taxon	description	Figs 4 F, 5 I	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
82E3CEC23D1758FBBCAFCFAAE4247229.taxon	description	Description. Shell minute, transparent and colorless. Near-planispiral to depressed-trochoid. Deeply impressed sutures. First whorl of protoconch uncoiled to a horn-like apex, sculptured with wrinkled pits. Teleoconch sculpture with strong raised spiral lines near protoconch, and later with both raised spiral and longitudinal lines. On some specimens, collabral ribs (costae) are strongly defined while absent or very faint in others. If present, ribs start on the penultimate whorl and increase in size towards the body aperture. Widely open umbilicus, aperture circular to ovate depending on overall shell shape (planispiral to trochoid). Peristome flared all around and tilted adapically.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
5F464CECFDB158B9AB5AADEE1ADAC910.taxon	description	Figs 5 D, H, 6 C, 7 C	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
5F464CECFDB158B9AB5AADEE1ADAC910.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell minute, glassy, clear, ovately conic. Elevated protoconch and teleoconch with regular rows of spirally arranged nodules. Broadly ovate aperture. Penis simple, tapering, with little muscular ridging.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
5F464CECFDB158B9AB5AADEE1ADAC910.taxon	description	Description. Shell minute, clear, glassy, with regular rows of sculpture, ovately to globosely conic with rounded whorl outlines and impressed sutures (Figs 5 D & H). First whorl of protoconch elevated, separated from the whorls that follow. Protoconch sculpture is a uniform network of raised wrinkles giving an irregular malleated appearance. Teleoconch sculpture is distinctive and includes regularly spaced (~ 10 µm apart), spirally arranged rows of raised nodules (Fig. 5 H) and transverse growth lines. Nodules resemble irregularly sized knots on a string. Aperture broadly ovate, usually appressed to body whorl at upper parietal corner. Outer margin of aperture straight, slightly thickened and reflected, stronger at apex and base. Outer lip straight, simple, slightly prosocline. Umbilicus deep and open. Average shell measurements for adults (n = 8): shell height = 1.07 mm (SD = 0.09), shell width = 0.80 mm (SD = 0.08), aperture height = 0.53 mm (SD = 0.06), aperture width = 0.44 mm (SD = 0.04), number of whorls = 4.75 (SD = 0.38). Operculum clear, thin, pliable. Shape ellipsoidal, nucleus submarginal, strongly convex. Growth lines not distinct or frilled. Muscle attachment scar oval, nuclear area with raised thickening inside. Tissue unpigmented, tentacles longer than snout, unpigmented, no visible eyes, snout short, deeply lobate, foot short with no lateral wings. Ctenidium across pallial roof, ~ 10 elongate, low-triangular lobes, filling 50 % of pallial roof. Osphradium large, ovate, near posterior end of the ctenidium. Intestine winds in U shape through pallial cavity, filled with small round fecal pellets, rectum ends near edge of the mantle. Esophagus muscular, enters stomach below, smaller anterior chamber and larger posterior chamber. Penis small, attached above right tentacle, lightly furrowed along narrow, muscular base, narrowing to a short neck about half the width of the base before widening to a lobe on the distal 1 / 3, followed by a tapering tip. Female reproductive anatomy and radula not described due to a lack of material.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
5F464CECFDB158B9AB5AADEE1ADAC910.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name “ embossa ” refers to the teleoconch sculpture pattern similar to embossed designs on leather or paper.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
E2875DDCA0C65E8BA16E2F22318671AB.taxon	description	Figs 4 C, 5 B, F, 6 B, 7 B	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
E2875DDCA0C65E8BA16E2F22318671AB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell minute, elongate, turriform, nearly smooth on both protoconch and teleoconch with few fine spiral lines and longitudinal growth lines. Penis slender with single, blunt, elongate papillae on inner curve near mid-length and sharply tapering distal end.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
E2875DDCA0C65E8BA16E2F22318671AB.taxon	description	Description. Shell minute, transparent, thin, nearly smooth, turriform, lightly sculptured. Spire finely tapering. Sutures deeply incised, growing deeper towards the body whorl, until aperture is separated from body whorl. Fine transverse lines along occasional whorls of teleoconch. Fine collabral growth lines at regular intervals on last two whorls. Sutures contain irregular indentations increasing in quantity approaching apex. Body whorl and aperture separated from previous whorl in adults. First whorl of protoconch elevated. Aperture ovate, lip thin, slightly reflected at base of aperture in adults, and not thickened. Aperture tilted forward. Umbilicus a wide slit due to separation of aperture from body whorl. Average shell measurements for adults (n = 8): shell height = 1.32 mm (SD = 0.14), shell width = 0.52 mm (SD = 0.06), aperture height = 0.38 mm (SD = 0.04), aperture width = 0.30 mm (SD = 0.03), number of whorls = 5.34 (SD = 0.55). Body unpigmented, snout rounded, slightly tapered, with rounded distal lobes. Tentacles short, squat, tapered with no eyes or eye patches visible. Foot short, anterior portion rounded, without lateral wings. Ctenidium, when present, a series of 10 + triangular lobes found through the pallial roof, not present in some individuals. Intestine curves in “ s ” shape through pallial cavity, with rectum ending near edge of mantle. Intestine lined with short oval fecal pellets. Operculum extremely thin, lightly pigmented amber, nucleus submarginal, edge rounded, distinct muscle attachment scar. No apparent thickened or raised portion on inner surface. Penis very long, thin, and tapering, hooked at the distal end in preserved specimens. Proximal half of the penis length with shallow folds, one papilla present about 2 / 3 of way towards distal end. Female reproductive anatomy not described due to a lack of female specimens. Central radula tooth trapezoidal. Central cusp of central radular tooth oval with rounded edge (Fig. 7 D); lateral cusps 5 – 6 on each side; central cusp about 1 / 3 longer than adjacent cusps with elongate oval shape, lateral cusps become less rounded and more pointed distally, tapering at the end. Single pair of basal cusps conical, pointed, singular basal cusps pointed, with small buttress. Basal tongue broadly v-shaped. Face of lateral tooth rectangular, narrowing upon reaching the outer wing; outer wing tapering; central cusp slightly longer than lateral cusps, 6 – 7 cusps outer and 5 cusps inner direction, decreasing in size distally. Inner marginal teeth with broad outer wing, no basal notch, 22 – 23 cusps visible, similar in length, inner cusps slightly longer, middle cusps slightly wider at base, last 2 – 3 cusps shorter than the rest. Outer marginal teeth broad and curved at end, cusps 9 – 11. Middle cusps longer, fingerlike (Fig. 7 E, F).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
E2875DDCA0C65E8BA16E2F22318671AB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name “ gracilis ” was chosen to reflect the elongate, slender form of the shell.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
63597E15A27B594AA418A2E3E7CCC1EE.taxon	description	Figs 4 A, B, 5 A, E, 6 A, 7 A – C	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
63597E15A27B594AA418A2E3E7CCC1EE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Minute shell, some individuals with prominent keeled appearance, with distinctive spiral and longitudinal lirae sculpture on teleoconch that extends to the sutures. Stygopyrgus variabilis differs from related species in the region by shell shape, and sculpture. Some populations (e. g. Son of Hot Springs, Rio Grande River, Brewster County) have a shorter, more ovate, and less heavily sculptured shell with fewer keeled individuals. A closely related species, Stygopyrgus gracilis sp. nov., has a turriform shape with transverse growth lines and faint spiral raised lines that are not present in Stygopyrgus variabilis. Stygopyrgus bartonensis has similar sculpture that is finer, without keels, and with spiral and longitudinal striations rather than lirae. Penis of Stygopyrgus variabilis lacks the papillae or apocrine glands of other Stygopyrgus and Texapyrgus species. Cusps of central radula tooth more sharply pointed than other Stygopyrgus species.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
63597E15A27B594AA418A2E3E7CCC1EE.taxon	description	Description. Shell minute, translucent to opaque, heavily sculptured, elongate ovate-conic with 1 – 3 prominent keel outlines per whorl on some individuals, some individuals with only a single weak keel most prominent on the body whorl or none (Fig. 4 A, B, Suppl. material 1: fig. 1 J – R). First whorl of protoconch is elevated, separated from subsequent whorls (Fig. 5 A). Protoconch surface heavily sculptured by punctum that form irregularly shaped pits or wrinkles. Teleoconch sculpture includes irregularly spaced raised lateral lirae and more elevated longitudinal lirae dissected by prominent spiral keels. Aperture ovate, slightly pulled away from body whorl, only lightly touching body whorl at parietal corner. Lip reflected on basal and umbilical portions in larger individuals. Outer lip straight, simple, umbilicus open but partially obscured by reflected lip. Keels (when present) extend to the edge of the outer apertural lip. Operculum ovate, extremely thin, translucent, light brown with darker brown region at nucleus, submarginal nucleus, distinct oval muscle attachment, slightly raised on inner surface. Average shell measurements for adults (n = 20) from Las Palmas Springs 1 & 5 and Beaver Springs: shell height = 1.35 mm (SD = 0.08), shell width = 0.68 mm (SD = 0.04), aperture height = 0.45 mm (SD = 0.03), aperture width = 0.40 mm (SD = 0.03), number of whorls = 4.75 (SD = 0.20). Body unpigmented. Snout nontapered, slight distal lobation. Foot short, rounded, without lateral wings. Cephalic tentacle tapered, rounded, unpigmented, no visible cilia. Mantle tissue unpigmented. No visible eyes or pigmented patches at base of eyestalks. Ctenidium with about 12 – 15 triangular lobes. Rectum ends near edge of mantle on right side of head, intestine straight and uncoiled with elongate oval fecal pellets. Esophagus enters stomach below, stomach speckled with scattered dark flecks of pigment. Penis large, tapering, attached behind right eye, with expanded base and irregularly ridged along the proximal 2 / 3, narrows before the “ arrowhead ” like terminal portion. The tip tapers with two rounded lobes near the distal end. No apocrine glands or papillae observed. In preserved specimen, penis has distinct curve forming a “ fish-hook ” shape. Central radular tooth trapezoidal with rounded dorsal edge (Fig. 7 A) deeply curved; lateral margin thickened, lateral cusps 4 – 5 on each side; central cusp about 1 / 3 longer than adjacent cusps but similar in shape with an elongate oval shape, tapering at the end and at the base, one pair of basal cusps pointed, with small buttress, broadly conical, not needle-like, basal tongue v-shaped, medium deep basal socket. Face of lateral tooth rectangular, tooth curved, narrowing upon reaching the outer wing; outer wing tapering; central cusp slightly longer than lateral cusps, 5 – 6 cusps outer and 4 – 5 cusps inner direction, decreasing in size distally (Fig. 7 B). Inner marginal teeth with broad outer wing, 23 – 24 cusps visible, longer in length toward the central cusps, outermost cusps shorter, pointed, wide at base, cutting edge extends less than 25 % of the length of the tooth, lateral wing present. Outer marginal teeth broad and slightly curved at end, with 9 – 11 cusps. Cusps along inner edge longer; tooth face tapering to outer wing (Fig. 7 B, C).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
63597E15A27B594AA418A2E3E7CCC1EE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name variabilis was chosen to reflect the highly variable nature of shell sculpture of this species from heavily keeled to nearly smooth.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
1A1A6EBD9EEC5871823E68F0B14A8958.taxon	description	Figs 4 D, E, 5 C, G	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
1A1A6EBD9EEC5871823E68F0B14A8958.taxon	description	Description. Slender, elongate shell comprised of 4 ½ - 5 ½ convex whorls. Sutures deeply impressed. Average size of 1.6 mm in height, and 0.82 mm in diameter. Protoconch strongly wrinkled followed by variable teleoconch sculpture with some individuals smooth and others heavily striated. Aperture ovate, measuring an average of 0.50 mm in height, and 0.40 mm in width. Umbilicus small. Peristome thin, and slightly reflected in adults (Thompson and Hershler 1991).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Saenz, Vanessa, Guerrero, Yamileth, Gonzalez, Lisa, Guerrero, Evan, Diaz, Pete, Hutchins, Benjamin T., Schwartz, Benjamin F. (2025): New and revised groundwater snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from karst and associated hyporheic habitats in western Texas and northern Mexico. Subterranean Biology 50: 119-151, DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.50.138174
