identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
ED7038F0BC3658B0BC5E62217B81C6E3.text	ED7038F0BC3658B0BC5E62217B81C6E3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladosporium guizhouense S. Y. Wang, Yong Wang bis & Y. Li	<div><p>Cladosporium guizhouense S. Y. Wang, Yong Wang bis &amp; Y. Li, MycoKeys 91: 151–168 (2022) sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on aphids from Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. ( Apocynaceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous.</p><p>Mycelium superficial and immersed, with abundant sporulation on the surface of aphids. Conidiophores erect, fasciculate, macronematous, cylindrical, subnodulose or nodulose, geniculate, septate, branched, pale brown, slightly roughened to verruculose, thick-walled, and pronounced loci, 111–367 × 3.5–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal or intercalary, cylindrical, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes geniculate, 20–65 × 3–6 μm, conidiogenous loci at the apex (2–5) or in lateral shoulders (0–4). Ramoconidia olive-green, 0–4 - septate, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, smooth- and thick-walled, 10–26 × 3.5–7.5 μm. Secondary ramoconidia pale brown, oblong, oblong-ellipsoid, 0–1 septate, 1–4 distal hila, 8.5–13.5 × 3.5–7.5 μm. Conidia numerous, catenate, forming short branched chains, aseptate, olive to light olive, smooth- and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, and fusiform, 4–10 × 3–6.5 μm. Intercalary conidia aseptate, olive to light olive, ellipsoid-ovoid, fusiform, 6–10 × 4–6.5 μm. Terminal conidia aseptate, olive to light olive, obovoid, 4–6.5 × 3–5.5 μm. Microcyclic conidiogenesis absent. In vitro on SNA: Mycelium abundant, submerged, overgrowing whole culture dishes, hyphae straight to slightly sinuous, septate and branched, light olive-green to olive-green, and thick-walled, 1.5–4.5 µm wide. Conidiophores erect, branched, light olive-green, thick-walled, 43–163 × 2.5–4 µm. Ramoconidia pale olivegreen, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, subcylindrical, septate or aseptate, smooth- and thick-walled, 6–27 × 3–5 µm. Conidia in simple and branched acropetal chains, light olive, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, variable in size and shape, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, fusiform, 3–8 × 2.5–4 µm. Intercalary conidia light olive, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, mostly ellipsoid, 3.5–8 × 2.5–4 µm. Terminal conidia light olive, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, mostly ovoid, 3–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>All conidia can germinate within 12 h in sterile distilled water, with tubes forming from any part. Colonies on MEA attaining 35–45 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, dark green, white to greyish toward regular margins, velvety, sporulation profuse, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant, reverse dark green. Colonies on PDA attaining 30–40 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, greyishgreen, greyish toward irregular margins, velvety, sporulation profuse, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant, reverse dark green. Colonies on OA attaining 30–40 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, greyish olivaceous, white toward irregular margins, sporulation profuse, reverse olivaceous. Colonies on SNA attaining 25–30 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, olivaceous, flat, white toward regular and wide margins, aerial mycelium loose, reverse olivaceous.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Aphids ( Aphididae), leaves of plants, and uredinia of Hemileia vastatrix ( Pucciniaceae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>In tropical and subtropical regions, it can infect insects, act saprophytically on plant tissues, and function as a fungicolous fungus on the uredinia of rust. During the middle and late stages of aphid damage, numerous aphids die on the underside of plant leaves, becoming enveloped in mycelial tissue.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Guangan City. China, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City. Ethiopia, Oromia Region, Illubabor Gore. Brazil, Minas Gerais, Viçosa.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Guangan City, Yuechi County. Infected aphids were found on the underside of the leaves of Telosma cordata, 30°44.18 "N, 106°30.80 "E, alt. 480 m, 31 Jan. 2020, X. L. Xu, XXL 202001003 (SICAU 25-0076, living culture SICAUCC 25-0057) ; • ibid. XXL 202001003-1 (SICAU 25-0077, living culture SICAUCC 25-0058) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Phylogenetically, our collections grouped with isolates of Cladosporium guizhouense within the C. cladosporioides complex, showing strong statistical support (92 % MLBS, 0.97 BIPP) (Fig. 1). A total of 6 bp nucleotide differences were observed between our isolate SICAUCC 25-0057 and the ex-type culture of C. guizhouense (GUCC 401.7), with 0 bp in ITS, 2 bp in act, and 4 bp in tef 1 - α (Wang et al. 2022 b). Morphologically, our isolate is fully consistent with C. guizhouense, showing no noticeable differences (Wang et al. 2022 b; Pereira et al. 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED7038F0BC3658B0BC5E62217B81C6E3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
C57536B9493B5E7FB279114DAE7312BB.text	C57536B9493B5E7FB279114DAE7312BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladosporium kuwanaspidis X. L. Xu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Cladosporium kuwanaspidis X. L. Xu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the generic name for the associated scale insect ( Kuwanaspis howardi).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Cladosporium perangustum in having conidiophores of comparable size, but C. kuwanaspidis differs by its unbranched conidiophores and larger ramoconidia.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Meishan City, Hongya County. Infected scale insects ( Kuwanaspis howardi) were found on the culms of bamboo ( Pleioblastus amarus (Keng) P. C. Keng), 29°41.88'N, 103°14.04'E, alt. 540 m, 13 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103004 (SICAU 25-0082 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University; living culture SICAUCC 25-0063 – ex-holotype stored in the Culture Collection in Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on scale insect from Pleioblastus amarus ( Poaceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium superficial and immersed, with abundant sporulation on the surface of scale insect. Conidiophores erect, fasciculate, usually macronematous, cylindrical, subnodulose or nodulose, geniculate, septate, unbranched, pale brown to brown, slightly roughened to verruculose, thick-walled, and pronounced loci, 45–120 × 3.5–6 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, cylindrical, sometimes sinuous, proliferation sympodial, 14–25 (– 80) × 2.5–6.5 μm, conidiogenous loci at the apex (2–5) or in lateral shoulders (0–2). Ramoconidia olive to brown, septate or aseptate, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, smooth- and thick-walled, 6–13.5 × 3–5.5 μm. Secondary ramoconidia oblong, pale brown, 0–1 septate, 2–4 distal hila, 5.5–9 × 2.5–5 μm. Conidia numerous, catenate, forming short branched chains, aseptate, olive to brown, smooth- and thin- walled, ellipsoid-ovoid, obovoid, 2–7.5 × 2–4 μm. Intercalary conidia limoniform, oval to ellipsoid, with hila protuberant, 3.5–7.5 × 2.5–4 μm. Terminal conidia globose to ellipsoid, sometimes hila evident, 2–4 × 2–3.5 μm. Microcyclic conidiogenesis absent. In vitro on SNA: Mycelium abundant, submerged, overgrowing whole culture dishes, hyphae straight to slightly sinuous, septate and branched, olive to brown, and thick-walled, 2–3.5 µm wide. Conidiophores erect, occasionally branched, brown, thick-walled, 33–118 × 2.5–4 µm. Ramoconidia olive to brown, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, subcylindrical, septate or aseptate, smooth- and thick-walled, 6–17.5 (– 20) × 2–5 µm. Conidia in simple and branched acropetal chains, light olive, aseptate, smooth- and thin-walled, ellipsoidovoid, obovoid, fusiform, 3–6.5 × 2–4 µm. Intercalary conidia oval to ellipsoid, with hila protuberant, 3.5–6.5 × 2.5–4 μm. Terminal conidia globose to ellipsoid, 2.5–4 × 2–4 μm.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Conidia of all types can germinate within 12 h in sterile distilled water, with germination tubes forming from any part of the conidial body. Colonies on MEA attaining 40–50 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, greyish-green to greyish toward regular margins, velvety, sporulation profuse, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant, reverse dark green. Colonies on PDA attaining 35–40 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, grey-olivaceous to iron grey, pale greenish grey toward regular margins, reverse dark green. Colonies on SNA attaining 20–30 mm diameter, after 1 week at 25 ° C, smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey, aerial mycelium loose, reverse olivaceous to brown.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Kuwanaspis howardi ( Diaspididae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, particularly bamboo forests, are common habitats. Kuwanaspis howardi often causes damage in the lower canopy of bamboo forests. Occasionally, Cladosporium kuwanaspidis can be observed on bamboo culms. Scale insects are more easily found in shaded and sheltered areas.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Meishan City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Meishan City, Hongya County. Infected scale insects ( Kuwanaspis howardi) were found on the culms of bamboo ( Pleioblastus amarus), 29°41.88'N, 103°14.04'E, alt. 540 m, 9 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103004 (living culture SICAUCC 25-0063) ; • ibid. YCL 202103004-1 (SICAU 25-0083, living culture SICAUCC 25-0064) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The ITS base-pair comparison between Cladosporium kuwanaspidis (SICAUCC 25-0063) and the phylogenetically affiliated ex-type culture of C. perangustum (CBS 125996) shows no nucleotide differences. However, nucleotide differences in the act and tef 1 - α regions are 1.86 % (4 bp, 0 gap) and 4.01 % (15 bp, 2 gaps), respectively. Morphologically, C. perangustum has larger ramoconidia compared to those observed in C. kuwanaspidis on both the host and SNA medium (25–45 µm vs. 6–13.5 µm and 6–20 µm, respectively). In addition, compared to the length of intercalary conidia (4–19 µm) observed in C. perangustum (CBS 125996), our isolates exhibit shorter intercalary conidia on both the host and PDA medium (3.5–7.5 µm and 3.5–6.5 µm, respectively) (Bensch et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C57536B9493B5E7FB279114DAE7312BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
D057A82033B75F5CA3390D4170E17819.text	D057A82033B75F5CA3390D4170E17819.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moelleriella boehmeriae X. L. Xu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Moelleriella boehmeriae X. L. Xu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the generic name of host plants.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Moelleriella jinuoana in having yellow to orange, globose stromata with a narrow hypothallus, M. boehmeriae differs by its slower growth on PDA, unique colony characteristics, and wider conidia.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.92717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.7985" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.92717/lat 28.7985)">Leshan City</a>, Muchuan County. Infected scale insects were found on the stems of Boehmeria spicata (Thunb.) Thunb., 28°47.91'N, 103°55.63'E, alt. 900 m, 12 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103003 (SICAU 25-0080 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University; living culture SICAUCC 25-0061 – ex-holotype stored in the Culture Collection in Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on scale insect from Boehmeria spicata ( Urticaceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Stromata yellow to orange in fresh specimens, entirely covering the insect hosts, thickened pulvinate, globose, tubercules on the surface, closely aggregated, some with narrow hypothallus, 0.8–2.5 mm diameter. Hyphae of stromata form compact textura epidermoidea. Conidiomata simple depressions of surface, round or irregular shape, no mature conidiomata observed.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>The conidia germinate within 12 h in sterile distilled water, with germ tubes extending from both ends of the conidia. Colonies on PDA slowgrowing, attaining a diameter of 5–7 mm in 28 days at 25 ° C. Colonies compact pulvinate, surface velutinous, pale yellow to yellow. Conidial masses usually abundant, yellow. Reverse of colony pale orange. Conidiomata U-shaped, subcircular to circular. Conidia unicellular, hyaline, smooth, fusoid with rounded ends, 9.5–12.5 × 3–4 µm. No paraphyses were observed.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Scale insects ( Coccidae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forests serve as the habitat for Moelleriella boehmeriae, which can infect scale insects found on the stems of Boehmeria spicata . Infections are typically observed at lower heights, close to the ground.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Leshan City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.92717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.7985" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.92717/lat 28.7985)">Leshan City</a>, Muchuan County. Infected scale insects were found on the stems of Boehmeria spicata, 28°47.91'N, 103°55.63'E, alt. 900 m, 12 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103003 (SICAU 25-0080, living culture SICAUCC 25-0061) ; • ibid. YCL 202103003-1 (SICAU 25-0081, living culture SICAUCC 25-0062) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Moelleriella boehmeriae clusters within the Globose clade and is closely related to M. jinuoana (Fig. 2), sharing characteristics such as yellow to orange, globose stromata with a narrow hypothallus (Wang et al. 2024). Although detailed morphological comparisons were limited due to the absence of mature conidiomata in our specimen, M. boehmeriae differs by its slower growth on PDA and distinct colony characteristics. The colonies of M. boehmeriae are yellow on the front and light orange on the reverse, whereas those of M. jinuoana are pale orange to orange on the front and brownish on the reverse. Additionally, M. boehmeriae has wider conidia (3–4 µm) observed in culture compared to M. jinuoana, which has conidia measuring 2.1–2.9 µm on the substrate. In addition, M. boehmeriae differs from the type strain M. jinuoana (YHH MJBP 2309031) by 16 bp (1.76 %, 0 gap) in the tef 1 α region, 2 bp (0.28 %, 0 gap) in the rpb 1 region, and 4 bp (0.47 %, 2 gaps) in the LSU region, respectively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D057A82033B75F5CA3390D4170E17819	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
EA4791CE91B4574B98ECEE4590D1454F.text	EA4791CE91B4574B98ECEE4590D1454F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moelleriella cinnamomum X. L. Xu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Moelleriella cinnamomum X. L. Xu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the generic name of host plants.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Moelleriella simaoensis, M. puerensis, M. raciborskii, and M. citrus, M. cinnamomum differs by having red-orange, thickened pulvinate stromata, longer conidia and paraphyses, and the absence of a hypothallus surrounding the stroma.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.52533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.813667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.52533/lat 30.813667)">Chengdu City</a>, Chongzhou County. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D. Don., 30°48.82'N, 103°31.52'E, alt. 851 m, 1 May 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202105001 (SICAU 25-0086 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University; living culture SICAUCC 25-0067 – ex-holotype stored in the Culture Collection in Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on scale insects found on the underside of leaves of Cinnamomum cassia ( Lauraceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Stromata red-orange in fresh specimens, mostly solitary, sometimes gregarious, globose to subglobose, thickened pulvinate up to 1 mm, 0.9–2.8 mm in diameter. Conidiomata aggregated in the center of the stroma and widely open, simple depressions of the surface without distinct rims. In section, conidioma flask-shaped or irregular, shallow. Conidial masses orange. Conidia hyaline, smooth, one-celled, fusoid, with acute ends, 13–16.5 × 2–3 µm. Paraphyses present, linear, filiform, up to 102 µm long.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Conidia germinate in sterile water within 12 h, with germination tubes typically growing laterally from both ends of the spore and occasionally from the middle. Colonies on PDA at 25 ° C attaining 15 mm diameter in 20 days. Colonies pale yellow and formed compact pulvinate with abundant slimy masses. Conidial masses light yellow. Colonies reverse dark yellow with pale yellow margins. Conidia 9–15 × 1.8–2.8 µm. Paraphyses rare.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Scale insects ( Coccidae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forests serve as the habitat for Moelleriella cinnamomum, which can infect scale insects found on the underside of Cinnamomum cassia leaves. Infections are typically observed throughout the trees, particularly in the lower canopy.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Chengdu City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.52534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.813768" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.52534/lat 30.813768)">Chengdu City</a>, Chongzhou County. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Cinnamomum cassia, 30°48'49.57"N, 103°31'31.19"E, alt. 851 m, 1 May 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202105001 (SICAU 25-0086, living culture SICAUCC 25-0067) ; • ibid. YCL 202105002 (SICAU 25-0087, living culture SICAUCC 25-0068) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Our collections were nested in the Moelleriella clade related to M. citrus, M. raciborskii, M. simaoensis, M. hainanensis, M. puerensis, and M. pseudothanathonensis (Fig. 2). Morphologically, M. cinnamomum is distinct from the phylogenetically related six species, with red-orange and thickened pulvinate, while the other species are flattened and more pale in color (Liu et al. 2006; Chaverri et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2022 c, 2025; Yang et al. 2023 a). Moelleriella raciborskii, M. simaoensis, and M. puerensis can co-occur in the same stromata with both sexual and asexual morphs, whereas only the asexual morph of M. cinnamomum has been observed in stromatal tissue. Moelleriella hainanensis differs from M. cinnamomum by having larger stromata (3–4 mm vs. 0.9–2.8 mm), and along with M. raciborskii and M. citrus, it also differs by exhibiting a light-colored hypothallus surrounding the stroma. Conidia in M. cinnamomum (13–16.5 µm) are longer than those of M. simaoensis (8.8–14 µm), M. puerensis (9.7–13.4 µm), M. pseudothanathonensis (10–12.5 µm), and M. raciborskii (11–14 µm). Moreover, M. cinnamomum has longer paraphyses (up to 102 µm) than M. citrus (85–100 µm), M. simaoensis (up to 95 µm) and M. raciborskii (40–70 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA4791CE91B4574B98ECEE4590D1454F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
8D509E8392155AB0B171097096DB3BC4.text	8D509E8392155AB0B171097096DB3BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moelleriella citrus X. L. Xu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Moelleriella citrus X. L. Xu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the generic name of host plants.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Moelleriella raciborskii in having pale yellow, thin, pulvinate stromata, M. citrus differs by its longer paraphyses and wider conidia.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.85083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.706667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.85083/lat 30.706667)">Chengdu City</a>, Wenjiang District. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Citrus sp., 30°42.40'N, 103°51.05'E, alt. 590 m, 10 Oct. 2020, X. L. Xu, XXL 202010001 (SICAU 25-0078 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University; living culture SICAUCC 25-0059 – ex-holotype stored in the Culture Collection in Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on scale insect from citrus leaves ( Rutaceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Stromata orange in fresh specimens, globose to subglobose, flattened pulvinate, 1.8–3.0 mm in diameter, surrounded by a hyaline hypothallus up to 1.6 mm wide and covered with confluent conidial masses of orange-yellow. Conidiomata simple and aggregated in the center of the stroma, and widely opened. Conidial masses orange. Conidia hyaline, smooth, one-celled, fusoid, with acute ends, produced in copious slime, 12–18.5 × 2.3–3.2 µm. Paraphyses present, arising from the hymenium of the conidioma, filiform, tapering at the apices, up to 85–100 µm long.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Conidia germinate in sterile water within 12 h, with germination tubes typically growing laterally from both ends of the spore. Colonies on PDA at 25 ° C attaining 25 mm diameter in 20 days. Colonies pale yellow and formed compact pulvinate with abundant slimy masses. Conidial masses light yellow, the colony reverse dark yellow, and the margins pale yellow. Conidia hyaline, smooth, onecelled, fusoid, 12–15.5 × 2.0–2.8 µm. Paraphyses rare.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Scale insects ( Coccidae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forests serve as the habitat for Moelleriella citrus, which infects scale insects found on the underside of Citrus sp. leaves. Infections are typically observed throughout the trees.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Chengdu City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Chengdu City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.85083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.706667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.85083/lat 30.706667)">Wenjiang District</a>. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Citrus sp., 30°42.40'N, 103°51.05'E, alt. 590 m, 10 Oct. 2020, X. L. Xu, XXL 202010001 (SICAU 25-0078, living culture SICAUCC 25-0059) ; • ibid. XXL 202010001-1 (SICAU 25-0079, living culture SICAUCC 25-0060) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Moelleriella raciborskii is accepted as the teleomorph of Aschersonia placenta, which was previously linked to Hypocrella raciborskii (Chaverri et al. 2008) . Morphologically, M. citrus is closely related to M. raciborskii, sharing characteristics such as a pale yellow, thin, pulvinate stroma, ovoid or subglobose tubercle processes developing on the periphery of the stroma, and orange ostioles. However, the paraphyses show differences in length, with our collection measuring 85–100 µm compared to 40–70 µm in the previous species, and our collection has larger conidia (12–18.5 × 2.3–3.2 µm vs. 11–14 × 1.5–2 µm) (Liu et al. 2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D509E8392155AB0B171097096DB3BC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
D19B1D61701B506CBBEF3202B64D2F12.text	D19B1D61701B506CBBEF3202B64D2F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moelleriella eucalypti X. L. Xu, Feng Liu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Moelleriella eucalypti X. L. Xu, Feng Liu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>In reference to the generic name of host plants.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to Moelleriella sinensis in having somewhat similar stromata, M. eucalypti differs by having longer and wider paraphyses, shorter and wider conidiogenous cells, and wider conidia.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.79583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.921667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.79583/lat 31.921667)">Heibaoshan National Forest Park</a>. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Eucalyptus sp. ( Myrtaceae), 31°55.30'N, 107°47.75'E, alt. 690 m, 21 Jul. 2022, Feng Liu, LF 202207001 A (SICAU 25-0072 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Parasitic on scale insects found on eucalyptus leaves. Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous. Stromata yellow to dark orange in fresh specimens, pale yellow to white in old, entirely covering the insect hosts, thickened pulvinate, umbonate to hemispheric, cottony, sessile, globose to subglobose, tubercules on the surface, 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, 1–2 mm in high. Conidiomata orifice scattered or circularly arranged, oval or elongate flask shaped, narrow orifices, 120–460 × 80–155 μm. Phialides hyaline, stick-shaped to cylindrical, 10–18 × 1–2.5 μm. Conidia hyaline, fusiform, yellow conidial masses, 8–12 × 1.5–3 μm. Paraphyses present, hyaline, filiform, 90–180 × 1.0–1.6 μm.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>No germination was observed due to the specimens being dried and the culture not being obtained.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Scale insects ( Coccidae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forest. Scale insects were infected on the underside of eucalyptus leaves.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Dazhou City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.79583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.921667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.79583/lat 31.921667)">Heibaoshan National Forest Park</a>. Infected scale insects were found on the underside of leaves of Eucalyptus sp., 31°55.30'N, 107°47.75'E, alt. 690 m, 21 Jul. 2022, Feng Liu, LF 202207001 A (SICAU 25-0072) ; • ibid. LF 202207001 B (SICAU 25-0073); • ibid. LF 202207001 C (SICAU 25-0074); • ibid. LF 202207001 D (SICAU 25-0075) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Phylogenetically, our collections are closely related to Moelleriella sinensis, showing few sequence differences with the type strain CGMCC 3.18911, specifically 1 bp in LSU (0.12 %, 0 gap) and 8 bp in rpb 1 (1.10 %, 0 gap), while the tef 1 - α sequence is invalid. Moelleriella sinensis was first described on whitefly nymphs ( Hemiptera) and later found on scale insects ( Coccidae) in Thailand (Chen et al. 2020; Khonsanit et al. 2021). The described specimens of M. sinensis are primarily characterized by flat to umbonate, pale yellow pulvinate stromata and fusiform conidia. However, our collections differ from M. sinensis in having pulvinate stromata that are yellow to dark orange when fresh, pale yellow to white when old, and thicker in appearance. Additionally, they have longer and wider paraphyses (90–180 × 1.0–1.6 μm vs. 43.2–68.9 × 0.6–0.8 μm), shorter and wider conidiogenous cells (10–18 × 1–2.5 μm vs. up to 30 μm × 0.8–1.3 μm), and wider conidia (1.5–3 μm vs. 1.3–1.8 μm). Hence, we introduce M. eucalypti as a new species, based on the distinct morphological differences observed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D19B1D61701B506CBBEF3202B64D2F12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
5B0521AEFEA9599FB7AC09D233734A3A.text	5B0521AEFEA9599FB7AC09D233734A3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Podonectria multiarmata X. L. Xu & C. L. Yang 2025	<div><p>Podonectria multiarmata X. L. Xu &amp; C. L. Yang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Refers to the species having conidia bearing multiple arm-like extensions.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Similar to species of Podonectria, P. multiarmata differs notably in sporulation and conidial morphology, particularly in the extension patterns, size, and septation of the conidial arms.</p><p>Type.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, Meishan City, Hongya County. Infected scale insects ( Kuwanaspis howardi) were found on the culms of bamboo ( Pleioblastus amarus), 29°41.88'N, 103°14.04'E, alt. 540 m, 13 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103005 (SICAU 25-0084 – holotype preserved in the Herbarium of Sichuan Agricultural University; living culture SICAUCC 25-0065 – ex-holotype stored in the Culture Collection in Sichuan Agricultural University) .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Habitat associated with scale insects Kuwanaspis howardi on Pleioblastus amarus ( Poaceae). Sexual morph: Not observed. Asexual morph: Hyphomycetes. Colonies surround the scale insects, effuse, white, and diffuse outward to produce thin layers of hyphae. Mycelia branched, septate, 1–3 µm wide. Conidiophores inconspicuous, mononematous, short, straight or slightly curved, mostly reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells subglobose to globose, acrogenous, determinate hyaline, with obviously conidiogenous loci, 4–6 × 4–7 µm. Conidia usually with two and three arms, V-shaped, Y-shaped or T-shaped, occasionally four arms, smooth, hyaline, each arm varies in length and sharply divergent, slightly constricted at the septa, straight or curved, and tapering toward the apical cell, 1–4 septate for each arm, 20–40 (– 50) µm long, 3.5–6 wide at the base, 1.5–3 wide near the apex. All arms arise from a bigger basal cell, measuring 6–8 µm wide.</p><p>Culture characteristics.</p><p>Conidia germinate on PDA within 12 h, with the germination tube usually growing from the tip of the arm. Colonies grow slowly on PDA, reaching 2.5 cm in diameter after 20 days at 25 ° C, flat, circular, white, gradually becoming light fleshy pink, and the back of colonies yellow.</p><p>Host.</p><p>Kuwanaspis howardi ( Coccidae).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaf forests serve as the habitat for Podonectria multiarmata, which infects scale insects found on the culms of bamboo. Infections are typically observed in moist, shaded environments.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Sichuan Province, Meishan City.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>CHINA • Sichuan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.698" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.234/lat 29.698)">Meishan City</a>, Hongya County. Infected scale insects ( Kuwanaspis howardi) were found on the culms of Pleioblastus amarus, 29°41.88'N, 103°14.04'E, alt. 540 m, 15 Mar. 2021, C. L. Yang, YCL 202103005 (SICAU 25-0084, living culture SICAUCC 25-0065) ; • ibid. YCL 202103005-1 (SICAU 25-0085, living culture SICAUCC 25-0066) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Our collections clustered phylogenetically with species of Podonectria based on combined ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb 2, and tef 1 - α sequence data (Fig. 3) (100 % MLBS, 1.00 BIPP). Nucleotide BLAST sequence showed distinguishing identities with those related species P. sichuanensis (SICAU 16-0003), P. coccicola (pAak), P. novae-zelandiae (SICAUCC 21-0004), and P. kuwanaspidis (SICAUCC 21-0002) in ITS (90.38 %, 88.45 %, 89.89 %, 88.26 %), LSU (96.77 %, 98.26 %, 97.92 %, 98.62 %), SSU (99.62 %, -, 99.81 %, 100 %), tef 1 - a (95.34 %, -, 94.35 %, 95.34 %), and rpb 2 (93.20 %, -, 90.74 %, 90.39 %), respectively. Podonectria multiarmata resembles other Podonectria species in its asexual state, producing conidia with arms that are joined at a basal cell (Xu et al. 2021 a). However, it differs in the length and divergence angle of each arm, and it also produces T-type and Y-type conidia with radiating divergent arms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B0521AEFEA9599FB7AC09D233734A3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yang, Chunlin;Xu, Xiulan;Li, Xinyue;Liu, Feng;Zeng, Zhen;Xiao, Qiangang;Liu, Yinggao	Yang, Chunlin, Xu, Xiulan, Li, Xinyue, Liu, Feng, Zeng, Zhen, Xiao, Qiangang, Liu, Yinggao (2025): Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal novel entomopathogenic fungi infecting scale insects and aphids in China. IMA Fungus 16: e 170123, DOI: 10.3897/imafungus.16.170123
