identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
606487FCDC5C8A522E2576F581DAF825.text	606487FCDC5C8A522E2576F581DAF825.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia yariguiorum P. Gallego & J. R. I. Wood 2023	<div><p>Justicia yariguiorum P.Gallego &amp; J.R.I.Wood, sp. nov. Fig. 1</p><p>Amongst Colombian species of Justicia, the strong anisophylly of J. yariguiorum merits comparison with Justicia magdalenensis J.R.I.Wood, but J. yariguiorum is probably unrelated and distinguished inter alia by the pubescent inflorescence of only 2–5 flowers (which lack spreading hairs), calyx 2–3 mm long (not 11–14 mm) and capsule glabrous (not pubescent). The new species will key out in Leonard (1951 – 1958) as J. leptochlamys Leonard in terms of leaf shape and indumentum, bract size and glabrous capsule, but the bracts are ovate, rather than oblong-elliptic, the bracteoles lanceolate to narrowly ovate (not linear) and the corolla orange-red (not white). It also shows some affinity to J. erythrantha Leonard in flower colour, leaf shape, bract size and obtuse glabrous capsule, but is herbaceous (not shrubby) the spikes few-flowered, lax (not many-flowered and dense), the bracts are ovate, obtuse (not lanceolate, acuminate) and the bracteoles narrowly ovate, obtuse (not linear-lanceolate, acuminate).</p><p>Type: COLOMBIA, Santander, Mun. Girón, Vereda Parroquia, Caño Piedras, Via Lisboa-San Vicente de Chucurí, S 7°03’40.1”, W 73°21’10.1”, 320 m, March 2017, Juan Pablo Tobón &amp; Luis Torralba 2233 (holo JAUM [JAUM 091799!]).</p><p>Anisophyllous herbs or subshrubs to 80 cm. Stems terete, pale brown, adpressed pubescent, ±glabrescent, upwards subquadrangular, weakly zigzag, dark green, lenticels 0.3–0.5 mm diam. circular, prominent. Leaves very unequal, petiolate; larger leaves 5–11.5 × 2–4 cm, ovate-elliptic, acuminate to an obtuse apex, base slightly oblique, cuneate, margins entire, lateral veins 4–6 pairs, both surfaces glabrous except for the pubescent veins and margins; smaller leaves 0.6–1.1 × 0.2 cm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, acute, slightly falcate, caducous. Petioles 0.4–0.7(–1) cm long, sulcate, thinly hirsute in channel and on margins. Inflorescence of few-flowered pedunculate cymes arising in the uppermost leaf axils, flowers 1–5, subsessile; peduncles 1.5–2.5 cm, slender bifariously pubescent. Bracts 6–11.5 × 3–5.5 mm, ovate, obtuse, entire, pubescent and ciliolate. Bracteoles 5.0–7 × 1–2.5 mm, narrowly ovate, obtuse, entire, pubescent and ciliolate. Calyx 3–4.5 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes 2.2–2.8 × 0.7–1.2 mm, lanceolate, acute, ciliolate. Corolla orange-red, 2.8–5 cm long, exterior pubescent, inner surface scabridulous; 2-lipped, tube 15–20(–30) mm long, slightly widened upwards to 6 mm, lips subequal, 10–15(–20) mm long, upper lip notched with small triangular lobes c. 0.5 mm long, lower lip very shallowly 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded, c. 2 mm long. Stamens 2, 2.2–4.7 cm long, glabrous, except for pilose base; thecae 2–2.5 × 1 mm, oblong-elliptic, superposed. Ovary ovoid c. 1.75 mm long, glabrous;</p><p>style 2.5–4.5 cm long, glabrous, stigma 0.15–0.2 mm wide; nectary disk oblate, glabrous. Capsules 9–10 × 4.0 mm, clavate, glabrous, dark brown, apex obtuse. Seeds suborbicular, c. 2.5 × 2 mm, light brown.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Not accurately known but collected in flower in March and April and in fruit in October.</p><p>Habitat: On rocky soils, sometimes riparian, in the transition zone between tropical moist forests of the Magdalena River basin and tropical dry forest with influence of the xerophytic vegetation of the Chicamocha canyon. It has been recorded between 320 and 500 m.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to a small area of the Río Sogomoso valley in Santander in northeastern Colombia (Fig. 2).</p><p>Etymology: This species is named after the Yarigui people who in pre-colonial times occupied the territory where this species grows. They long resisted conquest but repeated incursions into their territory resulted in their extinction over a century ago.</p><p>Specimens examined: COLOMBIA, Santander, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.37361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0919447" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.37361/lat 7.0919447)">Finca Cruces</a>, debajo de la vía nueva, N 07°05’31’’, W 73°22’25’’, 500 m, 22.04.2014, Heriberto David &amp; José Miguel Torres 4906 (HUA) ; Mun Girón, Vereda Parroquia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.33305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0597224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.33305/lat 7.0597224)">Caño Piedras</a>, vía a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.33305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.0597224" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.33305/lat 7.0597224)">San Vicente de Chucurí</a>, N 07°03’35’’, W 73°19’59’’, 334 m, 10.10.2016, Diego A. Zapata C. et al. 1858 (JUAM) ; Ibid., N 07°03’33’’, W 73°19’49’’, 465 m, 10.10.2016, Diego A. Zapata C. et al. 1865 (JUAM) .</p><p>Conservation status: Justicia yariguiorum is only know from a single population in the dry forests of northeastern Colombia. This ecosystem has experienced a loss of at least 90% of its original cover in the country, and about 30% of the remaining fragments comprise mostly early and intermediate successional stages, with barely 4% of the original cover represented by mature forest (García et al., 2014; González-M et al., 2018). According to González-M et al. (2018) tropical dry forests in Colombia are highly fragmented and are threatened by high impact disturbances such as cattle ranching, human infrastructure, agriculture and fires. In view of this scenario and considering that this species occurs in small, fragmented forest patches, outside of protected areas, with an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of only 12 km ², we propose that it should be considered as Endangered (EN) B2ab(iii).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC5C8A522E2576F581DAF825	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC518A5F2DA774DF85DDFC51.text	606487FCDC518A5F2DA774DF85DDFC51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia microcalyx J. R. I. Wood & P. Gallego 2023	<div><p>Justicia microcalyx J.R.I.Wood &amp; P.Gallego, sp. nov. Fig. 3</p><p>A strongly anisophyllous species that resembles Justicia obliqua in the 4-lobed calyx which is only 3–4 mm long (not c. 9 mm), and differs also inter alia in the near glabrous leaves (not pilose) and smaller corolla 8–9 mm long (not 23–27 mm). The small calyx might suggest J. impar J.R.I.Wood &amp; P. Gallego but in that species the calyx is 5-lobed and the corolla glabrous and 10–12 mm long whereas in J. microcalyx it is only 8–9 mm long and pubescent.</p><p>Type: ECUADOR, “In jugo centrali Andium, Equator,” 1800 m, 1876, E. André 4312 bis (holo K [K000994467!], sheet with rootstock, capsules and pencil drawing of anthers; iso K [K000994468!, K000994469!].</p><p>Anisophyllous perennial herbs reaching c. 5 cm high. Stems becoming woody, shortly bifariously scurfy, often appearing glabrous, often branched above, straight or somewhat zigzag. Leaves unequal, very shortly petiolate, narrowly oblong-elliptic, the larger 2.5–4 × 0.8–1 cm, the smaller 0.6–1.6 × 0.3–0.8 cm, narrowed to an obtuse apex and an oblique cuneate base, glabrous apart from a few hairs on the abaxial midrib, cystoliths prominent. Inflorescence of short, narrow, terminal spikes 1–2 cm long and c. 0.5 cm wide, the flowers mostly in opposite pairs c. 3 mm apart; rachis thinly pilose. Bracts 2 × 0.5 mm, linear, thinly pilose, cystoliths prominent. Bracteoles c. 2 × 0.25 mm, linear, thinly pilose. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes 3–4 × 0.5–1 mm, linear-lanceolate, thinly ciliate. Corolla 8–9 mm long, pink, pubescent on exterior, two lipped, tube 4–5 mm long, lips c. 3 mm long, upper lip entire, deltoid, lower lip shallowly 3-lobed, lobes c. 1 mm wide and long, broadly ovate. Filaments c. 2 mm long, pubescent below, glabrous above, anthers bithecous; thecae 1 × 0.5 mm, weakly superposed, puberulent. Style thinly pilose, ovary narrowly conical, c. 1.25 mm high, obscurely appressed puberulent. Capsule oblong, 7–9 × 1.5 mm, pubescent, 4-seeded. Seeds 0.75 mm diam., strongly rugose.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Unknown.</p><p>Habitat: “Primary forest”. Distribution: Northern Peru and Ecuador but not accurately known. The map (Fig. 4) shows the only record we are able to localise from Peru near the border with Ecuador.</p><p>Etymology: The name microcalyx refers to the very small calyx of this species.</p><p>Specimens examined: PERU, Cajamarca, San Ignacio, Dist. Namballe. Bosque el Pacashal, margen derecho del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.01667/lat -5.016667)">Río Canchis</a>, S 5°01’, W 79°01’, 650–800 m, 10.07.1997, E.Rodríguez &amp; O. Pesantes 1662 (F, MO, US, USM) .</p><p>Conservation status: This species is only known from two collections, one unlocalised from about 150 years ago. There is no information on its habitat or frequency. It is small and inconspicuous and could easily be overlooked so it is hoped that it is more frequent than the scant records suggest. Therefore, it is provisionally assessed as Data Deficient (DD).</p><p>Notes: Unfortunately, Rodríguez &amp; Pesantes 1662 lacks corollas and capsules so is not suitable for selection as type.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC518A5F2DA774DF85DDFC51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC538A5E2DA773AA8763F825.text	606487FCDC538A5E2DA773AA8763F825.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia obliqua J. R. I. Wood & P. Gallego 2023	<div><p>Justicia obliqua J.R.I.Wood &amp; P.Gallego, sp. nov. Fig. 5</p><p>Strongly anisophyllous subshrub with woody stems, subsessile, strongly oblique leaves superficially somewhat similar to Justicia imparifolia described below but the leaves hirsute (not nearly glabrous), bracts&lt;8mm long (not 11–18 mm) and calyx4-lobed, densely pilose (not 5-lobed, thinly pubescent).</p><p>Type: PERU, Ucayali, Coronel Portillo, Padre Abad, La Divisoria, cerca Río Chino, 1400–1600 m, 11.06.1976, J. Schunke V. 9215 (holo MO [MO2736883!]; iso F!, US [US 2901548!], USM [USM88453!]) .</p><p>Perennial anisophyllous herbs or subshrubs 0.5–1 m high. Stems at first rooting at the nodes, forming low ground cover, then ascending or erect to 1 m, usually conspicuously zigzag, pilose with multicellular hairs on younger stems, scurfy-pubescent on older growth. Leaves very unequal, subsessile to shortly petiolate, softly pilose with multicellular hairs; larger leaves 1.6– 3.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, asymmetrically oblong-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-elliptic, apex obtuse, base cuneate, oblique; smaller leaves obliquely suborbicular, 0.3–0.9 cm in diam. Petioles 0–2 mm, pilose. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, terminal spikes 1–2 cm long (sometimes also from the uppermost leaf axils); peduncles 0.5 cm, pilose. Bracts and bracteoles similar, 7–7.5(–8) × 0.5–0.75 mm, linear-filiform, pilose. Calyx 4-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, c. 9 × 0.5 mm, pilose, pale green with a distinct midrib. Corolla magenta with pale tube, glandular-pubescent, 2.3–2.7 cm, long, 2-lipped, tube 12–18 mm long, gradually widened from c. 2 mm at base to 4.5 mm at mouth, upper lip 6–7 mm long, erect, entire, slightly hooded, lower lip recurved, 8–11 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes broadly oblong, c. 3 × 2 mm. Stamens included in upper lip, filaments c. 8 mm long, white, anthers bithecous; thecae 1.25 × 0.75 mm, ellipsoid, basally acute, white, obscurely asperous, weakly superposed. Ovary narrowly ovoid, comose; style thinly pubescent below, glabrous upwards, stigma white. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Found in flower from February to September.</p><p>Habitat: ‘Bosque alto tropical en sombra’ – in shade in primary tropical forest, on humid soil, on margins and clearings in dense cloud forest, 700–1800 m.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Peru. Moist hill forest around La Divisoria, where the departments of Huánuco and Ucayali meet (Fig. 4).</p><p>Etymology: The name obliqua refers to the distinct oblique, unequal leaf base characteristic of this species.</p><p>Specimens examined: PERU, Huánuco, Coronel Portillo, Divisoria, Tingo María–Pucallpa, 1600– 1800 m, 28.02.1947, R. Ferreyra 1676 (US, USM) ; Cordillera Azul east of Tingo María, east of Koenig’s, 22.06.1959, M.E. Mathias &amp; D. Taylor 3465 (F, MO) ; Coronel Portillo, Padre Abad, La Divisoria, carretera a Pucallpa, 1400–1600 m, 26.04.1980, J. Schunke V. 11408 (MO, US, USM) ; La Divisoria, Tingo María– Aguaytia, Cordillera Azul, 1500–1600 m, 03.06.1983, A. Gentry et al. 41439 (MO, US, USM) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.0952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.491389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.0952/lat -8.491389)">Leoncio Prado</a>, Dist. Pucayacu, sector Nueva Esperanza, P.N. Cordillera Azul, S 8°29’29”, W 76°05’42.7”, 1362 m, 21.06.2017, L. Valenzuela et al. 32048 (USM) . Ucayali, Divisoria, 700 m, 02.08.1942, V. Cárdenas USM no. 13843 (US, USM) ; La Divisoria, Plantación Margarita, 14.08.1946, R. Ferreyra 988 (US) ; Leoncio Prado, 80 km NE of Tingo María towards Aguaytia, near Divisoria, 1600 m, 13.09.1946, F. Woytkowski 34522 (F, MO) ; Ibid., 900 m, 18.01.1976, A. Gentry et al. 16034 (MO) ; Leoncio Prado, Divisoria, 1610 m, 31.05.1978, L.E. Skog et al. 5118 (US) ; W of the limit with <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.083333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.76667/lat -9.083333)">Ucayali</a>, S 9°05’, W 75°46’, 10.08.1980, A. Gentry et al. 29600 (F, MO, USM) .</p><p>Conservation status: Justicia obliqua has an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 36 km ² and an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) spanning 1000 km ², based on 12 collections, geographically separated in three different sub-populations. Most records come from foothill and mountain ecosystems along the Federico Basadre Highway, between the Huánuco and Ucayali departments. According to Bax et al. (2016), this paved road, constructed in the 1940s, has served as the primary catalyst for deforestation in the Ucayali region. Its existence has led to a landscape deeply fragmented by various human activities, including shifting cultivation, commercial agriculture, timber extraction, and cattle ranching, among other alterations to land use (Ichikawa et al., 2014). However, one population has been found within the limits of the Cordillera Azul National Park and it is plausible that distribution of this species covers a wide area extending into regions integrated within the national system of protected areas. In consequence, we propose that it should be considered as Endangrered[EN] according to criteria B1a+B2ab(i,ii,iv).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC538A5E2DA773AA8763F825	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC528A5B2E2574EA8040FC5D.text	606487FCDC528A5B2E2574EA8040FC5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia imparifolia J. R. I. Wood & P. Gallego 2023	<div><p>Justicia imparifolia J.R.I.Wood &amp; P.Gallego, sp. nov. Fig. 6</p><p>Justicia imparifolia is a strongly anisophyllous species somewhat resembling Justicia obliqua but differing in the nearly glabrous (not pilose) leaves, relatively large bracts 11–18 mm (not 7–8 mm) in length and longer 5-lobed calyx c. 12 mm in length (not 4-lobed, c. 9 mm long).</p><p>Type: PERU, San Martin, along road from Rioja to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.676384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6738887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.676384/lat -5.6738887)">Pedro Ruiz</a>, S 5°40’26”, W 77°40’35”, 1170 m, 05.03.2001, H. Van der Werff et al. 16764 (holo MO [MO6991485!]; iso USM [USM178458!]) .</p><p>Perennial anisophyllous herbs to 40 cm tall. Stems at first decumbent and rooting at nodes, glabrous to very shortly bifariously stiffly pubescent. Leaves shortly petiolate, very unequal, glabrous except for a few crisped hairs on veins beneath, margins crenulate; larger leaves 2–4.2 × 1–2.1 cm, asymmetric, very narrowly oblong-elliptic, narrowed to an oblique cuneate base and obtuse weakly falcate apex; smaller leaves subsessile, obliquely ovate to suborbicular, 0.5–1 cm in diam. Petioles 1–2 mm, crisped pubescent. Inflorescence of subsessile, terminal spikes. Bracts foliose, 11–18 × 2–3 mm, narrowly oblong-elliptic, subacute, subglabrous to thinly pilose. Bracteoles c. 11 × 1.5 mm, oblong. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes slightly unequal, outer two c. 12 × 1.75, sparsely pubescent, inner three c. 11 × 1 mm, nearly glabrous. Corolla 2.6 cm long, blue, pubescent on exterior, 2-lipped, tube 12–13 mm long, slightly widened from 1.5 mm at base to 2.5 mm, upper lip 10–12 mm long, lower lip c. 9 mm long, deflexed, 3-lobed, lobes c. 2 × 1 mm, oblong, rounded. Stamens included in upper lip, filaments 11–12 mm long, white, glabrous; anthers bithecous; thecae ellipsoid, c. 0.75 × 0.5 mm, superposed, lower theca with a very small basal appendage. Ovary narrowly ovoid, 5 mm long, glabrous; style 10–11 mm long, glabrous. Capsule c. 9 × 2 mm, glabrous, clavate, 4-seeded. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Found in flower and fruit in March and April.</p><p>Habitat: Low forest in a limestone area with a thick humus layer at 1170–1972 m.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Peru in the zone between Rioja and Pedro Ruíz in San Martin and a nearby area of Amazonas from where all four collections come (Fig. 4).</p><p>Etymology: The name imparifolia refers to the very unequal leaves which are a characteristic of this species.</p><p>Specimens examined: PERU, Amazonas, Prov. Utcubamba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.42944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.899444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.42944/lat -5.899444)">Bagua Grande</a>, entre Vista Hermosay Santa Clara, S 5°53’58”, W 78°25’46”, 1972 m, A. Orejuela et al. 2716 (E n.v., USM) . San Martin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.676384&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6741667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.676384/lat -5.6741667)">Rioja</a>, along road Rioja–Pedro Ruiz, S 5°40’27”, W 77°40’35”, 1170 m, 23.03.1998, H. Van der Werff et al. 15525 (F, MO, US) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6666665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.666664/lat -5.6666665)">Aguas Verdes</a>, S 5°40’, W 77°40’, 02.04.2001, H. Van der Werff et al. 16611 (MO, USM) .</p><p>Conservation status: All four collections come from the same area, three possibly from the same population. There is no information about the size of the populations nor the conservation state of the forest where it grows. Any conservation assessment other than Data Deficient (DD) would be premature.</p><p>The Justicia candelariae (Oerst.) Leonard complex</p><p>The following two species are part of a complex of neotropical species of which Justicia candelariae (including J.chlorostachya Leonard) is the best known. This includes Justicia angustibracteata Leonard and J. pittieri Lindau from Central America, J. neurochlamys Leonard from Colombia, J. riopalenquensis Wassh. from Ecuador, J. loretensis Lindau from Peru and J. longiacuminata Rusby from Bolivia. All of these species share the oblong(-lanceolate), green, pilose or ciliate bracts of J. tarapotensis and J. impar but are immediately distinguished inter alia by their isophylly or at most weak anisophylly. All tend to have a reduced fifth calyx lobe and some, J. chlorostachya (Leonard, 1951 –1958) for example, are usually reported to have a 4-lobed calyx. J. yurimaguensis Lindau and J. ruiziana (Nees) Lindau would also appear to belong to this complex although their bracts are ovate/suborbicular; they both exhibit a tendency towards anisophylly.</p><p>The following two species are strongly anisophyllous:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC528A5B2E2574EA8040FC5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC578A452E2E73B48789FAED.text	606487FCDC578A452E2E73B48789FAED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia tarapotensis Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss.	<div><p>Justicia tarapotensis Lindau, Bull. Herb. Boiss., ser 2, 4: 410. 1904. Type: PERU, Tarapoto, 1855–1856, R. Spruce 4938 (holo B†; iso K [K000202090!], K [K000202089!], BM [BM000617760!], OXF [OXF00194057!]). Fig. 7</p><p>Ascending herbs to 80 cm tall. Stems at first rooting at nodes, then ascending, much branched, branches whitish-pubescent, slightly zigzag. Leaves unequal, petiolate; larger leaves 4.5–7.5 × 1.5–3 cm, oblong, acuminate, base rounded, oblique, veins 5 pairs; smaller leaves 0.8–2 × 0.4–1.5, ovate, obtuse, base truncate, oblique, both surfaces subglabrous or puberulous, densely so on veins, abaxially paler, the cystoliths prominent. Petioles to 1 cm, whitepubescent. Inflorescence of shortly pedunculate, mostly terminal spikes; peduncles 1–3 cm long. Bracts c. 10 × 5 mm, narrowly elliptic, obtuse to rounded, thinly pubescent with conspicuous shortly ciliate margin, rigid, slightly shiny and prominently veined abaxially. Bracteoles 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm, linearoblong, pubescent. Calyx unequally 5-lobed, lobes 2.5–3 × c. 0.5 mm, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, one much smaller and narrower. Corolla c. 10 mm long, 2-lipped, pink, puberulent, tube 6 × 2 mm, white, cylindrical; upper lip c. 3 × 2 mm, notched, lower lip 3–4 × c. 3 mm, shallowly 3-lobed, lobes 2–3 × c. 2 mm. Stamens enclosed in upper lip, filaments c. 4 mm long, glabrous, anthers bithecous; thecae c. 0.5 × 0.25 mm, pubescent superposed. Style 11 mm long, glabrous; ovary narrowly ovoid, 2 mm long, glabrous. Capsule c. 7 × 2 mm, narrowly clavate, glabrous, 4-seeded. Seeds c. 1 mm diam.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Found in flower and fruit at end of May.</p><p>Habitat: By streams (“rivulis”) in rain forest.</p><p>Distribution: A rarely collected species endemic to low altitudes in Peru. (Fig. 8).</p><p>Specimens examined: PERU, Cusco, La Convención, Cordillera Vilcabamba, opposite Hac. Luisiana, Río Notes: We only accept Justicia tarapotensis provisionally as it seems to be almost indistinguishable morphologically from J. candelariae (Oerst.) Leonard apart from by its anisophylly. We retain it partly because it is very disjunct from other populations of J. candelariae, which is widespread from southern Mexico through Central America to Colombia reaching northern Ecuador (Fig.8)and partly because of its calyx. Justicia candelariae is usually reported to have a 4-lobed calyx, whereas J. tarapotensis has a 5-lobed calyx, the fifth lobe much reduced and easily</p><p>Gallego &amp; Wood 237</p><p>missed. Lindau (1904) described J. tarapotensis as having a 4-lobed calyx but in fact a small fifth lobe seems always to be present. Future molecular studies are needed to help clarify its status.</p><p>Wasshausen &amp; Encarnación 490 has subglabrous leaves while those of the type are puberulous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC578A452E2E73B48789FAED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC498A462DA775248157FE66.text	606487FCDC498A462DA775248157FE66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia impar J. R. I. Wood & P. Gallego 2023	<div><p>Justicia impar J.R.I.Wood &amp; P.Gallego, sp. nov. Fig. 9</p><p>A very strongly anisophyllous plant close to Justicia tarapotensis but differing in the oblong-elliptic, acute, pilose, membranaceous bracts (not oblong, obtuse, glabrous to minutely ciliolate, rigid in texture) and subsessile (not distinctly pedunculate) spikes and pubescent (not glabrous) capsule. It somewhat resembles Justicia riopalenquensis in the shape of the bracts and calyx but is strongly anisophyllous, the leaves tapering to a cuneate base (not weakly anisophyllous and rounded at base), peduncles short, 0–1 cm (not 1.5–4.5 cm long), bracts 5–7 mm long (not 3–4 mm), the spikes relatively short and stout, 10–20 × 10–15 (not 25– 40 × 6–9 mm).</p><p>Type: PERU, San Martin, Mariscal Cáceres, 2 km del caserío de Nuevo Progreso, carretera a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.32583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.451111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.32583/lat -8.451111)">Río Uchiza</a>, S 8°27’04”, W 76°19’33”, 500 m, 23.06.1969. J. Schunke V. 3215 (holo F!; iso K!, US!, USM!) .</p><p>Perennial herbs. Stems decumbent and rooting, weakly zigzag, crisped-pubescent; flowering branches ascending reaching 40 cm in length, sparingly branched. Leaves very unequal; larger leaves 3–4 × 0.8–2 cm, oblong-elliptic, base cuneate, somewhat oblique, apex shortly acuminate, obtuse, paler beneath glabrous except puberulent veins; smaller leaves 1–1.5 × 0.7–1 cm, broadly ovate, obtuse, base oblique, truncate. Petioles 2–6 mm long, puberulent. Spikes terminal, usually solitary, 1–2 cm long; flowers imbricate; peduncles 0–10 mm long. Bracts 6–9 × 2–3 mm, narrowly rhomboid to oblong-elliptic, acute, membranaceous, thinly pilose. Bracteoles c. 4 × 1.5 mm, narrowly oblong, pilose. Calyx 5-lobed to near base, lobes 2–2.5 × c. 0.25 mm, slightly unequal in length with one shorter than the other four, ciliate. Corolla 10–12 mm long, violet, glabrous; 2-lipped, tube c. 6 mm long, upper lip c. 5 mm long, ovate, obtuse, entire; lower lip c. 6 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes c. 1.5 × 1 mm, ovate, rounded. Filaments glabrous, c. 3 mm long, anthers included; thecae ellipsoid, c. 0.75 × 0.5 mm, glabrous, lacking basal appendages. Style 10 mm long, glabrous; ovary puberulent, rostrate. Capsule 5–6 × c. 2 mm, 4-seeded, pubescent. Seeds suborbicular, c. 1.5 × 1.5 mm. rugose.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Found in flower in December, June and July, and in fruit in December and June.</p><p>Habitat: “Bosque alto.” Wet tropical forest, on rocks.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Peru. Only recently collected in San Martin (Fig. 4).</p><p>Etymology: The epithet impar (unequal) refers to the very unequal leaves characteristic of this species.</p><p>Specimens examined: PERU, Huánaco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.483333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.36667/lat -6.483333)">Cassapi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.483333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.36667/lat -6.483333)">Mathews</a> 1598 (K). San Martin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.483333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.36667/lat -6.483333)">Tarapoto</a>, km 12– 14 Carretera de Tarapoto a Yurimaguas, S 6°29’, W 76°22’, 2250 ft, 03.12.1979, M. Rimachi 4760 (US); Ibid. 09.07.1970, S. McDaniel 13814 (US) .</p><p>Conservation status: This species is only known from four collections, two of them from the same place, one without exact geographical information and the most recent made about 45 years ago. We have no idea of the size of the original populations nor of what threats they face. The somewhat disjunct distribution suggests it may be very scattered in distribution so unlikely to be vulnerable to a single catastrophic event. Although it is more likely to have been overlooked than to have become extinct, it is clearly rare. Data Deficient (DD).</p><p>Note s: Mathews 1598 was identified as Leptostachya heterophylla var. acutior Nees in Nees von Esenbeck (1847b: 377). It is not a type, as it was not cited in the earlier publication by Nees von Esenbeck (1847a: 150), where the variety was first described.</p><p>The Justicia trichotoma (Kuntze) Leonard complex</p><p>This consists of three strongly anisophyllous species: Justicia trichotoma, J. magdalenensis and J. maynasana, which are described below. These three species are similar in facies and might even be considered as subspecies of a single species, but their distribution is very disjunct (Fig. 10), and without extensive molecular studies it seems wisest to maintain them as separate species. They can be separated by the following key:</p><p>1. Inflorescence of simple axillary spikes (Amazonian Peru)................................. J. maynasana</p><p>1. Inflorescence of trichotomously branched (apparently never simple) spikes ............................ 2</p><p>2. Calyx lobes 5.5–8 mm long (Costa Rica and Panama).................................................... J. trichotoma</p><p>2. Calyx lobes 11–13 mm long (Magdalena valley, Colombia).......................................... J. magdalenensis</p><p>Justicia trichotoma appears to be quite common in Costa Rica (McDade, 2020) and Panama (fide Tropicos), whereas J. magdalenensis is restricted to the Medio Magdalena region of Colombia (Fig. 10). The following is a new species:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC498A462DA775248157FE66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC4A8A412E25725D86D7FD24.text	606487FCDC4A8A412E25725D86D7FD24.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Justicia maynasana J. R. I. Wood & P. Gallego 2023	<div><p>Justicia maynasana J.R.I.Wood &amp; P.Gallego, sp. nov. Fig. 11</p><p>This species is clearly closely related to both Justicia magdalenensis and J. trichotoma, but the inflorescence is spicate, not cymosely branched as in the other two species, a characteristic implied by the epithet trichotoma for the latter. Apart from the form of the inflorescence, the new species fits J. magdalenensis perfectly but both the new species and J.magdalenensis have relatively long calyx lobes at 11–13 mm in length (not 5.5–8 mm as in J. trichotoma). In contrast the corolla of J. trichotoma is 16–20 mm in length, thus exceeding that of both J. magdalenensis and J. maynasana .</p><p>Type: PERU, Loreto, Maynas, Caseria Alianza, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.96667/lat -4.0833335)">Río Tamshiyacu</a>, trail towards <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.96667/lat -4.0833335)">Río Manití</a>, 140 m, S 4°05’, W 72°58’, 01.08.1980, Al Gentry, R. Vasquez, N. Jaramillo, E. Andrade &amp; P. Stern 29258 (holo MO [MO2887413!], iso US [MO2979020!], USM [fragment!]) .</p><p>Anisophyllous subshrubs reaching at least 40 cm in height. Stems at first decumbent and rooting at the nodes, eventually erect to c. 30 cm tall, ±quadrangular, pubescent with crisped hairs, sometimes slightly zigzag. Leaves petiolate, unequal in each pair; larger leaves 4–8 × 1.6–3.7 cm, ovate to broadly oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate to an obtuse apex, cuneate to attenuate at base, margin undulate; smaller leaves 0.6–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, ovate to suborbicular, acute, glabrous, abaxially paler. Petioles subglabrous, 0.5–2 cm. Inflorescence of lax, axillary spikes 3–5 cm long; peduncles 7–11 mm long, puberulent; rachis puberulent. Bracts at base of spike resembling small leaves; floral bracts c. 4 × 0.5 mm, linear, apiculate, thinly pilose with multicellular hairs. Bracteoles similar but only 2–3 mm. Calyx subequally 5-lobed to base, lobes 11–13 × 0.25 mm, filiform, pilose with multicellular hairs. Corolla lavender, 14–15 mm long, 2-lipped; tube subcylindrical 8–9 × c. 1 mm, pubescent, lips c. 4 mm long, upper lip ovate, obtuse, entire; lower lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes c. 1 × 1.5 mm, central one c. 1 × 2 mm, broadly ovate, rounded. Filaments 3–4 mm long. glabrous, anthers bithecous; thecae ellipsoid, c. 0.5 mm long, puberulent. Style pale pink, c. 14 mm long, glabrous; ovary ovoid, c. 1 mm long, glabrous. Capsule and seeds not seen.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Found in flower and fruit in August.</p><p>Habitat: Non-inundated forest on lateritic soil at 140 m.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Amazonian Peru, where it grows in Maynas province of Loreto region.</p><p>Etymology: This species is named after the province Maynas, the part of Loreto where it was found.</p><p>Specimens examined: Only known from the type (Fig. 10).</p><p>Conservation status: This species is only known from a single collection made in relatively poorly known Amazonian Forest. We have no information about the state of conservation of the forest in this area nor of the size of the population of the new species. It may be very rare or locally common and overlooked. Data Deficient (DD).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC4A8A412E25725D86D7FD24	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
606487FCDC4D8A432E2E73CD802AFF75.text	606487FCDC4D8A432E2E73CD802AFF75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontonema bracteolatum var. parviflorum Leonard, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.	<div><p>Odontonema bracteolatum var. parviflorum Leonard, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 31(3):399. 1958. Type: COLOMBIA, H.H. Smith 1389, p.p. (holo US [US 00136951!]). FigS. 12 &amp; 14</p><p>Notes: The type of Odontonema rubrum (Vahl) Kuntze is a specimen collected by Rohr at Santa Marta in Colombia and named Justicia rubra by Vahl (1798). All specimens from Colombia identified by Leonard (1951 –1958) as Odontonema bracteolatum should be treated as O. rubrum . Leonard also described a variety parviflorum of O. bracteolatum which likewise should be included in O. rubrum . The presence of O. bracteolatum in Colombia awaits confirmation.</p><p>Odontonema rubrum is relatively common in Panama, northern Colombia and adjacent parts of Venezuela. It is known from Choco, Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolivar, Magdalena, Cesar and Norte de Santander with an anomalous but apparently correct record (Betancur &amp; Churchill 2257) from further south in Caquetá (Fig. 13). There is considerable variation in leaf size as noted by Leonard (1951 –1958) but there is also variation in the relative size of the leaves in each pair, something that Leonard did not note. Both the type of O. bracteolatum var. parviflorum (H.H. Smith 1389, p.p.) and another specimen cited by Leonard under that name ( Dugand &amp; Jaramillo 4153) are moderately anisophyllous as are a few other specimens, such as Al Gentry 78443 (US) from Bolivar. None, however, is so remarkably anisophyllous as two specimens from Antioquia, Yeison Londoño &amp; Ana M. Trujillo 221 (HUA) and 239 (HUA), both from Mun. Remedios, Vereda Río Negrito at 350 m. This plant is illustrated in Figs. 12 and 13 .</p><p>The existence of this strongly anisophyllous form of Odontonema rubrum underlines the point we made earlier in this paper that anisophylly in the absence of other characters is not a character that can be used to delimit a species. Odontonema rubrum is a species that exhibits the complete range of variation in its leaves from isophylly to strong anisophylly.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/606487FCDC4D8A432E2E73CD802AFF75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	P. C., Gallego;Wood, J. R. I.;American, South	P. C., Gallego, Wood, J. R. I., American, South (2023): Anisophylly in South American Acanthaceae. Rheedea 33 (4): 221-245, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.01
