taxonID	type	description	language	source
712487F5FFE0FF8E7E5FF951FD56BF13.taxon	description	spadix appendix whitish, attenuate at apex .................................................. A. sarracenioides Arisaema [unranked] Radiatisecta Engl. in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 550. 1879. Type: Not designated. Arisaema [sect. Radiatisecta] [unranked] (* §§ a.) Indica Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 26 & 44. 1860. Type: Not designated. Arisaema sect. Peltatisecta Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 27 & 48. 1860, nom. nud.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE0FF8E7E5FF951FD56BF13.taxon	description	Dioecious, deciduous, perennial herbs. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, white, cream, green to purplish inside, sometimes stoloniferous. Psuedostem prominent, almost the half the length of petiole. Leaves usually single, rarely 2; leaflets 5 – 25, radiate, sessile, sometimes petiolulate. Spadix appendix subsessile, very rarely stipitate, clavate or cylindrical, with smooth or rugose or sometimes with a knobbed apex; fruiting peduncle usually erect, sometimes nodding.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE2FF8B7E5FFE57FB7CBAD7.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: May – August. Habitat: In grasslands, among bushes at an elevation above 1800 m, along with Adiantum sp. (Adiatntaceae), Canthium sp., Hedyotis travancorica Bedd., Psychotria sohmeri Kiehn. (Rubiaceae), Memecylon sp. (Memecylaceae) and Liparis sp. (Orchidaceae). Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Agasthyamala, 22.05.1901, C. A. Barber 2910 (CAL!); ibid., Athirumala, c. 1200 m, 24.06.1993, N. Mohanan 11452, 11453 (TBGT!); Pongalappara, 1400 – 1600 m, 15.05.1988, N. Mohanan 9807, 9808 (TBGT!); ibid., c. 1560 m, 11.06.2011, Manudev 4451 (CALI!); ibid., 05.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138922 (CALI!); ibid., 07.06.2015, Arunkumar & Manudev 144919 (CALI!); ibid., 06.07.2015, in fruiting, Arunkumar & Rajeevan 144916 (CALI!); ibid., 06.07.2015, in flowering, Arunkumar & Rajeevan 144918, 144919 (CALI!); ibid., 01.08.2015, in fruiting, A. J. Robi s. n. Notes: Similar to A. translucens C. E. C. Fisch., but can be distinguished by its galieform, expanded limb and annulate staminate flowers. Other than this species, annulate staminate flowers are seen only in A. exappendiculatum H. Hara, a species endemic to Nepal. Conservation status: The population size at the type locality, Pongalappara is very low, consisting of hardly 20 plants. Based on ‘ Extent of Occurrence’ (EOO <100 km 2; Criterion B 1), ‘ Area of Occupancy’ [Criterion B 2: AOO <10 km 2 with Extreme fluctuations in number of subpopulations [sub-criterion ‘ c (iii) ’], and number of mature individuals (Criterion D), A. agasthyanum has been assessed here as ‘ CRITICALLY ENDANGERED’ [CR: B 1, B 2 b (iii & iv), B 2 c (iii) & D] according to IUCN’s guidelines (IUCN SPS, 2017).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE4FF8A7E5FFD07FC06BB10.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: April – October. Habitat: On the floor of dense evergreen forests with thick humus at an elevation of 500 – 700 m. Distribution: India (North-East Himalayas), endemic. Notes: Arisaema arunachalense is close to A. echinatum (Wall.) Schott in having an echinate spadix appendix but can be distinguished by its longer pseudostem, densely purple blotched spathe limb and swollen tip of appendix as opposed to very short pseudostem, white striped green or purple spathe limb and obtuse apex of spadix appendix in the latter. This species thrives in tropical or subtropical evergreen forests at elevations 500 – 700 m whereas A. ciliatum grows above 2500 m. Authors used the epithet ‘ arunachalensis ’ in the protologue. The genus name being in neuter gender, the epithet should be corrected to ‘ arunachalense’. The description provided here is taken from the protologue.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE5FF897E54FCC1FC7DBF0D.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, 40 – 65 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, subglobose, 3 – 5 cm diameter, 2 – 3 cm tall, smooth or wrinkled, tuberlets often present, surrounding the pseudostem. Roots arising from the upper side of the corm. Cataphylls 3 or 4, acute-obtuse at apex, slightly keeled towards tip, decidedly mucronate; outer 2 – 3 cm long, pale coloured; middle c. 9 cm long, light green with brownish-purplish and flesh coloured patches; inner c. 21 cm long similar to middle-one, dark coloured; often a degenerated outer cataphyll also present. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, emerging after the inflorescence; petiole slender, up to 65 cm long, light green mottled with brownish-purple patches; leaflets 7 – 9, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate, 15 – 21 cm long, 3.5 – 4.2 cm wide, narrowly acute to tapering, margins minutely praemorse, with a purplish dorsal border, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally, midvein often mottled with purplish spots. Pseudostem 25 – 30 cm long, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence held below the leaf; peduncle slender, 30 – 35 cm long, exserted by about 4 – 5 cm from the sheathing pseudostem, dark purplish or green-greenish white. Spathe 6.5 – 12 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6.5 – 7 cm long, 1 – 1.5 cm wide, white or greenish white basally and greenish towards the distal end with purplish-brown bands along the length of the tube, bands lighter outside, darker inside; purple bands often absent in male plants where it is replaced by green bands outside; margins of the mouth decidedly revolute; limb, short, triangular, elongate-lanceolate, narrowly acuminate to tapering, 2 – 5 cm long, 1.5 – 2.5 cm wide, green with a large roundish white patch at base with radiating stellate arms, few purplish markings at the junction of the green and white, tail erect or arching forward and pointing downwards. Female spadix sessile, 8 – 10 cm long, 0.2 – 0.3 cm thick, exceeding the tube and arching forward; female fertile region 2 – 2.5 cm long; pistils many, crowded, sessile, subglobose, green; ovules 2 or 3; style short or absent; stigma papillate, stellate, often with a dark bluish neck; neuters subulate, few, 2 – 3 mm long, scattered over a distance of 2 – 3 cm, upcurved, completely purple or off-white with a purple tip; appendix slender or filiform, tapering distally, green or purplish buff towards the base, becomes greenish towards the distal end, often with a warty, purple tip. Male spadix sessile, slender, similar to female, 5.5 – 8.7 cm long, 0.3 – 0.5 cm thick; male fertile region 2 – 3 cm long; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base, distant above, 2 – 4 - androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore; pollens spherical, slightly echinate, purple; neuters usually absent, rarely 1 or 2 present. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering: May – June. Habitat: In grasslands and in shola forests at an elevation above 1200 m, together with A. peltatum, A. leschenaultii and A. tortuosum. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Devikulam, c. 1800 m, 27.07.1982, N. Sasidharan 4173, 4178 (KFRI!); Lockhurt gap, Munnar-Poopara road, 23.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4430, 4431 (CALI!); ibid., 25.05.2012, Anisha & Manudev 4563 (CALI!); Mathikettan shola, Aduvizhuntha kudi, 22.11.2014, Syam Radh & Rajeevan, 137822, 137824 (CALI!); Checkpost to Onnam Thodu, Mathikettan, 22.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138959 (CALI!); Choondal, Mathikettan, 23.04.2016, Syam Radh & Arunkumar 149117 (CALI!); Ettukalichelamaram to Check post, 22.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138957 (CALI!); Onnamthode, Mathikettan, 08.05.2016, Syam Radh 137976, 137979 (CALI!); Pallivasal, 24.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4438 (CALI!); Sivan Para, Mathikettan, 23.08.2014, Syam Radh & Prashob 143502 (CALI!); Pothamedu, c. 1100 m, 25.07.2013, Manudev 135307 (CALI!). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamalai hills, 26.06.1973, R. N. Kayal & H. N. Tribedi 569 (CAL!). Notes: Arisaema attenuatum was described by Fischer (1936) from the collections of Professor Edward Barnes from Munnar High ranges. Gusman and Gusman (2006) treated this species as a synonym of A. leschenaultii, a common species distributed throughout the Western Ghats showing significant variation. However, it is distinct from the latter in having shorter spathe limb with a basal white spot and slender spadix appendix. Conservation status: The population size of A. attenuatum thriving at the Devikulam and Lockhurt Gap is very scanty with about less than 10 mature individuals; while at the Pallivasal, 25 mature individuals were observed and at the Mathikettan shola National Park about 65 individuals. There are a few specimens at CAL collected from Anamalai hills of Tamilnadu region, not far away from the type locality. Based on ‘ Extent of Occurrence’ (EOO <100 km 2; Criterion B 1), ‘ Area of Occupancy’ [Criterion B 2: AOO <10 km 2 with extreme fluctuations in number of subpopulations [sub-criterion ‘ c (iii) ’], and number of mature individuals (Criterion C), A. attenuatum is assessed here as ‘ CRITICALLY ENDANGERED’ [CR: B 1, B 2 b (iii), B 2 c (iii) & C 2 b.] according to IUCN’s guidelines (IUCN SPS, 2017). This species is threatened due to habitat loss mainly by the conversion of forest areas in to tea plantations in Munnar regions.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE6FF827E5FF8EDFE95BDD9.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, about 40 – 65 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, subglobose, 3 – 7 cm diam., 2 – 5 cm tall, cream to greenish white inside, tuberlets often present, surrounding the pseudostem. Roots arising from the upper side of the tuber. Cataphylls 3 or 4, acute-obtuse at apex: outer 2 – 3 cm long, slightly keeled towards the tip, decidedly mucronate, pale coloured; middle c. 9 cm long, light green with brownish-purplish and flesh coloured patches; inner c. 21 cm long similar to middle-one, dark coloured; often a degenerated outer cataphyll also present. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, emerging after the inflorescence; petiole slender, up to 65 cm long, light green mottled with brownish-purple patches; leaflets 7 – 9, shortly petiolulate, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes oblanceolate, 15 – 21 cm long, 3.5 – 4.2 cm wide, narrowly acute to tapering, margins minutely praemorse, with a purplish dorsal border, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally, midvein often mottled with purplish spots. Pseudostem 25 – 30 cm long, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence dioecious, held below the level of leaf; peduncle slender, 30 – 35 cm long, exserted by about 4 – 5 cm from the sheathing pseudostem, dark purplish or green-greenish white. Spathe 6.5 – 12 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth region, 6.5 – 7 cm long, 1 – 1.5 cm wide, purplish brown basally and greenish towards the distal end with white or greenish white stripes along the length of the tube, dark purplish inside; margins of the mouth slightly revolute; limb ovate, 3.5 – 6 cm long, 2.5 – 3.5 wide, horizontal, or sometimes erect, tapering in to a filiform tail, sometimes terminated by a minute knob, green outside with white stripes, dark carmine, dark purple or green inside with 5 white stripes at the base. Female spadix sessile, c. 7 cm long, 0.2 – 0.3 cm thick; female floriferous region 2.5 – 3 cm long; pistils crowded, sub-globose, green; style short; stigma papillose; appendix narrowly fusiform, widest at the middle, tapering to a short tail with a small minutely warted apical knob, darkpurple or pale below and the apex dark purple, the basal portion with a few narrow ridges; neuters subulate, on the lower third of the appendix, a few laminate ridges above these up to halfway. Male spadix similar to female, slender, 5 – 6 cm long, male floriferous region 2 – 3 cm long; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, 2 – 7 - androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering & fruiting: March – September. Habitat: In shola forests and in evergreen forests at an elevation above 1000 m, associated with A. leschenaultii, A. tortuosum, A. tylophorum, etc. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Kannur district, Aralam wild life sanctuary, 03.03.2014, flowered in garden, Alfred & Manudev 4388 (CALI!). Palakkad district, Dhoni hills, 07.07.2012, Prabhu kumar & Alfred 5078 (CALI!). Thrissur district, Sholayar, 01.05.2011, Manudev & Alfred 4404, 4412 (CALI!). Wayanad district, Chandanathode, on the way, near Seminary villa, 625 m, 03.05.1979, V. S. Ramachandran 62222 (CAL!); Mandanmala, Vythiri, 29.04.2011, Manudev & Nikhil Krishna 5254 (CALI!); Vellarimala, 05.04.2013, Robi Jose & Manudev 135201 (CALI!). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, c. 1005 m (3300 ft), 30.05.1910, C. E. C. Fischer 1957 (DD!). Nilgiris District, s. loc., s. d., Perottett 1813 (P 017050542, digital image!). Longwood shola, Kotagiri, 21.06.2011, Manudev, Prabhu kumar & Sreeraj 4483 (CALI!). Tirunelveli district, Naterikad, c. 1220 m (4000 ft), 13.02.1913, D. Hooper & M. S. Ramaswami 38527 (CALI!). Notes: This species is closely related to A. peltatum and A. leschenaultii, from them it can be distinguished by its petiolulate leaflets and narrowly fusiform appendix widest at the middle, tapering to a short tail with a small minutely warted apical knob and a ridged basal portion. Conservation status: This species is known to occur in Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve and adjacent regions. However, not more than 10 mature individuals are observed in each population. Due to the large-scale conversion of forests in to tea and cardamom plantations, gradual decline of the quality of habitat has led to a faster decline of this species. Based on Extent of Occurrence (Criterion B 1: EOO> 5000 km 2), continued decline in area of occupancy, quality of habitat (sub-criterion b (ii) & b (iii), ‘ Reduction in population size’ (Criterion A 1: suspected population size reduction of ≥ 70), decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and / or quality of habitat (sub-criterion ‘ 1 b’), the effects of introduced taxa and pollutants (sub-criterion ‘ e’), A. barnesii is assessed here as ENDANGERED [EN: A 1, 1 b & e; B 1, B 2 b (ii, iii), B 2 c (ii, iii, iv) & D] according to IUCN’s guidelines (IUCN SPS, 2017).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFE6FF827E5FF8EDFE95BDD9.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 70 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, subglobose, 2 – 2.5 × 3 – 3.5 cm, wrinkled, cream-white, few tuberlets often surrounding the pseudostem. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm. Cataphylls 3 or 4, obtuse-orbicular at apex, slightly keeled and mucronate; outer 3.5 – 6 cm long, pale-brown to purple-brown with faint brown-reddish mottling; middle 7.3 – 12 cm long, completely enclosing the pseudostem, green, sometimes cylindric below up to 3 cm long; inner 15.2 – 29 cm long, dark brown mottled, cylindric below, up to 12 cm long; sometimes a pale coloured outer cataphyll c. 2.5 – 3 cm long may be present together with another degenerated cataphyll. Leaf solitary, rarely 2, radiatisect, opens usually before inflorescence or emerges together; petiole up to 68 cm long, green, pale-brown mottled; leaflets 5 – 8, sub-sessile or petiolulate, elliptic, ovate-obovate, 15 – 18 cm long, 6.2 – 9.5 cm wide, base cuneate, long caudate, 3 – 9 cm long, margins entire, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally. Pseudostem 21 – 43 cm long, 1 – 3 cm thick, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence matures after the emergence of leaf, held below or at the level of leaf; peduncle 36.5 – 64 cm long, pale to dark brown mottled, greenish distally, sometimes green all over without any mottling, exserted by 11 – 21 cm long from the pseudostem. Spathe 20 – 29 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6 – 8 cm long, 1.2 – 2 cm wide, slightly constricted at the distal end before the mouth, green with whitefaint lines along the veins, whitish towards the mouth; margins of the mouth dilated, revolute; limb, ovate-lanceolate, 13.5 – 21 cm long, 3.5 – 4.5 cm wide, narrowly acuminate to caudate, tapering in to a slender tail up to 11 – 15 cm long, green-dull green all over with white to pale stripes along the veins, arched over and drooping. Female spadix sessile, 7 – 8 cm long, 0.4 – 0.8 cm thick; fertile region narrow of 2 – 2.5 cm long, followed by very few neuters; appendix decidedly stipitate with a slight constriction at the base after neuters, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, blunt at apex, slightly swollen and rugose, green to light green; neuters subulate, sometimes forked, very few, 2 – 3 mm long, scattered, upcurved, green; pistils many, compactly arranged, globose or urn-shaped with rhomboid margins, green; ovules 6 – 14, white; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile; often a few sterile male flowers also seen. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, c. 7 cm long, 0.3 – 0.5 cm thick; fertile region narrow, 2 – 2.5 cm long; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or decidedly stipitate, consisting of 2 – 5 - androus; anthers sessile, cream-white or pale purple with a terminal mucro, dehisce by an apical pore; neuters very few, subulate-echinate, 2 – 3 cm long, often forked, pale green. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 6 cm long, c. 3 cm wide; borne on an upright peduncle; receptacle cream; berries globose, compactly arranged, green, turns yellow to red at maturity, 5 – 8 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: June – October. Habitat: In semi-evergreen forests, near grasslands at an elevation above 300 m, along with A. murrayi, A. ghaticum, A. sahyadricum, A. sivadasanii and A. tortuosum. Distribution: India (northern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Maharashtra, Satara district, Kas, 08.1992, M. P. Bachulkar & Cholekar 3215 (SUK!). Sindhudurgh district, Amboli- Chaukul road (cultivated in St. Joseph’s College Botanical Garden), 07.07.2012, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 5010 A (CALI!); ibid., 07.07.2012, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 5008 A (CALI!); ibid., 27.06.2012, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 5031 A, B (CALI!). Notes: This species was described from a badly dried specimen, as said by Engler (1879) himself in his Monographiae Phanerogamarum. Hooker (1893) gave a description based on an illustration of Stocks who had seen this plant from Concan regions. Though incomplete, the descriptions of Hooker and Engler were adopted by the subsequent workers. Subsequently, Blatter (1931) described another species, A. longecaudatum, from Mahabhaleshwar in Maharashtra. Rao and Ahuja (1969), proposed a neotype for A. caudatum, and merged A. longecaudatum as a synonym. However, the original sheet used by Engler to describe this taxon was relocated during the present study from Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, hence supersedes this neotype. Arisaema caudatum is closely related to A. leschenaultii, but can easily be identified by its caudate leaves and long tailed spathe limb.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFEDFF967DEFFA18FB74BAC3.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: May – July. Habitat: As an under growth in evergreen forests or on the edges, in humid semi-shady conditions or along streams, often found along with A. fraternum, A. nepenthoides, Cautleya spicata (Smith) Baker (Zingiberaceae), etc. Distribution: India (North-East Himalayas) and China (Sichuan). Specimens examined: INDIA, Meghalaya. East Khasi Hills district, Laitryngew, on the way to Cherrapunjee, 1684 m, 10.05.2013, in flowering, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135220 (CALI!); ibid., 22.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev 139883 (CALI!). Notes: Manudev et al. (2015) recently reported this species from India. Gouda and Gusman (1999) described var. liubaense based on the plants grown from the corms received from Michael Hoog (Dutch Gardener), which was originally supplied by Carla Teune, who collected it from Liuba (China) in 1981. Though collected from a Dutch nursery, in the protologue, authors cited the location and collection date as near Liuba, area of Mt. Minya Konka (Gonga Shan) Szechuan (Sichuan) Province, China, at 3600 m elevation on 15.09.1981. The information on the type specimen also reiterates the same. Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi (Nomenclatural Registrar, Harvard University, personal communication) opined that the collection details provided in the protologue by Gouda & Gusman (l. c.) had to be clarified since the type specimens were actually raised in the author’s garden. Arisaema ciliatum var. liubaense is closely related to A. consanguineum in general morphological features but can be distinguished by stoloniferous corms and purple-brown or carmine spathe limb with conspicuous white to greenish-white stripes along the veins ending in an anastomosis as opposed to a proliferous corm and usually greenish spathe limb without white stripes. This variety is also allied to A. erubescens but can be readily distinguished by an erect fruiting peduncle and a pink spathe limb that is shorter than the tube, with an acuminate apex without a long drooping tail.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFEDFF967DEFFA18FB74BAC3.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, c. 95 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose-subglobose, 2 – 5.4 cm diam., 1 – 3.5 cm tall, smooth or wrinkled, cream-white or brownish, stoloniferous. Roots many, pale brown to rose, from the upper side of the tuber. Cataphylls 3 or 4, acute or obtuse at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2.5 – 7.5 cm long, pale to white often blushed with rose; middle 5.5 – 15 cm long, pale brown to pale rose, faintly mottled; inner 16 – 30 cm long, enclosing the pseudostem, pale rose, pale to dark brown, faintly mottled, sometimes cylindric below; often an outer pale-hyaline cataphyll 1 – 3 cm long also seen. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, usually unfolds completely before the emergence of inflorescence or together; petiole 38 – 95 cm long, 0.5 – 1.5 cm thick, pale green to greenish white above, rose to brown tinged below, not mottled; leaflets 5 – 8, sessile, elliptic-oblanceolate, 15.5 – 28.5 cm long, 3 – 6.8 cm wide, long-acuminate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, dark green ventrally, pale dorsally. Pseudostem 13.5 – 29 cm long, 1.5 – 2.5 cm wide, wrapped by cataphylls, pale to dark green. Inflorescence held below the level of leaf; peduncle 29 – 63 cm long, light green, pale green, not mottled, exserted by 13 – 15.5 cm long from the pseudostem; Spathe 16 – 24.5 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6 – 8.5 cm long, 1.5 – 2 cm wide, pale green-green, or pale purple with white-pale stripes along the veins; margins of the mouth slightly dilated to a revolute auricular extension; limb, ovate-lanceolate, 10 – 16 cm long, 3.3 – 5.2 cm wide, acuminate with a long tail 5 – 9 cm long, green, purple to dark brown all over with white to pale greenish white stripes along the veins, arched over and drooping. Female spadix sessile, c. 10 cm long, 0.3 – 0.4 cm thick, slender, unevenly angled with a fertile region of 2 – 4 cm at the base, followed by a few neuters; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, globose, sometimes angled owing to the compact arrangement, green; ovules 3 – 5; style short; stigma papillate, stellate, peltate; neuters subulate, a few, 0.5 – 1.5 cm long, scattered, upcurved, green; appendix decidedly stipitate with a slight thickening at the base after neuters, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, slender and gradually tapering, green to light green, apex blunt-truncate, often subcapitate-capitate and purplish-dark brown. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, 4.5 – 7 cm long, 0.3 – 0.4 cm thick; fertile region narrow, 1.5 – 2.5 cm long; neuters usually absent or very few, as small protuberance; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or stipitate, 2 – 4 - androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 8.5 cm long, 3 – 4 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries compactly arranged, rounded at apex; receptacle cream, 3 – 5 seeded. Flowering & fruiting: May – September. Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, among pine woods at an elevation above 1500 m, associated with Arisaema galeatum, A. speciosum and A. tortuosum. Distribution: India, China, Bhutan and Nepal. Specimens examined: INDIA, Aruanchal Pradesh, Lohit district, Hayuliang, along Dalai river, 14.01.1970, J. Joseph 48945 (ASSAM!). Upper Dibang Valley district, s. loc., 1700 m, 15.04.2001, M. Bhaumik 3817 (CAL!); Mayudia to Anini, 1865 m, 09.05.2015, Arunkumar & Salim 144847 (CALI!); Roing-Mayudia, 1125 m, 09.05.2015, Arunkumar & Salim 144834 (CALI!). West Kameng district, Bomdila, Thungri Nalla, 13.10.2015, in fruiting, Arunkumar & Salim 144941, 144942 (CALI!). Manipur, Senapati district, Kujeree Forest, Maram Side, 18.04.2006, A. A. Mao & R. Gogoi 111178 (ASSAM!). Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills district, Cherrapunjee, Mowsmai Cave, 1300 m, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135225 (CALI!); ibid., 22.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev 139895 (CALI!); Mowmluh Cave, 4500 ft., 22.04.1943, N. L. Bor 187, 188 (BSD!); Shillong peak, 6000 ft, 23.05.1943, N. L. Bor 17346 (BSD!). Nagaland, Kohima district, Dzuko Valley, 03.06.2005, A. A. Mao 109039, 109040 (ASSAM!). Sikkim, East Sikkim district, Baluwakhani, Gangtok, 1800 m, 25.04.1980, P. Chakrabarthy 135 (BSHC!); Chandmari, Nathula Road, Gangtok, 2100 m, 07.05.2014, Manudev 138870 (CAL!); Fambong la Rest House to Kawlakhola, 17.07.1992, S. K. Rai 20853 (BSHC!); Hanuman Tok, 07.05.2014, 2200 m, 138865, Manudev & Syam Radh 138865 (CALI!); Meriang, way to Bhusuk Basty, 09.05.1984, S. Singh 2956 (BSHC!); Pangthang, near Spices Board, way to Mangan, 1900 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138848 (CALI!); near Pangthang, 1951 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138857 (CALI!); Raj Bhavan Compound, Gangtok, 24.04.1984, D. Banerjee 2906 (BSHC!); ibid., 25.04.1980, P. Chakrabarthy 134 (BSHC!); Rangtang to Sangtang, 1800 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138854 (CALI!); Sangthang, near waterfall, way to Mangan, 1900 m, 04.05.2014, Manudev, Syam Radh & Prashob 138850 (CALI!). North Sikkim district, Kabi Sacred groves, 11.06.1997, S. S. Dash & S. K. Rai 17225 (BSHC!); ibid., 15.06.1999, S. S. Dash 20760 (BSHC!); Singhik towards Mangan, 24.04.1988, R. Seshagiri Rao 92 (ASSAM!). South Sikkim district, Sada, on the way, 11.05.1991, R. C. Srivastava 13188 (BSHC!); Tendong R. F., 07.06.2000, B. K. Shukla 23527 (BSHC!). West Sikkim district, Khecheopalri Lake surroundings, 11.05.1986., S. K. Rai 5420, 5421 (BSHC!); ibid., 1875 m, 14.05.1994, G. P. Sinha 16087 (BSHC!); ibid., 18.05.2002, D. Maity & N. Pradhan 23469 (BSHC!); Varsey to Okhrey, 03.06.2004, S. K. Rai 14277 (BSHC!); Yuksom, 19.05.2002, D. Maity & N. Pradhan 23489, 23492 (BSHC!). Uttarakhand, Almora district, Dafia Dhura, 01.08.1972, C. M. Arora 49546 (BSD!). Chamoli district, Anusuya Devi temple, 1750 – 2000 m, s. d., B. D. Naithani 44036 (BSD!); Dewalikhal to Karanprayag, 24.06.1979, B. D. Naithani 68077 (BSD!); Kachula Khark, above Mandal, Chamoli, 26.06.1993, H. B. Naithani 1860 (BSD!). Pithoragarh district, Bogdiyar, on the way, 06.1986, Bipin Balodi 77549 (BSD!); Dhani Kholta, 12.09.1983, fruiting, Bipin Balodi 75042 (BSD!); Rungling forest, 2000 - 2800 m, 17.06.1960, T. A. Rao 11929 (BSD!). Tehri- Garhwal district, Gohna-Ramun, Garhwal, 2500 m, 10.06.1959, M. A. Rau 10086 (BSD!); Govana, 1400 m, 29.05.1979, A. K. Goel 67727 (BSD!); Urni-Jhala, Tehri, 28.09.2000, fruiting, Uniyal & Pundir 96983 (BSD!). Kumaon, 4000 m (12000 ft.), Strachy 13 (CAL!). Uttar Pradesh, Sitapur district, Sitapur, 1600 m, 22.05.1972, B. D. Naithani 47928 (BSD!). West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Algarh, near Balwagani, way to Lava, 1761 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev 138830 (CALI!); ibid., 1700 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138825 (CALI!); Darjeeling, s. d., Talbot 3339 (BSI!); ibid., 1875, 7000 ft, J. S. Gamble 1276 B, 1276 D (BSD!); ibid., 05.1880, J. S. Gamble 8074 (BSD!); ibid., 05.1882, J. S. Gamble 10324 (BSD!); ibid., 10.05.1895, Talbot 3363 (BSI!); Jorebungalaw, 2 km towards Sonada, 26.04.2014, Manudev 138812 (CALI!); Lava, 02.06.13, Manudev 02061311 (CALI!); way to Lava, 02.06.13, Manudev 02061302; Maneybhanjang to Sundekphu, 04.05.2015, Arunkumar 144806 (CALI!); Mirik, 1900 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev & Syam Radh 138833 (CALI!); Rangiroom, near Forest Beat Office, 1650 m, 16.07.2014, in fruiting, Manudev & Abdul Kabeer 139850 (CALI!); Rungiroom to Mungpoo, 1617 m, 16.07.2014, Manudev 139853 (CALI!); Rishap, near Lava, 2211 m, 30.04.2014, Manudev 138840 (CALI!). Notes: This species is closely related to A. leschenaultii Blume in having greenish to purple spathe and stoloniferous tuber but can be differentiated by more slender spadix appendix with a rugose, subtruncate to sub-capitate tip. It was Schott (1859) who described this species along with A. affine Schott and A. alienatum Schott from the collections of Hooker from Sikkim. Both A. affine and A. alienatum were subsequently synonymised under this taxon by later workers (Hooker, 1893; Engler, 1920). Typification: Schott (1859) described A. affine based on the collections of Hooker from Sikkim. There are two sheets at Kew (K 000203007 and K 000203008), both marked as type specimen by Schott. However, both of these sheets are part of different collections that are evident from the altitude shown in the field tickets. Since a proper type was not designated, the sheet no. K 000203008 is chosen here as the lectotype conforming to the latest code, excluding the pistils at the left. Schott (1859) described A. alientaum from the collections of Thompson from Garwhal and Griffith from Bhutan. There are two sheets collected by Griffith, one each at K (Griffith 2630, K 000203003) and BM (Griffith 2629, BM 000958547) and one sheet collected by Thompson from Garwhal at K (Thompson s. n., K 000203002). The sheets at K were mentioned by Schott as the type and therefore a lectotype must be selected. The sheet by Griffith has a single plant mounted on it but with a deformed spathe and the sheet by Thompson has two plants with intact spathes. The sheet K 000203002, has two specimens which is marked here as A and B. Among them, A is the best representative of the name and selected here as the lectotype.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFEDFF967DEFFA18FB74BAC3.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: April – June. Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, grasslands, under pine woods at an elevation above 1300 m, associated with A. concinnum and A. tortuousum. Distribution: India, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Myanmar and Thailand. Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Dibang Valey district, Athunli, 960 m, 01.05.1998, M. Bhaumik 1518 (CAL!); West Kameng district, Dum, on the bank of river Dirang, fruiting plant, 24.09.1964, J. Joseph 40292 (ASSAM!). Manipur, Senapati district, Mao (Mao to Kegwing), c. 1830 m (6000 ft), 02.05.1882, G. Watt 6861 (CAL!). Meghalaya, East Khasia Hills district, Dumpep, 30.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 34249 (CAL!); ibid., 16.04.1969, A. S. Rao 47420 (ASSAM); ibid., c. 1920 m (6300 ft), 30.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 34258 (CAL!); Jowai, 07.05.1961, D. B. Deb 24425 (ASSAM!); Laitlyngkot, fruiting plant, 16.07.1946, G. K. Deka 22262; Mawphalang, sacred forest, 31.05.1973, P. K. Hajra 51932 (ASSAM!, CAL!), 51933 (ASSAM!); Mukhla, near Jowai, 14.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135247 (CALI!); Mylliem towards north, 29.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 104 (CAL!); Nongstoin, 10.05.2013, Alfred & Manudev 135231 (CAL!); Nongstoin to Shillong, 10.05.2013, Alfred & Manudev 135232 (CAL!); Sangpung-Raliang, on the way from Jowai to Barapani, 23.05.1965, A. S. Rao 42539 (ASSAM!, CAL!); Shillong, c. 1530 m (5000 ft), 01.06.1885, C. B. Clarke 38224 (CAL!); ibid., c. 1500 m (4900 ft), 26.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 37 (CAL!): ibid., 27.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 68 (CAL!); ibid., 29.05.1911, I. H. Burkill & S. C. Banerjee 51 (CAL!); ibid., 05.1918, H. G. Carter 826, 840 (CAL!); Shillong, woodlands Camp (new colony), 04.06.1960, V. N. Naik 18181 (ASSAM!, CAL!); Shillong near Cantonement, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135214; Shillong, BSI woodlands, fruiting plant, 02.08.1967, D. M. Verma 35667; Shillong Peak, 17.06.1967, D. M. Verma 35638 (ASSAM!); ibid., 1800 m, 17.06.1956, R. S. Rao 2741 (CAL!); Khasia hills, 06.1876, s. coll. 280 (CAL 496077!); ibid., s. d., J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson s. n. (CAL 496093!); ibid., s. d., Griffith s. n. (CAL 496091!). Nagaland, Mokokchung district, Mokokchung, Naga Hills, 05.1895, s. coll. 11696 (CAL!). Sikkim, North Sikkim District, Singhik, 14.05.1945, Dr. K. Biswas 6802 (CAL!); Chungthang, 15.05.1945, Dr. K. Biswas 6825 (CAL!). s. loc., s. d., R. Seshagiri Rao 342 (CAL!). Uttarakhand, Pithoragarh district, Pangu, Kumaon, 1800 m, 10.06.1960, T. A. Rao 11710 (CAL!). West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Darjeeling, c. 2130 m (7000 ft), 04.1882, J. S. Gamble 10327 (CAL!); Rangbee, 12.05.1877, Griffith 5975 (CAL!); ibid., 12.05.1877, J. L. Lister s. n. (CAL 496067!); Senchal, 05.1878, G. King s. n. (CAL!); Senchal WLS, 26.05.2007, A. K. Ghosh 41623 A (CAL!); Batasia to Palmajura, 08.05.1956, D. Chatterjee 44 (CAL!). Notes: This species is close to A. fraternum but can be easily identified by its linear-oblong leaflets with a long tailed apex and spathe with an acuminate tip extending in a long tail as opposed to oblong-lanceolate leaflets without a tail at apex, and strongly drooping spathe limb without a tail.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFEDFF967DEFFA18FB74BAC3.taxon	description	Specimens examined: INDIA, Sikkim, North Sikkim district, Lachen, 3000 m, 07.06.1999, D. Maity 21328 (BSHC!); Tallom surroundings, 25.07.1986, DCS Raju & S. Singh 6214 (BSHC!); Zemu Valley, c. 2438 m (8000 ft.), 09.07.1909, Smith & Cave 1011 (CAL!). Notes: This species is near to A. echinoides, a Chinese species, from which it can be distinguished by a stoloniferous subterranean stem and spathe limbs dark carmine inside with a few greenish white veins, anastomosing near the margin.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFF9FF947E54FD12FA8ABA59.taxon	description	constricted near the mouth; margins recurved; spathe limb lanceolate-ovate, 3 – 7 cm long, 3 – 5 cm wide, bright green outside, carmine inside, margins carmine, acuminate at apex, prolonged in to a long tail, tail 5 – 15 cm long, green or carmine. Female spadix 4 – 5 cm long, 0.4 – 0.6 cm thick, cylindrical, slightly exserted from the tube; fertile region 1 – 2 cm long; pistils compactly arranged, ovoid, angular, green; style short; stigma cream; neuters absent; appendix cylindrical, 3 – 4 cm long, 0.4 – 0.6 cm thick, stipitate, stipe c. 0.7 cm long, white with purple dotted, longitudinal lines, rugose and pale green or purple distally, apex orbicular, covered with thin, white and short prickly hairs; Male spadix slender, similar to female; male flowers scattered, stipitate, 3 – 4 - androus; anthers purple, dehisce by a rounded or oblong pore, pollens white. Fruiting spike cylindrical, 5 – 5.5 cm long, 2.5 – 3 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries vermilion red, flat and lobulate at apex, 3 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: May – October. Habitat: In forests, among Rhododendrons, above 2400 m. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Agasthyamala Biosphere reserve, Athirumala to Pongalappara, in flowering, 05.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138933 (holo CALI!, iso MH!) Fig. 14 Deciduous, dioecious, perennial herbs, c. 1 m tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose to depressed globose, 2.5 – 6.5 cm diam., 1.5 – 4.5 cm tall, greenish-yellowish inside, producing elongate cormlets upon maturity. Roots many, arising from the upper side of corm. Cataphylls 3, rarely 4, purplish to brownish green or pale white, sometimes purple mottled, acute to obtuse at apex, wrapping the pseudostem; outer 2 – 4 cm long, usually pale white, or brownish green towards apex; middle 4.5 – 14 cm long; innermost dark coloured, 16 – 37 cm long, sometimes an outer fourth cataphyll c. 1 – 2 cm present. Leaf single, rarely 2, radiatisect, unfolding with the inflorescence; petioles 43 – 101 cm long, 0.5 – 1.6 cm thick, purplish to brownish green or pale green to whitish green, often mottled with purple or brown, sometimes glaucous; leaflets 7 – 9, petiolulate, elliptic to oblong-obovate, 15 – 31 cm long, 3.5 – 8.5 cm wide, cuneate at base, gradually tapering or narrowly acuminate at apex, margins slightly undulate, dark green above, pale beneath, sometimes glaucous. Pseudostem 21 – 62 cm long, 1 – 3.5 cm thick, coloured as in petiole. Inflorescence held below the leaf; peduncle 37 – 88.5 cm long, 0.4 – 1.4 thick, pale-brownish green, faintly mottled, exserted by 12 – 40 cm long from the sheathing pseudostem. Spathe 13 – 17 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6 – 9.5 cm long, 1.2 – 2.2 cm wide, purple-greenish outside, dark purple inside, white striped along the veins; mouth margins straight or slighty recurved; spathe limb ovate, 4 – 9.5 cm long, 3 – 3.5 cm wide, usually shorter than the tube, gradually tapering in to a tail c. 3 – 5 cm long at the apex, green or yellowish-green, white striped at the base, turns yellow after anthesis, erect or horizontal, sometimes arching forward. Female spadix 9 – 13 cm long, cylindric, sessile; female floriferous region conical, 2 – 3.5 cm long, 0.7 – 1.3 cm wide; pistils compactly arranged, green; style absent; stigma papilose, white; ovules 2 – 5; neuters subulate, 0.5 – 0.8 cm long, upcurved, scattered along 3 – 4.5 cm along the base of appendix, purplish to green; appendix sessile, cylindric or terete, gradually tapering to a blunt, curved apex, purplish basally, green distally, exserted from the tube. Male spadix similar to female, slender, 7 – 7.5 cm long; floriferous region conical below, cylindric above; male flowers sessile, densely arranged below and scattered above, 2 – 6 - androus; anthers reniform, purple, sessile, dehisce through an apical oblong pore; neuters usually absent, rarely very few, subulate. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 6 cm long, 2 – 3 cm wide, borne on an erect peduncle; receptacle cream; berries obovoid, 2 – 5 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: May – October. Habitat: In evergreen forests, shola margins and under bamboo reeds, in humus rich soil and rock crevices. A total of 65 plants in flowering were observed in 2014, along the trek path from Athirumala to Pongalappara at an elevation above 1200 m, in association with A. tortuosum and A. leschenaultii. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Etymology: This taxon is named after Cecil Ernest Claude Fischer (1874 – 1950), British Botanist who described several species of Arisaema from southern India and completed Flora of Presidency of Madras after the demise of J. S. Gamble. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Agasthyamala Biosphere reserve, Athirumala to Pongalappara, in flowering, 11.06.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4448 (CALI!). Notes: This species is also close to A. attenuatum in having a sessile and cylindric spadix appendix. However, the latter can be distinguished by a short triangular spathe limb with large roundish white patch at the base with radiating stellate arms.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFFBFFAD7E54FD99FAF9BF5B.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, up to 56 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose to subglobose, 2 – 4.5 cm diam., 2 – 2.8 cm tall, cream-white, stoloniferous. Roots many, from the upper side of the corm, white to pink. Cataphylls 2 or 3, obtuse-orbicular at apex, mucronate; outer c. 2 cm long, pale to white; middle 5.5 – 12 cm long, pale green to brownish green, pale rose to dark brown mottled; inner 9 – 21 cm long, enclosing the pseudostem, pale green to greenish brown, with faint or dark rose-purple to brownish mottling. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, usually unfolds completely after the emergence of inflorescence; petiole 27.5 – 133 cm long, 0.3 – 1.5 cm thick, dark green, purplish to brownish green, often mottled; leaflets 7 – 11, sessile, elliptic to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 7.5 – 23 cm long, 1.6 – 5.2 cm wide, acute at apex, base cuneate, margins entire, often wavy or undulate, dark green ventrally, glaucous dorsally. Pseudostem 9 – 30 cm long, 1 – 2.5 cm thick, wrapped by cataphylls, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence matures after the emergence of leaf, held below or at the level of leaf; peduncle 16 – 42 cm long, green, pale to dark brownish green or purple mottled, exserted by 7 – 12 cm long from the pseudostem. Spathe 7 – 16 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 3.5 – 4 cm long, 1 – 2 cm wide, pale green to green, sometimes with faint inconspicuous lines along veins; margins of the mouth dilated to a revolute auricular extension, 0.7 – 1.5 cm wide; limb ovate, oblong-ovate, widely ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6 – 9.5 cm long, 3.2 – 6.2 cm wide, acute-acuminate, green all over, arched over and strongly curved down. Female spadix sessile, 8 – 10.2 cm long, 0.4 – 0.8 cm thick, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding; fertile region 2.7 – 3.7 cm long, followed by few neuters along c. 0.5 cm; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, rhomboid, 5 or 6 - angled owing to its compact arrangement, green; ovules 4 – 6, white; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile; appendix cylindric, decidedly stipitate with a slight constriction at the base after neuters, blunt at apex, sometimes decidedly flattened, green to light green; neuters subulate, a few, 0.3 – 0.5 cm long, scattered, upcurved, green. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, 5.5 – 6.2 cm long, 0.3 – 0.5 cm thick; male fertile region 1.5 – 2 cm long, pale green to green; male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile or decidedly stipitate, 1 or 2 - androus; anthers cream, dehisce by an apical oblong pore; neuters absent. Fruiting spike cylindrical, c. 5 cm long, c. 2.5 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries compactly arranged, rhomboid, 5 or 6 - angled, green when young, turns red upon maturity, 5 – 6 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: April – June. Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, near grasslands, riverbanks at an elevation above 1300 m, associated with A. album, A. concinnum and A. tortuousum. Distribution: India (North-East India), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Meghalaya, Khasia & Jaintia hills district, Cherrapunjee, 10.05.1940, G. K. Deka 22309 (ASSAM!); Mowsmai, near cave, plant, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135226 (CALI!). Pyrunusula, 29.04.1940, R. N. Dr. 21864 (ASSAM!); Tissy Jarwa, way to Nongthymmai, Cherrapunjee, 10.05.2013, Manudev 135219 (CALI!); Nongthymmai, on river banks, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135222 (CALI!); Nohsngithiang, Forest patch before Seven Sister Falls, 10.05.2013, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 135229 (CALI!). Notes: It is close to A. consanguineum, but can be easily differentiated by its oblong-lanceolate leaflets, glaucous on the ventral side, and completely green, ovate-widely ovate, acute and strongly drooping spathe limb as opposed to linear, long caudate leaflets without a glaucous base and green-purple, ovate-lanceolate, long caudate spathe limb. Typification: Schott (1859) while describing A. fraternum cited Khasia hills in Meghalaya as the locality but without mentioning the collector. Subsequently, in his Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum (1860), he gave the details of collector as “ Khasia-Griffith- v. s in Herb. Hooker ” indicating that he based his descriptions on collections of Griffith from Khasia that are deposited in Hooker’s herbarium (now K). There are two sheets by Griffith at K (K 000400614 & K 000400615). The specimen K 000400614 was collected from Cherrapunjee and the date of collection is written March 1831 on the field ticket appended. There is a Kew distribution label attached to the right side of the sheet indicating the name of the collector as Griffith with the field number as 5978. The other sheet (K 000400615) does not have a Kew distribution label but has a field ticket attached to the lower part of the sheet with a number (No. 11). There is no indication of the date of collection and locality except for an annotation “ Assam, Griffith ” and the locality is corrected later as Khasia, striking off ‘ Assam’. So technically these two sheets serve as the syntypes of this species. Hence, K 000400615 with a determination slip attached by Schott on this sheet indicating it as the type specimen, is selected here as the lectotype.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFFBFFAD7E54FD99FAF9BF5B.taxon	description	A. papillosum Steud. ex Schott, Syn. Aroid., 31. 1856, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 46. 1860; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 335. 1864; Hook., Bot. Mag. 91: t. 5496. Lectoype (designated here): INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris (in montibus Nilagiri), Althikarhattii, June, Hohenacker 1300 (P 1750545 digital image!).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFFBFFAD7E54FD99FAF9BF5B.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: April – October. Habitat: In evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, near grasslands and shola forests at an elevation above 1000 m, associated with A. attenuatum, A. barnesii, A. peltatum, A. tuberculatum, A. tylophorum and A. tortuosum. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Chunduvarrai to Mannavan Shola, 12.04.2013, Manudev & Robi 135202, 135204 (CALI!); Eravikulam National Park, 19.07.1997, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 109 (CALI!); Kundala Dam to Mannavan Shola, 23.05.2015, Manudev 138962 (CALI!); Mannavan Shola, 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138968 (CALI!); Munnar-Poopara road, 03.09.2010, Manudev 4129 (CALI!); Peerumedu, 24.05.1997, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 60 (CALI!); Vallakadavu, Periyar Tiger Reserve, 17.11.1998, A. Johny 17955 (CALI!). Palakkad district, Kaikatty, Nelliyampathy, 07.05.1997, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 41 (CALI!); Minnampara, Nelliyampathy, 14.08.1977, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 120 (CALI!); Silent Valley, 01.06.1977, M. Sivadasan CU 19182 (CALI!); Vengoli peak, south to Thunakkadavu dam, 28.04.1976, M. Sivadasan CU 13149 (CALI!). Thiruvananthapuram district, Attayar, way to Athirumala, 07.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138943 (CALI!); Agasthyamala, way to Athirumala, 11.06.2011, Manudev 4457; ibid., 07.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138945 (CALI!); way to Pongalappara, Agasthyamala, 11.06.2011, Manudev 4466 (CALI!); Chemungi, 18.05.1979, ± 900 m, M. Mohanan 61854 (CAL!). Tamilnadu, Dindigul district, Pulneys, banks of mountain streams, 1858, Beddome 115 (CAL!). Kanyakumari district, Muthukuzhivayal, 1450 m, 27.07.1977, A. N. Henry 49417 (CAL!); Nilgiris, s. loc., s. d., Perottett 1813 (P 017050544); ibid., 06.1883, J. S. Gamble 11996 (CAL!); Nilgiris district, Coonoore, 31.07.1878, G. King s. n. (CAL!); Naduvattom, 06.1884, J. S. Gamble 14549 (DD!); Naduvattom, way to Ooty, near T. R. Bazar, 1795 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev 5277; Naduvattom to Ooty road, 2000 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 5279 (CALI!); Ooty, summit of Doddabeta peak, 12.05.2011, Manudev 4418 (CALI!); Rockland, Kundah-Coonoor road, 1885 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev & Renab 5285 (CALI!); T. R. Bazar, near Naduvattom, Ooty, 12.05.2011, Manudev 4419 (CALI!); Yellakandy, Ooty-Avalanche road, 2104 m, 22.07.2012, Manudev 5284 (CALI!); Ootacamund (Ooty), 12.09.1878, G. King s. n. (DD!); ibid., 05.1883, J. S. Gamble 11456 (CAL!); ibid., 06.1897, Bourdillon s. n. (CAL!). Telangana, Rangareddy district, Rudaram R. F., 21.08.1994, M. Silar Mohammed 12716 (SKU!). Typification: Schott (1856) published A. huegelli Schott, based on the collections of Huegel possibly from southern India. He also published another species A. papillosum Steudel ex Schott, by validating the name by Steudel. Both the species, characterized by a cylindric to clavate appendix, found to be conspecific and were recognized as synonyms of A. leschenaultii Blume by Engler (1879), in his treatment of Araceae in de Candolle’s Monographiae Phanerogamarum. Arisaema papillosum was legitimately published by Schott (1856) in his Synopsis Aroidearum, based on the specimens from Steudel’s personal herbarium. In fact, Schott wrote “ A. papillosum Steudel (in Schedula) ” means he had seen this name on the label of a sheet in Steudel’s Herbarium. Schott did not cite any other details of the specimens in his protologue except for the type locality as “ India Orientalis ”. Later he gave details of the specimens in the account of this taxa in his Prodromous Systematis Aroidearum as “ Montes Nilaghirenses- Steudel- V. Specim. authentica ” indicating the precise locality of the type as Mountains of Nilgiris in South India. Ernest Gottleib von Steudel (1783 – 1856) was a German botanist and physician who collected only few plants himself and the majority of the plants in his herbarium were collected by others. There is no evidence that Steudel visited South India but he sometimes identified specimens for series of exsiccatae distributed by R. F. Hohenacker (German missionary, botanist and plant collector, 1798 – 1874) who explored South India and collected plants for sale in Europe. There are four sheets of Hohenacker under two collection numbers [No. 1300 (3 sheets) and one sheet of No. 1301] at Paris Herbarium (P). All these sheets are part of Steudel’s herbarium as indicated in the field ticket attached in red ink. A lectotype is selected here (Hohenacker 1300, P 1750545) conforming to the latest code of nomenclature (Turland et al., 2018)	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFC2FFA87E5FF89BFD03B995.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, perennial herbs, c. 115 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, depressed globose or subglobose, 3 – 4.5 cm diam., 2 – 3 cm tall, brownish, wrinkled, cream inside; offsets c. 8, surrounding the pseudostem, purplish or dark brown-black, globose, sometimes one or two below the roots slightly elongated. Roots many, on top of the corm surrounding the pseudostem, rose-tinged. Cataphylls 3, rarely 4 (fourth one usually disintegrated); outer 1.8 – 3 cm long, pale brown, apex acute-obtuse, mucronulate, slightly keeled; middle 12 – 16 cm long, brown-purple with greenish-white or cream mottling / lesions, apex obtuse or orbicular, mucronate; inner 30 – 39 cm long, brown-purple with greenish white or cream mottling, obtuse or orbicular at apex, mucronate. Leaf single, radiatisect, probably emergin with or after the inflorescence; petiole 38 – 50 cm long, 0.5 – 2 cm thick, pale green with brown mottling formed of vertical streaks; leaflets 7 – 10, sessile, obovate-spathulate, 13 – 40 cm long, 2.2 – 11 cm wide, subequal, gradually cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, margins entire, undulate, bright green above, pale beneath, lateral veins up to 25 pairs, intra-marginal vein c. 0.5 cm apart from the margins. Pseudostem 35.5 – 50 cm long, pale green with brown mottling, ligule not prominent. Inflorescence held below the leaf; peduncle 33.5 – 66 cm long, 0.5 – 0.7 cm thick, mottled as in petiole, pale purple towards the distal end, exserted by 5 – 17 cm from the pseudostem. Spathe 18 – 20 cm long including the limb portion; tube of spathe cylindric, funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 8 – 9 cm long, 1 – 2.5 cm wide, pale to purple basally, greenish distally, dark purplish within, with white longitudinal stripes along the veins; mouth open, wide, margins dilated into a prominent auricular extension about 1 cm wide, margins of auricle slightly revolute, c. 4.5 cm wide in the mouth region and suddenly narrowing into the limb; limb oblong-lanceolate, 10 – 11 cm long, 2 – 2.5 cm wide, yellowish-green with 5 white to hyaline longitudinal stripes along the veins, two paler stripes flanking three larger stripes in the middle, margins curved back at the base of the limb forming a neck-like constriction immediately after the mouth, apex acuminate with a slightly swollen tip, erect and arching forward at the distal end. Female spadix not seen. Male spadix sessile, just reaching the mouth, 8 – 9 cm long, slender, terete; fertile region 2.5 – 3.3 cm long at the base; male flowers sessile or shortly stipitate towards the distal end of the fertile zone, 2 – 9 - androus; stipe to c. 1 mm long; anthers reniform, purple, dehisce through an apical pore; neuters 8 – 9, subulate, 2 – 6 mm long, scattered along the basal 1 – 1.5 cm of the appendix, curved down, often paired from the base, purplish-green; appendix sessile, base slightly thickened, c. 0.3 – 0.5 cm wide, gradually tapering to a filiform often curved distal portion, purplish basally and greenish distally to a filiform apex. Fruiting spike cylindrical, 4 – 6 cm long, 2.5 – 3.5 cm wide, borne on an upright peduncle; berries ovoid to globose, compactly arranged, green when young, 2 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: Probably from the onset of monsoon; flowers and young fruits observed in July. Habitat: Grows along the margins of evergreen forests near tea plantations at Oosimala Top, above 1300 m. A population of 31 plants was observed at the type locality, including two fruiting female plants. One of the infructescences had remnants of the spathe tube as well as a dried filiform appendix at the apex. The female plants were robust and larger than the male plants. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimen examined: Kerala, Idukki district, Eravikulam National Park, 18.07.1997, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 107 (CALI!). Notes: Arisaema madhuanum is morphologically close to A. attenuatum and A. tylophorum, both endemic to the southern Western Ghats, in having a slender to almost filiform appendix. However, the new species can be easily distinguished from both of them by having a wide-mouthed spathe tube, and by the erect to arching limb with a narrow base.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFC2FFA87E5FF89BFD03B995.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: May – June. Habitat: In grasslands, shola forests and evergreen forests, between 500 – 1200 m, usually found in clumps, as well as in soil pockets of wet rocks near the streams. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Kozhikode district, Muthappanpuzha, way to Olichuchattom, 08.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4414 (CALI!). Malappuram district, Karimpuzha, 06.08.1983, Philip Mathew 34206 (CALI!). Palakkad district, Silent Valley, Dam site, 26.05.1982, Sathish Kumar 10587 (CALI!). Kottayam district, Vagamon, Kurisumala, 17.08.2013, in fruiting, Manudev & Robi Jose 135330 (CALI!). Wayanad district, Kurichiarmala, 28.10.2013, in fruiting, Arunkumar & Santhosh Nampy 142284 (CALI!); ibid., 27.11.2014, in fruiting, Santhosh Nampy & Manudev 139982 (CALI!); Vythiri, Thalamala, 29.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4441 (CALI!). Notes: This species was first described by Barnes in 1946 under the name A. auriculatum owing to the auriculate nature of spathe, a character found in many species of Arisaema, which was served as the basis for naming as many as three taxa previously (2 from China and 1 from Japan). Since the epithet ‘ auriculatum’ was preoccupied, Sivadasan and Nicolson (1983) renamed this species as A. nilamburense Sivad., after the type locality, Nilambur. A lectotype was also selected from the collections of Barnes from Nilambur Ghats (Barnes 2285).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFC7FFA77DE2FE45FB8BB9F4.taxon	description	Dioecious, perennial herbs, to 1.75 m tall. Corms globose to subglobose, 3 – 5 diam., 2 – 2.5 cm tall, cream-white, stoloniferous. Cataphylls 3 or 4: outer c. 3.5 cm long, acute-obtuse at apex, pale rose to white coloured; middle 8 – 10 cm long, rose to flesh coloured; inner 19 – 20 cm long, rose-brown, with white or purplish dots, almost reaching to the length of pseudostem; often a forth outer cataphyll may also present, c. 1.5 cm, rose to pale coloured. Leaf solitary, rarely 2; petiole c. 125 cm long, petiole slender, c. 125 cm long, 1 – 2.5 cm thick, brownish green mottled with pink; leaflets radiatisect, 8 – 12, 22 – 35 cm long, 5 – 9 cm wide, lanceolate, base cuneate, narrowly acuminate, margins entire, wavy, bright green above, pale beneath, margins greenish to hyaline, lateral veins up to 25 pairs, intra marginal vein c. 0.5 cm apart from the margins. Spadix dioecious, not exceeding the height of the leaf; peduncle slender, 100 – 142 cm long, 1.5 – 3.5 cm long thick, exserted by 7 – 18 cm from the sheathing pseudostem, greenish purple. Spathe 20 – 30 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric towards base, funnel-shaped distally, 5 – 11 cm long, 1.5 – 2.5 cm broad, light purple towards the base, pale purple distally, dark purple within with greenish-white bands over the veins; margins of the mouth auriculate, dilates in to a prominent auricular extension c. 2.5 cm wide; limb oblong-lanceolate, purple with greenish white bands, 24 – 26 × 8 – 9 cm, narrowly acuminate at apex, tapering in to a slender tail, arching forward, thus reaching the tip almost to the base of the tube. Female spadix sessile, c. 11.5 – 15 cm long, 1 – 2 cm wide; fertile region of 3.5 – 4 cm, followed by neuters along c. 2 cm; pistils many, sessile, compactly arranged, globose, green; ovules 3 – 5, white; stigma papillate, stellate, sessile-subsessile, often with a dark neck; neuters subulate, few, 0.5 – 1 cm long, scattered, upcurved, white to purple, appendix, cylindric-fusiform, broader at middle, tapering to both sides, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, blunt at apex, slightly curved distally, green to light green, purplish below. Male spadix sessile, similar to female, slender, c. 13 cm long, 1 – 1.5 cm thick; fertile region c. 4 cm long, male flowers scattered over or crowded at the base and distant above, sessile, 3 – 5 - androus; anthers sessile, purple, dehisce by an apical pore; neuters few, subulate, c. 1 cm long, purplish. Fruiting spike cylindrical, borne on an upright peduncle; berries globose, compactly arranged, c. 3 - seeded. Flowering & fruiting: June – July. Habitat: Grows in shola evergreen forests, under shaded conditions at an elevation above 1350 m. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimen examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Peerumedu, 30.06.2016, Arunkumar 149282 (CALI!). Notes: A. peerumedense is closely related to A. leschenaultii Blume but can be distinguished by its sessile, distally curved, cylindric-fusiform spadix appendix. The authors have also encountered intermediates between these two taxa in southern Western Ghats which render the identification of these two taxa dubious.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFC8FFA57E5FFE66FC37B9F4.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, succulent, perennial herbs, 38 – 130 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose, 2.5 – 4.5 cm diam., 1 – 2 cm wide, smooth or wrinkled, stoloniferous. Cataphylls 2 or 3, acute-obtuse at apex; outer 2 – 6.5 cm long, pale coloured, often mottled with brownish streaks in mature plants; middle 6 – 13.6 cm long, mottled with brownish patches or streaks; inner 17 – 45 cm long, strongly mottled, darker. Leaf solitary, radiatisect, emerging after the inflorescence; petiole slender, 38 – 65 cm long, 0.8 – 1 cm thick, light green mottled with brownish streaks; leaflets 5 – 10, oblong-oblanceolate, 15 – 34 cm long, 2 – 10 cm wide, cuneate at base, narrowly acute to acuminate, margins greenish to hyaline, praemorse, strongly undulate (appears to be serrate), darker above, glaucous or whitish beneath, lateral veins up to 26 pairs, intra marginal vein 0.4 – 0.6 cm apart from the margins. Inflorescence not exceeding the height of the leaf; peduncle slender, 25 – 90 cm long, 1.5 – 3.5 cm long, exerted by 8 – 14 cm from the sheathing pseudostem, light green with purplish mottling towards the distal portion. Spathe 13 – 30 cm long, glossy in texture; tube of spathe cylindric towards base, funnel-shaped distally, 5 – 11 cm long, c. 2.5 cm broad, purple to brownish towards the base, greenish distally with white bands over the veins; margins of the mouth revolute; limb ovate-lanceolate, 8.5 – 19 cm long, 3 – 6 cm wide, greenish with white bands; bands wider towards the base and narrower towards the apex, narrowly acuminate at apex, tapering in to a slender tail, arching forward and upcurved with erect tip or often drooping (probably after anthesis), thus reaching the tip almost to the base of the tube. Female spadix sessile, c. 12.6 cm long, 0.6 – 0.7 cm thick; female fertile region c. 4 cm long, followed by neuters along c. 4 cm; pistils many, compactly arranged, green; ovules up to 5, white; stigma papillose, stellate, sessile; neuters subulate, many, 0.7 – 1.2 cm long, scattered, upcurved, pale to purplish; appendix cylindric, reaching the mouth of the tube or just exceeding, blunt at apex, slightly curved distally, green to light green, purplish below. Male spadix sessile, slender, slightly tapering to a blunt tip, 4.5 – 6.5 cm long, not exceeding the tube or just reaching the mouth; appendix sessile, slightly thickened at the base and appears to be stipitate, 2.5 – 3.5 cm long; male flowers scattered over 2 – 3 cm along the spadix, sessile or subsessile, 3 – 4 - androus; anthers, purple, dehisce by an apical pore; neuters absent. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering: May – July. Habitat: In grass lands and shola forests at an elevation above 1200 m above sea level. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Munnar-Poopara road, 23.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4432 (DEV!); Kundala to Mannavan Shola, on the way, 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138961; Munnar-Pallivasal, 12.05.1935, E. Barnes 1146 (K digital image!, CALI!); Mannavan Shola National Park, on the way to Kanthallur, 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138964, 138967 (CALI!); Travancore, few miles above Munnar, s. d., E. Barnes 1115 (3) (K paratype, digital image!). Notes: This species is recently rediscovered by Manudev and Nampy (2015) and is characterized by radiate leaflets, flagellate-caudate limb and rounded clavate spadix appendix, often with neuters at the base. However this species shows some deviation from the typical characters of the Sect. Sinarisaema- spadix appendage being slender and slightly tapering towards the apex, neuters present along the half way of appendix. Gusman and Gusman (2006) assigned this species as a synonym of A. leschenaultii Blume along with few other species from southern India and Sri Lanka, considering the latter as a polymorphic species. However, this species is quite distinct and can be distinguished from the latter by its sessile, narrow leaflets with strong wavy margins and glaucous underneath; hyaline to white-striped, yellowish-green limb tapering into a slender tail and sessile, slender, spadix appendix with neuters along half the length.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFCAFFA37E5FFE66FE85BDFB.taxon	description	Flowering & frtuiting: May – September. Habitat: Grows under shades in wet evergreen forests, in moist humus rich soil. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Mannavan Shola, 05.1937, E. Barnes 1579, 1680 (MH!); ibid., 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138963 (CALI!); ibid., towards Kanthallur, 23.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138966 (CALI!). Notes: This species is is close to A. leschenaultii from which it can be easily distinguished by its cucullate spathe with a curved tail, dialated ovoid, verruculose spadix appendix with a constriction in the middle.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFCCFFA17DD6FA7AFEA3BC1D.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: May – October. Habitat: In evergreen forests, shola margins, among bushes, in humus rich soil at an elevation above 1500 m, in association with A. attenuatum, A. psittacus and A. leschenaultii. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Notes: This species is close to A. translucens in its cucullate spathe limb from which it can be easily distinguished by the presence of a terminal hanging ovate lobe at the spathe apex. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Devikulam, Lockhart gap, 23.05.2011, Manudev & Santhosh Nampy 4433 (CALI!); Eravikulam National Park, Nymakad, 20.07.1997, V. Abdul Jaleel & Bobby Thomas 112 (CALI!); Mathikettan Shola National Park, Chekpost to Onnamthodu, 22.05.2015, Manudev & Syam Radh 138958 (CALI!); Choondal, Mathikettan, 23.04.2016, Syam Radh & Arunkumar 149114, 149115, 149116, 149118, 149119 (CALI!); Sivan Para, on the way to Mathikettan, 26.06.2016, Syam Radh 149160 (CALI!).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFCEFFA07E5FFF67FBDCB987.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: May – December. Habitat: Grows at the base of deciduous trees, among bamboos and ferns, in clay, near streamlets and in bogs, at c. 1300 m elevation. A. siangense thrives along roads, often near riverbanks and among shrubs. Some specimens were over 1.80 m tall and this species might be the tallest in Sect. Sinarisaema. Distribution: India (North-East Himalayas), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Siang district, Yingkyong, 3 km east on Hills, 12.03.2004, Ritesh Kumar Choudhary 16242 (ARUN!). Upper Dibang Valley district, Amboli, 08.05.1999, M. Bhaumik 2310 (CAL!); Punli, 30.04.1998, M. Bhaumik 1502 (CAL!). Notes: This species is close to A. concinnum and one can easily misidentify this species when dried. However, it can be distinguished by its huge annulate corms, spathe tubes narrowed at middle, orange coloured spathe limbs and spadix appendix not knobbed as in the former.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFCFFFBE7E54FE57FD7ABF56.taxon	materials_examined	Type: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram District, Athirumala, on slopes, Agasthyamala, 06.06.2014, Manudev & Arunkumar 138939 (holo CALI!; iso MH). Fig. 26 Deciduous, dioecious, perennial, succulent herbs, c. 1.3 m tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose-depressed globose, 4.5 – 8 cm diam., 3 – 5.5 cm tall, greenish inside. Cataphylls 3, rarely 4, pale or purplish to flesh coloured or rose, greenish towards apex, rose-pinkish mottled, obtuse at apex, mucronulate; outer 3 – 8 cm long, flesh coloured or rose; middle 6 – 16 cm long, pale coloured with rose mottling, slightly greenish towards distal end; inner 20 – 46 cm long, green in colour with rose or pinkish mottling, wrapping the pseudostem; sometimes an outer fourth cataphyll 2 – 2.5 cm present. Leaf single, radiatisect, unfolding with the inflorescence; petiole c. 130 cm long, 1.3 – 3.5 cm thick, green with purplish or rose coloured spots; leaflets 6 – 10, petiolulate, obovate-spathulate; 26 – 40 cm long, 7 – 11 cm wide, cuneate at base, acute to acuminate at apex, margins slightly undulate, dark green above, pale beneath. Pseudostem c. 75 cm long, 2 – 3.5 cm thick, mottled as in petiole. Inflorescence emerges with and held below the leaf; peduncle c. 90 cm long, 1.5 – 2 cm thick, green, faintly mottled with purple, exserted by c. 14 cm long from the sheathing pseudostem. Spathe 16 – 30 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly funnel-shaped towards the mouth, 6 – 11 cm long, 2 – 2.5 cm wide, purple-greenish outside, dark purple inside, white striped along the veins; mouth margins auriculate, recurved; spathe limb ovate-lanceolate, 9 – 11 cm long, 5 – 6 cm wide, gradually tapering in to tail 3 – 9 cm long at the apex, margins slightly revolute, yellowish-green, hyaline to white striped, erect and arching forward to a horizontal position, drooping downwards after anthesis. Female spadix 10 – 13 cm long, cylindric, sessile; female floriferous region conical 3 – 4 cm long; pistils compactly arranged, globose, green; style absent; stigma papilose, white; ovules 5; neuters subulate, 0.6 – 1.2 cm long, upcurved, scattered, 2 – 5 cm along the base of appendix, pale to green or purplish; appendix sessile, cylindric or terete, c. 9 cm long, 0.6 – 0.7 cm thick, green, purplish towards base, yellow-green at apex, slightly curved, rugulose and blunt at apex, exserted c. 1.5 cm from the tube. Male spadix similar to female, slender, 5.5 – 6 cm long; floriferous region cylindric, 2 – 2.5 cm long, c. 0.5 cm wide; male flowers sessile, densely arranged below and scattered above, 4 – 7 - androus; anthers reniform, purple, sessile, dehisce through an apical oblong pore; neuters usually absent, rarely very few, subulate. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering & fruiting: May – October. Habitat: In evergreen forests and shola margins, in humus rich soil and rock crevices. Etymology: This taxon is named after the subulate neuters scattered along c. 5 cm at the base of spadix appendix. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimen examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thrissur Dist., Sholayar to Malakkapara road, 09.07.2012, Manudev 5085 (CALI!). Notes: This species is very close to A. leschenaultii Blume, and is likely to get confused as a variant of the latter. However, it can be distinguished by its sessile spadix appendix which is rugulose at apex (vs. stipitate spadix appendix with smooth apex) with subulate upcurved neuters, scattered along the base (vs. neuters restricted below the stipe). It is also close to A. peerumedense from which it can be distinguished by the presence of petiolulate leaflets (vs. sessile leaflets), yellowish greenish spathe limb (vs. pale to dark purple limb) and a cylindric or terete spadix appendix with rugulose apex (vs. cylindric-fusiform appendix with smooth apex).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFD1FFBC7DEFF880FAA5B9AB.taxon	description	Deciduous, dioecious, perennial herbs, c. 35 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, subglobose, 1 – 5 cm. diam., white. Roots many from the upper side of the corm. Cataphylls 3, c. 9 cm long, rounded at apex, pinkish-purple, outermost becoming chaffy. Leaf solitary, radiatisect; petiole c. 35 cm. long, pinkish-purple with brown and pink markings or pink with brown and white markings; leaflets 9 – 11, sessile, narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, 9 – 14 cm long, 1.7 – 3 cm wide, cuneate at base, finely acuminate, margins revolute, erose, dull velvety green above, slightly glossy below, midrib and numerous primary lateral nerves prominent below. Inflorescence held below the leaf; peduncle c. 20 cm long, slender, resembling the upper part of the petiole. Spathe c. 7 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric, slightly widened to the mouth, 3.5 – 4.3 cm long, 1 – 1.3 cm wide, green and purple with a few white stripes; limb cucullate, c. 2.5 cm. long, leaving a narrowly obcordate, opening from the apex of which depends a filiform tail 2.5 – 3 cm long with an upcurved tip, purple with broad translucent bands. Female spadix nearly cylindric, 4 – 5.4 cm long; floriferous region narrow, 1 – 1.5 cm long; pistils crowded, subglobose, 1.5 – 2 mm diam.; style very short; stigma minutely papillose; ovules 4; neuters a few, scattered, subulate, c. 5 mm long, rarely with an aborted anther at the tip; appendix narrowly clavate, slightly narrowed and rounded at the apex, green with faint purple stripes, the apical quarter white. Male spadix similar to female, slender; floriferous region narrow, c. 2 cm long; male flowers scattered, shortly stipitate, 2 – 6 - androus; anthers purple, dehisce by an elliptic pore; neuters absent. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering: June. Habitat: In grasslands, under pine woods at an elevation above 1300 m above sea level. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu. Nilgiris district, Pykara, under shade, 05.1889, J. S. Gamble 20514 (CAL!); Thaishola, beyond Carrington estate, towards Kakamalai, 10.06.1933, E. Barnes 333 (MH!); ibid., Kakkamalai, 10.06.1933, E. Barnes 336 (MH!). Notes: Fischer (1933) described this narrow endemic species from the collections of Barnes from Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Closest ally of this taxon is A. agasthyanum, another narrow endemic species from southern Western Ghats. Both species are smaller in size and a purple, cucullate or almost galeate spathe limb with translucent – whitish bands are peculiar in this species. Recently Prabhu Kumar et al. (2017) rediscovered this taxon from its type locality.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFD1FFBC7DEFF880FAA5B9AB.taxon	description	Flowering: May – June. Habitat: In evergreen forests, growing in leaf mould, also on horizontal branches, in forks and on the roots of trees. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris district, Pennant Shola, Parson’s Valley, 20.05.1933, E. Barnes 677 (MH!). Kerala, Palakkad district, Sispara, Silent Valley National park, c. 2250 m, 09.03.2016, Robi Jose 22335 (KFRI). Notes: This species is closely allied to A. leschenaultii but can be distinguished by long-caudate spathe limb and spadix appendix with a convolute apex. Conservation status: Arisaema tuberculatum is endemic to Tamil Nadu. The species is very rare and collected from the wild only once after its description (Ramachandran & Paulraj, 2008). This species has been spotted recently from Sispara in Silent Valley (Palakkad district of Kerala) with an unusual flowering period. However these two collections are from localities within 100 km diameter from the type locality. Based on the ‘ Extent of Occurrence’ (EOO <100 km 2; Criterion B 1) and ‘ Area of Occupancy’ [Criterion B 2: AOO <10 km 2 with number of location = 1 (sub-criterion ‘ a’), projected decline in area and extent and / or quality of habitat [sub-criterion ‘ b (iii) ’], A. tuberculatum may be considered as ‘ CRITICALLY ENDANGERED’ [CR: B 1, B 2 a, b (iii)] according to IUCN’s guidelines (IUCN SPS, 2017).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFD3FFBA7E54FE4BFD2CBA8A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris district, Thaishola, 1828 m, 16.06.1932, E. Barnes AR 6 c (K 000950304 digital image!). A. barnesii auct. Gusman & L. Gusman, Arisaema ed. 2. 357. 2006, pro parte, non Fischer 193.	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
712487F5FFD3FFBA7E54FE4BFD2CBA8A.taxon	description	Fig. 28 Deciduous, dioecious, perennial herbs, c. 30 cm tall. Subterranean stem a tuberous corm, globose, 1 – 2 cm diam .. Roots many, from the upper side of the corms, red. Cataphylls 3, apex rounded, innermost up to 13 cm long, mottled with brown, becoming chaffy. Leaf solitary, radiatisect; petiole 19 – 26 cm sheathing below the middle, light-green marbled with brown and pink; leaflets 5 – 7, petiolulate, elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, 5.3 – 26 cm long, 1.6 – 9 cm wide, cuneate at base, acuminate or caudate-acuminate at apex, margin erose, dark-green above with a waxy lustre, bright green and very glossy below; petiolules 1 – 1.8 cm long. Inflorecence held below the leaf; peduncle slender, c. 18 cm long, coloured as the petiole. Spathe 5 – 7 cm long; tube of spathe cylindric or very narrowly funnel-shaped, 2.5 – 4.5 cm long, 1 – 1.2 cm wide at the mouth, white with vertical purple stripes within; limb ovate, slightly galeate, abruptly caudate, 1.5 – 2.5 cm long, bright-green, overarching, the filamentous tail 0.8 – 2 cm long, upcurved at the apex and terminated by a distinct small spherical or clavate knob. Female spadix 4.5 – 6.5 cm long; floriferous region 0.8 – 2 cm long; pistils ovoid, compactly arranged, sometimes lax with a few anthers between, green; ovules 4 – 6; style short; stigma minutely papillose; neuters a few, subulate, c. 0.5 cm long, rarely forked, green or white; appendix nearly cylindrical or slightly angled, slender, narrowed and curved near the apex, terminating in a distinct, minutely-warted knob. Male spadix similar to female, 4 – 5.5 cm long; floriferous region narrow conical, 1.2 – 1.7 cm long; male flowers laxly arranged, sessile, 2 – 4 - androus; anthers purple, sessile, dehisce through an oblong pore, sometimes with few pistils below; neuters usually absent, sometimes few above the male flowers, subulate. Fruiting spike not seen. Flowering: May – June. Habitat: In wet shola forests and in cinchona plantations at an elevation above 1800 m. Distribution: India (southern Western Ghats), endemic. Specimens examined: INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris district, Thiashola, near Carrington estate, c. 2185 m, 03.06.2019, Manudev & Arunkumar 144888, 144892 (CALI!); Avalanche, way side, c. 2100 m, 04.06.2019, Manudev & Arunkumar 144893, 144894 (CALI!). Notes: This species is one of the smallest species occurring in southern Western Ghats. Gusman and Gusman (2006) treated it as conspecific to A. barnesii C. E. C. Fisch. but it can be easily identified by its slightly galeate spathe limb with abruptly caudate apex terminating to a small knob. This species also similar to A. attenuatum C. E. C. Fisch., in its shorter spathe limb with a whitish spot at the base and a slender spadix appendix but can be distinguished by the presence of a distinct knob at the tip of the caudate spathe limb and spadix appendix. Conservation status: Arisaema tylophorum is very rare and collected from the wild only once after its description (Sivadasan, 1999). Based on ‘ Extent of Occurrence’ (EOO <100 km 2; Criterion B 1) and ‘ Area of Occupancy’ [Criterion B 2: AOO <10 km 2 with number of location = 1 (sub-criterion ‘ a’), projected decline in area and extent and / or quality of habitat [sub-criterion ‘ b (iii) ’], A. tylophorum may be considered as ‘ CRITICALLY ENDANGERED’ [CR: B 1, B 2 a, b (iii)] according to IUCN’s guidelines (IUCN SPS, 2017).	en	K. M., Manudev, P. G., Arunkumar, Abstract, Santhosh Nampy, Nakai, Sinarisaema (2019): Taxonomic revision of Arisaema (Araceae) sect. Sinarisaema in India. Rheedea 29 (2): 119-173, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.2.01
