identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9C47879F7C23547FFFB5FC3CFF105621.text	9C47879F7C23547FFFB5FC3CFF105621.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indumentum	<div><p>Indumentum</p><p>All species are subglabrous and possess small, sericeous or puberulous simple hairs only, which can be seen with high magnification only. These hairs occur on all young plant parts and are often early caducuous, which makes the plants seemingly glabrous with the exception of A. ovalis (Ridl.) Gage, A. subsessilis and A. trichogyna Airy Shaw, which often have a more dense covering. Places where hairs are more persistent are the branch tips, sepals, sometimes on or near brachyblasts or in the axils of leaves. In most species indumentum is occasion- ally found on the abaxial leaf blade with more hairs towards the blade base. If present, hairs on the main veins are mostly persistent.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C23547FFFB5FC3CFF105621	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C265478FCFBFC4EFF2150FF.text	9C47879F7C265478FCFBFC4EFF2150FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila discoidea Heijkoop & Welzen 2017	<div><p>2. Actephila discoidea Heijkoop &amp; Welzen, sp. nov. — Fig. 2; Map 2</p><p>Resembling A. lindleyi by the short, straight fruiting pedicels and relatively short, often completely glabrous petioles. Differing from A. lindleyi in leaf shape being often ovate, with the base often acute and the apex usually longer, and the presence of a thick, fleshy nectar disc (vs leaf blade elliptic (to obovate), base usually attenuate, apex usually acute, disc thin in A. lindleyi). — Type: Takeuchi &amp; Towati 14639 (holo L; iso probably in A, LAE), Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, ridge inland of Cape Roon, slopes above side baret of the Ariwiri River, near S07°19.6' E147°07.5'.</p><p>Shrubs to tree(let)s, 1–5 m high, monocaulous to sparsely branched; flowering branches 2–4 mm diam, with brown lenti- cels, sometimes somewhat puberulous at branch tips. Indumentum: most parts subglabrous. Stipules deltoid to broadly ovate, 1.5–3 by 1.2–2 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 0.5–3.8 cm long, pulvinate at both ends, often glabrous, sometimes slightly sericeous, striate when dry, sometimes with transverse grooves, somewhat corky when older; blade ovate to elliptic, 11–30.5 by 2.6–9.3 cm, 2.6–4.3(–5.1) times as long as wide, fleshy when fresh, papyraceous when dry, base obtuse to acute, margin flat, apex gradually tapering, widely caudate to cuspidate, tip acute, adaxially dull to glossy, light to dark green, abaxially paler green than adaxially to yellow-green or slightly glaucous, glabrous; nerves 9–14 per side. Flowers solitary, on brachyblasts when older. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers not seen, observations from fruit: sepals broadly ovate, widest at base, c. 3 by 2–2.5 mm, apex acute to obtuse, often glabrous on both sides; disc a thick fleshy, wide ring, substantially covering the base of sepals in fruit. Fruits dull, immature glaucous green to green, 1.5–1.7 cm diam, erect, glabrous; pedicels 7–20(–25) by 1–2 mm, usually not thickening towards apex, straight, edges smooth, glabrous (to slightly sericeous); sepals not elongating, reflexed; wall with knobbly surface, thin, lines of dehiscence not elevated; columella 6–11 mm long, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds 8–12 mm long, 5–9 mm wide, 5–7 mm high; widened seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — New Guinea.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary lowland (dipterocarp) rain forests. Soil: clay, rocks, ultrabasic soil. Altitude: sea-level to 430 m. Fruiting: March, April, July, August, November.</p><p>Note — Typical for the species are the leaves with an obtuse to acute base and a gradually tapering long apex; fruits on short, straight, sturdy pedicels; a thick, fleshy disc, visible after fruit dehiscence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C265478FCFBFC4EFF2150FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C245478FFB5FC0FFBA050E0.text	9C47879F7C245478FFB5FC0FFBA050E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila dolichopoda Airy Shaw	<div><p>3. Actephila dolichopoda Airy Shaw — Fig. 3; Map 2</p><p>Actephila dolichopoda Airy Shaw (1978) 380;(1980a) 22. — Type: Carr 11774 (holo K; iso A, BM, L), Papua New Guinea, Kanosia .</p><p>Shrubs to trees, up to 5 m high; flowering branches 1–1.5 mm diam, covered with brown lenticels and hair stubbles. Indumentum: subglabrous with very short, papillae-like hairs on especially the younger branches, petioles, leaf blades; sericeous hairs on fruiting sepals. Stipules deltoid or broadly ovate to triangular or ovate, 0.8–1.6 by 0.5–0.9 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 5–27(–37) mm long, glabrous, pulvinate at both ends, pulvini becoming corky with age; blade elliptic to somewhat obovate, 7–16.3 by 2.7–6.8 cm, 2.4–2.9 times as long as wide, papyraceous, base acute, margin flat, apex acuminate to cuspidate, adaxially mid-green, abaxially paler mid-green, glabrous; nerves 10–11 per side. Flowers solitary. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers not seen, observations from fruit: sepals obovate, widest just above the middle, c. 6 by 2.5 mm, apex obtuse, outside somewhat sericeous; petals damaged; disc a distinct, thick, fleshy, wide ring, substantially covering the base of the sepals when fruiting. Fruits c. 1.8 cm diam, green; pedicels 27–85 by 0.75–1(–2) mm, straight, often widening towards apex, glabrous; sepals not enlarging, reflexed, outside somewhat sericeous, glabrescent; wall with a very knobbly surface, c. 2 mm thick, glabrous; columella 9–13 mm long, basally completely covering disc. Seeds 12–13 mm long, 7–9.5 mm wide, 6–8 mm high, widened seeds c. 12 mm long, c. 11 mm wide, 6–7 mm high.</p><p>Distribution — Papua New Guinea (endemic in the Central Prov.).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Lowland rain forest to (slightly decidu- ous) hill forest; soil: volcanic substrate. Altitude: sea-level up to 10 m (and likely higher). Flowering: April; fruiting: April, July.</p><p>Note — Typical for this species are the fruits on long, straight pedicels of up to 8.5 cm length.After dehiscence a fleshy nectar disc and a long columella, of up to 13 mm long, are visible with the columella extremely widening at the base completely covering the large disc. Further the fruit wall is somewhat thicker and more knobbly compared to the other species. Also remarkable are the branches covered with short, stiff, papillae-like hairs, while other Actephila species in this region either have short simple hairs or are glabrous on the branches. The stipules are on average short and narrow.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C245478FFB5FC0FFBA050E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C245478FCFAFC08FB695B13.text	9C47879F7C245478FCFAFC08FB695B13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila emarginata Heijkoop & Welzen 2017	<div><p>4. Actephila emarginata Heijkoop &amp; Welzen, sp. nov. — Fig. 4; Map 2</p><p>Resembles A. ovalis and A. trichogyna in having short often hairy petioles and a fleshy disc.However, A.ovalis has elongating sepals and A. trichogyna has much smaller leaves. Unique for this species is a somewhat emargin- ate leaf base. — Type: Brass 29350 (holo L), Papua New Guinea, Morobe District, Oomsis.</p><p>Shrubs, 1– 2 m high, monocaulous or sparsely branched; flowering branches 2–4 mm diam, puberulous. Indumentum on most parts subglabrous. Stipules triangular to ovate, 1.4–1.7 by 1–1.2 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 3–6 mm long, com- pletely pulvinate, striate when dry, sometimes with corky edges, glabrous to densely puberulous; blade obovate, sometimes elliptic, 9.5–27 by 4.6–10 cm, 1.6–2.7 times as long as wide, papyraceous, base emarginate to sometimes more obtuse in a few leaves, margin flat, apex acuminate to cuspidate, adaxially dull, dark green, abaxially pale green, puberulous on midrib and venation (more so towards leaf base); nerves 8–13 per side. Flowers solitary, green. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers not seen, data from fruit; sepals broadly ovate or ovoid, widest just below the middle to at base, 2–2.5 by 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse; petals not seen; disc a wide fleshy ring, substantially covering sepal base in fruit. Fruits 1.5–2 cm diam, green; pedicels 25–50 by 0.5–1 mm, thickening towards apex, smooth to edges somewhat striate when dry; sepals not elongating, horizontal to reflexed; wall with knobbly surface, lines of dehiscence not elevated, thin, glabrous; columella c. 6 mm long, basally completely covering the disc. S eeds immature flat, half-moon-shaped, c. 8 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, c. 5 mm high, mature not seen.</p><p>Distribution — New Guinea (only known from the type, endemic in area around Oomsis).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Rain forest on flood bank of stream. Altitude: 100 m. Flowering: May; fruiting: May .</p><p>Note — Typical for this species is the leaf base, which is generally emarginate, which do not occur in any of the other Actephila species in this region. The petioles are short and often strongly puberulous and the fruits have a relatively long, straight pedicel of up to 5 cm length.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C245478FCFAFC08FB695B13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C255474FFB5F900FF785153.text	9C47879F7C255474FFB5F900FF785153.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Mull. Arg.	<div><p>5. Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. — Map 3</p><p>Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. (1863) 78; (1866) 222; Hook.f. (1887) 282; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 191; Ridl. (1924) 196; Gagnep. (1927) 535; M.R.Hend. (1939) 68; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 470; Airy Shaw (1972) 209; Whitmore (1973) 52; Airy Shaw (1975) 25;Chayam. (2005) 35, f. 5. — Anomospermum excelsum Dalzell (1851) 228. — Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg.var. genuinum Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.(1922) 192,nom.inval. — Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. var. excelsa: Airy Shaw (1972) 209. — Type: Dalzell s.n. (holo K barcode K000186757), India, Syhadrensi?</p><p>[ Croton laevigatum Wall. (1828) 7749 (non 7735), nom. nud., non Vahl].</p><p>Savia actephila Hassk. (1844) 243; Baill. (1858) 571. — Actephila javanica Miq.(1859) 356; Müll.Arg. (1866) 222;J.J.Sm. (1910) 46;Ridl. (1924) 196; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 470; Airy Shaw (1980a) 22; (1982) 4; Chayam. (2005) 38, f. 6. — Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. var. javanica (Miq.) Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.(1922) 192; Merr.(1923) 390;(1929) 139; Airy Shaw (1972) 209; Whitmore (1973) 52; Airy Shaw (1975) 25; (1980a) 22; (1981) 248; (1983) 3. — Lectotype (designated here): Blume 1670 (L), Java.</p><p>Actephila neilgherrensis Wight (1852) 29, t. 1910. — Type: Wight KD 2574 (K), [India,] Neilgherries, Coonoor.</p><p>[ Savia zeylanica Baill. (1858) 571, nom. nud. —] Actephila zeylanica Baill. ex Müll.Arg.(1863) 77; (1866) 221. — Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. var. zeylanica (Baill. ex Müll.Arg.) Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 192. — Type: Thwaites 2532 (G-DC, P 4 sheets), Ceylon (= Sri Lanka).</p><p>Actephila bantamensis Miq.(1859) 356. — Syntypes: Hasskarl s.n. (perhaps U fragment),[Indonesia,] Java; Zollinger 1662 (G-DC, P 2 sheets, fragment U?), [Indonesia,] Java, Zuid Bantam (S Bantam) .</p><p>Actephila major Müll.Arg.(1863) 77;(1866) 221. — Type: Zollinger 512 (holo B lost; iso perhaps fragment in G-DC as Zollinger s.n.), [Indonesia,] Java .</p><p>Actephila thomsonii Müll.Arg. (1865) 65; (1866) 222. — Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg.var. thomsonii (Müll.Arg.) Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 192. — Type: G. Thomson s.n. (not located), India, Maisor &amp; Carnatic.</p><p>Fig. 4 Actephila emarginata Heijkoop &amp; Welzen ( Euphorbiaceae). Habit with typical emarginate bases Brass 29350, L). ― Drawing by Jan van Os, 2016</p><p>Actephila gigantifolia Koord. (1897) 579, 625 (description); Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 194. — Type: Koorders 16937 (holo L), [Indonesia,] Celebes, bivak Totok .</p><p>Actephila minahassae Koord. (1897) 579, 625 (description); Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 195. — Type: Koorders s.n. (not found), [Indonesia,] Celebes, Ratahan .</p><p>Pimeleodendron dispersum Elmer (1908) 308 ( ‘ dispersa ’); Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1912) 56 (excluded species). — Actephila dispersa (Elmer) Merr. (1909) 276. — Type: Elmer 7245 (holo PNH lost; iso K 2 sheets, L), Philippines, Leyte, Palo.</p><p>Actephila gitingensis Elmer (1910) 903; Airy Shaw (1975) 25; (1983) 3. — Type: Elmer 12141 (holo PNH lost; iso A, E, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, US), Philippines, Sibuyan Island, Cadiz Prov., Magallanes (Mt Giting-Giting).</p><p>Actephila magnifolia Elmer (1910) 903; Merr. (1923) 390; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 193; Airy Shaw (1983) 3 — Type: Elmer 12303 (holo PNH lost; iso A, E, G, HBG, K, L, MO, US), Philippines, Sibuyan Island, Cadiz Prov., Magallanes (Mt Giting-Giting).</p><p>Actephila dolichantha Croizat (1942) 30. — Type: C.W. Wang 79253 (holo A, not seen), China, Yunnan, Kuen-ger, Che-li Hsien (for inclusion under A. excelsa see Govaerts et al. 2000).</p><p>Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. var. brevifolia N.Balach., Mahesw. &amp; Chakrab. (2009) 717, f. 1. — Type: B. Maheswaran 990 A (holo AURO, not seen; iso AURO, not seen), India, Andamans, North Andaman Island, Saddle Peak. See note 3.</p><p>Shrubs to tree(let)s, up to 10(–15) m high, dbh up to 30 cm; flowering branches 2–9(–20 when rami- or cauliflorous) mm diam, with (light) brown lenticels, glabrous to puberulous, more puberulous towards apex. Outer bark pale tan to greyish to greenish yellow to reddish, smooth to with fine vertical fissures to scaly; inner bark green to khaki-green to yellow; sapwood white to pale orange. Indumentum: most parts subglabrous to somewhat hairy. Stipules triangular or ovate to deltoid or broadly ovate, (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) by 1–2 mm, slightly sericeous outside to often glabrous. Leaves alternate to subopposite at branch ends; petioles 5–95 mm long, glabrous to slightly to completely puberulous, brown, pulvinate at both ends, pulvini becoming corky with age; blade elliptic (to ± obovate), (4-)5.5– 35.5 by (1.1–)1.9–13.5(–15.9) cm, 1.9–3.6(–8) times as long as wide, papyraceous to pergamentaceous, base acute to obtuse, margin flat, apex cuspidate (to acuminate or rarely acute), adaxially glossy, light to dark green, abaxially paler green than adaxially, sometimes somewhat puberulous on midrib and secondary venation, more so towards base; nerves (5-)7–16 per side. Flowers solitary to fascicled, staminate ones often cauliflorous or ramiflorous, pistillate ones axillary, on brachyblasts after several seasons (up to 2 cm diam on thick branches); pedicels green, widening towards apex, glabrous to sericeous; sepals light green to white (with pink base), margin sometimes slightly membranous, apex acute to obtuse; petals: apex truncate to obtuse or rounded, erose, white to greenish white; disc a narrow thin ring, light yellow. Staminate flowers 2–3 mm diam; pedicels c. 2 mm long; sepals ovate to elliptic to diamond shaped, widest just below to in the middle, 1.3–2 by 1.2–2 mm, green to light green; petals 1–2 by 0.8–1 mm; stamens free, greenish to white, anthers (light) yellow. Pistillate flowers 3–5 mm diam, white to greenish; pedicel 8–31(–53) mm long; sepals ovate to elliptic to somewhat diamond shaped to obovate, widest just below to just above the middle, (1.5–)2–4(–5) by (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) mm, green to greenish white; petals (0.6–) 0.7–2 by (0.3–) 0.5–1.3 mm, sometimes somewhat split into two; disc slightly covering base of sepals in fruit; ovary 0.8–2.5 by 0.9–3 mm, green to green-white, glabrous, stigmas 0.4–0.6 mm long, basally pinkish, apically light green. Fruits 1.3–2 cm diam, pendent, green (immature) to brown (mature); pedicels elongating up to 75 mm long, (0.4–) 0.7–1.5 mm diam, often curved, glabrous (to slightly sericeous), somewhat striate when dry; sepals not elongating, reflexed to flat when dry, dark green, outside sometimes slightly sericeous, often glabrous; fruit wall somewhat knobbly, lines of dehiscence sometimes slightly elevated, thin, glabrous (to slightly sericeous); columella 5–8 mm long, basally somewhat thickened but not completely covering disc and base of sepals, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds 7–12 mm long, 5–10 mm wide, 5–9 mm high, widened seeds (7–) 8–13 mm long, (6.5–)9–11(–14) mm wide, 5–8(–9) mm high.</p><p>Distribution — India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, S China, Thailand, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary mixed lowland dipterocarp rain forest, evergreen forest, transition to deciduous forest, secondary forest, hill forest, kerangas forest, along rocky seashores, rivers and roads. Soil: limestone, loam, sandy soil, ultrabasic, sandy clay, granite-derived, basalt. Altitude: sea-level to 500(–1350) m. Flowering and fruiting: the whole year through.</p><p>Vernacular names — Malay Peninsula: Kelapa Tupai. Sumatra: Baner etem, Pehailigei, Toetoeg getah. Philippines: Manikusan.</p><p>Notes — 1. A highly variable species, which greatly varies in leaf size and petiole length. Leaf blade shapes vary from el- liptic to somewhat ovate or obovate, apices vary from acute to cuspidate. Fruiting pedicels are usually around 2–3 cm long, curved and widening towards apex, but longer pedicels are observed losing their curved shape. The indumentum varies from almost completely absent to being heavily puberulous on most parts. Various groups of specimens have somewhat distinct characters: a. The northern latitudes (N &amp; SW Thailand) and the speci-</p><p>mens in the western part of the distribution (India, Sri Lanka)</p><p>have generally smaller leaves and short petioles (formerly</p><p>var. excelsa; Chayamarit 2005), while in most of Malesia, but also S Thailand, the petioles are long(er) and the leaf blades can be quite large (see also under f; formerly var. javanica; Chayamarit 2005), but small blades are also found throughout the distribution (see under b).</p><p>b. Forbes 3112a, Korthals s.n., SAN (Sugau &amp; Diwol) 141043, SAN (Maikin, Donggop &amp; Francis) 130671, BRUN (Salleh Ismail) 16862, PPI (Stone, Reynoso &amp; Fernando) 6964, de Vogel 2771, University of San Carlos 98 have small leaf blades, 5.5–14.5 by 1.9–5.8 cm and short petioles, 0.4–2.7 cm long.The samples are found in the eastern part of the spe- cies distribution: Sumatra, Java, Borneo and the Philippines. PPI 6964 (Philippines) is also special because of the some- what elevated reticulate lines on the outside of the fruit wall, instead of the usual knobbly surface.</p><p>c. KEP FRI (Loh) 19212 (Malay Peninsula) has very narrow leaves, up to 8 times longer than wide, also the fruits seem slightly smaller and the seeds are below average size. The plant is growing near a waterfall, which may cause the slightly different appearance.</p><p>d. Koorders 26891 and 30269 have long fruiting pedicels, 6–7.5 cm long, 4–7 cm in Koorders 39682, while Koorders 2738 has flowering pedicels of c. 5.3 cm long.All specimens are from Java. No other specimens have fruiting pedicels exceeding 5.5 cm. The petioles are relatively short for the species with a general length of 7–28 mm. However, the leaf blade sizes of 10–25 by 4.5–9 cm typically fit in with the rest of the specimens.</p><p>e. Afriastini 1243, Rappard 168 and Backer 36980, all from Java, show somewhat smaller stipules, petioles and leaf blades: Stipules sizes vary between 0.8–1.2 by 1–1.2 mm, petiole length 2–18 mm long, and leaf blade sizes of 4–14.5 by 2–5.5 cm, which are 2–2.7 times as long as wide.Apices vary between acute and acuminate, never extending up to cuspidate.</p><p>f. The types of A. gigantifolia, Koorders 16937 (Sulawesi), and A. magnifolia, Elmer 12303 (Philippines), show enormous leaf blades, up to 35 by 17 cm, much larger than all other specimens of Actephila . However, the specimens still show the typical bend in the upper pulvinus.</p><p>2. Actephila puberula, from the Andaman islands, has often been treated as synonym of A. excelsa, but the leaf base is emarginate to rounded instead of obtuse to acute and the ovary is densely hairy instead of glabrous. Therefore, A. puberula (with A. excelsa var. puberula (Kurz) Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. as syno- nym) is here considered to be a distinct species. The fruits of A. puberula can be up to 2.5 cm diam (instead of up to 2 cm) and the surface is more knobbly than in A. excelsa .</p><p>3. Actephila excelsa var. brevifolia is added to the synonymy, because it has the typical leaf base of A. excelsa and does not really differ the description above other than sometimes slightly smaller leaf blades (with consequently slightly fewer secondary nerves).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C255474FFB5F900FF785153	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C285474FFB5FD9BFA725086.text	9C47879F7C285474FFB5FD9BFA725086.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila latifolia Benth.	<div><p>6. Actephila latifolia Benth. — Map 4</p><p>Actephila latifolia Benth. (1873) 89; F.M. Bailey (1902) 1414; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 194; Airy Shaw (1980c) 587; (1982) 4; P.I.Forst. (2005) 74, f. 5. — Lectotype (designated by Airy Shaw 1980c): Daemel s.n. (holo K, photo BRI), Australia, Queensland, Cape York; other former syntype: Dallachy s.n. (not seen), [Australia,] Queensland, Rockingham Bay.</p><p>Shrubs to tree(let)s, up to 5 m high, dbh up to 5 cm; flowering branches 1–3 mm diam, with few brown lenticels, somewhat sericeous at tips. Bark nondescript; blaze thick, pinkish red; wood dense, cream-yellow. Indumentum: subglabrous on branches, brachyblasts and sepals. Stipules deltoid to broadly ovate, 0.8–1.3 by 0.8–1.3 mm, glabrous, often somewhat folded horizontally. Leaves alternate to subopposite at branch ends; petioles 3–22 mm long, glabrous, completely pulvinate to pulvinate at both ends; blade 6.5–14.9 by 3.2–6.9 cm, 1.9–2.4(–3) times as long as wide, pergamentaceous, base slightly attenuate to acute, margin flat, apex obtuse to acute to slightly acuminate, abaxially glabrous; nerves 7–10 per side. Flowers white to cream-yellow, solitary to paired or fascicled, on older branches on small brachyblasts; pedicels not widening towards apex, glabrous; sepals: apex rounded or somewhat obtuse; petals: apex rounded, not erose; disc a thick, fleshy, wide ring. Staminate flowers c. 4 mm diam; pedicels c. 7 mm long; sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 2.8 by 1.8 mm, margin slightly membranous; petals c. 1 by 0.5 mm; disc hanging over the base of the sepals; stamens: filaments c. 2 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 4 mm diam; pedicel 6–35 mm long; sepals ovate to elliptic to obovate, widest just below to in the middle, 2–3.3 by 1–3.3 mm; petals c. 1.2 by 0.6 mm; disc pale yellow, substan- tially covering base of sepals in fruit; ovary c. 0.8 by 1–1.4 mm, glabrous, stigmas 0.8–2 mm long. Fruits c. 10 mm diam, green; pedicels 15–35 by 0.7–0.8 mm, barely widening towards apex, glabrous, smooth to striate when dry; sepals slightly enlarging, 4.5–5(–5.5) by 2.5–4.5(–5) mm, glabrous on both sides, reflexed; wall with knobbly surface, thin, glabrous; columella 6–8 mm long. Seeds c. 8.5 mm long, c. 7 mm wide, c. 7 mm high; widened seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Moluccas (Aru Isl.), Lesser Sunda Islands (Tanimbar, Timor), Australia (Queensland).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Riverine to rain forest bordering savan- nah, semi-deciduous to complex notophyll vine-forest. Soil: sand, granite.Altitude: 10– 480 m. Flowering: January; fruiting: March–May, October.</p><p>Vernacular name — Aru Islands (P. Trangan): Balabal.</p><p>Note — Typical for this species are the small deltoid stipules, which often have a horizontal fold in the middle. The petioles are short, the leaf blades are relatively constant in size and generally up to 15 by 7 cm with an acute or obtuse apex. The calyx slightly enlarges in fruit to generally c. 5 by 4 mm. The persistent disc is wide, thick and fleshy, covering the base of the sepals. The septa often look weak and thin, not as sturdy as in other species, however, this may be due to underdevelopment.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C285474FFB5FD9BFA725086	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C285472FCFAFC2AFAE35204.text	9C47879F7C285472FCFAFC2AFAE35204.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila lindleyi (Steud.) Airy Shaw	<div><p>7. Actephila lindleyi (Steud.) Airy Shaw — Fig. 5; Map 4</p><p>Actephila lindleyi (Steud.) Airy Shaw (1971) 496; (1980a) 23; (1980c) 587; (1982) 4; N.C.W.Beadle,O.D.Evans &amp; Carolin (1982) 351;P.I.Forst.(2005) 75, f. 6. — Securinega nitida W.T.Aiton [(1813) 383, nom. nud.] ex Lindl. (1821) t. 9 (non Willd.; see De Jussieu (1824) 14, in obs.). — Lithoxylon lindleyi Steud. (1841) 57, pro nom. nov. — Lithoxylon nitidum (W.T.Aiton ex Lindl.) Baill. (1858) 590, nom. illeg., superfl.; Müll.Arg. (1866) 232; Nadeaud (1873) 72. — Actephila nitida (W.T.Aiton ex Lindl.) Benth. &amp; Hook.f. ex Drake (1892) 286, nom. illeg.; (1893) 177; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1922) 194. — Type: cult. in Hort. Kew., 1813–1821 (holo K, photo BRI), native of Otaheite [= Tahiti].</p><p>Lithoxylon grandifolium Müll.Arg. (1865) 65; (1866) 232. — Actephila grandifolia (Müll.Arg.) Baill. (1866) 330,360, t. 10; Benth.(1873) 89; F. M. Bailey (1902) 1413; Pax &amp; K. Hoffm. (1922) 193; R.H. Anderson (1968) 218, 377; N. C. W. Beadle, O. D.Evans &amp; Carolin (1972) 252; P. I. Forst. (2005) 71, f. 4. — Type: F. Mueller s.n. (holo G-DC, BRI photo), [Australia, New South Wales,] Clarence River .</p><p>(Woody) herbs to shrubs to small trees, up to 9 m high, at least up to 10 cm diam; flowering branches 2 –5 mm diam, glabrous to slightly sericeous at tip. Outer bark grey-brown to brown, smooth, with many, large, brownish, often somewhat raised lenticels to shallowly longitudinally fissured; blaze white; inner bark reddish brown, no exudate; wood cream to pale orange. Indumentum: most parts subglabrous. Stipules deltoid or broadly ovate to triangular or ovate, 1.2–3(–4) by 1–2 mm, straight, glabrous. Leaves alternate to almost opposite at end of branches; petioles 0.1–2.7 cm long, completely pulvinate, apex sometimes gradually tapering into base of blade, often with corky edges when older, often glabrous, sometimes slightly sericeous; blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic to sometimes somewhat obovate, 7.5–25(–30) by (2–) 2.5–11 cm, 1.7–4.8(–6.7) times as long as wide, papyraceous to pergamentaceous, base usually attenuate to rarely slightly more acute, margin flat, apex acute or somewhat obtuse to acuminate or cuspidate, adaxially dull to glossy green to dark green, abaxially lighter green than above, glabrous; nerves 7–14(–18) per side. Flowers often solitary to paired or fascicled, on brachyblasts when older, green-white to white; pedicels not widening towards apex, often glabrous, sometimes slightly sericeous; sepals: apex acute to obtuse; petals: apex truncate to rounded, erose; disc a thin narrow papery ring. Staminate flowers c. 3 mm diam, green to white with purple tinge; pedicel 3–4 mm long; sepals ovate, widest just below the middle, c. 2 by 1.5 mm, margin mem- branous; petals c. 1 by 0.5 mm; disc folded upwards at the edges; stamens: filaments c. 1.3 mm long, connate at base; small pistillode on staminal tube. Pistillate flowers c. 4 mm diam, white; pedicel c. 3 mm long; sepals broadly ovate or deltoid to ovate to elliptic, 1.3–2.5(–3) by 1.3–2(–2.5) mm, wid- est at base to in the middle; petals c. 0.7–1 by 0.25–0.5 mm; disc slightly covering the base of sepals in fruit; ovary c. 1 by 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrous, stigmas 0.4–0.6 mm long. Fruits immature globose, mature subglobose, 1– 2 cm diam, light green (immature) to brownish green to red; pedicels 6–15(–40) by (0.5–)0.9–2(–2.5) mm, straight, sometimes with transverse small grooves, edges smooth to somewhat striate when dry, sometimes somewhat corky, glabrous; sepals not enlarging, completely glabrous, reflexed; wall with knobbly surface, thin, glabrous, lines of dehiscence not elevated; columella 5–8 mm long, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds 7.5–10 mm long, (5–) 6–8 mm wide, 4.5–6.5 mm high, widened seeds 7 –8 mm long, 7–8 mm wide, 4–5 mm high.</p><p>Distribution — Moluccas, New Guinea (incl. Aru Islands and New Britain), Solomon Islands (Santa Ysabel).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary lowland rain forest, riverine forest, Castanopsis -oak forest, old secondary forest, along rivers and sago swamps. Soil: (sandy) clay to limestone or coral sand. Altitude: sea-level to 580(–1370) m. Flowering: February–August, November; fruiting: January–October.</p><p>Vernacular names — Aru Islands (Pulau Kobroor): Ay, Ay kway ngom. New Guinea: Papua: Krokaan (Maibrat); New Britain: Ugunape. Solomon Islands (Santa Ysabel): Susui.</p><p>Notes — 1. The leaves in this species are highly variable, they range from short to long, narrow to wide, apices range between acute and cuspidate.However, the attenuate leaf blade base is constant (almost unique to this species, with the excep- tions of A. ovalis and A. latifolia). Typical are the short petioles and short and somewhat sturdy, straight fruiting pedicels. Exceptional forms are: – Specimens from Indonesian Papua tend to have narrower</p><p>leaves, Van Royen 5296 being narrowest, with leaf blades</p><p>up to 6.7 times as long as wide. Also exceptional are the</p><p>subterminal fascicles of relatively small fruits. Aet &amp; Idjan</p><p>342 (1939) also has a very narrow base which gradually</p><p>merges into the petiole, and the apex is gradually tapering</p><p>into a widely cuspidate apex (latter also in BW (Van der</p><p>Sijde) 4161). Brass 32390 was collected at the exceptionally</p><p>high altitude of 1370 m; it only deviates from other speci-</p><p>mens in the leaf blades with an obtuse to somewhat acute</p><p>apex. – Several specimens have long petioles and/or pedicels. NGF</p><p>(Frodin) 26551 has long pedicels (c. 4 cm long), but also</p><p>somewhat longer petioles (up to 2 cm long). LAE (Wiakabu</p><p>et al.) 50086 deviates in longer petioles (12–27 mm long),</p><p>longer fruiting pedicels (c. 23 mm long) and an obtuse to</p><p>acute leaf blade base (instead of attenuate). NGF (Katik)</p><p>46983 also has much longer petioles (25–48 mm long)</p><p>and longer fruiting pedicels (c. 26 mm long), which are</p><p>somewhat widening towards the apex. Also exceptional is</p><p>the presence of indumentum (other A. lindleyi are subgla-</p><p>brous), especially the moderate indumentum on the petioles</p><p>is unique.</p><p>2. Actephila mooreana is to be recognized as an accepted species and not a synonym of A. lindleyi . The latter species does not occur in Australia and differs in the characters leaf apex, leaf size, leaf margin, size of the disc, and pistillode. Leaf blades of A. mooreana are up to 17 cm long (often below 10 cm), with an acute to rounded apex and a wavy margin. The pistillode in the staminate flowers of A. mooreana is hairy. The disc in A. mooreana is wide and fleshy in staminate and pistillate flowers, pushing the sepals backwards in fruit. Fruits of A. mooreana are up to 1.3 cm diam. Actephila mooriana, the original spelling by Baillon (1866) was incorrect.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C285472FCFAFC2AFAE35204	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C2E5473FCFAFEAAFC455B13.text	9C47879F7C2E5473FCFAFEAAFC455B13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage	<div><p>8. Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage — Fig. 6; Map 5</p><p>Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage (1922) 219; Ridl. (1924) 196; Gage (1936) 519; M.R.Hend. (1939) 68; Smitinand (1962) 139; Airy Shaw (1972) 210; Whitmore (1973) 51; Chayam. (2005) 38, f. 7, pl. II: 1. — Dimorphocalyx ovalis Ridl. (1911) 178; Smitinand (1961) 52, photo. — Syntypes: Curtis s.n. (SING), Malaysia, Lankawi, Kwah; Ridley 14890 (K 2 sheets, SING), Malaysia, Perlis woods at Bukit Telor Jambu, Kanga.</p><p>(Sub)shrubs to small trees, up to 5 m high, stem brown; flow- ering branches 1–4 mm diam, with brown to whitish lenticels, puberulous. Indumentum of simple hairs, most parts subglabrous. Stipules narrowly ovate to narrowly triangular, 1.5–4 by 0.8–1.5 mm, outside strongly sericeous when young, often glabrous. Leaves alternate to subopposite; petioles 2–6(–13) mm long, completely pulvinate, strongly puberulous; blade elliptic, 6.4–15.4 by 2.1–4.9 cm, 2.7–3.8(–4.4) times as long as wide, papyraceous, base attenuate to acute, margin wavy, apex narrowly to widely cuspidate, sometimes more acuminate, adaxially mid to dark green, abaxially slightly lighter green, sometimes somewhat puberulous basally on midrib; nerves 10–17 per side. Flowers solitary, on older branches on small brachyblasts; petals: apex truncate to rounded, erose; disc a thick fleshy ring. Staminate flowers c. 5 mm diam; pedicel 2–4 mm long, widening towards apex, glabrous to sericeous, cream-coloured; sepals ovate, widest just below the middle, c. 2 by 1.2–1.5(–2) mm, light greenish to cream, margin slightly membranous, apex rounded or somewhat obtuse, outside hairy; petals c. 2 by 0.9 mm, white; disc covering base of sepals, whitish; anthers yellow to orangish; pistillode small. Pistillate flowers green; sepals: lobes obovate, 2 smaller, c. 3.5 by 3 mm, 3 larger obovate, c. 5 by 4.5 mm, enlarging in fruit, green; petals 1.4–1.5 by 0.5–0.7 mm; disc substantially covering sepal base</p><p>Fig. 6 Actephila ovalis (Ridl.) Gage ( Phyllanthaceae ceae). Habit with dehisced fruit and enlarged sepals ― Drawing by Esmée Winkel, 2016.</p><p>in fruit; ovary ovoid, slightly 3-lobed, c. 1.2 by 1.6 mm, greenish; style c. 0.5 mm long; stigmas c. 1.5 mm long, cream to purple, apically slightly split. Fruits 1.6–1.8 cm diam, (green to) pale green to yellowish green; pedicels (25–)30–70 by 0.4–0.9 mm, straight, not widening towards apex, often somewhat striate when dry, apically remaining somewhat puberulous; sepals enlarged, elliptic, widest in the middle, (10–)13–22 by 9–15 mm, margin entire, apex rounded, venation parallel, 4–8 main veins, basally slightly hairy outside, otherwise glabrous; wall with knobbly surface, sericeous, especially when developing fur-like, thin; columella 5.5–7 mm long, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds (6–)8.5–9(–12) mm long, (4–)7–8(–9.5) mm wide, (4–)5–7(–8) mm high, widened seeds 8–9 mm long, 8–9 mm wide, 6.5–7 mm high.</p><p>Distribution — S South-western and Peninsular Thailand, N Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen forest; soil: limestone or rarely granite.Altitude: sea-level up to 200(–457) m. Flowering and fruiting: more or less throughout the year.</p><p>Notes — 1. Typical for the species are the enlarged sepals of the calyx when fruiting, the sericeous fruit wall and the long straight fruiting pedicels. When not fruiting this species is easily confused with A. subsessilis (see note under latter for differ- ences).</p><p>2. Actephila collinsae, also a species with enlarged sepals in fruit, is endemic in SW Thailand and partly overlaps in distribution with A. ovalis in the province Prachuap Khiri Khan (SW Thailand). Actephila ovalis differs from A. collinsae in the leaf apex (obtuse to bluntly acute in A. collinsae vs acuminate to cuspidate in A. ovalis), leaf margin (flat in A. collinsae, wavy in A. ovalis) and fruiting pedicel and sepals (glabrous in A. collinsae vs slightly hairy on the apical pedicel part and basal sepal part outside in A. ovalis).</p><p>3. Gagnepain described several Indochinese species (1925: A. macrantha; 1924: A. nitidula, A. pierrei and A. platysepala) with enlarged sepals in fruit. These have not been assessed, but as they were published later than the epithets collinsae and ovalis, a possible synonymization will not invoke a name change.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C2E5473FCFAFEAAFC455B13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C2C5470FFB5FC1FFB7F574C.text	9C47879F7C2C5470FFB5FC1FFB7F574C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila stipularis Heijkoop & Welzen 2017	<div><p>9. Actephila stipularis Heijkoop &amp; Welzen, sp. nov. — Fig. 7; Map 6</p><p>Resembles A. lindleyi most closely in having thick, short, sturdy pedicels paired with a thin nectar disc in fruit, similar petiole lengths and long,slender leaf blades. Typical for A. stipularis are large stipules, flattened petioles, and a smooth fruit wall surface. — Type: Coode 5916 (holo L 2 sheets; iso K), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Luwuk area, Sulawesi Tengah, Biak to Poh road; S0°49' E122°47'.</p><p>Shrubs, up to 1.2 m high, monocaul to sparsely branched with 1 or 2 short branches; flowering branches 5–8 mm diam, with brown lenticels. Indumentum: subglabrous on petioles, leaves and sepals. Stipules large, triangular or ovate, c. 8 by 3 mm, glabrous. Leaves: petioles 4–18 mm long, sometimes some- what sericeous, completely pulvinate, somewhat flattened, becoming corky with age; blade elliptic to sometimes slightly obovate, 13.3–37.5 by 4.9–9.3, 2.7–4 times as long as wide, papyraceous to pergamentaceous, base acute to somewhat obtuse, margin flat, apex gradually tapering into a widely cuspidate apex, tip acute, abaxially sometimes somewhat sericeous on midrib, often glabrous; nerves c.14 per side. Flowers solitary to paired to fascicled on brachyblasts after several seasons, white. Staminate flowers not seen. Pistillate flowers not seen, in fruit: white; sepals ovate, widest just below the middle, c. 5 by 3 mm, apex obtuse; petals c. 1.5 by 1.3 mm, apex slightly emarginate, erose; disc a narrow, thin ring, slightly covering base of sepals in fruit. Fruits c. 2 cm diam, green; pedicels thick, c. 12 by 1.5 mm, slightly wider at apex, straight, glabrous, stri- ate when dry; sepals not enlarging, reflexed; fruit wall smooth, thin, with 6 indistinct lines of dehiscence; columella c. 10 mm long, basally completely covering the disc, slightly covering the base of the sepals, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds c. 10 mm long, c. 8 mm wide, c. 7 mm high; widened seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Sulawesi (known from type only).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Forest in steep valleys. Soil: upraised coralline limestone. Altitude: 300 m. Flowering and fruiting: October.</p><p>Note — Typical for the species are the large stipules of c. 8 by 3 mm, in combination with large leaf blades and big fruits on sturdy, thick, short pedicels. The petioles are wide and appear</p><p>to be flattened. The fruits are completely smooth on the surface and lines of dehiscence are indistinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C2C5470FFB5FC1FFB7F574C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C2C546EFCFAFBE2FE06566B.text	9C47879F7C2C546EFCFAFBE2FE06566B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila subsessilis Gagnep.	<div><p>10. Actephila subsessilis Gagnep. — Map 7</p><p>Actephila subsessilis Gagnep. (1924) 569; (1927) 534. ― Syntypes: Bon 667 (P 2 sheets), [Vietnam,] Tonkin, région de Ninh-binh, Hao-nho; Bon 2102 (P), [Vietnam,] Tonkin, région de Hanoï, Kiên-khé, dans les monts Dong-hâm; Bon 5726 (P 3 sheets), [Vietnam,] Prov. Thanh-hoa, Mâk-són; Eberhardt 4263 (P 2 sheets),[Vietnam,] Prov. Hoa-binh,Mai-chau; Pételot 1172 (P), [Vietnam,] Cho-ganh; Pételot 1173 (P 2 sheets), [Vietnam,] Cho-ganh; Pételot 1275 (P 3 sheets; one noted as 127 in JSTOR website), [Vietnam,] Cho-ganh; Poilane 1658 (P 2 sheets),[Vietnam,] Annam,Thanhhóa (collector numbers of Pételot not mentioned by Gagnepain 1924).</p><p>Actephila excelsa (Dalzell) Müll.Arg. var. acuminata Airy Shaw (1972) 209; Whitmore (1973) 52. — Type: Ridley s.n. (holo K), Malaysia, Selangor, Batu caves.</p><p>Shrubs to trees; flowering branches with brown lenticels, puberulous, 1.2–3 mm diam. Indumentum: most parts subglabrous. Stipules triangular or ovate, 2–3 by 0.8–1 mm, outside some- what sericeous when young. Leaves: petioles 1–6(–8) mm long, completely pulvinate, puberulous when young, glabrescent; blade elliptic, 5.6–15 by 2.1–5.2 cm, 2.3–3.7 times as long as wide, papyraceous, base obtuse or acute, margin flat, apex cuspidate to gradually tapering into a widely cuspidate apex, abaxially basally somewhat puberulous on blade and venation; nerves 9–15 per side. Flowers solitary or paired, probably forming small brachyblasts when older. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flowers c. 4 mm diam, yellow; pedicels 12–30 mm long, widening towards apex, slightly sericeous towards apex; sepals ovate to elliptic or diamond shaped, widest just below the middle, c. 2–3 by 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse; petals 0.8–1 by 0.4–0.8 mm, apex truncate to rounded, erose; disc a thin, narrow ring, slightly covering the base of the sepals in fruit; ovary c. 0.8 by 1.1 mm, glabrous, stigmas c. 0.5 mm long. Fruits green, c. 15 mm diam, pendent; pedicels 17–32 by 0.5–1 mm, somewhat curved, glabrous to sericeous; sepals not elongating, reflexed; fruit wall slightly knobbly outside and with a slightly elevated reticulate venation pattern, glabrous (to slightly sericeous), thin; columella short, sturdy, 4–6 mm long, basally completely covering disc and base of sepals, fibrous after dehiscence. Seeds 7–9.5 mm long, 6–7.5 mm wide, 5–6 mm high, widened seeds c. 8 mm long, 9.5–10.5 mm wide, 6–7 mm high.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Only found on limestone. Altitude: 50– 550 m. Flowering: April, July; fruiting: September, Decem- ber, January.</p><p>Note — This species is vegetatively easily confused with A. ovalis, also present in the Malay Peninsula.Differences are the wavy instead of straight leaf blade margin of A. ovalis, and the accrescent calyx in A. ovalis up to 10–22 by 9–13 mm (against c. 2 by 1.4 mm in A. subsessilis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C2C546EFCFAFBE2FE06566B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C32546EFCFBFD7BFA5356F0.text	9C47879F7C32546EFCFBFD7BFA5356F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila Heijkoop & Welzen 2017	<div><p>Actephila sp. nov. ? (BW (Koster) 4344)</p><p>Shrub, c. 1.75 m high; flowering branches 3–5 mm diam. Indumentum absent. Stipules triangular or narrowly ovate, c. 4 by 2 mm, glabrous. Leaves petioles 13–23 mm long, pulvinate at base, with corky edges when older; blade slightly obovate, 21–29 by 6.4–7.6 cm, 3.3–3.8 times as long as wide, perga- mentaceous, base attenuate, tapering into petiole, margin flat, apex acute to somewhat acuminate; nerves 15–18 per side, becoming inconspicuous near margin. Flowers on axillary brachyblasts. Staminate flowers (in bud) white with purple tinge; sepals ovate, apex obtuse, margin membranous, glabrous on both sides; petals 5; disc a complete ring, somewhat lobed, surrounding stamens, folded upwards at the edges; stamens with filaments connate at base. Pistillate flowers, fruits and seeds unknown.</p><p>Distribution — New Guinea (Indonesian Papua: Sowi-Rendani, near Manokwari).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Locally rather common in primary forest on clayey soil. Altitude: c. 150 m. Flowering: July.</p><p>Note — The specimen strongly resembles A. lindleyi . How- ever, the stipules are larger, the blade is slightly obovate with an elongated attenuate base and a short, acute apex, a shape not observed in A. lindleyi specimens. Moreover, this speci- men has more secondary veins than the A. lindleyi specimens studied. More specimens are needed to certify the status of this specimen as only young staminate flowers were seen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C32546EFCFBFD7BFA5356F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
9C47879F7C32546EFFB5FA82FA775130.text	9C47879F7C32546EFFB5FA82FA775130.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actephila trichogyna Airy Shaw	<div><p>11. Actephila trichogyna Airy Shaw — Map 6</p><p>Actephila trichogyna Airy Shaw (1971) 499; (1980a) 23. — Type: Brass 8417 (holo L 2 sheets; iso A, BRI), Papua New Guinea, Western Division, Tarara, Wassi Kussa River .</p><p>Trees, 4–5 m high; flowering branches 1–1.75 mm diam, lenticels indistinct, apically puberulous. Indumentum: most parts subglabrous, simple hairs. Stipules triangular or ovate, 1.6–2 by 0.8–1 mm, glabrous. Leaves alternate to subopposite at branch ends; petioles 2–4 mm long, sericeous when young, completely pulvinate; blade elliptic, 5.4–9 by 2.9–4.1 cm, 1.9–2.2 times as long as wide, papyraceous, base acute or obtuse, margin flat, apex obtuse to somewhat acuminate, abaxially somewhat sericeous on midrib when young; nerves 10–13 per side. Flowers green, solitary or paired; sepals: margin membranous, apex obtuse; disc a wide, somewhat fleshy ring. Staminate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel c. 5 mm long, not widening towards apex, glabrous; sepals elliptic, widest in the middle, 1.1–1.2 by c. 1 mm, outside slightly sericeous, inside glabrous; petals not seen; disc substantially covering base of sepals; stamens:filaments c. 2 mm long; pistillode not seen, covered by a bundle of hairs. Pistillate flowers not seen; observations from developing fruit: sepals elliptic to somewhat obovate, widest just above to in the middle, 3.5–4 by c. 2 mm, sericeous on both sides; petals 1–1.2 by c. 0.4 mm, apex rounded, erose; disc substantially covering base of sepals in fruit; ovary strongly sericeous. (Developing) fruits immature globose, mature probably subglobose and flattened; pedicels 13–20 by 0.5–1 mm, slightly widening towards apex, often slightly sericeous, sometimes glabrous, slightly striate when dry; sepals not elongating; wall strongly sericeous, thin; columella not seen. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Papua New Guinea (Western Division).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Melaleuca leucadendron swampforest. Flowering (and starting to fruit): December.</p><p>Note — Typical for the species are the small leaf blades up to 9 by 4.1 cm, and the short delicate petioles (up to 4 mm long). The fruits are small, but this is probably due to immaturity. Developing fruits resemble A. ovalis in being heavily sericeous with a wide fleshy disc underneath, covering the base of the sepals. However, the sepals are not enlarged and the general leaf blade and stipule shape does not resemble A. ovalis . Staminate flowers have a bundle of hairs instead of a pistillode, it remains unclear whether a pistillode is present underneath.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C47879F7C32546EFFB5FA82FA775130	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Heijkoop, M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Heijkoop, M., Welzen, P. C. van (2017): A revision of the genus Actephila (Phyllanthaceae) in the Malesian region. Blumea 62 (1): 7-25, DOI: 10.3767/000651917X694985, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651917x694985
