taxonID	type	description	language	source
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	description	Fig. 1	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Columnea combeimae and C. fuscihirta share a dorsiventral epiphytic habit, elongate tubular yellow corollas, and conspicuous flowers lacking showy floral bracts. Columnea combeimae differs in having a uniformly green abaxial leaf surface (vs. abaxial surface with red apices in C. fuscihirta), a glabrescent region at the base of the shoots (vs. shoots uniformly hirsute), and prominent nectary glands at the apex of the pedicel (vs. nectaries absent on the pedicel).	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	description	Description. Facultative epiphytic herbs with dorsiventral shoots; stems terete in cross-section, 1.7 – 2.2 cm in diameter, glabrescent at the base and densely hirsute with dark purple trichomes toward the apex; internodes 0.8 – 3.6 cm long, leaf scars flush with the stem. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous, larger blade broadly lanceolate to oblong, 7.5 – 25 cm long, 3.5 – 7.0 cm wide, apex acuminate, base oblique, lateral veins 6 – 8 per side, adaxially uniformly dark green, abaxial surface uniformly light green with prominent purple midvein for lower third and otherwise green, abaxial leaf surface uniformly pilose to hirsute with multicellular purplish-colored trichomes, denser on veins, margin crenulate to serrulate; petioles (0.8 –) 1.0 – 1.8 (– 2.2) cm long, pilose with multicellular purplish-colored trichomes; smaller blade 0.7 – 1.5 cm long, 0.4 – 0.7 cm wide, lateral veins 1 – 3 per side, petiole 0.6 – 0.9 mm, otherwise similar to large blade. Inflorescence reduced to 1 – 3 axillary flowers; bracts inconspicuous, ovate, purple, 4 – 5 mm long, 4.2 – 4.6 mm wide, slightly acuminate apex. Flowers with pedicels 3 – 6 mm long, light green, densely pilose with multicellular gold-colored hispid indumentum. Calyx lobes green with purplish apices, 1.7 – 2.2 cm long, 0.7 – 1.1 cm wide at base, oblong, apex acuminate and reflexed; outer surface densely pilose to hirsute with multicellular purplish trichomes; inner surface glabrous; margin with at least two large laciniate projections per side. Corolla 3.2 – 4.1 cm long, 0.8 – 1.0 cm wide at widest point and 0.6 – 0.7 cm at base, tubular, lobes elliptic, tube 2.8 – 3.3 cm long, corolla lobes 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, rounded, slightly ampliated on lower surface, gibbous at base, uniformly yellow, outer surface densely pilose with multicellular gold-colored trichomes, inner surface of corolla tube with glandular trichomes. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, filaments glabrous, ca. 2.7 – 3.0 cm long, connate at base for 0.3 – 0.4 cm and adnate to corolla, anthers ca. 2.5 – 2.7 mm long, 1.9 – 2.1 mm wide, quadrangular. Gynoecium with nectary comprised of a single-lobed dorsal and two smaller lateral glands, ovary ca. 3.0 – 4.5 mm long, globose, indument pilose; style 2.0 – 2.6 cm long, glabrescent, stigma stomatomorphic. Fruits not observed.	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the Combeima Canyon (Cañón de Combeima), the type locality where the species was discovered.	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	distribution	Distribution and preliminary IUCN red list assessment. Columnea combeimae is endemic to Colombia and known from only three collections in high Andean forests of the Cordillera Central, within the department of Tolima and the municipalities of Ibagué and Libano, at elevations between 2000 and 3500 m. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 35.8 km 2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 12 km 2. One locality occurs in a recently disturbed area of Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados, while the other two are in forested areas with no formal protection. The species is threatened by ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from deforestation, the expansion of agriculture (especially coffee plantations), livestock, and urbanization. These threats were recently observed by the authors and have led to a recent decline in the quality and extent of suitable habitat (subcriteria B 2 b (i, ii, iii) and B 1 b (i, ii, iii )). The EOO is within the threshold of Critically Endangered (<100 km 2) and the AOO is within the threshold of Endangered (<50 km 2). The number of known locations is three, which is within the threshold of Endangered (number of known locations <5). Columnea combeimae is preliminary assessed as Endangered (EN) under IUCN Red List criteria B 1 ab (i, ii, iii) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii).	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Columnea rubropilosa and C. purpurata share a dorsiventral epiphytic habit, elongate tubular corollas, and fimbriate calyx margins. Columnea rubropilosa differs by a conic purple berry (vs. globose orange berry in C. purpurata) and a pilose indumentum of red trichomes on vegetative and reproductive structures (vs. a pilose indumentum of white trichomes on vegetative and reproductive structures in C. purpurata).	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	description	Description. Facultative epiphytic herbs with dorsiventral shoots; stems scandent, branched, up to 50 cm long, terete in cross-section, 1.9 – 5.2 mm diameter, herbaceous to subwoody, maroon, surface rugose, uniformly pilose at the base and densely pilose toward the apex, trichomes dark red-colored, branched, up to 3.0 – 3.5 mm long; internodes 1.7 – 4.0 cm long. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous; larger blade with petiole 0.9 – 1.8 cm long, terete, densely pilose, covered by branched, multicellular, and dark red trichomes, up to 3.0 – 3.5 mm long; blade broadly lanceolate to oblong, 8.0 – 16.0 × 2.0 – 4.0 cm, rigid and nearly sclerophyllous, dark green adaxially, light green abaxially with the margin, main, and lateral veins dark red, apex acuminate, base oblique, margin serrulate to serrate, pilose on both surfaces with multicellular, branched, dark red trichomes, 6 – 7 pairs of main lateral veins, densely pilose; smaller blade highly reduced and often caducous, petiole 0.3 – 0.7 mm long; linear to lanceolate, 0.6 – 1.2 × 0.1 – 0.3 cm, lateral veins 1 – 3 pairs per side. Inflorescence reduced to 1 – 3 axillary flowers in a cluster; peduncle absent; bracts 4.7 – 7.7 × 1.7 – 2.7 mm, purplish, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base truncate, margin entire, pilose adaxially, glabrous abaxially. Flowers with erect pedicels, 2.5 – 2.7 mm long, purple, covered by multicellular, branched, dark red trichomes. Calyx uniformly dark red, 12.0 – 14.0 × 6.0 – 10.0 mm, persistent in fruit, mid and lateral veins not evident, calyx lobes 5, fused basally for 2.9 – 3.9 mm, lanceolate, apex attenuate, base truncate, margin laciniate, glabrous adaxially, densely pilose abaxially with dark red and branched multicellular trichomes. Corolla tubular, 3.0 – 3.8 cm long, tube erect relative to calyx, 8.4 – 9.6 mm wide at the middle, outer surface yellow and densely pilose with gold-branched trichomes, inner surface yellow and glabrous, corolla bases 4.0 – 6.0 mm wide, nectary chamber 4.0 – 7.0 × 3.0 – 5.0 mm, throat 5.0 – 6.2 mm diam., corolla lobes 5, 5.0 – 7.0 × 3.0 – 5.0 mm, yellow, straight, oblong, apex rounded, margin entire, densely pilose abaxially, with gold, multicellular trichomes, extending from the corolla lobes. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, filaments 18.0 – 23.0 mm long, adnate to the corolla tube for 8.0 – 10.0 mm, glabrous, staminode absent; anthers oblong, coherent, dehiscence by longitudinal slits, 1.4 – 1.6 × 2.2 – 2.6 mm. Gynoecium with a single dorsal trilobed nectary gland, ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, the middle lobe shorter than the lateral lobes; ovary superior, ca. 4.8 × 3.1 mm, dark yellow, ovate, pilose; style included, ca. 26 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed. Fruit an indehiscent berry, ca. 17.0 × 13.0 mm, conic, purple with red spots toward the apex, pilose with translucid trichomes.	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet rubropilosa is derived from the Latin words ruber meaning “ red ” and pilosus meaning “ hairy, ” in reference to the conspicuous pilose indumentum of reddish trichomes that characterize the vegetative and reproductive structures of the species.	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and preliminary IUCN red list assessment. Columnea rubropilosa is endemic to Colombia and common throughout the Cordillera Central and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Occidental. It is located in the following protected areas: Reserva biológica El Centello managed by the Jardin Botánico Medellín and the Reserva Volcana Miserenga. There are more than 30 observations of Columnea rubropilosa on iNaturalist and most of these observations were posted during the last four years. It is especially abundant in the Cordillera Central south of Medellín where it appears to grow in shaded areas of secondary forest. Collections and observations from iNaturalist were used to calculate the AOO and EOO. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 26,975.116 km 2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 96 km 2. Given that it grows in shaded areas of secondary forest and its relative abundance from recent observations on iNaturalist, Columnea rubropilosa is preliminary assessed as Least Concern (LC).	en	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
