identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
37DD5B1236335D7A8DB42818B0D70B63.text	37DD5B1236335D7A8DB42818B0D70B63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma furvligulata Wang & Ren & Yang & Chen 2025	<div><p>Nephrotoma furvligulata sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 2–4, 5–9, 10–12, 13–15</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. China – Qinghai Prov. • ♂; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1678&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1678/lat 38.1333)">Binggou</a>; 3075 m a. s. l.; 38.1333°N, 100.1678°E; 27 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310243.</p><p>Paratypes. China – Qinghai Prov. • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.3407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.3407/lat 38.1164)">Lujiaogou</a>; 2867 m a. s. l.; 38.1164°N, 100.3407°E; 30 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310691 to TN 231095 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.4744&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1132" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.4744/lat 38.1132)">Lujiaogou</a>; 3311 m a. s. l.; 38.1132°N, 100.4744°E; 30 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310539 to TN 2310542 • 3 ♂♂; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1836/lat 38.2499)">Huangcang Temple Water Conservancy Hub Project</a>; 2579 m a. s. l.; 38.2499°N, 100.1836°E; 2 Aug. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310734 to TN 2310736 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body yellow. Occipital marking triangular, dark brown, laterally with pale-brown spots. Antenna reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward. Space between lateral and median stripes of prescutum and presutural scutum narrow. Tergite 9 posteriorly with narrow median notch and broad, inclined projections, its margin covered with tiny black spines. Sternite 8 with a bifurcated appendage. Clasper of gonostylus with posterior crest possessing a triangular projection.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Body length 9.0– 11.1 mm, wing length 9.3–10.7 mm, antenna length 3.6–4.5 mm (N = 8).</p><p>Head (Figs 2, 3). Mostly yellow, vertex with dark brown spot. Occipital marking triangular, dark brown, laterally with pale brown spots. Nasus dark brown. Rostrum brown. Head with brown setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; scape yellow, with apical third brown, pedicel and flagellar segments brown. Length of verticils reaching almost 3 / 5 length of the corresponding segment. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi brownish, terminal segment pale, darkened at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 2, 3). Mostly yellow. Pronotum black, yellow middorsally. Prescutum and presutural scutum with three longitudinal black stripes; lateral stripe apically bent outward; space between lateral and median stripes narrow. Postsutural scutum yellow in the middle, each lobe with large black spot; posterior-lateral margin brown. Scutellum yellow with a black median line. Mediotergite yellow with broad black median stripe, with posterior margin blackened. Anepisternum and katepisternum basally each with a large black spot. Anepimeron blackened apically; katepimeron with small median black spot. Meron blackened basally. Legs yellow. Coxae yellow, variegated with dark brown spots at the base. Apices of tibiae and femora dark brown, tarsal segments dark brown. Wing pale brown with a distinct dark brown pterostigma and macrotrichiae; brown shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m sessile (Fig. 4). Halter with stem dark brown; knob pale yellow with a dark brown margin (Fig. 2).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 2). Mainly yellow. Abdominal tergites with three broad black longitudinal stripes; the median stripe broader than the lateral stripes. Abdominal sternites 5–7 with an interrupted longitudinal stripe. Abdominal segments 8–9 black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 5–9). Tergite 9 posteriorly with broad, inclined projections, its margin covered with tiny black spines (Fig. 7). Posterior margin with narrow, U-shaped notch. Sternite 8 apically with a bifurcated appendage (Fig. 6). Sternite 9 posteriorly with sparse setae, and a sclerotized projection at the middle (Figs 5, 6). Gonocoxite separated from sternite 9, irregularly oval with smooth and slightly curved margins, featuring a slightly indented inward apex (Fig. 5). Lobe of gonostylus flattened, with weak lateral protrusion and obtuse apex (Figs 5, 9). Clasper of gonostylus with a large concavity at the base; beak obtuse; posterior crest with a triangular projection and sparse setae; outer basal lobe nearly oval, apically rounded; lower beak with a vaulted protuberance; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 8). Semen pump with posterior immovable apodeme darkened, directed backward, tip outward (Figs 10–12). Compressor apodeme blackish-brown, fan-shaped, forming an 80 ° angle with the posterior immovable apodeme. Anterior immovable apodeme narrower than the compressor apodeme.</p><p>Female. Body length 12.9–15.1 mm, wing length 10.5–12.6 mm, antenna length 3.3–3.9 mm (N = 5). Resembles male in body coloration. Tergite 8, tergite 9, sternite 8, and basal region of tergite 10 dark brown (Figs 13–15).</p><p>Ovipositor (Figs 13–15). Cercus narrowed toward tip (Figs 13, 15). Hypogynial valve curved upwards apically (Figs 13, 14).</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 2000 m to 2500 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults were collected only in late July.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Qinghai (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name (from Latin furvus (adj., meaning “ dark ”) and Latin ligulatus (adj., meaning “ ligulate ”)) refers to the abdominal tergites bearing a darker mid-longitudinal stripe and to sternite 8 posteriorly with a bifurcated appendage that extends outward at its apex in ventral view.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is similar to N. ligulata Alexander, 1925, in the shape of sternite 8 and the lobe of the gonostylus. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. furvligulata sp. nov. the space between the lateral stripe and the median stripe of the prescutum and presutural scutum is narrow; the mediotergite is yellow with a broad black median stripe; the abdominal tergites have broad longitudinal stripes. In N. ligulata, the space between the lateral stripe and the median stripe of the prescutum and presutural scutum is broad; the mediotergite is yellow with a thin black median stripe; the abdominal tergites on segments 1–4 have longitudinal stripes at the posterior margin (Mannheims 1967; de Jong 1993).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/37DD5B1236335D7A8DB42818B0D70B63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
2E5CE128A54553A5926485FB614709F1.text	2E5CE128A54553A5926485FB614709F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma geniculata Yang & Yang 1987	<div><p>Nephrotoma geniculata Yang &amp; Yang, 1987</p><p>Figs 16–18, 19–23, 24–26, 27–29</p><p>Nephrotoma geniculata Yang &amp; Yang, 1987: 131 .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China – Hubei Prov. • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Shennongjiasongbai, 700–800 m a. s. l.; 23 Jun. 1984; X. L. Wang leg.; CAU Df 000404, Df 000405 . – Qinghai Prov. • 1 ♂; Haidong, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.5274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.2496" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.5274/lat 36.2496)">Shenba Village</a>; 2455 m a. s. l.; 36.2496°N, 102.5274°E; 29 Jun. 2019; X. Li leg.; CAU TN 2304237 • 7 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.3763&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.1362" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.3763/lat 37.1362)">Sigou</a>; 2489 m a. s. l.; 37.1362°N, 102.3763°E; 18 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2309123 to TN 2309133 • 9 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4326&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.9845" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4326/lat 36.9845)">Bazha Tibetan Autonomous Township</a>; 2286 m a. s. l.; 36.9845°N, 102.4326°E; 18 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2309021 to TN 2309033 • 1 ♂; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.4677&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.9446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.4677/lat 36.9446)">Weibei Road</a>; 2296 m a. s. l.; 36.9446°N, 102.4677°E; 21 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2309135 • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.3439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.1008" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.3439/lat 37.1008)">Gangqing Road</a>; 2370 m a. s. l.; 37.1008°N, 102.3439°E; 23 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2309259 to TN 2309263 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.3561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.1245" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.3561/lat 37.1245)">Sigou</a>; 2369 m a. s. l.; 37.1245°N, 102.3561°E; 23 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2309264 to TN 2309265 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body yellow. Occipital marking drop-shaped, apically pale brown. Antenna reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward. Wing pale brown, cell m 1 petiolate. Tergite 9 posteriorly with four projections, median projections broad and covered with short, tiny black spines; lateral projections horn-shaped. Sternite 8 posteriorly with a bent, flattened protuberance, narrowing downwards in lateral view. Clasper of gonostylus with dorsal crest bearing a sclerotized and cristate projection.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length 11.2–13.2 mm, wing length 12.1–13.2 mm, antenna length 4.7–5.1 mm (N = 23). Present description based on specimens preserved in alcohol.</p><p>Head (Figs 16, 17). Mostly yellow, occipital marking drop-shaped, apically pale brown. Nasus dark brown. Rostrum brown. Head with black setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; scape yellow, pedicel and first flagellar segment yellowish brown, the rest of segments brown. Verticils about twice shorter than the corresponding segment. Base of flagellar segments broader. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi brownish, terminal segment pale, darkened at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 16, 17). Mostly yellow. Pronotum yellow, black middorsally. Prescutum and presutural scutum with three longitudinal black stripes; lateral stripe apically bent outward. Postsutural scutum yellow in the middle, each lobe with large black spot. Scutellum brown, variegated with a round black stripe at the middle-lower part. Mediotergite with posterior margin blackened. Anepisternum and katepisternum basally each with a large brown spot. Anepimeron pale brown apically; katepimeron with small median dark yellow spot. Meron pale brown basally. Legs yellow. Coxae yellow, variegated with brown spots at the base. Apices of tibiae and femora dark brown, tarsal segments dark brown. Wing pale brown with a distinct dark brown pterostigma and macrotrichiae; pale brown shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 petiolate (Fig. 18). Halter with stem brown; knob pale yellow with a dark brown margin (Fig. 16).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 16). Mainly yellow. Abdominal tergites with an interrupted trapezoidal black stripe at the middle and two continuous black stripes on both sides; the median stripe broader than the lateral stripes. Abdominal segments 8–9 black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 19–23). Tergite 9 posteriorly strongly sclerotized with four projections: median projections broad, covered with short, tiny black spines, separated by narrow incision; lateral projections in the shape of narrow, inwardly curved horns; additional rounded projections on each side (Fig. 21). Sternite 8 posteriorly with a bent, flattened protuberance, narrowing downwards in lateral view; apex pointed in ventral view (Fig. 20). Sternite 9 posteriorly with sparse setae, and a U-notch sclerotized projection at the middle in ventral view (Fig. 20). Gonocoxite separated from sternite 9, nearly rectangular in shape with smooth margins (Fig. 19). Clasper of gonostylus with a large concavity at the base; beak short and obtuse; dorsal crest sclerotized with cristate projection; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 22). Lobe of gonostylus broadened at basal half, apical half narrowed (Figs 19, 23). Semen pump brownish yellow (Figs 24–26). Posterior immovable apodeme directed backward, tip inward; compressor apodeme flattened, fan-shaped, forming a 35 ° angle with the posterior immovable apodeme, with deep median incision. Anterior immovable apodeme triangular, with a sharp tip.</p><p>Female. Body length 15.4–16.7 mm, wing length 14.1–14.9 mm, antenna length 3.6–3.7 mm (N = 11). Resembles male in head, thorax and abdomen. Female antenna second pedicel yellow. Tergite 8 and 9 with red-brown margins, the rest yellow (Figs 27–29). Sternite 9 with red-brown round spots on the middle side.</p><p>Ovipositor (Figs 27–29). Yellowish brown. Cercus narrowed toward tip (Figs 27, 28). Hypogynial valve curved downward apically (Figs 27, 29).</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 2300 m to 2500 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults are flying in June – July.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Guizhou; Inner Mongolia; Ningxia; Qinghai: Minle, Menyuan, Huzhu, Qilian; Sichuan).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Nephrotoma geniculata is similar to N. parvirostra Alexander, 1924, in the shape of tergite 9 and the lobe of the gonostylus. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. geniculata, sternite 8 posteriorly exhibits a bent, flattened protuberance. In N. parvirostra, sternite 8 posteriorly lacks any prominent protuberance but Sternite 9 posteriorly possesses a lamellate protuberance (Oosterbroek 1985; Yang and Yang 1987 a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E5CE128A54553A5926485FB614709F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
BE8CEDF0CF015515995BC3972B51751B.text	BE8CEDF0CF015515995BC3972B51751B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma joneensis Yang & Yang 1990	<div><p>Nephrotoma joneensis Yang &amp; Yang, 1990</p><p>Figs 30–32, 33–37, 38–40, 41–43</p><p>Nephrotoma joneensis Yang &amp; Yang, 1990: 481.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China – Gansu Prov. • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Zhuoni, Ganbuta; 2900 m a. s. l.; 16 Aug. 1980; F. S. Li leg.; CAU 491, 492 . – Qinghai Prov. • 1 ♂; Minhe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.0841" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.71/lat 36.0841)">Gushan Forest Farm</a>; 2456 m a. s. l.; 36.0841°N, 102.7100°E; 29 Jun. 2019; X. Li leg.; CAU TN 2304205 • 1 ♂; Minhe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.5274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.2496" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.5274/lat 36.2496)">Shenba Village</a>; 2455 m a. s. l.; 36.2496°N, 102.5274°E; 29 Jun. 2019; Qilemoge leg.; CAU TN 2304233 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.1365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7803" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.1365/lat 36.7803)">Dongyuanguidaodongce</a>; 2756 m a. s. l.; 36.7803°N, 102.1365°E; 1 Jul. 2019; Y. Liu leg.; CAU TN 2304323 to TN 2304326 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.2005&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.7541" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.2005/lat 36.7541)">Tianmensi Temple</a>; 3125 m a. s. l.; 36.7541°N, 102.2005°E; 1 Jul. 2019; Qilemoge leg.; CAU TN 2304026 to TN 2304029 • 2 ♂♂; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.3309&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.0304" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.3309/lat 36.0304)">Weibei Road</a>; 2490 m a. s. l.; 36.0304°N, 102.3309°E; 3 Jul. 2019; Qilemoge leg.; CAU TN 2304125, TN 2304126 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Huzhu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.1226&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.0023" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.1226/lat 37.0023)">Weibei Road</a>; 3017 m a. s. l.; 37.0023°N, 102.1226°E; 18 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309001 to TN 2309002 • 4 ♂♂; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.3749&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.147" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.3749/lat 37.147)">Sigou</a>; 2526 m a. s. l.; 37.1470°N, 102.3749°E; 20 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309064 to TN 2309067 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.188&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.188/lat 37.278)">Sanchakou</a>; 2709 m a. s. l.; 37.2780°N, 102.1880°E; 21 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309078 to TN 2309079 • 2 ♂♂; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.1429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.1429/lat 37.2847)">Meihua Village</a>; 3101 m a. s. l.; 37.2847°N, 102.1429°E; 22 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309225 to TN 2309226 • 1 ♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.0324&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.1587" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.0324/lat 37.1587)">Qihankaigou</a>; 2684 m a. s. l.; 37.1587°N, 102.0324°E; 22 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309227 • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.34224&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2527" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.34224/lat 37.2527)">Heiyegou</a>; 2863 m a. s. l.; 37.2527°N, 102.34224°E; 23 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309235 to TN 2309239 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.0173&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.2334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.0173/lat 37.2334)">Menyuan, G 569</a>; 2580 m a. s. l.; 37.2334°N, 102.0173°E; 24 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309280 • 12 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.5885&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.5533" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.5885/lat 37.5533)">Laohugou</a>; 3395 m a. s. l.; 37.5533°N, 101.5885°E; 26 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309332 to TN 2309344 • 12 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.6425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.0741" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.6425/lat 38.0741)">Longkong Section</a>; 3395 m a. s. l.; 38.0741°N, 100.6425°E; 27 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310015 to TN 2310029 • 2 ♂♂; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1678&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1678/lat 38.1333)">Binggou</a>; 38.1333°N, 3075 m a. s. l.; 100.1678°E; 27 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310013 to TN 2310014 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.4799&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1619" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.4799/lat 38.1619)">Qingyanggou</a>; 3210 m a. s. l.; 38.1619°N, 100.4799°E; 28 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310030 to TN 2310033 • 1 ♂; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.3962&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.154" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.3962/lat 38.154)">Qingyanggou</a>; 3152 m a. s. l.; 38.1540°N, 100.3962°E; 28 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310008 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.3922&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1619" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.3922/lat 38.1619)">Yindonggou</a>; 3211 m a. s. l.; 38.1619°N, 100.3922°E; 28 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310203 to TN 2310204 • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.0227&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.0227/lat 38.1546)">Zhamashidonggou</a>; 3050 m a. s. l.; 38.1546°N, 100.0227°E; 29 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310034 to TN 2310036 • 10 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.4744&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1132" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.4744/lat 38.1132)">Lujiaogou</a>; 3311 m a. s. l.; 38.1132°N, 100.4744°E; 30 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310216 to TN 2310229 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.4638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.4638/lat 38.1164)">Lujiaogou</a>; 3269 m a. s. l.; 38.1164°N, 100.4638°E; 30 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310188 to TN 2310191 • 1 ♂; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.3407&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1164" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.3407/lat 38.1164)">Lujiaogou</a>; 2867 m a. s. l.; 38.1164°N, 100.3407°E; 30 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310050 • 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.1259" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1283/lat 38.1259)">Binggou</a>; 3410 m a. s. l.; 38.1259°N, 100.1283°E; 31 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310110 to TN 2310124 • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.4473&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.3753" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.4473/lat 38.3753)">Yeniugou</a>; 3300 m a. s. l.; 38.3753°N, 99.4473°E; 1 Aug. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310139 to TN 2310142 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.7875&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.253" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.7875/lat 38.253)">Youhulu</a>; 3094 m a. s. l.; 38.2530°N, 99.7875°E; 1 Aug. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2310143 to TN 2310146 • 1 ♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.2634&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2192" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.2634/lat 38.2192)">Baiyanggou</a>; 2871 m a. s. l.; 38.2192°N, 100.2634°E; 2 Aug. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310149 • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Qilian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.2499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1836/lat 38.2499)">Huangcang Temple Water Conservancy Hub Project</a>; 2579 m a. s. l.; 38.2499°N, 100.1836°E; 2 Aug. 2023; X. Wang leg.; light trap; XJAU TN 2310165 to TN 2310168 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body black. Vertex with a tubercle and a dark-yellow spot at the posterior-lateral margin. Antenna reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; base of flagellar segments enlarged starting from the second segment. Prescutum and presutural scutum median and lateral stripes fused. Tergite 9 posteriorly with horned, inclined projections and median V-shaped notch. Sternite 8 posteriorly with a median, apically bifid appendage. Clasper of gonostylus with dorsal crest bare, lower break horn shaped.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length 11.1–14.3 mm, wing length 8.9–11.6 mm, antenna length 3.5–5.7 mm (N = 81). Present description based on immersed specimens.</p><p>Head (Figs 30, 31). Mostly black, vertex with a tubercle, a petaloid dark yellow spot at posterior-lateral margin. Nasus obvious. Head with black setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; scape brown, with apical third brown, pedicel and flagellar segments dark brown. Base of the flagellum segments enlarged starting from the second segment. Verticils about twice shorter than the corresponding segment. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi blackened, terminal segment pale, darken at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 30, 31). Mostly black. Pronotum dark yellow, black middorsally. Prescutum and presutural scutum with three fused longitudinal black stripes; median stripes apically dark brown. Postsutural scutum brown in the middle, each lobe with large black spot. Scutellum black. Mediotergite dark yellow with two dark-brown spots apically. Legs black. Coxae black. Apices of tibiae brown, apices of femora dark brown, tarsal segments black. Wing pale brown, with a distinct black pterostigma; black shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 petiolate (Fig. 32). Halter with stem black; knob pale black variegated with a dark-brown spot (Fig. 30).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 30). Entirely black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 33–37). Tergite 9 posteriorly with horned, inclined projections, and a narrow, median V-shaped notch. Median region with a white crescent membrane (Fig. 35). Sternite 8 posteriorly with apically bifid appendage, strongly sclerotized at the middle (Fig. 34). Sternite 9 posteriorly with sparse setae, the median U-notch sclerotized at the middle in ventral view (Figs 33, 34). Gonocoxite separated from sternite 9, apically bearing shallow incision (Fig. 33). Clasper of gonostylus with a big concavity at the middle; beak obtuse; dorsal crest bare; outer basal lobe splitted into two short plates; lower beak with horned protuberance; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized; one U-notch between the beak and the lower beak (Fig. 36). Lobe of gonostylus broadened at the middle, rest of sclerite tapering towards apex. (Figs 37). Semen pump yellowish (Figs 38–40). Posterior immovable apodeme leaf-shaped directed backward, tip inward. Compressor apodeme dark brown fan-shaped, forming a 30 ° angle with the posterior immovable apodeme. Anterior immovable apodeme with inner margin black, narrower than the compressor apodeme.</p><p>Female. Body length 14.3–18.4 mm, wing length 9.7–14.2 mm, antenna length 2.3–3.7 mm (N = 37). Resembles male in head, thorax and abdomen. Abdominal segments of females with dorsal plates shallowly tinged with yellow near lateral margins. Tergite 8, tergite 9 black, tergite 10 dark brown (Figs 41–43).</p><p>Ovipositor (Figs 41–43). Black. Cercus narrowed toward tip (Figs 41, 42). Hypogynial valve curved downward apically (Figs 41, 43). Both sides of hypovalva yellow and black at the middle (Fig. 43).</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 2455 m to 3410 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults are flying in June – August.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China (Gansu, Qinghai: Huzhu, Menyuan, Qilian).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Nephrotoma joneensis is similar to N. basiflava Alexander, 1925 in body color. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. joneensis, tergite 9 has two projections; sternite 8 posteriorly has a bifid appendage; the overall body size is larger. In N. basiflava, tergite 9 has four projections; sternite 8 posteriorly is flat at the middle, without an appendage; the overall body size is smaller. (Yang and Yang 1991, 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE8CEDF0CF015515995BC3972B51751B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
D68B5F284295517A832293E552D756E7.text	D68B5F284295517A832293E552D756E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma ligulata Alexander 1925	<div><p>Nephrotoma ligulata Alexander, 1925</p><p>Figs 44–46, 47–51, 52–54, 55–57</p><p>Nephrotoma ligulata Alexander, 1925: 402.</p><p>Pachyrhina pygmaea Dodonov, 1926: 106 (synonymy).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China – Xinjiang U. A. R. • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.4977&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.4977/lat 43.944)">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 165 th Regiment, 4 th Company</a>; 1457 m a. s. l.; 43.9440°N, 84.4977°E; 2 Aug. 2017; B. Zhang leg.; CAU TN 2306266 to TN 2306273 • 12 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.3583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.8554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.3583/lat 46.8554)">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 165 th Regiment, 4 th Company</a>; 1457 m a. s. l.; 46.8554°N, 84.3583°E; 2 Aug. 2017; B. Zhang leg.; CAU TN 2306280 to TN 2306296 • 5 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.5622&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.9486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.5622/lat 46.9486)">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 165 th Regiment, 4 th Company</a>; 1301 m a. s. l.; 46.9486°N, 84.5622°E; 2 Aug. 2017; J. L. Ren leg.; CAU TN 2306322 to TN 2306326 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Yili, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=84.3155&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.2175" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 84.3155/lat 42.2175)">Nalati</a>; 1813 m a. s. l.; 42.2175°N, 84.3155°E; 15 Jul. 2023; J. L. Ren leg.; CAU TN 2310239 to TN 2310242 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body yellow. Occipital marking peach-shaped, dark brown. Antenna reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward. Wing pale brown, cell m 1 mostly sessile, some specimens petiolate. Tergite 9 posteriorly with broad, flat projections, covered with short, tiny black spines, and separated by narrow incision. Sternite 8 posteriorly with a short, bifid appendage. Clasper of gonostylus with posterior crest bearing a triangular projection and sparse setae.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length 9.9–11.3 mm, wing length 9.9–10.3 mm, antenna length 3.3–4.9 mm (N = 24). Present description based on specimens preserved in alcohol.</p><p>Head (Figs 44, 45). Mostly yellow. Occipital marking peach-shaped, dark brown. Nasus dark brown. Rostrum brown. Head with brown setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; scape yellow, with apical third brown, pedicel and flagellar segments dark brown. Length of verticils reaching almost 3 / 5 length of the corresponding segment. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi brownish, terminal segment pale, darkened at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 44, 45). Mostly yellow. Pronotum black, pale yellow middorsally. Prescutum and presutural sctum with three longitudinal black stripes; lateral stripe apically bent outward. Postsutural scutum yellow in the middle, each lobe with large black spot. Scutellum yellow with brown margins. Mediotergite yellow with thin black median stripe. Anepisternum and katepisternum basally each with a large black spot. Anepimeron blackened apically; katepimeron with small brown median spot. Meron blackened basally. Legs yellow. Coxae yellow variegated with dark brown spots at the base. Apices of tibiae, femora, and tarsi dark brown. Wing pale brown with a distinct dark brown pterostigma; brown shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 mostly sessile, some specimens petiolate (Fig. 46). Halter with stem brown; knob pale yellow with a dark-brown margin and base (Fig. 44).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 44). Mostly yellow. Abdominal tergites on segments 1–4 with one median longitudinal stripe at the posterior margin and two interrupted stripes on both sides. Abdominal sternites 5–7 with an interrupted longitudinal stripe. Abdominal segments 7–9 black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 47–51). Tergite 9 posteriorly with broad, flat projections, covered with short, tiny black spines, separated by narrow median incision (Fig. 49). Sternite 8 posteriorly with a short, broad, apically bifid appendage (Fig. 48). Sternite 9 posteriorly with sparse setae, and a sclerotized projection at the middle (Figs 47, 48). Gonocoxite separated from sternte 9, nearly rectangular in shape (Fig. 47). Clasper of gonostylus with a large concavity at the base; beak obtuse; posterior crest with a triangular projection and sparse setae; outer basal lobe short, nearly oval; lower beak with nearly oval protuberance; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 50). Lobe of gonostylus broadens from base to middle, tapers to apex (Figs 47, 51). Semen pump mostly yellow (Figs 52–54). Posterior immovable apodeme tapered, directed backward. Compressor apodeme fan-shaped, forming a 60 ° angle with the posterior immovable apodeme. Anterior immovable apodeme with a brown margin, narrower than the compressor apodeme.</p><p>Female. Body length 14.4–15.5 mm, wing length 10.6–12.6 mm, antenna length 2.9 mm (N = 10). Resembles male in head, thorax and abdomen. Sternite 7 unmarked at the middle. Tergite 8, tergite 9, sternite 8 and basal region of tergite 10 black (Figs 55–57).</p><p>Ovipositor (Figs 55–57). Reddish brown. Cercus narrowed toward tip (Figs 55, 56). Hypogynial valve curved downward at apex (Figs 55, 57).</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes ranging from 1300 m to 1810 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults are flying in July – August.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), India (north), Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Nephrotoma ligulata is similar to N. biformis Alexander, 1935, particularly in that both have a bifurcated sternite 8. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. ligulata, the clasper of the gonostylus has a posterior crest with a triangular projection and sparse setae; tergite 9 posteriorly features a seam at the middle. In N. biformis, the clasper of the gonostylus has a smooth posterior crest without any prominent projections and sparse setae; tergite 9 posteriorly features a V-notch at the middle (Alexander 1935 b; Mannheims 1967; Liu 2011).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D68B5F284295517A832293E552D756E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
2CBB1C861FA2538A9AC0DB02122F6F34.text	2CBB1C861FA2538A9AC0DB02122F6F34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma lunulicornis (Schummel 1833)	<div><p>Nephrotoma lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833)</p><p>Figs 58–60, 61–65, 66–68</p><p>Tipula lunulicornis Schummel, 1833: 107.</p><p>Tipula picta Meigen, 1838: 35 (synonymy).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China – Qinghai Prov. • 5 ♂♂; Menyuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.188&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.188/lat 37.278)">Sanchakou</a>; 2709 m a. s. l.; 37.2780°N, 102.1880°E; 21 Jul. 2023; X. Wang leg.; XJAU TN 2309210 to TN 2309214 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body yellow. Occipital marking spine shaped. Vertex with a dark-brown round spot. Vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m with dark-brown cloud-shaped shadow. Abdominal tergites with one interrupted longitudinal median stripe. Tergite 9 posteriorly with two projections; outer projection finger-shaped and covered with short, tiny black spines. Sternite 8 posteriorly with setae and a deep V-notch. Sternite 9 with a horned appendage directed ventrally in lateral view. Clasper of gonostylus with dorsal crest with margin forming flattened projection.</p><p>Redescription.</p><p>Male. Body length 12.5–14.6 mm, wing length 13.6–15.2 mm, antenna length 4.7–5.4 mm (N = 5). Present description based on specimens preserved in alcohol.</p><p>Head (Figs 58, 59). Mostly yellow. Occipital marking spine-shaped, with a small, round, brown spot anteriorly and an oval, brown patch posteriorly. Nasus dark yellow. Rostrum dark yellow. Head with black setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of abdomen when bent backward; scape yellow except pale brown apex, pedicel and flagellum light brown. Verticils about the same length as the corresponding segments. Base of flagellar segments broader with the distal end also widened ventrally. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi brownish, terminal segment pale, darkened at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 58, 59). Mostly yellow. Pronotum yellow, brown posterior margin. Prescutum and presutural scutum with three longitudinal dark-brown stripes; lateral stripe apically straight. Postsutural scutum yellow in the middle, each lobe with two large black spots. Scutellum yellow, with brown line. Mediotergite with brown median stripe. Pleura light yellow. Legs yellow. Coxae yellow, variegated with brown spots at the base. Apices of tibiae and femora pale brown, tarsal segments dark brown. Wing pale brown with a distinct dark-brown pterostigma and macrotrichiae; dark-brown cloud-shaped shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 mostly sessile (Fig. 60). Halter with stem brown; knob pale yellow with a dark-brown margin (Fig. 58).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 58). Mainly yellow. Abdominal tergites with three dark-brown longitudinal stripes; the median stripe broader than the lateral stripes. Abdominal sternites with interrupted longitudinal stripe. Abdominal segments 8 and 9 black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 61–65). Tergite 9 posteriorly strongly sclerotized with four projections: median projections broad, covered with short, tiny black spines, separated by narrow incision; lateral projections in the shape of finger-shaped, outwardly curved horns (Fig. 63). Sternite 8 posteriorly with setae on each side and a deep V-notch at the middle (Fig. 62). Sternite 9 with a horned appendage directed ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 62). Gonocoxite separated from sternite 9, having shape of nearly narrow rectangular (Fig. 61). Clasper of gonostylus with a large concavity at the base; beak long and acute; dorsal crest with margin forming flattened projection, posterior margin densely covered with golden bristles; lower beak with horned protuberance; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized (Fig. 64). Lobe of gonostylus broadened at basal half, apical half narrowed (Figs 61, 65). Semen pump dark yellow (Figs 66–68). Posterior immovable apodeme directed backward, tip inward. Compressor apodeme flattened, fan-shaped, forming a 40 ° angle with the posterior immovable apodeme, with deep median incision. Anterior immovable apodeme fan-shaped, broader than the compressor apodeme.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes of 2700 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults were collected only in late July.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China (Qinghai: Menyuan; Fig. 1), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy (north), Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden (south), Switzerland, Ukraine; Russia, Kazakhstan (east); Mongolia.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>This is the first report of this species from China. Nephrotoma lunulicornis is similar to N. laticrista Alexander, 1925 based on the shape of tergite 9, sternite 8, and the lobe of the gonostylus. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. lunulicornis, sternite 9 has a sharp, horned appendage directed ventrally in lateral view; the clasper of gonostylus has a smooth, prominent dorsal crest and densely covered with golden bristles. In N. laticrista, sternite 9 has a blunt, rounded horned appendage directed ventrally in lateral view; the clasper of gonostylus has a dorsal crest with a prominent projection that includes an indentation or depression (Tangelder 1984).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2CBB1C861FA2538A9AC0DB02122F6F34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
57F418123A7D5D1D9C53B6089C207843.text	57F418123A7D5D1D9C53B6089C207843.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nephrotoma palacea Wang & Ren & Yang & Chen 2025	<div><p>Nephrotoma palacea sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 69–71, 72–76, 77–79</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. China – Xinjiang U. A. R. • ♂; Qinghe; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.52/lat 46.48)">Huahaizi</a>; 2625 m a. s. l.; 46.4800°N, 90.5200°E; 14 Jul. 2016; J. L. Ren leg.; CAU TN 2306185.</p><p>Paratypes. China – Xinjiang U. A. R. • 5 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; CAU TN 2306186 to TN 2306190 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Body black. Vertex with a tubercle, a dark-yellow spot at the posterior-lateral margin. Antenna reaching the base of wing when bent backward. Wing with brown shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 mostly sessile in most specimens. Tergite 9 posteriorly with horned projections, covered with black spines. Sternite 8 posteriorly with a horned, hairy, and sclerotized appendage that directed ventrally in lateral view. Clasper of gonostylus with long, straight, and obtuse beak; lower beak with spade-shaped protuberance; one U-notch between the beak and lower beak.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male. Body length 9.7–11.6 mm, wing length 9.6–11.7 mm, antenna length 3.3–3.6 mm (N = 6).</p><p>Head (Figs 69, 70). Mostly black, vertex with a tubercle, a dark-yellow spot at the posterior-lateral margin of a tubercle. Nasus obvious. Occiput postero-laterally with grey setae. Head with black setae. Antenna 13 - segmented, reaching the base of wing when bent backward; scape short, dark brown, with apical third black, pedicel and flagellar segments black; flagellar segments except of the first one, enlarged at base. Length of verticils reaching almost 3 / 5 length of the corresponding segment. Terminal segment of flagellum round. Palpi black, terminal segment pale, darkened at base.</p><p>Thorax (Figs 69, 70). Entirely black. Legs black. Coxae black. Middle portions of tibiae and femora dark brown, tarsal segments black. Wing dark brown, with a distinct dark-brown pterostigma and macrotrichiae; brown shadow at vein R 4 + 5 and crossvein r-m; cell m 1 mostly sessile, some specimens petiolate (Fig. 71). Halter with stem black; knob grey variegated with a brown spot (Fig. 69).</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 69). Entirely black.</p><p>Hypopygium (Figs 72–76). Tergite 9 posteriorly with horned projections, covered with black spines and separated by broad median V-shaped notch. Median region with a brown crescent membrane (Fig. 74). Sternite 8 posteriorly covered densely with setae, sunken at the middle in ventral view, and with a horned, hairy, and sclerotized appendage that directed ventrally in lateral view (Figs 72, 75). Sternite 9 posteriorly with sparse setae (Fig. 75). Gonocoxite separated from sternite 9, apically bearing a gradually tapering narrowness (Fig. 72). Lobe of gonostylus broadens from base to middle, tapers to apex (Figs 72, 76). Clasper of gonostylus with a large concavity at the middle; beak long, straight, and obtuse; dorsal crest posteriorly with strongly sclerotized projection and sparse setae; outer basal lobe in the shape of oval process, sclerotized margin, sparsely covered with setae; lower beak with spade-shaped protuberance; the margin extending from the beak to the lower beak, strongly sclerotized.</p><p>Semen pump dark brown (Figs 77–79). Posterior immovable apodeme short, rod-like, directed backward, tip inward. Compressor apodeme flattened, apically with U-shaped incision forming two, distally darkened lobes. Anterior immovable apodeme with a strongly sclerotized margin, nearly triangular.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Elevation range in China.</p><p>Adults were collected at altitudes of 2625 m.</p><p>Period of activity.</p><p>Adults were collected only in mid-July.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>China, Xinjiang (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name (from Latin palaceus; adj., meaning “ spade-shaped ”) refers to spade-shaped protuberance at the lower beak of the clasper of gonostylus.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Nephrotoma palacea sp. nov. is similar to N. erebus Alexander, 1922, in habitus and based on the shape of sternite 8 and lobe of gonostylus. However, it can be distinguished by the following features: in N. palacea, the projections of tergite 9 are entirely covered with spines; the lower beak of the clasper of the gonostylus has a spade-shaped protuberance and is strongly sclerotized. In N. erebus, the projections of tergite 9 are covered with spines only at the apices; the lower beak of the clasper of the gonostylus has a lamellate protuberance and is strongly sclerotized only along the margin (Savchenko 1957, 1973). Additionally, discrepancies were found between Alexander’s original description and the characteristics of the type specimen. For example, the feature mentioned in the original text, “ the yellow margin on sternites 4–6 ” (Alexander 1922), was not observed in the type specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/57F418123A7D5D1D9C53B6089C207843	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wang, Xue;Ren, Jinlong;Yang, Ding;Chen, Zhenning	Wang, Xue, Ren, Jinlong, Yang, Ding, Chen, Zhenning (2025): Two new species and a new record of the genus Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Northwest China, with a key to species in the region. ZooKeys 1251: 173-208, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1251.144156
