identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8B7E425BFF8020150AFDAFECAFD3F7C5.text	8B7E425BFF8020150AFDAFECAFD3F7C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cotyledonoideae Gideon F. Sm.	<div><p>1. Crassulaceae</p><p>subfam. Cotyledonoideae Berger (1930: 383) emend. Gideon F.Sm. in Smith &amp; Monro (2024: 295)</p><p>(Figs 1–4).</p><p>Type:— Cotyledon Linnaeus (1753: 429), nom. cons. (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 10.10).</p><p>Heterotypic synonym:— Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae Berger (1930: 383) emend. Gideon F.Sm. in Smith &amp; Monro (2022b: 247). Type:— Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) .</p><p>Taxa included:—Four genera (here listed in the chronological sequence in which they were described): Cotyledon Linnaeus (1753: 429), nom. cons.; Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248); Adromischus Lemaire (1852: 59); and Tylecodon Tölken (1978: 378) .</p><p>Description:—Perennial, sometimes biennial or multi-annual, hapaxanthic, or rarely annual, herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, or rarely small, somewhat to distinctly woody trees. Leaves decussate or more rarely in whorls of three or alternate, succulent, flat, sometimes folded or terete, sometimes densely white-waxy-pruinose or variously hairy, persistent or deciduous; margins crenate, dentate, or entire. Flowers tetramerous or pentamerous, often colourful, showy, erect, spreading, or pendent. Petals substantially or weakly united into a tube; corolla tube generally exceeding corolla lobes in length. Stamens twice as many as petals. Seeds small, often dust-like, costate.</p><p>Distribution:—Southern Africa [ Adromischus, Tylecodon]; southern, south-tropical, and east Africa, to the Arabian Peninsula [ Cotyledon]; Madagascar, some Indian Ocean islands, sub-Saharan and north Africa, to the Near, Middle, and Far East [ Kalanchoe]. Some species and nothospecies of Kalanchoe and Cotyledon have become naturalised in several mild-climate parts of the world (Smith et al. 2021, Smith 2023, Gallo &amp; Smith 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B7E425BFF8020150AFDAFECAFD3F7C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Monro, Anna M.	Smith, Gideon F., Monro, Anna M. (2025): A new tribal classification of Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae: separating Kalanchoe from Adromischus, Cotyledon, and Tylecodon. Phytotaxa 716 (1): 55-64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6
8B7E425BFF8620120AFDAF57A8ECFD5D.text	8B7E425BFF8620120AFDAF57A8ECFD5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cotyledoneae Gideon F. Sm.	<div><p>1.1 Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae]</p><p>tr. Cotyledoneae Dumortier (1829: 38) emend. Gideon F.Sm.</p><p>(Figs 1–3).</p><p>Type:— Cotyledon Linnaeus (1753: 429), nom. cons., i.e., as for Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 10.10).</p><p>Synonym:— Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae Berger (1930: 383) emend. Gideon F.Sm. in Smith &amp; Monro (2022b: 247), pro parte, excl. type, i.e., Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) which belongs in Crassulaceae tr. Kalanchoeae (see “1.2”, below).</p><p>Designation not validly published:—“ Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Cotyledoneae ”, listed by Maire (1977: 269), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 41.5).</p><p>Taxa included:—Three genera (here listed in the chronological sequence in which they were described): Cotyledon Linnaeus (1753: 429), nom. cons.; Adromischus Lemaire (1852: 59); and Tylecodon Tölken (1978: 378) .</p><p>Taxa excluded, based on the concept of Dumortier (1829: 38):—Eight genera (here listed in the chronological sequence in which they were described): Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248); Umbilicus Candolle (1801: 1); Rochea Candolle (1802: t. 103), nom. cons.; Bryophyllum Salisbury (1805: t. 3); Grammanthes Candolle (1828: 392), nom. illeg., i.e., Vauanthes Haworth (1821: 18); Pistorinia Candolle (1828: 399); and Echeveria Candolle (1828: 401) .</p><p>Diagnosis:—Taxa included in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Cotyledoneae as circumscribed here differ from taxa included in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae by the flowers being pentamerous, not tetramerous (as found in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae), and by the leaves being persistent or deciduous, while those of representatives of Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae are persistent.</p><p>Description:—Perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, or rarely tree-like. Leaves decussate or more rarely in whorls of three or alternate, succulent, flat, sometimes folded or terete, sometimes densely white-waxy-pruinose or variously hairy, persistent or deciduous; margins crenate, dentate, or entire. Flowers pentamerous, often colourful, showy, erect, spreading, or pendent. Petals substantially or weakly united into a tube; corolla tube generally exceeding corolla lobes in length. Stamens twice as many as petals. Seeds small, often dust-like, costate.</p><p>Nomenclatural note:— Crassulaceae tr. Cotyledoneae is not to be interpreted as the autonymic tribe of the subfamily because autonyms do not exist above the rank of genus (Turland et al. 2025: 230, ‘Glossary’).</p><p>Taxonomic notes:— Dumortier (1829: 38) (see above under ‘ Taxa excluded, based on the concept of Dumortier (1829: 38):—’) followed a very broad concept of Crassulaceae tr. Cotyledonoideae . Maire (1977: 269–292), too, implemented a not entirely dissimilar very broad circumscription of Cotyledon and treated Pistorinia Candolle (1828: 399), Umbilicus Candolle (1801: 1), and Mucizonia (Candolle 1828: 399) Battandier &amp; Trabut (1905: 131, 133, 441) at the rank of subgenus under Cotyledon .</p><p>Following Smith &amp; Monro (2024: 296), taxa included in Pistorinia, Umbilicus, and Mucizonia —that is, if the genera are upheld at all; for example Mucizonia is most often included in the synonymy of Sedum Linnaeus (1753: 430) —are here excluded from Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B7E425BFF8620120AFDAF57A8ECFD5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Monro, Anna M.	Smith, Gideon F., Monro, Anna M. (2025): A new tribal classification of Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae: separating Kalanchoe from Adromischus, Cotyledon, and Tylecodon. Phytotaxa 716 (1): 55-64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6
8B7E425BFF8720110AFDAD18A90BFC19.text	8B7E425BFF8720110AFDAD18A90BFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kalanchoeae Gideon F. Sm.	<div><p>1.2 Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae]</p><p>tr. Kalanchoeae Small (1933: 585) emend. Gideon F.Sm.</p><p>(Fig. 4).</p><p>Type:— Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 10.9).</p><p>Homotypic synonym:— Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae Berger (1930: 383) emend. Gideon F.Sm. in Smith &amp; Monro (2022b: 247), pro parte, excl. Cotyledon Linnaeus (1753: 429), nom. cons.; Adromischus Lemaire (1852: 59); and Tylecodon Tölken (1978: 378), all of which are here placed in Crassulaceae tr. Cotyledoneae (see “1.1”, above).</p><p>Heterotypic synonym:— Crassulaceae tr. Bryophylleae Small (1933: 585) . Type:— Bryophyllum Salisbury (1805: t. 3) (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 10.10), syn. nov.</p><p>Later isonym with no nomenclatural status:— Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae ’t Hart (1995: 167).</p><p>Designation not validly published:—“ Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae ” (listed by Maire 1977: 251, discussed in Smith 2020), nom. inval. (Turland et al. 2025: Art. 41.5).</p><p>Taxa included:—One genus, Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248), with Bryophyllum Salisbury (1805: t. 3) here treated at the rank of subgenus, as K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koorders (1919: 170), a view widely held (see for example Smith 2024: 243–244).</p><p>Diagnosis:—Taxa included in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Kalanchoeae differ from taxa included in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Cotyledoneae by the flowers being tetramerous, not pentamerous (as found in Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Cotyledoneae), and by the leaves being persistent, while those of representatives of Crassulaceae [subfam. Cotyledonoideae] tr. Cotyledoneae are persistent or deciduous.</p><p>Description:—Perennial, sometimes biennial or multi-annual hapaxanthic, or rarely annual, herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, or rarely small, somewhat to distinctly woody trees. Leaves decussate or more rarely in whorls of three or alternate, succulent, flat, sometimes folded or terete, sometimes densely white-waxy-pruinose or variously hairy, persistent; margins crenate, dentate, or entire. Flowers tetramerous, rarely aberrantly up to heptamerous, often colourful, showy, erect, spreading, or pendent. Petals substantially or weakly united into a tube; corolla tube generally exceeding corolla lobes in length. Stamens twice as many as petals. Seeds small, often dust-like, costate.</p><p>Taxonomic notes:—When ’t Hart (1995: 167) published the later isonym Crassulaceae tr. Kalanchoeae he included it in subfam. Sedoideae Berger (1930: 384) . Crassulaceae tr. Kalanchoeae as circumscribed here belongs in Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B7E425BFF8720110AFDAD18A90BFC19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Monro, Anna M.	Smith, Gideon F., Monro, Anna M. (2025): A new tribal classification of Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae: separating Kalanchoe from Adromischus, Cotyledon, and Tylecodon. Phytotaxa 716 (1): 55-64, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.716.1.6
