identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.text	08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Columnea combeimae Lozano-Cif., J. E. Rios & J. L. Clark 2025	<div><p>Columnea combeimae Lozano-Cif., J. E. Ríos &amp; J. L. Clark sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 1</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • Tolima: Ibagué, vereda Ancón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.22432&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4803305" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.22432/lat 4.4803305)">Tesorito, ruta de las tres cascadas</a>, 4°28'49.19"N, 75°13'27.54"W, 1900 m, 21 Mar 2024 (fl.), D. Lozano-Cifuentes, J. Ríos &amp; N. Romero 554 (holotype: SURCO! [accession 016300]; isotypes: SEL, JAUM) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Columnea combeimae and C. fuscihirta share a dorsiventral epiphytic habit, elongate tubular yellow corollas, and conspicuous flowers lacking showy floral bracts. Columnea combeimae differs in having a uniformly green abaxial leaf surface (vs. abaxial surface with red apices in C. fuscihirta), a glabrescent region at the base of the shoots (vs. shoots uniformly hirsute), and prominent nectary glands at the apex of the pedicel (vs. nectaries absent on the pedicel).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Facultative epiphytic herbs with dorsiventral shoots; stems terete in cross-section, 1.7–2.2 cm in diameter, glabrescent at the base and densely hirsute with dark purple trichomes toward the apex; internodes 0.8–3.6 cm long, leaf scars flush with the stem. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous, larger blade broadly lanceolate to oblong, 7.5–25 cm long, 3.5–7.0 cm wide, apex acuminate, base oblique, lateral veins 6–8 per side, adaxially uniformly dark green, abaxial surface uniformly light green with prominent purple midvein for lower third and otherwise green, abaxial leaf surface uniformly pilose to hirsute with multicellular purplish-colored trichomes, denser on veins, margin crenulate to serrulate; petioles (0.8 –) 1.0–1.8 (– 2.2) cm long, pilose with multicellular purplish-colored trichomes; smaller blade 0.7–1.5 cm long, 0.4–0.7 cm wide, lateral veins 1–3 per side, petiole 0.6–0.9 mm, otherwise similar to large blade. Inflorescence reduced to 1–3 axillary flowers; bracts inconspicuous, ovate, purple, 4–5 mm long, 4.2–4.6 mm wide, slightly acuminate apex. Flowers with pedicels 3–6 mm long, light green, densely pilose with multicellular gold-colored hispid indumentum. Calyx lobes green with purplish apices, 1.7–2.2 cm long, 0.7–1.1 cm wide at base, oblong, apex acuminate and reflexed; outer surface densely pilose to hirsute with multicellular purplish trichomes; inner surface glabrous; margin with at least two large laciniate projections per side. Corolla 3.2–4.1 cm long, 0.8–1.0 cm wide at widest point and 0.6–0.7 cm at base, tubular, lobes elliptic, tube 2.8–3.3 cm long, corolla lobes 0.4–0.5 mm long, rounded, slightly ampliated on lower surface, gibbous at base, uniformly yellow, outer surface densely pilose with multicellular gold-colored trichomes, inner surface of corolla tube with glandular trichomes. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, filaments glabrous, ca. 2.7–3.0 cm long, connate at base for 0.3–0.4 cm and adnate to corolla, anthers ca. 2.5–2.7 mm long, 1.9–2.1 mm wide, quadrangular. Gynoecium with nectary comprised of a single-lobed dorsal and two smaller lateral glands, ovary ca. 3.0– 4.5 mm long, globose, indument pilose; style 2.0– 2.6 cm long, glabrescent, stigma stomatomorphic. Fruits not observed.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia – Tolima. • Ibagué: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.3730555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.233/lat 4.3730555)">ruta sur al nevado del Tolima, entre lajas y tierra de gigantes</a>, 4°22'23"N, 75°13'58.81"W, 3200 m, 21 Mar 2024 (fl.), D. Lozano-Cifuentes &amp; M. Rincón 95 (JBB [accession: 41534]) ; • <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.102776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9027777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.102776/lat 4.9027777)">Líbano</a>, 4°54'10"N, 75°6'10"W, 2340 m, 7 Oct 2022 (fl.), J. Betancur et al. 23775 (COL [accession: 628308]) ; • Murillo, vereda el agrado, km 7.5 vía Murillo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.10281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9022" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.10281/lat 4.9022)">hostal Camino Viejo</a>, 4.90220°N, 75.10281°W, 2169 m, 9 Oct 2022 (fl.), J. Aguirre-Santoro et al. 5059 (COL [accession: 626998]) .</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Plants were documented in flower during January to March and October to December.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet refers to the Combeima Canyon (Cañón de Combeima), the type locality where the species was discovered.</p><p>Distribution and preliminary IUCN red list assessment.</p><p>Columnea combeimae is endemic to Colombia and known from only three collections in high Andean forests of the Cordillera Central, within the department of Tolima and the municipalities of Ibagué and Libano, at elevations between 2000 and 3500 m. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 35.8 km 2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 12 km 2. One locality occurs in a recently disturbed area of Parque Nacional Natural Los Nevados, while the other two are in forested areas with no formal protection.</p><p>The species is threatened by ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from deforestation, the expansion of agriculture (especially coffee plantations), livestock, and urbanization. These threats were recently observed by the authors and have led to a recent decline in the quality and extent of suitable habitat (subcriteria B 2 b (i, ii, iii) and B 1 b (i, ii, iii)). The EOO is within the threshold of Critically Endangered (&lt;100 km 2) and the AOO is within the threshold of Endangered (&lt;50 km 2). The number of known locations is three, which is within the threshold of Endangered (number of known locations &lt;5). Columnea combeimae is preliminary assessed as Endangered (EN) under IUCN Red List criteria B 1 ab (i, ii, iii) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Columnea combeimae (Fig. 1) and C. fuscihirta (Fig. 2) are similar in having uniformly bright yellow tubular corollas (Figs 1 C, 2 C) and inconspicuous or highly reduced bracts. In contrast, most species of Columnea have persistent brightly colored bracts that cover the calyx lobes and often the lower portion of the corolla tube. Both C. combeimae and C. fuscihirta share a dorsiventral epiphytic habit and pairs of anisophyllous leaves (Figs 1 B, 2 A).</p><p>Columnea combeimae is distinguished from C. fuscihirta by the presence of a hirsute indumentum of purple trichomes near the shoot apex and glabrescent basally. In contrast, C. fuscihirta has a uniformly golden-yellow indumentum that is consistently hirsute at both the base and apex of the shoots. The abaxial leaf surface of C. fuscihirta is green with red apices (Fig. 2 B), whereas in C. combeimae it is uniformly green (Fig. 1 A, B). Additional diagnostic features of C. combeimae include a purple midvein on the lower surface of the leaf (vs. uniformly green in C. fuscihirta) and prominent extrafloral nectary glands on the upper portion of the pedicel (Fig. 1 H), which are absent in C. fuscihirta .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/08B6F47912BA56B5B7DB6AEE4967EF40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Clark, John L.;Lozano-Cifuentes, David;Ríos-Cervera, Jorge;Clavijo, Laura;Ballesteros, Sofía	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.text	54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Columnea rubropilosa J. L. Clark & Clavijo 2025	<div><p>Columnea rubropilosa J. L. Clark &amp; Clavijo sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>Type.</p><p>Colombia • Antioquia: municipio Jardin, vereda Macayas, eastern slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.85016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5024137" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.85016/lat 5.5024137)">Reserva biológica El Centello (Jardin Botánico Medellín), camino la Risaralda</a>, 2443 m, 5°30'8.69"N, 75°51'0.59"W, 8 Aug 2024 (fl. &amp; fr.), J. L. Clark, Á. Idárraga, S. Ballesteros, N. Salinas &amp; L. Clavijo 19235 (holotype: COL!; isotypes: SEL, MO, NY) .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Columnea rubropilosa and C. purpurata share a dorsiventral epiphytic habit, elongate tubular corollas, and fimbriate calyx margins. Columnea rubropilosa differs by a conic purple berry (vs. globose orange berry in C. purpurata) and a pilose indumentum of red trichomes on vegetative and reproductive structures (vs. a pilose indumentum of white trichomes on vegetative and reproductive structures in C. purpurata).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Facultative epiphytic herbs with dorsiventral shoots; stems scandent, branched, up to 50 cm long, terete in cross-section, 1.9–5.2 mm diameter, herbaceous to subwoody, maroon, surface rugose, uniformly pilose at the base and densely pilose toward the apex, trichomes dark red-colored, branched, up to 3.0– 3.5 mm long; internodes 1.7–4.0 cm long. Leaves opposite, anisophyllous; larger blade with petiole 0.9–1.8 cm long, terete, densely pilose, covered by branched, multicellular, and dark red trichomes, up to 3.0– 3.5 mm long; blade broadly lanceolate to oblong, 8.0–16.0 × 2.0–4.0 cm, rigid and nearly sclerophyllous, dark green adaxially, light green abaxially with the margin, main, and lateral veins dark red, apex acuminate, base oblique, margin serrulate to serrate, pilose on both surfaces with multicellular, branched, dark red trichomes, 6–7 pairs of main lateral veins, densely pilose; smaller blade highly reduced and often caducous, petiole 0.3–0.7 mm long; linear to lanceolate, 0.6–1.2 × 0.1–0.3 cm, lateral veins 1–3 pairs per side. Inflorescence reduced to 1–3 axillary flowers in a cluster; peduncle absent; bracts 4.7–7.7 × 1.7–2.7 mm, purplish, lanceolate, apex acuminate, base truncate, margin entire, pilose adaxially, glabrous abaxially. Flowers with erect pedicels, 2.5–2.7 mm long, purple, covered by multicellular, branched, dark red trichomes. Calyx uniformly dark red, 12.0–14.0 × 6.0–10.0 mm, persistent in fruit, mid and lateral veins not evident, calyx lobes 5, fused basally for 2.9–3.9 mm, lanceolate, apex attenuate, base truncate, margin laciniate, glabrous adaxially, densely pilose abaxially with dark red and branched multicellular trichomes. Corolla tubular, 3.0– 3.8 cm long, tube erect relative to calyx, 8.4–9.6 mm wide at the middle, outer surface yellow and densely pilose with gold-branched trichomes, inner surface yellow and glabrous, corolla bases 4.0–6.0 mm wide, nectary chamber 4.0–7.0 × 3.0–5.0 mm, throat 5.0– 6.2 mm diam., corolla lobes 5, 5.0–7.0 × 3.0–5.0 mm, yellow, straight, oblong, apex rounded, margin entire, densely pilose abaxially, with gold, multicellular trichomes, extending from the corolla lobes. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens, filaments 18.0–23.0 mm long, adnate to the corolla tube for 8.0–10.0 mm, glabrous, staminode absent; anthers oblong, coherent, dehiscence by longitudinal slits, 1.4–1.6 × 2.2–2.6 mm. Gynoecium with a single dorsal trilobed nectary gland, ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, the middle lobe shorter than the lateral lobes; ovary superior, ca. 4.8 × 3.1 mm, dark yellow, ovate, pilose; style included, ca. 26 mm long, glabrous; stigma bilobed. Fruit an indehiscent berry, ca. 17.0 × 13.0 mm, conic, purple with red spots toward the apex, pilose with translucid trichomes.</p><p>Additional specimens examined.</p><p>Colombia – Antioquia. • Medellín: corregimiento San Antonio de Prado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.59371&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.256411" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.59371/lat 6.256411)">Reserva asociada a cuencas, Astilleros, sendero principal cerca a Piedra Galeana</a>, 6.2564109N, 75.5937099W, 2600 m, 10 Jan 2025 (fl.), Y. Gallego-Franco et al. 795 (JAUM) ; • Municipio Medellín, corregimiento Palmitas, vereda La Volcana, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.3427777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.68/lat 6.3427777)">trail following Quebrada Volcana, Cordillera Central</a>, 6°20'34"N, 75°40'48"W, 2044 m, 11 May 2012 (fl.), J. L. Clark, J. Anderson, L. Clavijo, Á. Idarraga &amp; D. Suescún 12864 (COL, SEL) ; • Municipio Caldas, vereda La Clara, headwaters of Río Medellín, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.612495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.030278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.612495/lat 6.030278)">trail to Alto de San Miguel, Cordillera Central</a>, 6°1'49"N, 75°36'45"W, 1990 m, 12 May 2012 (fl.), J. L. Clark, J. Anderson, L. Clavijo &amp; Á. Idarraga 12877 (COL, NY, SEL, US) ; • Municipio Medellín, municipio Envigado, Cordillera Central, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.58639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1247225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.58639/lat 6.1247225)">camino La Catedral – Chorro de las Campanas, Valle La Miel</a>, 6°7'29"N, 75°35'11"W, 2184 m, 15 May 2012 (fl.), J. L. Clark, J. Anderson &amp; T. Hinestroza 12290 (COL, SEL, US) .</p><p>Phenology.</p><p>Plants were observed flowering in January, May, and August, and fruiting in August.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet rubropilosa is derived from the Latin words ruber meaning “ red ” and pilosus meaning “ hairy, ” in reference to the conspicuous pilose indumentum of reddish trichomes that characterize the vegetative and reproductive structures of the species.</p><p>Distribution and preliminary IUCN red list assessment.</p><p>Columnea rubropilosa is endemic to Colombia and common throughout the Cordillera Central and eastern slopes of the Cordillera Occidental. It is located in the following protected areas: Reserva biológica El Centello managed by the Jardin Botánico Medellín and the Reserva Volcana Miserenga. There are more than 30 observations of Columnea rubropilosa on iNaturalist and most of these observations were posted during the last four years. It is especially abundant in the Cordillera Central south of Medellín where it appears to grow in shaded areas of secondary forest. Collections and observations from iNaturalist were used to calculate the AOO and EOO. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at 26,975.116 km 2, and its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated at 96 km 2. Given that it grows in shaded areas of secondary forest and its relative abundance from recent observations on iNaturalist, Columnea rubropilosa is preliminary assessed as Least Concern (LC).</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Columnea rubropilosa is frequently observed on iNaturalist but identified as Columnea purpurata . Both species have conspicuous flowers, but with highly reduced floral bracts. In C. rubropilosa, the opposite leaves are anisophyllous (Fig. 3 A), with the smaller leaf highly reduced and often caducous, resulting in phyllotaxy that appears alternate. In contrast, although the smaller leaf in C. purpurata is also reduced, it remains conspicuous, and the opposite leaf pairs are more readily apparent. The leaf blades of C. rubropilosa are stiff and nearly sclerophyllous, in contrast to the chartaceous leaves of C. purpurata . The calyx margins of C. purpurata are deeply fimbriate (Fig. 4 D), whereas those of C. rubropilosa (Fig. 3 D) are laciniate. Fruit color also differs: the berries in C. rubropilosa are purple (Fig. 3 D) and orange in C. purpurata (Fig. 4 D).</p><p>Columnea rubropilosa is one of the few known species of Columnea with a purple berry (Fig. 3 D). The only other known species of Columnea with a purple berry is Columnea conopurpurea J. L. Clark, Y Rambos-Arias &amp; J. L. Peña, which differs by an elongate-shaped berry. In contrast, the purple berry of C. rubropilosa is conic (Fig. 3 D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/54F9136020465A189C3267C3EEC3BE0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Clark, John L.;Lozano-Cifuentes, David;Ríos-Cervera, Jorge;Clavijo, Laura;Ballesteros, Sofía	Clark, John L., Lozano-Cifuentes, David, Ríos-Cervera, Jorge, Clavijo, Laura, Ballesteros, Sofía (2025): Two new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) from the Colombian Andes. PhytoKeys 261: 317-328, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.261.160135
