taxonID	type	description	language	source
9B7587DCFFD481179B91B261FD00EA0C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Atissini are distinguished from other tribes of the subfamily Hydrelliinae by the following combination of characters: Body length small to moderately small, 0.60 – 2.10 mm; generally densely microtomentose, silvery gray to brown. Head: Antenna with 4 – 6 dorsal rays (secondarily, as in Asmeringa, the arista is barely developed, just a stub without any aristal rays). Eye bearing numerous, short, interfacetal, fluted setulae. Thorax: Dorsocentral setae usually 0 + 1, rarely 1 + 1 (anterior seta sutural); posterior notopleural seta either at about same level as anterior seta or distinctly dorsad of anterior seta. Wing slightly pointed at apex of vein R 4 + 5; vein R 2 + 3 short; costal section III long, at least ⅔ length of section II, sometimes longer; costa extended to vein M; frequently area around and over crossvein dm – cu distinctly darkened. Midtibiae lacking dorsal, spine-like setae. Abdomen: Male terminalia: Epandrium in posterior view as an inverted U, sometimes discontinuous medially across dorsum; cercus separated from epandrium, rarely fused anteriorly with epandrium, from oval to clavate; surstylus (= gonostylus) present or reduced, if present, its shape and connection with epandrium variable: separated or fused with epandrium, small and narrow to robust and elongate or broad, or forming a genital plate; postgonite elongate, bearing some setulae, rarely connected with surstylus; pregonite small, short, more or less triangular or lobate, bearing 1 – 3 apical setulae; fused aedeagus / phallapodeme elongate, basal third (phallapodemal section) V-, or T-shaped or rod-like in ventral view, medial section more robust and wide, apical third tapered to acutely pointed apex; hypandrium as simple sclerite with rounded anterior margin, in lateral view flattened.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD481179B91B261FD00EA0C.taxon	discussion	Discussion: The characters used to distinguish Atissini from other tribes in Hydrelliinae include both symplesiomorphies and synapomorphies. The synapomorphies that establish the monophyly of the tribe are: (1) Wing slightly pointed at apex of vein R 4 + 5; (2) Vein R 2 + 3 short, with costal section III long, at least ⅔ the length of section II, sometimes longer; and (3) Phallapodeme and aedeagus fused. In addition to these synapomorphies, most specimens are densely microtomentose and are dull whitish or silvery gray to tan; often the posterior notopleural seta is inserted at an elevated position relative to the anterior seta; and specimens are frequently found in saline or alkaline aquatic habitats along maritime coasts or inland. Although the tribe Atissini is a monophyletic clade, we have not definitively identified its sister group. Perhaps the tribe Hydrelliini Robineau-Desvoidy is a likely candidate, as both Hydrelliini and Atissini have eyes that bear conspicuous and numerous interfacetal setulae that are fluted.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD381129B71B63EFCF4EF04.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Minute to small shore flies, body length 1.05 – 1.65 mm; generally densely microtomentose species, especially dorsum of head, thorax, and abdomen. Head: Frons wider than high; mesofrons weakly to not distinguished from parafrons; 1 – 2 pairs of interfrontal setae inserted well anterior of anterior ocellus; fronto-orbital setae 3, 2 anterior setae proclinate, inserted anterior of longer, reclinate to lateroreclinate seta; ocellar setae weakly developed, proclinate, shorter than lateral vertical seta; pseudopostocellar setae reduced, mostly lateroclinate but slightly proclinate; lateral vertical seta slighter shorter than medial vertical seta; ocelli arranged in equilateral triangle. Antenna rather short, basal flagellomere as high or higher than long, rounded apically; arista short, not longer than basal flagellomere, bearing 4 – 5 dorsal rays, these short, length less than width of basal flagellomere. Eye elliptical, bearing numerous interfacetal, fluted setulae, orientation obliquely horizontal. Face in lateral view distinctly concave, excavated, epistomal margin robust, bluntly projected; 2 – 4 short, pale setae in oblique row ventrolaterally; row of pale, tiny setulae near parafacial. Gena moderately high to high, height greater than height of basal flagellomere. Palpus well developed, yellow. Thorax: Acrostichal setulae in 2 rows, a prescutellar acrostichal seta well developed; dorsocentral setulae more or less in a single row, only posteriormost seta well developed; 1 prescutellar seta; no postsutural supra-alar setae; scutellar disc with few setulae; 1 lateral and 1 apical seta; notopleural setae 2 – 3, posterior seta inserted at elevated level from anterior seta, with 1 – 3 short, pale setulae anterodorsad of anterior seta. Wing generally faintly infuscate, milky gray to faintly tannish; pointed apically near apex of vein R 4 + 5; crossveins generally infuscate, brown. Abdomen: Tergites uniformly invested with gray to silvery gray microtomentum. Male terminalia (Figs 3 – 6, 13 – 16): Epandrium in posterior view as an inverted U, varying from being parallel sided to being widest at midheight, diamond-like, in lateral view with ventral portion projected anteriorly as a triangle; cercus in posterior view broadly ovate, in lateral view narrowly semihemispherical; surstylus short and robust to elongate and narrow, postgonite in lateral view variable, longer than wide, at last apical half mostly parallel sided, in ventral view elongate, narrow; pregonite small, short, more or less triangular, bearing 2 apical setulae; fused aedeagus / phallapodeme in lateral view elongate, apical half digitiform, basal half more robust and with narrow U-shaped notch or relatively wide concavity sub-basally, in ventral view narrow, moderately elongate, apical third tapered to acutely pointed apex; hypandrium in lateral view very slender, elongate, shallowly sinuous. Female ventral receptacle (Fig. 10): Operculum bowl-like, with ventral margin flat, extended process J-shaped.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD381129B71B63EFCF4EF04.taxon	discussion	Discussion: According to Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954: 252), Wirth wrote that he had identified two species from Panama. We have carefully studied all specimens available in the USNM, including examination of structures of the male terminalia, and have found that these specimens represent a single species, not two. In addition to the specimens that Wirth collected and observed from Panama, we have since collected large series of the same species from Costa Rica. In their discussion, Sturtevant and Wheeler further commented about generic assignment, recognizing that although their new species was similar to congeners of Atissa Haliday and Pelignus Cresson (= Schema Becker), it is also structurally different, which was the main criterion then used for recognition of genera. To broaden their deliberations, they consulted with a noted shore-fly specialist from England, Mr. J. E. Collin, who proffered his opinion, which, according to Sturtevant and Wheeler, suggested that their new species should be treated as an aberrant Atissa, i. e., Collin would expand the generic characterization of Atissa to accommodate this new species. Ultimately, however, Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954: 252) decided otherwise, writing that “ While we dislike the multiplication of genera, we cannot agree that this form can reasonably be put in that genus [Atissa], nor in any other known to us. ” We have likewise re-examined the question of generic placement, especially as we now have a second species that is closely related and has similar morphologically to P. subnudus. In addition to external characters, we have also studied structures of the male terminalia, and our interpretation is that these structures represent an ancestral state to those found in Atissa. These observations and conclusions are our basis for resurrecting Pelignellus from synonymy with Atissa and placement of these two species in Pelignellus. We hasten to add, however, that our phylogenetic understanding of taxa and lineages within the Atissini is rudimentary, and more comprehensive research and phylogenetic analysis are needed.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	description	(Figs 2 – 10) Pelignellus subnudus sensu Wirth 1968: 77.6 [misidentification; Neotropical catalog]. LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: C 7 D 5204 C-E 92 E- 4 F 6 A-B 85 E- 7055081842 E 1.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species is named to honor Amnon Freidberg. Amnon accompanied us to Costa Rica where we conducted field work. Although he focused on tephritoid Diptera, he collected several other flies, including numerous specimens of shore flies. Amnon is exceptional in the field and is a “ born ” naturalist. His skills and success as a collector are legendary. It is our pleasure to name this species after him.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small shore flies, body length 1.10 – 1.65 mm. Body mostly gray with central portion of scutum brown. Head (Figs 2, 7, 8): Frons dark gray, varying slightly depending on angle of view; mesofrons forming isosceles triangle, greater distance across vertex, uniformly colored; 2 pairs of small interfrontal setae, posterior seta inserted at level with anterior ocellus or slightly posterior, anterior seta inserted about midway between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons; 4 short fronto-orbital setulae, anterior 3 proclinate and aligned along lateral margin of frons, posterior setula larger than anterior 3, lateroclinate to lateroreclinate, inserted medially from alignment of anterior 3; pseudopostocellar and ocellar setae reduced, similar in size to anterior fronto-orbital setulae. Antenna mostly gray to dark gray, only ventral portion of basal flagellomere yellow to yellowish orange; basal half of arista swollen, bearing 5 dorsal rays, these relatively short, none greater in length than height of basal flagellomere, apical half of arista style-like. Face in lateral view concave, with silvery microtomentum, epistomal margin robustly produced. Facial and genal setae and setulae silvery while. Eye elliptical, obliquely oriented. Gena relatively high; gena-to-eye ratio 0.58 – 0.64. Thorax (Figs 7 – 9): Scutum with much of midportion brown, anterior and lateral areas gray; scutellar disc with small, medial area tan; 1 pair of presutural acrostichal setae and only posterior dorsocentral seta better developed; other acrostichal and dorsocentral setulae short; notopleuron with 1 – 2 faint, short setulae anterodorsad of anterior seta. Pleural area generally gray, pleural setae reduced, pale colored. Wing (Fig. 9) faintly tan, somewhat hyaline; wing ratio 0.42 – 0.44; costal vein ratio 0.68 – 0.71; M vein ratio 0.58 – 0.63. Legs generally gray to blackish gray; only basal 3 tarsomeres yellowish. Abdomen: Tergites uniformly gray, similar to pleural areas. Male terminalia (Figs 3 – 6): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 3) as an inverted U, in lateral view (Fig. 4) with ventral portion projected anteriorly as a triangle; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 3) broadly ovate, in lateral view (Fig. 4) narrowly semihemispherical; surstylus elongate, narrow, in posterior view (Fig. 5) irregularly curved, bearing setulae medially at midlength and apically, in lateral view (Fig. 6) elongate, narrow, straight, slightly tapered; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 6) narrow, elongate, mostly parallel sided but with narrow, relatively short, acutely pointed projection sub-basally and at midlength, in ventral view (Fig. 5) elongate, narrow, medial surface irregularly sinuous; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 6) tiny, more or less triangular, bearing 2 apical setulae, in ventral view (Fig. 5) oriented obliquely medially; fused aedeagus / phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 6) elongate, apical half digitiform, basal half more robust and with U-shaped notch sub-basally, in ventral view (Fig. 5) narrow, moderately elongate, apical third tapered to acutely pointed apex; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 6) very slender, elongate, shallowly sinuous. Female terminalia (Fig. 10): Female ventral receptacle (Fig. 10): Operculum as inverted U or thimble, as high as wide, dorsal curvature moderately narrow, ventral margin flat, extended process J-shaped, with narrow, upturned feet at apex.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ♂ “ COSTA RICA. Guana [caste]: Playa Puerto Soley (11 ° 02.5 ' N 85 ° 40.1 ' W), 16 June 2003, D. & W. N. Mathis / ENT 00198835 [plastic bar code label] / HOLOTYPE ♂ Pelignellus freidbergi Zatwarnicki & Mathis USNM [red]. ” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in block of plastic elastomer), is in excellent condition, and is deposited in USNM. Paratypes: 33 ♂ 4 ♀ bear the same label data as the holotype (USNM); Costa Rica: 17 ♂ 8 ♀ Guanacaste: Playa de Cuajiniquil (10 ° 56.1 ' N 85 ° 42.2 ' W), beach, 16. vi. 2003, D. & W. N. Mathis (USNM); 6 ♂ 7 ♀ Puntarenas: Bahia Gigante (Rio Lajas; 9 ° 53.8 ' N 84 ° 56 ' W), beach, 22. vi. 2001, D. & W. N. Mathis (SMNHTAU, USNM); 1 ♀ Malpaís (09 ° 37.6 ' N 85 ° 09.1 ' W), beach, 21. vi. 2001, D. & W. N. Mathis (USNM). Other material examined: El Salvador: 1 ♂ Sonsonate: Acajutla [13 ° 35.7 ' N 89 ° 49.6 ' W], 29. xii. 1964, M. E. Irwin (USNM). Panama: 1 ♀ Cocle: Playa Santa Clara (08 ° 22.4 ' N 80 ° 06.4 ' W), 2. vii. 1967, W. W. Wirth (USNM); 6 ♂ 48 ♀ Darien: Jaqué (07 ° 31 ' N 78 ° 09.6 ' W), 24 – 28. vii. 1952, W. W. Wirth (USNM); Panama: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ Fort Kobbe (08 ° 55.1 ' N 79 ° 35.7 ' W), vii. 1957, W. W. Wirth (USNM); 16 ♂ 39 ♀ Porto Chorrera (08 ° 52.8 ' N 79 ° 47 ' W), 9. vii. 1952, W. W. Wirth (USNM). Type locality: Costa Rica, Guanacaste, Playa Puerto Soley (11 ° 02.5 ' N 85 ° 40.1 ' W).	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Neotropical: Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Puntarenas), El Salvador (Sonsonate), Panama (Cocle, Darien, Panama).	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFD1811F9BEBB7F9FCC3ED08.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Although similar to P. subnudus in having a high gena, this species differs in having two pairs of interfrontal setae and in characters from structures of the male terminalia, especially the shape of the elongated surstyli.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFDC81199B19B238FC39E995.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 11 – 16)	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFDC81199B19B238FC39E995.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Small shore flies, body length 1.05 – 1.55 mm. Body mostly gray with central portion of scutum brown. Head (Figs 1, 11, 12): Frons multicolored, posterior portion at level of ocellar triangle brownish gray to blackish gray, parafrons gray, becoming lighter, whitish gray anteriorly, mesofrons forming irregular triangle, wide, posterior portion robust, becoming abruptly narrowed just anterior to anterior ocellus, coloration of narrowed portion purplish blue posteriorly, gradually becoming reddish orange at vertex; 1 pair of interfrontal setae anterior of anterior ocellus; 3 short fronto-orbital setulae in parafrons, anterior 2 proclinate, aligned, posterior setula larger than anterior 2, lateroclinate to lateroreclinate, inserted medially from alignment of anterior 2. Antenna mostly yellowish orange to orange, dorsum sparsely invested with whitish gray microtomentum; basal half of arista swollen, bearing 3 – 4 dorsal rays, these relatively short, none greater in length than height of basal flagellomere, apical half of arista style-like. Face in lateral view concave, with silvery microtomentum, epistomal margin robustly produced. Facial and genal setae and setulae gray to silvery while. Eye elliptical, obliquely oriented. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.81 – 0.82. Thorax: Scutum with much of midportion brown, anterior, lateral, and usually posterior margins gray; scutellar disc variable from mostly gray to mostly brown; 1 pair of presutural acrostichal setae and only posterior dorsocentral seta better developed; other acrostichal and dorsocentral setulae short. Pleural area generally gray, pleural setae reduced, pale colored. Wing uniformly faintly tan, partially hyaline; wing ratio 0.45 – 0.49; costal vein ratio 0.75 – 1.00; M vein ratio 0.52 – 0.56. Legs generally gray to blackish gray, posterior surfaces darker and subshiny; only basal 3 tarsomeres yellowish. Abdomen: Tergites uniformly gray, similar to pleural areas. Male terminalia (Figs 13 – 16): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 13) as an inverted diamond-shaped U, wider than high, in lateral view (Fig. 14) almost parallel sided, narrowed on ventral ¼; cercus in posterior view (Fig. 13) broadly ovate on dorsal ⅔, ventral ⅓ narrowed, in lateral view (Fig. 14) narrowly semihemispherical; surstylus in posterior view (Fig. 15) relatively short, wide, thumb-like, length less than half length of cerci, bearing several evenly scattered setulae, in lateral view (Fig. 16) wide basally, tapered gradually to relatively broadly rounded apex; postgonite in lateral view (Fig. 16) elongate, irregularly funnel shaped, broad on basal ⅓, thereafter gradually tapered apical half almost parallel sided; in ventral view (Fig. 15) elongate, narrow, irregularly triangular, medial surface shallowly angulate, lateral surface shallowly concave, apex slightly expanded; pregonite in lateral view (Fig. 16) tiny, more or less triangular, bearing 2 small, apical setulae, in ventral view (Fig. 15) oriented obliquely medially; fused aedeagus / phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 16) elongate, apical half digitiform, rod-like, basal half more robust and with shallow concavity sub-basally, in ventral view (Fig. 15) moderately narrow, moderately elongate, apical ¾ thumb-like, almost parallel sided, apex truncate; hypandrium in lateral view (Fig. 16) very slender, elongate, almost straight to very shallowly concave.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFDC81199B19B238FC39E995.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined: holotype ♂ labeled “ Corona del Mar [,] (33 ° 35.9 ' N 117 ° 52.4 ' W) Cal. M [a] r [ch] 19 [handwritten; yellow white] / TYPE 6700 [number handwritten; red] / HOLOTYPE Pelignellus subnudus St [urte] v [an] t & Wh [ee] l [e] r [red]. ” The holotype is glued to a large paper triangle, is in very good condition, and is deposited in the ANSP (6700). Twenty­six paratypes (4 ♂ 22 ♀; ANSP, USNM) bear the same locality data as the holotype with dates of collection from 3 – 19. iii. 1950. Type locality: United States, California, Orange, Corona del Mar.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFDC81199B19B238FC39E995.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Nearctic: United States (California).	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
9B7587DCFFDC81199B19B238FC39E995.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Thus far, this species is only known from the type locality, which is along the maritime coast in southern California. We suspect that this species is more widespread than is indicated by current collection records.	en	Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz, Mathis, Wayne N. (2019): New discoveries in New World Atissini as revealed in revision of Pelignellus Sturtevant & Wheeler (Diptera: Ephydridae). Israel Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 11-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3244845, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3244844
