identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
9A5B4739FFCF2E737FB6F84042B1FA51.text	9A5B4739FFCF2E737FB6F84042B1FA51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyrtophora Simon 1864	<div><p>Genus Cyrtophora Simon, 1864</p><p>Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskål, 1775) (Figs. 2,3).</p><p>For the list of references see the WSC (2025).</p><p>Identification. Levy (1998).</p><p>Material examined. 2♀♀ (CBEUS), IRAQ: Babil Province, Al-Baraka region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.28106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.710403" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.28106/lat 32.710403)">Saddat Al-Hindiya district</a>, from the side of a main road, 32°42'37.45"N, 44°16'51.81"E, 15 December 2023. Leg. M.S. Hamid .</p><p>Description. Female: Overall appearance as in Fig. 2 A-B. Measurements: Total length 9.98 mm; carapace 3.29 mm long, 2.47 mm wide; opisthosoma 6.69 mm long, 4.34 mm wide; leg measurements: I: 15.97 mm, II: 14.47 mm, III: 12.48 mm, IV: 15.97 mm. Carapace slightly elongated, brown with wide yellow spots on each side of the middle, covered with dense white hairs giving a greyish appearance. Sternum, endites, and labium uniform yellow. Proximal part of coxae, especially the fourth, with light brown spots. Legs uniformly yellowish with broad black rings. Opisthosoma yellowish-brown with five visible white humps, posterior lobes brown and visible. Ventrally yellowish-brown without a distinctive pattern, except around the epigyne and spinnerets, which are dark brown.</p><p>Habitat. Specimens were collected by shaking a willow tree located along one of the main roads on the banks of the Euphrates River.</p><p>Distribution. Southern Europe, Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan. Introduced to Cuba, Dominican Rep., Costa Rica, Colombia, and Brazil (World Spider Catalog, 2025). Current study. Both genus and species are new to Iraq.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5B4739FFCF2E737FB6F84042B1FA51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hamid, Majeed Shafi;Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed	Hamid, Majeed Shafi, Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed (2025): Hersiliola babilinus sp. nov. and New Spider Records (Arachnida: Araneae) from Babil Province, Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 33-46, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.4
9A5B4739FFCD2E737FB6F9C842B7F938.text	9A5B4739FFCD2E737FB6F9C842B7F938.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neoscona Simon 1864	<div><p>Genus Neoscona Simon, 1864</p><p>Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer, 1841) (Figs.4,5).</p><p>For the list of references see the WSC (2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5B4739FFCD2E737FB6F9C842B7F938	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hamid, Majeed Shafi;Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed	Hamid, Majeed Shafi, Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed (2025): Hersiliola babilinus sp. nov. and New Spider Records (Arachnida: Araneae) from Babil Province, Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 33-46, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.4
9A5B4739FFCB2E757FB6FB1C4571F82F.text	9A5B4739FFCB2E757FB6FB1C4571F82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch 1839	<div><p>Genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839</p><p>Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, 1864 (Figs.6,7).</p><p>For the list of references see the WSC (2025).</p><p>Identification. Özkütük et al. (2019), Urones (2023).</p><p>Material examined. 3♀♀ (CBEUS), IRAQ: Babil Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.28106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.710403" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.28106/lat 32.710403)">Saddat Al-Hindiya district</a>, orchard, 32°42'37.45"N, 44°16'51.81"E, 1 November 2024. Leg. M.S. Hamid .</p><p>Description. Female. Overall appearance as in Fig. 6 A-C. Measurements: Total length 6.54; carapace 1.92 long, 1.41 wide; opisthosoma 3.92 long, 2.61 wide. Leg measurements: I: 9.21, II: 8.42, III: 7.26, IV: 9.98. Carapace yellowish-white without a distinctive pattern, anterior part of the cephalic region light brown, Chelicerae, Endite, and labium brown. Legs and coxa uniformly yellowish-white. Opisthosoma oval, dorsally yellowish-white with a darker, sword-like pattern, covered by fine umber setae, ventrally yellowish-white. Spinnerets light yellow.</p><p>Habitat. This species was found in an orchard containing citrus, fig, and pear trees.</p><p>Distribution. Azores, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia. Introduced to North America, Argentina (World Spider Catalog, 2025), and now in Iraq (Current study).</p><p>Comments. According to Zamani et al. (2024), the Cheiracanthiidae family was recently reported from Iraq based on the male of the C. montanum collected from Sulaymaniyah province, Koch, 1877. Thus, the latest record is the second species identified in Iraq from this genus and family.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5B4739FFCB2E757FB6FB1C4571F82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hamid, Majeed Shafi;Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed	Hamid, Majeed Shafi, Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed (2025): Hersiliola babilinus sp. nov. and New Spider Records (Arachnida: Araneae) from Babil Province, Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 33-46, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.4
9A5B4739FFC92E7D7FB6FA494367FC89.text	9A5B4739FFC92E7D7FB6FA494367FC89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hersiliola Thorell 1870	<div><p>Genus Hersiliola Thorell, 1870</p><p>Hersiliola babilinus Hamid &amp; Al-Khazali, sp. n.</p><p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 00E74261-EB77-47BF-A097-3F588C82CE59</p><p>(Fig. 9 A, 10 A-D).</p><p>Type Material. Holotype: ♂ (CBEUS), IRAQ: Babil Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=44.28106&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.710403" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 44.28106/lat 32.710403)">Al-Mahawil district</a>, agricultural land, 32°42'37.45"N, 44°16'51.81"E, 15 December 2023. Leg. M.S. Hamid . Paratype: 1♂, same data as the holotype .</p><p>Comparative Material Examined</p><p>H. bayrami Danişman, Sancak, Erdek &amp; Coşar, 2012 . Holotype 1♂: Turkey, Antalya Province, Korkuteli District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.233334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.233334/lat 37.033333)">Datköy Village</a> (37°02’N, 30°14’E), 13.7.2010 (leg and photographed by Tarik Danisman).</p><p>H. turcica Marusik, Kunt &amp; Yağmur, 2010 . 1♂, Turkey, Mardin Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.475334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.473194" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.475334/lat 37.473194)">Mazıdağı district</a>, (37°28'23.5"N 40°28'31.2"E), 05.06.2018. (Photographed by. Tarik Danisman).</p><p>Etymology. The name babilinus is derived from Babylon, one of the great cities of the ancient world. It was the largest capital of Mesopotamian civilization and the heart of the Babylonian Empire, which flourished between 1800 BC and 539 BC.</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species (male) is morphologically similar and closely related to the Turkish species H. bayrami Danişman, Sancak, Erdek &amp; Coşar, 2012, and H. turcica Marusik, Kunt &amp; Yağmur, 2010 . However, it can be distinguished by the embolus base's length, thickness, and position. In the new species, the embolus has approximately 2.5 coils, thicker, and its base is positioned at the 2 o’clock position. In contrast, H. bayrami has an embolus with 1.25 coils, which is much thinner, and its base is at 10 o’clock. Meanwhile, H. turcica possesses an embolus with 3.5 coils, which is also much thinner, and its base is situated at the 4 o’clock position.</p><p>Description. Male. (Holotype). Overall appearance as in Fig. 9A. Measurements: Total length 6.87; carapace 2.8 long, 2.19 wide; opisthosoma 4.07 long, 2.94 wide. Leg measurements: I: 9.63, II: 7.47, III: 6.38, IV: 10.26. Carapace circular and has a distinctive colour pattern, with black segmented edges, four pairs of dots with a thin median stripe, the cephalic region is dark. Sternum, endite and labium uniform yellow. Legs uniformly yellowish with broad black rings. Opisthosoma oval, dorsally with a black mid-band from which three transverse bands protrude on each side, forming a rhombus shape, covered by fine setae, sides of the abdomen have a dark stripe, the colour of which becomes less intense towards the ventral side. Spinnerets yellow.</p><p>Palp as in Figs 10 A–D. The tegular apophysis (Ta) long and thick, hook-like, downwardly curved, widened at the convex part, with a pointed and thin end, about as thick as the embolus, and forming about a third of the length of tegular apophysis; embolus (Em) rather long and thick, with approximately 2.5 coils, base of embolus (Be) located at 2 o’clock.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Habitat. This species was found in an agricultural field in the Al-Mahawil district, where the land was planted with okra and beans. Two specimens were collected from the weeds growing under these crops, but one of the specimens was lost during its capture and transfer to the collection tube.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Babil Province, Al-Mahawil district, central Iraq.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>This study provides significant new data on the fauna of Iraqi spiders. A new species was described, and four additional species were recorded as new to Iraq, three of which also represent the first records of their respective genera in the country. These findings confirm the existence of previously undocumented biodiversity in Iraq, suggesting that many species remain undiscovered due to the lack of comprehensive studies in the region.</p><p>The province studied, as well as central Iraq in general, has not received much attention from researchers in the past. Many areas remain unexplored, likely due to challenges such as limited access to certain regions and the general lack of research resources in the country. Before this study, only three spider species had been documented in this Province (Al-Khazali et al., 2023). The study by Zamani and Marusik (2022), which focused on Najaf Province in central Iraq, revealed remarkable biodiversity in the region. this study examined a small collection of preserved specimens dating back to 1978, originally collected from the Middle Euphrates region. This analysis led to the description of four new species and the recording of five genera and two families as new records for Iraq.</p><p>Based on the current results and the study by Al-Khazali et al. (2023), the total number of spider species documented in Babil Province is eight. However, this number does not reflect the true diversity of species in the region, as many areas remain unexplored. As part of the first researcher's master's thesis, this study successfully described a new species, documented four additional species, and recorded three genera previously unknown in Iraq. In addition, approximately 20 other species were identified in the province during the research, although they were not included in this study. These records will be documented in a separate future study.</p><p>Overall, this study represents an important contribution to knowledge about spider diversity in Iraq, especially in areas that have not received sufficient attention from researchers. The current results show that we have only uncovered a small fraction of the region's biodiversity, underscoring the urgent need for further field studies and in-depth scientific analyses, supported by modern technologies and international collaboration.</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>We express our gratitude to Dr. Alireza Zamani (University of Turku, Finland) and Dr. Hisham K. El- Hennawy (Cairo, Egypt) for their thorough review of the manuscript. We are also deeply thankful to Dr. Tarik Danisman (Kırıkkale University, Turkey) for providing us with the photographs of the Turkish specimens, and to Dr. Kadir Boğaç Kunt (Turkish Arachnological Society, Turkey) and Dr. Ersen Aydın Yağmur (Manisa University, Turkey) for their confirmation of the identification of the new species.</p><p>References</p><p>Ali, h.B., Fadhil, h.Y. &amp; Baker I.M. (2018) Taxonomic and molecular study of the widow spider Genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 ( Araneae: Theridiidae) in Iraq. Pakistan Entomologist, 40(1), 25–29.</p><p>Al-Khazali, A. M. (2024) New species and records of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina, 77, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.77.2</p><p>Al-Khazali, A.M., Al-Abbad, M.Y.M., Fomichev, A.A. &amp; Kachel, H.S. (2023 b) New data on the wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) of Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina, 67, 101–116.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2023.67.12</p><p>Al-Khazali, A.M., Kachel, H.S., Zamani, A. &amp; Hussen, F.S. (2023 a) An updated and annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iraq. Zootaxa, 5339 (2), 132–158.</p><p>Al-Khazali, A.M., Khalaf, R.Z. &amp; Al-Fayadhi, K. h. (2022) Banded garden spider, Argiope trifasciata (Forskål, 1775), a new record of the family Araneidae in Iraq. Serket, 18, 511–515.</p><p>Marusik, Y.M., Kunt, K.B. &amp; Yağmur, E.A. (2010) A new species of Hersiliola Thorell, 1870 (Araneae, Hersiliidae) from Turkey. ZooKeys, 37, 27–34.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.37.398</p><p>Özkütük, R.S., Gücel, S., Fuller, Ö.Ö. &amp; Kunt, K.B. (2019) Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, 1864 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae), a new faunistic record for Cyprus. Serket, 16, 184–187.</p><p>Shorthouse, David P. (2010). SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. [Retrieved from https://www.simplemappr.net. Accessed March 15, 2025].</p><p>Urones, C. (2023) Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae, Cheiracanthiidae) ibéricos y de la región Paleártico-occidental. 1. Novedades sobre Ch. mildei L. Koch, 1864 y Ch. ilicis Morano &amp; Bonal, 2016. Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, 43, 9–29.</p><p>Zamani, A., Marusik, Y.M. &amp; Šestáková, A. (2020) On Araniella and Neoscona (Araneae, Araneidae) of the Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia. ZooKeys, 906, 13–40.</p><p>Zamani, A. &amp; Marusik, Y.M. (2022) On a small collection of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from Iraq, with new species and records. Zoodiversity, 56 (4), 291–306.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2022.04.291</p><p>Zamani, A. (2023) Spiders of Iran—Systematics, diversity and distribution. Publication No. AII 398. Doctoral dissertation, university of Turku, Turku. Available from: https://urn.fi/urN:ISBN:978- 951-29-9253-9 (accessed 18 Des 2024).</p><p>Zamani, A., Khudhur, F.A. &amp; Marusik, Y.M. (2024) New data on spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iraqi Kurdistan, with new species and records. Zootaxa, 5492 (2), 260–278.</p><p>https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5492.2.6</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5B4739FFC92E7D7FB6FA494367FC89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hamid, Majeed Shafi;Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed	Hamid, Majeed Shafi, Al-Khazali, Azhar Mohammed (2025): Hersiliola babilinus sp. nov. and New Spider Records (Arachnida: Araneae) from Babil Province, Iraq. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 33-46, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.4
