identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
623587E16B2EFF36FCE1F2D5EF83B75D.text	623587E16B2EFF36FCE1F2D5EF83B75D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon adenocalyx Gagnep.	<div><p>1. Trigonostemon adenocalyx Gagnep. — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 1</p><p>Trigonostemon adenocalyx Gagnep. (1922) 747; (1925b) 319. — Type: Unknown collector (P, barcode P00717084), Indochina ?</p><p>Trigonostemon lutescens Y.T.Chang &amp; J.Y.Liang in Chang (1983) 173. — Type: Longgang Exped. 12083 (IBK, barcodes IBK00169526, IBK00190787), China, Guangxi, Longgang Natural Reserve .</p><p>Shrubs, 0.4–1.2 m tall; flowering branches 1.1–3.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale to dark brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.4–0.7 mm long, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 1–7.2 cm long, 1–2.3 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade elliptic, 9.5–28.6 by 3.5–11.7 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate to glandular, apex acuminate, upper surface rough, with very small glandular protrusions spreading over the blade giving a sandpaper touch, both surfaces pubescent; venation triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and elevated and pubescent beneath, secondary veins 7–12 pairs, connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary panicles; main axis terete, 9–26 cm long, 1–1.9 mm diam, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 1–25 by 0.3–4 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 5–8.5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 4.7–6 mm long, 0.15–0.25 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 1–2 by 0.5–1.4 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, sometimes with a notch and an adaxial gland, slightly pubescent outside; petals flabellate, 4–7.2 by 1.7–4.5 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded, yellow to orange, glabrous; disc annular, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore 0.9–1.7 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, free part of filaments 0.3–0.5 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 8 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long, 1–1.1 mm diam, pubescent; sepals lanceolate, 3–7 by 1–1.8 mm, apex acuminate; petals as staminate flowers; disc annular, c. 0.5 mm wide; ovary 0.9–1.2 mm diam, glabrous, style absent, stigmas 0.7–1.2 mm long, apically not bifid but thickened. Fruits 1.05–1.3 cm diam, glabrous, smooth, sometimes marbled; pedicel 0.8–1.7 cm long, 1.3–1.7 mm diam (apex); sepals persistent, very slightly or not accrescent; columella 4.5–6 mm long. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — China (Guangxi), Indochina (?).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests, growing on limestone. Elevation: 280– 400 m. Flowering: April to May; fruiting: April and August.</p><p>Notes — 1. The species resembles T. viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. elegantissimus (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw in the large paniculate inflorescences and the conical flower buds, but the leaves contain small glandular lumps on the upper surface, which give a sandpaper touch.</p><p>2. The distribution of the species in Indochina is only known from the type specimen. The collecting location of the type specimen is uncertain (marked as ‘Indo-Chine?’ on the sheet). As we doubt the presence in Indochina the species is not listed in the key to the species in Indochina .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B2EFF36FCE1F2D5EF83B75D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2FFF36FFAEF07BEFC5B92A.text	623587E16B2FFF36FFAEF07BEFC5B92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Boerl.	<div><p>2. Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. &amp; Binn.) Boerl. — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 2</p><p>Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. &amp; Binn.) Boerl. (1900) 284; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 93; (1931) 170; Jabl. (1963) 164, in obs.; Airy Shaw (1969) 126; (1972) 345, f. 11; Whitmore (1973) 136; Airy Shaw (1974) t. 3721; (1981) 352; Chantar. (2007) 576; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 187, f. 1. — Tylosepalum aurantiacum Kurz ex Teijsm. &amp; Binn. (1864) 50. — Codiaeum aurantiacum (Kurz ex Teijsm. &amp; Binn.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 1118. — Lectotype (designated by Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018): Teijsmann s.n. (L, barcode L.2260196), Indonesia, Java,cultivated in Bogor Botanical Garden (originally from Bangka?).</p><p>Trigonostemon aurantiacus (Kurz ex Teijsm. &amp; Binn.) Boerl. var. rubriflorus N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1984a) 169; Chakrab.(1985) 498. — Type: Ansari 1361 (holo CAL (1361A), barcode CAL0000023655; iso PBL (1361B–F), not seen), India, South Andamans, Havelock Islands.</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — India (South Andamans), Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Bali.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B2FFF36FFAEF07BEFC5B92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2FFF31FCE1F510EEB8B40C.text	623587E16B2FFF31FCE1F510EEB8B40C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon bonianus Gagnep.	<div><p>3. Trigonostemon bonianus Gagnep. — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 3</p><p>Trigonostemon bonianus Gagnep. (1922) 747; (1925b) 314; P.T. Li et al. (2006) 118; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 274. — Lectotype (designated by Li et al. 2006): Bon 718 (P, barcode P00717086), Vietnam, Mount Trui.</p><p>Trigonostemon petelotii Merr. (1924) 425. — Type: Pételot 795 (A, barcode A00048876,P,barcodes P00648663, P00648664,UC*,barcode UC223795), Vietnam, Cho-Ganh .</p><p>Trigonostemon filipes Y.T.Chang &amp; S.L.Mo in Chang (1989) 149; H. S. Kiu (1996) 169. — Type: Longgang Exped. 12240 (holo IBK, barcode IBK00169515; iso MO,barcode MO934096), China, Guangxi, Longgang Natural Reserve .</p><p>Trigonostemon kwangsiensis Hand.-Mazz.var. viridulis H.S.Kiu in Kiu &amp; Chen (1992) 211. — Type: Liang 66719 (holo IBSC, barcode IBSC0306903; iso IBK, barcodes IBK00169523, IBK00169525), China, Guangxi, Longzhou, Shangjin, Longhushan .</p><p>Shrubs, 0.5–3 m tall; flowering branches 1–2 mm diam, pubes- cent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts. Bark c. 0.1 mm thick, white when young, dark brown to black when mature; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.3–0.9 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, sometimes thickened at apex and base, 0.4–4 cm long, middle part 0.6–1.1 mm diam, pubescent; blade elliptic to oblong, 5.5–16 by 1.7–6.1 cm, somewhat thin-chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 1–2 pairs of adaxial glands present, often caducous, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate, apex acuminate to caudate, upper surface glabrous or glabrescent, lower surface sparsely pubescent; venation indistinctively triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and distinctively elevated and pubescent beneath, secondary veins 5–8 pairs, connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, sometimes obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, often terminal, paniculate thyrses, often only a few flower buds present in the inflorescences in herbarium specimens; main axis terete, 3–13 cm long, (0.2–) 0.4–0.5 mm diam, often slightly pubescent; involucral bracts as stipules; bracts linear to lanceolate to trian- gular, 0.2–3.5 by 0.2–0.6 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 2 mm diam; pedicel 0.8–3.9 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, glabrous to slightly pubescent; sepals elliptic to ovate, 0.7–1.5 by 0.3–1 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute, sometimes with a notch and/or an adaxial gland, pubescent outside; petals orbicular, 1.3–1.6 by 1–1.3 mm, yellow, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, margin undulate, c. 0.3 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore very short, indistinct, anthers globose to ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 8 mm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 4.8–11.3 mm long, apically 0.6–0.9 mm diam when flowering, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 2–2.9 by 1–1.3 mm, apex acute, sometimes with a notch and an adaxial gland; petals as staminate flowers; disc annular, c. 0.4 mm wide, margin undulate; ovary c. 2.2 mm diam, glabrous, style c. 0.3 mm long, stigmas c. 0.5 mm long, not bifid. Fruits 0.8–1.1 cm diam, glabrous; pedicel 1.2–2.2 cm long, 1.2–1.5 mm diam (apex); sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.3–0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 5.7–7.7 mm long. Seeds 6.3–6.7 mm diam, marbled; hilum rhombic, 0.9–1.3 by 0.7–0.9 mm.</p><p>Distribution — China (Guangxi), Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests, growing on limestone. Eleva- tion: 160– 650 m. Flowering: March to May,August to October; fruiting: May, August, November.</p><p>Note — The species has a unique spotting character: the inflorescences have a long (often more than 1/2 length of the whole inflorescence) and very thin peduncle without side branches.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B2FFF31FCE1F510EEB8B40C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B28FF31FFA9F34AEFF3B7F3.text	623587E16B28FF31FFA9F34AEFF3B7F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook. f.) Airy Shaw	<div><p>4. Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 1</p><p>Trigonostemon capillipes (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw (1967) 413; (1972) 345; Whit- more (1973) 135; Airy Shaw (1975) 202; R.I. Milne (1995) 28, in key, 29, in key, 45; Chantar. (2005) 24; (2007) 576; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 191. — Dimorphocalyx capillipes Hook.f. (1887) 404; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 33; Ridl. (1924) 266. — Type: Lobb s. n. (K, barcode K000894763), Singapore.</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand (Trang, Ranong, Satun), Malay Peninsula (Perlis, Singapore).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B28FF31FFA9F34AEFF3B7F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B28FF31FFA9F0D5EB72B97A.text	623587E16B28FF31FFA9F0D5EB72B97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon capitellatus Gagnep.	<div><p>5. Trigonostemon capitellatus Gagnep. — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 1</p><p>Trigonostemon capitellatus Gagnep. (1922) 748; (1925b) 311. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre 1323 (P, barcode P00717092; iso K, barcode K000959315, P, barcodes P00717090, P00717091, US 00433339), Viet- nam, Bien Hoa, towards Dongnai river near Tri Huyen. — Other syntypes: Thorel s. n. (P, barcode P00717089), Laos, Île de Khon; Pierre 472 (P, barcode P00717093), Vietnam, Bien Hoa, towards Dongnai river near Tri Huyen.</p><p>Trigonostemon cochinchinensis Gagnep.(1922) 748, syn.nov.;(1925b) 311. — Type: Pierre 1869 (K, barcode K000959316, P, barcodes P00717094, P00717095, P00717096), Vietnam, Bao Chiang .</p><p>Trigonostemon thorelii Gagnep.(1922) 755, syn. nov.; (1925b) 315. — Type: Thorel 2264 (A, barcode A00048877, P, barcodes P00648671, P00648672, P00717148), Laos, Stung Tréng à Kong .</p><p>Trigonostemon verrucosus J.J.Sm. (1924) 97, syn. nov. — Type: Bogor Botanical Garden VIII.E.16 (BO, sheets no. BO1298241, BO1298242, BO1298243, IBSC, barcode IBSC0306957, K, barcode K000959299, L, barcode L.2258669, SING, U, barcode U0002105), Java, cultivated in Bogor Botanical Garden.</p><p>Shrubs, 1.5–3m tall,dbh 2–3cm;flowering branches 1.3–3.7 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, very finely rough- ened, brown, grey or black; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark red; wood pale yellowish, pith sometimes hollow. Stipules very small, often indistinct, pointing or subulate, 0.2–0.4 mm long, pubescent at base, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete but flat or slightly furrowed above, 0.3–2.3 cm long, 0.6–1.5 mm diam, pubescent; blade elliptic to oblong, 6–17.6 by 2–6.2 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, upper sur- face glabrous, dark glossy green, lower surface more or less pubescent especially along venation and margin, bright light green; venation distinctly triplinerved, midrib and basal second- ary veins slightly raised above, distinctly elevated beneath, other secondary veins 3–6 pairs, veinlets reticulate, sometimes obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, often axillary panicles; main axis up to 21 cm long, 0.5–1 mm diam, green, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, up to 3 by 0.5 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.5–5.5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicels 2.5–4.4 mm long, 0.15–0.3 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals elliptic to somewhat rectangular, 0.6–0.8 by 0.5–0.7 mm, apex truncate or slightly emarginate, glabrescent outside, with an apical gland outside; petals obovate, 2–3.2 by 1.2–1.7 mm, pale light to dull ochreyellow, contort, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, 0.2–0.3 mm wide, 0.5–0.7 mm diam, glossy dark yellow, margin un- dulate, glabrous; stamens 3, androphore erect, 0.7–1.2 mm long, 0.1–0.15 mm diam, white, trifid at apex, free filament part 0.2–0.3 mm long, white, anthers free, subglobose, 0.35–0.6 mm long, cream. Pistillate flowers c. 5 mm diam; buds conical; pedicels as staminate flower but thickening toward apex, 5–7 mm long, apically 0.5–0.6 mm diam when flowering, accres- cent up to 1.5 cm long and 1.5 mm diam in fruit; sepals as in staminate flowers but sometimes lanceolate, apex sometimes acute, sometimes with more hairs, especially near gland; petals as staminate flowers but caducous when fruiting; disc as in staminate flowers; ovary 0.7–0.8 mm diam, glabrous and sometimes gibbose, style 0.1–0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.6–1 mm long, apically very slightly bifid and thickened. Fruits 0.95–1 cm diam, glabrous, more or less warty; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.3–0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 3–5 mm long. Seeds 5.2–6.2 mm diam, dark brown- ish when dry, sometimes marbled, hilum oblong to orbicular, 0.6–1.2 by 0.3–0.9 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Shaded understory in mixed evergreen, deciduous, seasonal or degraded hardwood forests. Growing on shale bedrocks. Elevation: c. 60 m. Flowering: March, July, September to October; fruiting: July, October.</p><p>Notes — 1. The species can be recognised by its distinctly triplinerved venation.</p><p>2.An illustration attached to one of the two syntypes of T. capitellatus ( Pierre 472, P, barcode P00717093) clearly shows a disc of 5 separate lobes in the pistillate flowers, while the other syntype ( Pierre 1323, P, barcode P00717090) and our own observations indicate otherwise: the disc in the pistillate flowers is annular but often with an undulate margin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B28FF31FFA9F0D5EB72B97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B29FF30FFAEF5FDEA7EB5BC.text	623587E16B29FF30FFAEF5FDEA7EB5BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon cherrieri Veillon 1992	<div><p>6. Trigonostemon cherrieri Veillon — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 4</p><p>Trigonostemon cherrieri Veillon (1992) 55. — Type: Veillon 7385 (holo P, barcode P00057693;iso K, barcode K000959366,L, barcode L0016479,P, barcodes P00057694, P00057695, P00057696,MO*,barcode MO260396, NOU*,barcodes NOU005872, NOU005874), New Caledonia, Poya,south of Mepouiri, not far from the coast.</p><p>Shrubs, 2–4 m tall; flowering branches 0.8–3.5 mm diam, pu- bescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale brown to grey; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, red- dish brown; wood pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.15–0.3 mm long, caducous, often indistinct, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 0.5–2.2 cm long, 0.7–1.4 mm diam, sparsely pubescent or glabrous; blade elliptic, 3.5–11.5 by 1.8–4.9 cm, coriaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, apex rounded, occasionally with a short notch, both surfaces glabrescent; venation pin- nate, midrib flat above and elevated beneath, base slightly pubescent beneath when young, secondary veins 4–8 pairs, curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual or unisexual, terminal or axillary or cauliflorous, fascicled cymes or racemose thyrses; axis terete, up to 5.5 cm long, 0.5–1.1 mm diam, slightly pubescent, 1–2 pistillate flowers at apex, staminate flowers below; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–2.4 by 0.15–0.5 mm, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers 4.2–5.3 mm diam; pedicel 3.8–7.4 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm diam, slightly pubescent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 1.2–2.1 by 0.3–1.2 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 2–3.2 by 1.3–1.7 mm, yellow, glabrous; disc lobes semi-orbicular, c. 0.2 by 0.4 mm diam, apex rounded; stamens 3, androphore c. 1.6 mm long, c. 0.15 mm diam, anthers ellip- soid, 0.5–0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers (fruiting) c. 2.5 mm diam; pedicel 1.1–1.7 cm long, 0.7–0.8 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals lanceolate to elliptic, 1.5–2.5 by 0.7–1.5 mm, margin entire, apex rounded to acute to sometimes acuminate; petals elliptic, 4–4.3 by 0.7–1 mm, yellow; disc not seen; ovary c. 1.1 mm diam, glabrous, style 0.3–0.5 mm long, stigmas 0.6–1 mm long, apically shortly bifid, free arms 0.15–0.4 mm long. Fruits 0.95–1.2 cm diam, glabrous; pedicel 1.8–3.4 cm long, 1.7–2 mm diam; sepals persistent but not much accrescent; wall 0.5–0.6 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 6.5–8.7 mm long. Seeds 6–7.5 mm diam, reddish brown; hilum rhombic, 1–2 by 0.5–0.6 mm.</p><p>Distribution — New Caledonia (endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Undergrowth, on black clay. Elevation: c. 10 m. Flowering and fruiting: June and December.</p><p>Note — The species is characterised by its relatively small (up to 11.5 by 4.9 cm), coriaceous, elliptic leaves and fascicled short inflorescences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B29FF30FFAEF5FDEA7EB5BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B29FF33FCE1F31AEC29B2C5.text	623587E16B29FF33FCE1F31AEC29B2C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon diplopetalus Thwaites	<div><p>7. Trigonostemon diplopetalus Thwaites — sect. Pycnanthera — Map 5</p><p>Trigonostemon diplopetalus Thwaites (1861) 277; Müll.Arg. (1866) 1108; Hook.f., (1887) 398; Trimen (1898) 51, pl. 83; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 93, f. 39;N.P.Balakr.&amp; Chakrab.(1991) 613,f. 3; Philcox (1997) 110. — Lectotype (designated here): Thwaites CP 578 (G*, barcode G00435106; iso A,barcode A00048867,BR*,barcode BR0000005105045,CAL, barcodes CAL0000023676,CAL0000023677,FR*, barcode FR0036073,G*, no barcode, in the same folder with lectotype; G-DC*, barcode G00319791, on 2 sheets, GH*, barcode GH00048868, K, barcode K000246865, P, barcodes P00717097, P00717098), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Shrubs or small trees; flowering branches 2–2.8 mm thick, pubescent when young, glabrous in older parts. Outer bark 0.1– 0.2 mm diam, dark to pale brown; inner bark 0.1–0.3 mm thick; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.4–1 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.5–1.2 cm long, 1–1.7 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young; blade oblong to oblanceolate, 14–23.5 by 3.5–5.5 cm, thick chartaceous, lower part cuneately narrowed, decurrent into petiole, 2 adaxial glands present, falcate, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate, apex acuminate, both surfaces glabrous, slightly pubescent beneath when young; venation pinnate, mid- rib almost flat above, elevated beneath, secondary veins 11–16 pairs, bifurcate and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, racemose thyrses, terminal; axis 3.3–17 cm long, 1.2–1.7 mm diam, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.2–1.3 by 0.4–0.7 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) 2–2.2 mm diam; pedicel 1.1–2.5 mm long, 0.35–0.4 mm diam, pubescent; sepals lanceolate, 1.3–1.5 by 0.5–0.7 mm, base connate, apex rounded to acute, pubescent outside; petals (Trimen 1898) about as long as sepals, denticu- late and crisped, bilobed, red; disc glands 5 (Balakrishnan &amp; Chakrabarty 1991), c. 0.2 by 0.3 mm; stamens (Balakrishnan &amp; Chakrabarty 1991) 3, sessile? (see note 2), connective fleshy, forming a stalk, c. 0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers (bud) 2–2.1 mm diam; pedicel 5.2–6 mm long, apically 0.5–0.7 mm diam, pubescent; sepals lanceolate to oblong, 2–2.6 by 0.7–1 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent and gibbose (with a horn-like ap- pendage) outside (Balakrishnan &amp; Chakrabarty 1991); petals (Trimen 1898) as in staminate flowers, but larger and reflexed; ovary (Philcox 1997) pubescent, stigmas (Trimen 1898) apically twice bifid, with short stout branches. Fruits (Philcox 1997) 1–1.5 cm diam, subglobose. Seeds (Philcox 1997) 5.5–6 mm diam, pale brown, with shallow longitudinal ridge.</p><p>Distribution — Sri Lanka (endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology (Trimen 1898) — Forests in moist regions. Elevation: 0– 300 m. Flowering: March to May, September.</p><p>Notes — 1. A very rare species, endemic to Sri Lanka. It is possibly allied to T. nemoralis Thwaites because of the sessile anthers. The petals are bilobed.</p><p>2. In Balakrishnan &amp; Chakrabarty’s revision (1991), the anthers are said to be sessile in the text, but the illustration shows a filament below, supporting the anthers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B29FF33FCE1F31AEC29B2C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B2AFF3DFFAEF5F8EF7DB0E4.text	623587E16B2AFF3DFFAEF5F8EF7DB0E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon eberhardtii Gagnep.	<div><p>8. Trigonostemon eberhardtii Gagnep. — sect. Tylosepalum — Fig. 1; Map 6</p><p>Trigonostemon eberhardtii Gagnep. (1922) 749; (1925b) 313. — Lectotype (designated here): Bon 5239 (P, barcode P00717103), Vietnam, Annam, Thanh-hoa. — Other syntypes: Eberhardt 4293 (P, barcodes P00717101, P00717102), Vietnam, Tonkin, Hoa-binh, Mai-ha; Bon 5465 (P, barcodes P00717099, P00717100), Vietnam, Annam, Son-thôn.</p><p>Trigonostemon harmandii Gagnep. (1922) 750; (1925b) 313. — Type: Harmand 2956 (P, barcodes P00648665, P00648666, P00648667), Cambodia .</p><p>Trigonostemon poilanei Gagnep. (1922) 753; (1925b) 314. — Type: Poilane 40807 (A, barcode A00048878, P, barcode P00717127), Vietnam, Bien- hoa, Giaray .</p><p>Trigonostemon albiflorus Airy Shaw (1971) 547; (1972) 345; Chantar.(2005) 23; (2007) 574, f. 92; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 273. — Trigonostemon leucanthus Airy Shaw var. siamensis H.S.Kiu in Kiu &amp; Chen (1992) 211.— Type: Winit 1704 (holo K, on 2 sheets,barcodes K000959303,K000959304; iso BK, barcode BK257891, BM, barcode BM000951503), Thailand, Lampang, Mê Pêng.</p><p>Trigonostemon leucanthus Airy Shaw (1971) 548; H. S. Kiu (1996) 164. — Type: Morse 668 (K, barcodes K000959336, K000959337), China, Guangxi, Longzhou .</p><p>Trigonostemon wui H.S. Kiu (1995) 19, f. 2. — Type: Kiu [H. X. Qiu] 451 (holo IBSC, not found; iso IBK, barcode IBK00190788), China, Guangdong, Fengkai, Yulao .</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, 1–5(–7) m tall, dbh 2.8–6.3 cm; flowering branches 1.1–5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts (and sometimes petals). Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark to pale brown or greyish brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, brown to reddish brown; wood white to pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.3–0.7 mm long, caducous, often pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved or flat above, 0.5–8 cm long, 0.7–2.1 mm diam, glabrous or pubescent; blade elliptic, 8.5–26 by 2.5–8 cm, chartaceous, base acute, 2 adaxial glands present, occasionally sparsely pu- bescent, margin entire or very distantly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, upper surface glabrous, dark green, lower surface often very sparsely pubescent, pale green; venation triplinerved, midrib (and sometimes 2 basal secondary veins) slightly raised above and distinctively elevated beneath, pubescent on lower surface, especially near base, other secondary veins 4–7(–10) pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary, paniculate, pistillate flowers open before staminate ones; main axis terete, up to 31.5 cm long, 0.4–2.7 mm diam, pubescent to glabrous; bracts linear to lanceolate to triangular, 0.7–2.7 by 0.3–0.6 mm, pubescent outside; bracteoles linear to lanceolate, 0.4–0.7 by 0.1–0.2 mm, densely pubescent. Staminate flowers 6–8 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 2–9.5 mm long, 0.15–0.3 mm diam, glabrous, light green; sepals elliptic, 1–2.3 by 0.5–0.7 mm, light green, base connate, mar- gin entire, apex acute, often with a short notch and an adaxial gland, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 2.8–5 by 1.5–3 mm, contort, membranous, white, lower part cuneately narrowed, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, yellow, margin undulate, often deeply notched, 0.4 (inner margin)– 0.6 mm (outer mar- gin) diam; stamens 3, androphore 0.9–1.2 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam, white, free part of filaments c. 0.2 mm long, white, anthers free, globose to ellipsoid, 0.3–0.4 mm long, yellow. Pistillate flowers 6–9 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 3–15.5 mm long, apically 0.45–1.1 mm diam when flowering, glabrescent; sepals as staminate flowers but larger, 1.3–3.8 by 0.6–1.3 mm, apex often with an adaxial gland but without notch; petals as staminate flowers; disc lobes 5, rectangular, 0.3–0.45 by 0.3–0.4 mm, yellow, apex truncate; ovary 1–1.1 mm diam, glabrous, green, style 0.1–0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.8–1.1 mm long, bent, white, apically slightly thickened and slightly bifid. Fruits 1.1–1.5 cm diam, greenish, glabrous; pedicel 1.9–3.4 cm long, 1.2–1.8 mm diam; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.4–0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 4.5–6.5 mm long. Seeds 7–8 mm diam, marbled; hilum rhombic, 2.5–3 by 1–2 mm.</p><p>Distribution — China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen or deciduous forests, growing on limestone, sometimes in shaded areas near rivers. Elevation: 150–1300 m. Flowering: March to December; fruiting: May to December.</p><p>Notes — 1. Trigonostemon eberhardtii is characterised by the translucent (oil?) dots and white petals (the label of a specimen from Thailand, Sangkhachand 531, indicates that the petals are yellow, but this is a very exceptional case and the label could be wrong).Although the dots are not always present in all green parts (young branches, petiole, leaf blade, inflorescences, sepals, ovary and fruits), when present, it is a good spotting character, particularly in herbarium material.</p><p>2. The species resembles T. viridissimus, with which the morphological boundary is sometimes unclear. However, the molecular phylogeny (Yu et al. 2019) shows that the two spe- cies are placed in different subclades within sect. Tylosepalum . Main characters that can be used in identification include: 1) the white petals (yellow to orange in T. viridissimus); 2) monopodial branching in the inflorescences with relatively more condensed staminate flowers (vs sympodial branching and relatively loose panicles in T. viridissimus var. viridissimus); and 3) an indistinc- tive style (shorter than 2 mm in T. eberhardtii; up to 6 mm in T. viridissimus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B2AFF3DFFAEF5F8EF7DB0E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B24FF3DFFACF7E5EA12B706.text	623587E16B24FF3DFFACF7E5EA12B706.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon flavidus Gagnep.	<div><p>9. Trigonostemon flavidus Gagnep. — sect. Trigonostemon — Fig. 2; Map 7</p><p>Trigonostemon flavidus Gagnep.(1922) 749; (1925b) 320;P.T. Li et al. (2006) 119;P.T. Li &amp; M.G. Gilbert (2008) 273;R.Y. Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 195. — Lectotype (designated here): Harmand 3273 (P, barcode P00717104; iso P, barcode P00717105), Laos, in Lakhon mountains, near Me-Kong.</p><p>Trigonostemon heterophyllus Merr. (1930) 38; N.P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 617,f.5;H.S. Kiu (1996) 163; Chantar. (2005) 24;(2007)577,pl.31,1. — Type: Tsang 594 [17343] (A*, barcodes A00048861, A00048862,B*, barcode B10 0249526, BM, barcode BM000951501, BO, sheet no. BO1695956, CAL, barcode CAL0000023662, ECON*, barcode ECON00254237, G, barcode G00435104,K,barcode K000959339,L, barcode L0160156, MO*,barcode MO-260398, NTUF*, NY*, barcode NY00273341, P, barcode P00717108, PE, barcodes PE00022683, PE00022684, UC*, barcode UC373861, US*, barcodes US 00096533,US00997745,W*,sheet no. W1940-0006789,WIS*, barcode WISv0255641), China, Hainan, Taam Chau District [= Danzhou County], Sha Po Shan [= Mt Sha Bao].</p><p>Trigonostemon sunirmalii Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1984b) 179. — Type: Biswas 22 (holo CAL, barcode CAL0000023663; iso CAL, barcode CAL0000023664), Myanmar, Tenasserim [= Tanintharyi Region], Nim- chaung.</p><p>Small trees, 1–2.5 m tall; flowering branches up to 4.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale brown to dark grey, smooth or roughened; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, reddish brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.7–1 mm long, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but sometimes flattened or grooved above, 0.2–1.2 cm long, 0.7–2.4 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade obovate or oblanceolate, cu- neately narrowed and sometimes unequal in the lower middle part, 9–35 by 5–9 cm, chartaceous, base abruptly rounded to truncate, with 2 adaxial glands, margin distantly serrate, teeth small and nipple-like, apex caudate to acuminate, upper surface dark to light green, lower surface paler, both surfaces pubescent, especially on secondary veins and margin; vena- tion pinnate; midrib thin, elevated on both surfaces, secondary veins 10–13 pairs, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, in short cymes or thyrses, cauliflorous or supported by a peduncle and involucral bracts; peduncle 1–9 cm long, pubescent; involucral bracts lanceolate, 8–38 by 0.7–9 mm, pubescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 1.1–5.5(–15) by 0.2–0.7(–2) mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.6–6 mm diam; pedicel 2.4–4.7 mm long, 0.15–0.3 mm thick, pink to light green, glabrous; sepals elliptic or obovate, 1.1–2.4 by 0.5–1.8 mm, green, base connate, margin ciliate, apex often acute to rounded, occasionally with a notch, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 2.1–4.2 by 1.7–2.2 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous, dark reddish to maroon-purple to black; disc lobes obovate or rectangular, 0.4–0.7 by 0.15–0.25 mm, sometimes narrowed at base, often reflected at apex, light orange, gla- brous; stamens 3, androphore 1–1.2 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diam, white, shortly trifid at apex, free part of filaments 0.1–0.2 mm long; anthers free, divaricate at apex, thecae 0.4–0.6 mm long, pale yellow, connective pinkish red, with numerous droplets with secretion. Pistillate flowers few, slightly enlarged when fruiting, up to c. 1 cm diam; pedicel c. 1.5 mm long and c. 0.5 mm diam in flower bud, accrescent to c. 7 mm long and apically c. 1 mm diam when fruiting; sepals lanceolate to linear, 2.2–3.4 by 1–1.5 mm when flowering, accrescent to 2.4 by 0.9 cm in fruit, margin entire or with a few teeth, apex acuminate, pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 3–3.3 by 2–2.7 mm (flower bud), caducous; disc glands rectangular to semi-orbicular, 0.5–0.6 by 0.4–0.6 mm, rounded or truncate at apex, glabrous; ovary c. 0.7 mm diam, bright dark green, densely pubescent, style almost indistinct, stigmas 3, completely divided, free arms 0.6–0.7 mm long. Fruits c. 1.2 cm diam, green when young, brown when mature, densely pubescent; wall woody, 0.5–0.55 mm thick; columella 4.2–6.7 mm long. Seeds 4.2–6.7 by 4.5–5.7 mm, light or dark brownish when dry, hilum irregularly shaped, more or less triangular, 0.8–1.3 by 0.5–0.7 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar (Tenasserim), China, Laos, Thai- land, Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Understorey in evergreen forests to deciduous hardwood or bamboo forests, often near rivers, growing on sandstones to conglomerate bedrocks. Elevation: c. 200 m. Flowering: January to March, July; fruiting: February, July to October.</p><p>Note — Trigonostemon flavidus strongly resembles T. semperflorens (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. from India but has much denser and stronger hairs (Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018, Balakrishnan &amp; Chakra- barty 1991). We treat them as separate species, because there is a clear gap in the extent of pubescence (pubescent in T. flavidus but glabrous in T. semperflorens; no intermediate forms are found) and there is a gap in the distribution – both species are absent in central Myanmar ( T. flavidus has its western most limit in S Myanmar (Tenasserim) and T. semperflorens occurs in NE India and Bangladesh).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B24FF3DFFACF7E5EA12B706	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B24FF3FFCE0F044EF3BB608.text	623587E16B24FF3FFCE0F044EF3BB608.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon fragilis (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw	<div><p>10. Trigonostemon fragilis (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 8</p><p>Trigonostemon fragilis (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw (1978) 415. — Poilaniella fragilis Gagnep. (1925a) 467; (1925b) 307; P.T. Li et al. (2006) 119; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 274. — Lectotype (designated here): Poilane 2927 (P, barcode P00712172;iso A*, barcode A00106974,P, barcodes P00712173, P00712174), Vietnam, Annam, Tre Island, near Nhatrang.</p><p>Shrubs, 2–3 m tall; flowering branches 1.1–2.5 mm diam, pu- bescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale brown to grey; inner bark 0.1–0.3 mm thick, pale to reddish brown; wood pale yellowish to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.2–0.5 mm long, caducous, often indistinct, pubes- cent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 0.5–2.4 cm long, 0.5–1 mm diam, glabrescent; blade elliptic to ovate, 1.8–5.5 by 1.2–3 cm, chartaceous, base acute to rounded or sometimes truncate, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, apex acute or rounded, both surfaces glabrescent, particularly pubescent within the axils of midrib and lateral veins and one or more domatia sometimes present; venation triplinerved, midrib and basal secondary veins flat or slightly raised above and elevated beneath, other secondary veins 3–4 pairs, curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual, terminal or axillary, cymes or thyrses; axis terete, 1–3.8 cm long, 0.4–0.7 mm diam, gla- brescent; bracts lanceolate to oblong, 0.2–1 by 0.2–0.5 mm, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 2.4 mm diam; pedicel 6.4–7.5 mm long, slightly thickening toward apex, 0.3–0.7 mm diam, slightly pubescent; sepals elliptic, unequal, 1.2–2.1 by 0.9–1.5 mm, margin entire, apex rounded, pubes- cent outside; petals flabellate, but elliptic when young, 1.5–1.6 by 1–1.4 mm, apex sometimes slightly bilobed; disc annular, c. 0.2 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore erect, c. 0.1 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.8–0.9 mm long. Pistillate flowers (flattened) c. 1 cm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 7.3–10 mm long, apically 0.5–0.7 mm diam; sepals elliptic, 1.6–3.2 by 0.9–1.4 mm, margin entire, apex acute, pubescent outside; petals flabellate, 3.2–5 by 3.2–5.4 mm, apex slightly bilobed; disc annular, 0.2–0.3 mm wide; ovary 0.7–1 mm diam, glabrous, style absent, stigmas 0.4–0.55 mm long, thickened and with a very shallow groove at apex. Fruits 1.2–1.3 cm diam, glabrous; wall 0.7–1 mm thick, exocarp 0.3–0.6 mm thick, completely detached; columella 7.1–7.8 mm long. Seeds flattened globose, 10–10.5 by 9–9.5 mm, hilum oblong, 2.3–2.4 by 1.1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — China (Hainan?), Vietnam (Ninh Hai District, Ninh Thuan Province).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests, dry and level lands, or near salt fields or lakes; on sandy soil or clay. Flowering: April; fruit- ing: January, April.</p><p>Note — This is the only species in Trigonostemon with domatia in some leaves.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B24FF3FFCE0F044EF3BB608	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B26FF3FFFAEF157EABAB484.text	623587E16B26FF3FFFAEF157EABAB484.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon heteranthus Wight	<div><p>11. Trigonostemon heteranthus Wight — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 1</p><p>Trigonostemon heteranthus Wight (1852) 24,t. 1890; Müll.Arg. (1866) 1109; Kurz (1877b) 406 (‘heteranthum ’); Hook. f. (1887) 396; N.P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 615,f. 4. — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith KD 4796 (K, barcode K000246910; iso P, barcode P00717107), Myanmar, Mergui. — Other syntypes: Griffith s. n. (K,barcode K000246861), Myanmar, Mergui; Helfer KD 4796 (K, barcode K000246862), Myanmar, Mergui.</p><p>Shrubs, 1.3–5 m tall, dbh c. 6.4 cm; flowering branches 2.3–3 mm diam, often pubescent when young. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale brown to slightly reddish brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark reddish brown; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.9–1.8 mm long, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 1–15.8 cm long, thickened at apex and base, in middle 0.7–1.9 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young; blade elliptic to oblong or oblanceolate, 7.8–28 by 2.6–10 cm, chartaceous, base rounded to acute to acuminate, with 2 adaxial glands, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular or falcate, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, both surfaces glabrous, but pubescent beneath when young; venation pin- nate; midrib slightly elevated above and distinctively elevated beneath, sometimes sparsely pubescent beneath, secondary veins 9–17 pairs, bifurcate and connected along margin, veinlets reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual or unisexual, racemose thyrses, often terminal, pistillate flowers single per node, open first; axis 4–21 cm long, 0.6–1.4 mm diam, pubescent; involucral bracts as stipules, but somewhat longer, 1.1–2.4 mm long; bracts under each node and flower, lanceolate, 0.6–4.1 by 0.2–1 mm. Staminate flowers c. 2 mm diam; pedicel 4.5–7.5 mm long (2–5 mm long below articu- lation, c. 5 mm long above articulation), 0.1–0.2 mm diam, glabrous; sepals elliptic, 1–1.6 by 0.8–1.1 mm, base connate, margin serrate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent; petals el- liptic to obovate, c. 2.5 by 2 mm, white; disc glands 5; stamens 3, clustered on an erect androphore. Pistillate flowers 5–7.3 mm diam; pedicel 8–11.5 mm long and apically 0.4–0.6 mm diam when flowering, elongating to 1.9–2.6 cm long and api- cally 0.8–1.2 mm diam when fruiting, an articulation present at 2/3 of length below apex; sepals ovate to triangular, 1.8–2.5 by 0.8–1.5 mm when flowering, accrescent to 5.2–7 by 2–3 mm when fruiting, base connate, margin fringed and serrate, with capitate glands; petals obovate, 2.4–3.4 by 1.4–2.4 mm, contort and conical in bud, white; disc lobes semi-orbicular, c. 0.2 by 0.6 mm, apex rounded, glabrous; ovary 0.8–1.2 mm diam, glabrous, style 0.15–0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.5–0.6 mm long, thickened but not bifid at apex. Fruits c. 1 cm diam. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar (Mergui and Tavoy, endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 65–200 m. Flow- ering: January to March.</p><p>Note — The species is similar to T. kerrii Craib in the fringed pistillate sepals with capitate glands, but differs in the white petals and the stigmas without division.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B26FF3FFFAEF157EABAB484	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B26FF3EFCE1F3C2EF0AB5A5.text	623587E16B26FF3EFCE1F3C2EF0AB5A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon inopinatus Airy Shaw 1976	<div><p>12. Trigonostemon inopinatus Airy Shaw — sect. Spinipollen — Map 4</p><p>Trigonostemon inopinatus Airy Shaw (1976) 396; (1980) 691. — Type: Webb &amp; Tracey 7762 (holo BRI, barcode BRI-AQ0205473, on 2 sheets), Australia, Queensland, Cawley State Forest, west of Cathu between Mackay &amp; Proserpine .</p><p>Small trees or shrubs, up to 7 m tall; flowering branches 1.1–2.2 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, pale brown to grey; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, reddish brown; wood pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.1–0.35 mm long, sometimes pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 1–2.2 cm long, 0.8–1.7 mm diam, sometimes very slightly thickened towards base and apex, pubescent; blade elliptic, 5–10 by 2.4–4.8 cm, chartaceous, base acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, apex acute to acuminate, upper surface pubescent when young, glabrescent, lower surface often pubescent; venation pinnate, midrib flat above and elevated beneath, pubescent beneath, secondary veins 4–8 pairs, curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary; staminate ones thyrsoid, dichotomously branching, often subtended by bracts and supported by a peduncle, peduncle terete, 0.8–4.5 cm long, 0.4–1 mm diam, pubescent, bracts oblong, 2.8–25 by 1–6 mm, pubescent on both sides; pistillate inflorescences cymes, peduncle terete, 1.2–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1 mm diam, bracts oblong to lanceolate, 7–16 by 2–3.8 mm, pubescent on both sides. Staminate flowers c. 6 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 4.2–6 mm long, apically 0.4–0.6 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 1.8–2.7 by 0.7–0.8 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate, pubescent outside; petals obovate to flabel- late, 3–3.5 by 2.1–2.2 mm, yellow or cream, glabrous, with a reddish honey mark near base, apex rounded; disc glands 5, 0.5–0.6 by 0.2–0.3 mm; stamens 3, androphore c. 1.3 mm long, c. 0.4 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.7–0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers c. 7.5 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 9.5–13 mm long and apically 1–1.2 mm diam when flowering, elongating to 1.7–2.3 cm long and apically 1.5–1.7 mm diam in fruit, pubescent; sepals lanceolate, 4–7.5 by 1.2–2.2 mm when flowering, enlarged up to 18 by 6.7 mm when fruiting, green, pubescent on both sides, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate; petals as in staminate flowers, but larger and caducous, 4–5 by 3.5–4.8 mm; disc annular, 5-notched, membranous; ovary c. 1.6 mm diam, pubescent; style absent; stigmas 0.9–1 mm long, in middle c. 0.5 mm diam, adaxially grooved, apically thickened and horseshoe-like, 0.8–0.9 mm diam. Fruits sparsely pubescent; sepals persistent; wall 0.4–0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 5.5–6.5 mm long. Seeds 6.7–7 mm diam, brown; hilum round, 1.7–1.8 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Australia (Queensland, endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Notophyll Vine forests, on granite, near streams. Elevation: 140– 820 m. Flowering: May to July; fruiting: February and July.</p><p>Note — See note under T. montanus R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen. The short and dichotomously branching staminate inflorescences are typical for the species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B26FF3EFCE1F3C2EF0AB5A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFFAEF318EDA2B27D.text	623587E16B27FF3EFFAEF318EDA2B27D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon kerrii Craib	<div><p>13. Trigonostemon kerrii Craib — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 1</p><p>Trigonostemon kerrii Craib (1924) 97; Gagnep. (1925b) 321; Airy Shaw (1972) 346; Chantar. (2005) 25; (2007) 577. — Lectotype (designated by Chantaranothai 2005): Kerr 5871 (BK*, barcode BK239811;iso A*, barcode A00048870, P, barcode P04810877), Thailand, Nakawn Tai.</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, 2–3 m tall; flowering branches 1.5–2.8 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale grey to brown; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark reddish; wood pale yellowish to white. Stipules subulate, 0.5–1 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.7–2.8 cm long, 0.9–1.2 mm diam, slightly pubescent; blade oblong to oblanceolate, 10.5–21 by 1.8–4.4 cm, chartaceous, base acute, with 1–2 pairs of adaxial glands, margin distantly serrate, teeth glan- dular, apex acuminate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrescent; venation pinnate, midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, slightly pubescent beneath, secondary veins 8–11(–16) pairs, curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, often obscure. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual, subterminal; staminate ones racemose thyrses, pistillate ones racemes; axis 1–11.2 cm long, 0.4–0.75 mm diam, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–3.6 by 0.2–0.9 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers c. 2.8 mm diam; pedicel 2.5–6 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals elliptic to lan- ceolate, 0.9–1.5 by 0.5–0.9 mm, base connate, margin often serrate, apex acuminate to rounded, pubescent outside; petals in flower bud elliptic, 1.1–1.4 by 0.7–0.9 mm, apex rounded, purplish red (Craib 1924); disc glands 5, c. 0.15 by 0.1 mm; stamens 3, androphore indistinct (flower too young), anthers ellipsoid, 0.7–0.8 mm long. Pistillate flowers (bud) c. 1.7 mm diam; pedicel c. 2.6 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals triangular, 1.6–1.9 by 0.7–0.9 mm, base connate, margin fringed with capitate glands, apex acuminate; petals elliptic, 1.7–2.2 by 1–1.3 mm, apex rounded, purplish red (Craib 1924); disc glands 5, c. 0.2 by 0.2 mm; ovary c. 0.7 mm diam, glabrous, style absent, stigmas c. 0.25 mm long, apically seem- ingly bifid. Fruits glabrous; pedicel c. 1.8 cm long, c. 0.7 mm diam, glabrescent; sepals accrescent, persistent, lanceolate, 5–6 by 1.5–2 mm, margin fringed with capitate glands; wall 0.3–0.4 mm thick, exocarp not detaching; columella c. 3 mm long. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Cambodia (Kampong Thom).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In evergreen forests. Elevation: 100– 200 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: April.</p><p>Note — The species resembles T. heteranthus in the pistillate sepals with a fringed margin with capitate glands, but it has a shorter petiole and shorter inflorescences, purplish red petals (vs white in T. heteranthus) and bifid stigmas (vs not bifid in T. heteranthus).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B27FF3EFFAEF318EDA2B27D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F55BEBC3B46C.text	623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F55BEBC3B46C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon laevigatus Mull. Arg.	<div><p>14. Trigonostemon laevigatus Müll.Arg. — sect. Tylosepalum</p><p>Trigonostemon laevigatus Müll.Arg. (1864b) 538; (1866) 1111; Boerl. (1900) 232,284;Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 94; Merr. (1921) 345 (2nd mentioning,first = Microdesmis caseariifolia Planch.,see Jablonski 1963:168); Ridl.(1924) 265; Jabl. (1963) 167; Airy Shaw (1972) 346; Whitmore (1973) 135; Airy Shaw (1975) 203; (1978) 417; (1981) 355; (1983) 47; Chantar. (2005) 25; (2007) 578, f. 93; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 195, f. 5. — Lectotype (designated by Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018): Motley 686 (K, barcode K000959291), Borneo, South Kalimantan, Bangarmassing [= Banjarmasin].</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen</p><p>2018.</p><p>Key to the varieties</p><p>1. Sepals without a gland outside........ a. var. laevigatus</p><p>1. Sepals with a gland outside............ b. var. croceus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F55BEBC3B46C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F36BEAFAB4A7.text	623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F36BEAFAB4A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon laevigatus var. laevigatus	<div><p>a. var. laevigatus — Map 9</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — Vietnam?, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Su- matra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B27FF3EFCE1F36BEAFAB4A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FFAEF69EEFEDB0F0.text	623587E16B20FF39FFAEF69EEFEDB0F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon laevigatus var. croceus (B. C. Stone) R. Y. Yu & Welzen	<div><p>b. var. croceus (B.C.Stone) R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen — Map 9</p><p>Trigonostemon laevigatus Müll.Arg. var. croceus (B.C.Stone) R.Y.Yu &amp; Wel- zen (2018) 197. — Trigonostemon croceus B.C. Stone (1980) 249. — Type: Stone 9586 (holo KLU, sheet no. 13345; iso K, L, barcode L.2258563), Malaysia, Selangor, on the Pahang border at Genting Sempah .</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand (Surat Thani, Phangnga, Ranong), Malay Peninsular (Selangor).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B20FF39FFAEF69EEFEDB0F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FFAEF7D2EC22B928.text	623587E16B20FF39FFAEF7D2EC22B928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon lanceolatus (S. Moore) Pax	<div><p>15. Trigonostemon lanceolatus (S.Moore) Pax — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 3</p><p>Trigonostemon lanceolatus (S.Moore) Pax in Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 92. — Nepenthandra lanceolata S. Moore (1905) 149, pl. 471, f. 7–13. — Type: Beddome s.n. (BM, barcode BM000951502), Myanmar, Tenasserim [= Tanintharyi Region], Mooleyit slopes.</p><p>Trigonostemon phyllocalyx Gagnep. (1925a) 469; (1925b) 312; Airy Shaw (1972) 348; Chantar. (2005) 27; (2007) 581, syn. nov. — Type: Poilane 2700 (A, barcode A00048879, P, barcodes P00717119, P00717120), Vietnam,Annam, Nhatrang .</p><p>Trees, up to 5 m tall, dbh up to 5 cm; flowering branches 1.9–3.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, brown to pale or greyish brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, reddish brown, sap red; wood yellow to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.4–1.1 mm long, caducous, pubes- cent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 1.4–11.5 cm long, 0.8–2 mm diam, hirsute to glabrous; blade lanceolate to oblong, 6.8–21 by 2.3–8.2 cm, thick-chartaceous, base acute to rounded, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, apex acuminate to slightly caudate, both surfaces glabrous; venation pinnate, midrib flat or slightly raised above and elevated beneath, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, secondary veins 6–10 pairs, curved, connected along margin, tertiary veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, often axillary, racemose thyrses, pistillate flowers open first, single per node near apex of axis, staminate flowers usually 1–3 per node below; axis up to 8.7 cm long, 0.5–0.8 mm diam, hirsute to glabrescent, bracts oblong, 0.4–6.5 by 0.1–1.4 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers (bud) c. 2.4 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 1.8–2.5 mm long, apically 0.4–0.8 mm diam, slightly hirsute; sepals ovate to elliptic, 1.2–1.9 by 0.8–1.5 mm, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex rounded to acute, pubescent or hirsute outside; petals ovate to elliptic, 1.1–1.4 by 0.9–1.15 mm diam, glabrous, apex rounded; disc annular, c. 0.1 mm wide, ring c. 0.8 mm diam; stamens 3, androphore c. 0.1 mm long, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 mm long, divaricate. Pistillate flowers 5–10 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 3–7 mm long, apically 1–1.2 mm diam, pubescent or hirsute; sepals triangular, 4–5.5 by 2.7–3 mm when flowering, significantly accrescent, up to 1.3 by 1.1 cm when fruiting, densely hirsute on both sides, base connate, margin mostly entire but with two teeth near apex, apex acuminate; petals elliptic, 2.5–3 by 1.8–2.6 mm, apex rounded; disc seemingly annular, c. 0.6 mm wide; ovary c. 1.7 mm diam, glabrous to hirsute; style absent; stigmas deeply bifid, 0.6–0.7 mm long, free arms V-shaped at base. Fruits 1–1.1 cm diam, densely hirsute, smooth; sepals persistent; wall 0.3–0.4 mm thick. Seeds c. 7.5 mm diam, marbled; hilum triangular, c. 2.5 by 1.7 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar (Tenasserim), Thailand (Chanthaburi), Vietnam (Annam).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen forests, on rocky or sandy soil, near stream. Flowering: December to March; fruiting: December to January.</p><p>Note — The species is characterised by the much accres- cent and hirsute sepals in the pistillate flowers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B20FF39FFAEF7D2EC22B928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF39FCE0F69EEAC6B642.text	623587E16B20FF39FCE0F69EEAC6B642.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon lii Y. T. Chang	<div><p>16. Trigonostemon lii Y.T.Chang — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 8</p><p>Trigonostemon lii Y.T. Chang (1983) 175; H. S. Kiu (1996) 166. — Type: Li 4576 (holo KUN, barcode KUN1294357), China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden .</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, 1–4.5 m tall; flowering branches 1.2–2.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots absent in green parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark brown to somewhat red- dish brown; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, reddish brown to dark red; wood pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.5–0.8 mm long, caducous, often pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 0.5–2 cm long, 0.9–1.5 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young; blade oblong, 8.5–18 by 2–5.2 cm, coriaceous, base acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin very distantly serrate, apex acuminate to somewhat caudate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface glabrescent; venation very distinctively triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, secondary veins 3–7 pairs, bow-shaped (except for 2 basal secondary veins) and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary, paniculate thyrses, pistillate flowers single per node, staminate flowers often a cyme per node; main axis terete, 6.5–10 cm long, 0.4–1 mm diam, pubescent; bracts linear to lanceolate, 1–7 by 0.2–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 6–7 mm diam; pedicel 4–7 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm diam, slightly pubes- cent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate or oblong, 1.1–2.3 by 0.7–1 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, pubescent and often with a notch and a gland outside; petals obovate, 2.8–3.5 by 1.5–2 mm, contort, membranous, yellow, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, margin undulate, often deeply notched, c. 0.4 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore c. 0.9 mm long, c. 0.2 mm diam, free part of filaments 0.1–0.2 mm long, white, anthers free, ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers 7–13 mm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 0.8–1.7 cm long, 0.7–1.1 mm diam, slightly pubescent; sepals lanceolate, 2.2–5 by 0.8–2 mm, apex acuminate, pubescent outside; petals flabellate, 5–8 by 5–6 mm, base cuneately nar- rowed, somewhat claw-like, apex rounded; disc cupular, c. 0.3 mm wide, margin undulate, with deep notches; ovary c. 0.9 mm diam, glabrous, style c. 0.2 mm long, stigmas 0.8–1.2 mm long, apex slightly thickened and slightly bifid or not. Fruits c. 1.3 cm diam, green, glabrous; pedicel 1.7–2.65 cm long, 1–1.5 mm diam; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.6–0.8 mm thick, exocarp not detaching; columella 4.5–7 mm long. Seeds c. 7.5 by 6.5 mm diam; hilum rhombic, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — China (Mengla,Menglun, Yunnan), Laos (Luang Prabang).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Understorey in limestone mountains, often in humid habitats. Elevation: 600– 850 m. Flowering: April to June, September; fruiting: May.</p><p>Note — The species can be distinguished from T. eberhardtii by the coriaceous, oblong leaves with very distinctive triplinerved venation and lacking oil dots.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B20FF39FCE0F69EEAC6B642	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B20FF38FCE0F10EECD8B537.text	623587E16B20FF38FCE0F10EECD8B537.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon longifolius Baill.	<div><p>17. Trigonostemon longifolius Baill. — sect. Spinipollen — Map 10</p><p>Trigonostemon longifolius Baill. (1858b) 23, pl. 11, f. 12 (‘ longifolium ’); Müll. Arg. (1866) 1108; Kurz (1877b) 406 (‘longifolium ’); Hook.f. (1887) 396; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 88, f. 28; Ridl. (1924) 264; Jabl. (1963) 162; Airy Shaw (1972) 347; Whitmore (1973) 136; Airy Shaw (1981) 355; Chan- tar. (2005) 26; (2007) 579, f. 94; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 197, f. 6. — [ Croton longifolius Wall. (1847) nr. 7717, nom. nud., non Müll.Arg. (1873) 170.] — Lectotype (designated by Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018): Wallich 7717 (K, barcode K000959328; iso G, K, barcode K000959327), Malay Penin- sula, Penang Island.</p><p>? Athroisma dentatum Griff. (1854a) 478 (‘ dentatis ’); (1854b) pl. 585, f. 4. — Type: Griffith s.n.?, Nov. 1834 (K?), Myanmar, Mergui, Madamaca (see Hooker 1887: 396; Pax &amp; Hoffmann 1911: 88).</p><p>? Athroisma serratum Griff. (1854a) 477 (‘ serratis ’); (1854b) pl. 585, f. 9. — Type: Griffith s.n.? (K?), Myanmar, Mergui, Tenasserim [= Tanintharyi Region] (see Airy Shaw 1972: 347).</p><p>Prosartema gaudichaudii Gagnep. (1925a) 468, non Trigonostemon gaudichaudii (Baill.) Müll.Arg.(1865) 213. — Trigonostemon gagnepainianus Airy Shaw (1978) 415. — Syntypes: Gaudichaud 167 (P, barcodes P00717170, P00712171), Vietnam, Tourane; Poilane 8306 (P, barcode P00717169), Vietnam, km 26 from Nhatrang to Ninh Hoa; Poilane 10220 (NY*, barcode NY00273185, P, barcodes P00717158, P00717159), Vietnam, Quang Tri, Dent du Tigre; Poilane 10446 (K, P, barcodes P00717166, P00717167, P00717168), Vietnam, Quang Tri, Mai Lanh.</p><p>Trigonostemon howii Merr. &amp; Chun (1935) 262; H.S. Kiu (1996) 163; P.T. Li et al. (2006) 118; P.T.Li &amp; M.G. Gilbert (2008) 273. — Type: How 70940 (A, barcode A00048863, IBK,barcode IBK00169510, K,barcode K000959338, KUN, barcode KUN0403446, NY, barcode NY00273342, PE, barcode PE01110915, US, barcode US 00096534), China, Hainan, Yaichow [= Yazhou], Licai [according to the duplicate in IBK] / Luopeng [according to the duplicates in KUN and PE] .</p><p>Trigonostemon honbaensis Tagane &amp; Yahara in Tagane et al. (2017) 39,syn. nov. — Type: Toyama, Dang, Tagane, Fuse, Yahara, Nagamasu, Tran, Nguyen, Nguyen, Do, Ho V1345 (holo KYO*;iso FU,not seen,VNM,not seen,the herbarium of Hon Ba Nature Reserve, not seen), Vietnam, Khanh Hoa Province, Mt Hon Ba .</p><p>Description — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — China, Myanmar (Tenasserim), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.</p><p>Note — The species was considered present in India be- cause one of its syntypes, Helfer KD 4798, was probably collected from Tenasserim (Myanmar) or the Andamans (India). We examined the duplicate in CAL, and confirmed that the specimen was collected from Tenasserim (not the Andamans), thus India is excluded from the distribution of the species. For more notes of the species, see Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B20FF38FCE0F10EECD8B537	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B21FF38FFAEF295EDE6B017.text	623587E16B21FF38FFAEF295EDE6B017.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon malaccanus Mull. Arg.	<div><p>18. Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll.Arg. — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 11</p><p>Trigonostemon malaccanus Müll.Arg. (1864a) 482; (1866) 1110; Hook. f. (1887) 396; Pax &amp; K. Hoffm. (1911) 90; Ridl. (1924) 265; Jabl. (1963) 154; Whitmore (1973) 136; Airy Shaw (1981) 355; R.Y. Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 201, f. 8. — Type: Griffith KD 4782 (K, barcode K000959325), Malay Peninsula, Malacca.</p><p>Trigonostemon laetus Baill. [(1858a) 341 (‘ laetum ’), nom. nud.] ex Müll. Arg. (1866) 1109; Kurz (1877b) 407; Hook. f. (1887) 397; Pax &amp; K. Hoffm. (1911) 90; N.P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 619, f. 6, syn. nov. — Syntypes: Wallich 7740B (G-DC*, barcodes G00319769, G00319757,on 3 sheets,P, barcodes P00717111, P00717112;isosyn CAL,barcode CAL0000023673), Myanmar, Amherst .</p><p>Description — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018. Distribution — Myanmar (Amherst), Thailand, Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra.</p><p>Note — The name Trigonostemon laetus was referred to by Baillon (1858a) without any description. It was validated by Müller (1866), later than Müller’s (1864a) description of T. malaccanus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B21FF38FFAEF295EDE6B017	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B21FF3AFCE1F7B6EEB1B0FE.text	623587E16B21FF3AFCE1F7B6EEB1B0FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon montanus R. Y. Yu & Welzen R. Y. Yu & Welzen 2020	<div><p>19. Trigonostemon montanus R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen, sp. nov. — sect. Tylosepalum — Fig. 3; Map 6</p><p>Trigonostemon montanus R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen resembles T. lii Y.T.Chang in the oblong leaves, which remain green when dry, but differs in having shorter and dichotomously branching inflorescences. ― Type: Koelz 27903 (holo L, barcode L.2260526), India, Assam, Cachar, Laikul, 6 000 ft, 6 May 1951. Paratypes: Koelz 27849 (L, barcode L.2260525), India, Assam, Cachar, Laikul, 4 000 ft, 1 May 1951 ; Bor 2783 (K), India, Assam, Naga Hill, 5 000 ft, 26 Apr. 1935 .</p><p>Shrubs, 1.8–2.4 m tall; flowering branches 1–1.6 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, pale brown to grey; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, white or very light green when young, sap not seen; wood white. Stipules subulate, 0.2–0.4 mm long, caducous, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.35–1 cm long, 0.7–1.5 mm diam, slightly pubescent when young, glabrescent; blade oblong, 6.2–11.8 by 1.4–2.7 cm, chartaceous, base acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire or distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex caudate, both surfaces glabrous but lower pubescent when young; venation triplinerved, slightly pubescent beneath, midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, secondary veins 5–7 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or subterminal thyrses; axis terete, dichotomously branching, 7.5–9 mm long, 0.5–1 mm diam, pubescent; bracts triangular, 0.2–1 by 0.2–0.45 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers c. 3.2 mm diam; pedicel 4.5–5 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, gla- brescent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 by 0.7–1.1 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex rounded to acute, pubescent outside; petals elliptic, 3.4–4.8 by 1.8–2.7 mm, contort, mem- branous, yellow to orange, glabrous; disc annular, c. 0.7–0.8 mm wide, with some irregular notches in margin, fleshy; sta- mens 3, androphore c. 1.5 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm long. Pistillate flowers and fruits not seen.</p><p>Distribution — India (Assam, endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 1200–1850 m. Flowering: April to May.</p><p>Notes — 1. Within the genus this species grows at perhaps the highest elevation.</p><p>2. The new species also resembles T. inopinatus from Australia in the short and dichotomously branching staminate inflorescences, but differs in having a distinctively triplinerved venation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B21FF3AFCE1F7B6EEB1B0FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF3AFFAEF7DCEC5BB929.text	623587E16B23FF3AFFAEF7DCEC5BB929.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon murtonii Craib	<div><p>20. Trigonostemon murtonii Craib — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 8</p><p>Trigonostemon murtonii Craib (1911) 464 (‘ murtoni ’); Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1912) 128; Airy Shaw (1972) 347; Chantar.(2005) 26;(2007) 581. — Type: Murton 18 (K, barcode K000959311), Thailand, west coast, Koh Klone.</p><p>Trigonostemon pierrei Gagnep. (1922) 752; (1925b) 321, syn. nov. — Type: Pierre 1530 (A*, barcode A00048875,K,barcode K000959307,P,barcodes P00717121, P00717122, P00717123, US *, barcode US 00096541), Viet- nam, Phu Quoc, Mt Ong Chao.</p><p>Trigonostemon pinnatus Gagnep. (1922) 752; (1925b) 318. — Type: Pierre s.n. (K, barcodes K000959309, K000959310, P, barcodes P00717124, P00717125, P00717126, NY *, US*), Vietnam, Cochinchina, prov. de Bien Hoa, Mt Lap-vo</p><p>Shrubs, 1–5 m tall; flowering branches 1.1–3.5 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark brown to pale grey; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, red- dish brown; wood pale yellowish. Stipules subulate, 0.3–0.7 mm long, caducous, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, grooved above, 0.2–1.9 cm long, 0.7–1.5 mm diam, pubescent; blade oblanceolate to oblong, 5–20 by 1.2–4.3 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base rounded to acute, 2 adaxial glands present, margin entire, occasionally with glandular or subulate teeth, apex acuminate to short-caudate, both sur- faces glabrous; venation pinnate, midrib elevated on both sides, sometimes furrowed above, often sparsely pubescent beneath, secondary veins 9–18 pairs, curved, bifurcate and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary racemes (flowers clustered at apex) or panicles (spreading like a broom at apex); peduncle up to 7 cm long, 0.3–0.7 mm diam, pubescent; bracts oblong to lanceolate, 1–8.5 by 0.2–1.5 mm, pubescent on both sides. Staminate flowers 3–5 mm diam; pedicel 3–4.5 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 0.8–1.5 by 0.5–0.8 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate, acute, rounded or bilobed, pubescent outside; petals obovate to spathulate, 1.6–2.7 by 1–2 mm diam, dark pink, glabrous, apex rounded; disc glands 5, 0.3–0.35 by 0.1–0.15 mm; sta- mens 3, androphore c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.25 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long, connective with droplets (expanded cells) with secretion. Pistillate flowers 3.3–8 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 3.5–7 mm long, apically 0.5–1 mm diam, elongating to c. 1 cm long in fruit, pubescent; sepals lan- ceolate, 5–6 by 1–1.6 mm, slightly accrescent to c. 8 by 2.2 mm when fruiting, pubescent outside, especially along midrib, base connate, margin entire, apex acuminate; petals as in staminate flowers; disc lobes rectangular, 0.2–0.25 by 0.25–0.3 mm, apex truncate; ovary 0.6–1.3 mm diam, densely pubescent; style indistinct, less than 0.1 mm long; stigmas apically deeply bifid, free arms coiled. Fruits (young) pubescent. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen forests, on sandy clay. Elevation: c. 250 m. Flowering: February, April, June, November; fruiting: April.</p><p>Note — The inflorescences are often racemose when young and start branching and become apically broom-like when older. In this character it resembles T. scopulatus R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen, but that species has a much longer petiole.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B23FF3AFFAEF7DCEC5BB929	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF3AFCE0F69EEA2FB66A.text	623587E16B23FF3AFCE0F69EEA2FB66A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon nemoralis Thwaites	<div><p>21. Trigonostemon nemoralis Thwaites — sect. Pycnanthera — Map 5</p><p>Trigonostemon nemoralis Thwaites (1861) 277; Müll.Arg. (1866) 1108; Hook.f. (1887) 398; Trimen (1898) 51; Bourd. (1908) 504; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 93; Gamble (1925) 1341; N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 623, f. 8; Philcox (1997) 111. — Lectotype (designated here): Thwaites CP 3570 (K, barcode K000246867; iso A*, barcode A00048874, CAL, barcodes CAL0000023670,CAL0000023671,FR*, barcode FR0036074,G-DC*,bar- codes G00319812,G00319788, GH*, barcode GH00048873,K, barcodes K000246866,K000246868,K000246869,NY*,barcode NY00273343,P,barcodes P00717116,P00717117, P00717118), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Madamahanewera.</p><p>Shrubs or small trees; flowering branches 1.5–2.6 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in older parts. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm diam, pale brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark red to reddish brown; wood brown. Stipules lanceolate to linear to subulate, 1.5–4.2 by 0.2–0.8 mm, pubescent. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.4–1.5 cm long, 0.8–2.2 mm diam, slightly pubescent; blade elliptic to oblanceolate, 6.5–19 by 1.9–5.2 cm, thick-chartaceous, base cuneately narrowed, 2 adaxial glands present, falcate, 0.7–1.2 mm long, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate, apex acute to acuminate, gla- brescent above and glabrous beneath; venation pinnate, midrib flat or slightly raised above, elevated beneath, secondary veins 8–13 pairs, bifurcate and connected along margin, tertiary veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual, axillary or terminal; staminate ones racemose thyrses; axis 5.2– 15 cm long, narrowing toward apex, basally 1.5–2 mm diam, pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–4 by 0.3–1 mm, pubescent; pistillate ones racemes, axis 3–9.5 cm long, 1.1–2.1 mm diam, pubescent, bracts triangular to lanceolate, 1.3–2.6 by 0.5–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.7–4.7 mm diam; pedicel 2.5–3.8 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, pubescent; sepals lan- ceolate, 1.2–1.5 by 0.7–0.8 mm, base connate, apex acute, sometimes with an indistinct apical appendage, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 1.2–2.1 by 1.1–1.4 mm; disc seemingly absent; stamens 3, sessile (filaments absent), anthers adhere to a conical mass formed by connectives, thecae ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers (fruiting) 3.8–6.8 mm diam; pedicel 4.2–5.5 mm long, thickening toward apex, apically 0.8–1.8 mm diam; sepals lanceolate, 2–3.7 by 1–2.2 mm, pubescent, often with a protruding apical appendage outside; petals not seen, caducous; disc lobes semi-orbicular, c. 0.5 by 0.6–0.9 mm; ovary (fruiting) 3.2–4.5 mm diam, pubescent and warty, style absent, stigmas ligular, bifid, 0.8–0.9 mm long, flat at apex, 0.8–0.95 mm wide. Fruits (young) 5.4–6 mm diam, pubescent and significantly warty; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 5–7 mm thick, exocarp not detaching; columella 4.2–6.3 mm long. Seeds globose, 5.6–6.2 by 5.1–6 mm, marbled; hilum elliptic to heart-shaped, 1.2–1.5 by 1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — India (Travancore), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Flowering: February to June.</p><p>Note — The species resembles T. diplopetalus and T. longifolius, but can be distinguished from the former by the apical gland on the sepals (vs without the apical gland; but check multiple sepals) and from the latter by the sessile stamens (vs androphore c. 0.4 mm long).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B23FF3AFCE0F69EEA2FB66A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B23FF25FCE0F175EC41B748.text	623587E16B23FF25FCE0F175EC41B748.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon pachyphyllus Airy Shaw	<div><p>22. Trigonostemon pachyphyllus Airy Shaw — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 3</p><p>Trigonostemon pachyphyllus Airy Shaw (1971) 546; (1972) 347; Chantar. (2005) 27; (2007) 581. — Type: Kerr 19429 (holo K, barcode K000959302), Thailand, Trang, Khao Soi Dao .</p><p>Shrubs, c. 1.5 m tall; flowering branches 3.2–4 mm diam, glabrescent. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, reddish brown; wood yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.6– 0.8 mm long, caducous, pubescent. Leaves: petiole wrinkled, flat or slightly grooved above, 0.3–1 cm long, 2–2.2 mm diam, pubescent to glabrous; blade oblong, 12–19 by 2.1–3.9 cm, coriaceous, base acute, adaxial glands not seen, margin entire, occasionally with very sparse glandular teeth, apex acuminate, upper surface glabrous, dull green or puplish brown when dry, lower surface sparsely pubescent, yellow when dry; venation pinnate, midrib flat above and elevated beneath, often pubescent beneath, secondary veins 12–15 pairs, curved, bifurcate and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual; staminate ones axillary, thyrses, axis 1–1.4 cm long, 0.8–1.1 mm diam, pubescent, bracts triangular, 0.15–1.3 by 0.2–0.6 mm, pubescent; pistillate ones terminal or axillary, racemes, axis up to 1.5 cm long, 0.6–1.1 mm diam, pubescent, bracts lanceolate, 0.6–2.5 by 0.3–0.8 mm, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers at least 3.5 mm diam; pedicel c. 1.2 mm long, c. 0.35 mm diam, pubescent; sepals elliptic, 1–1.7 by 0.3–0.8 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute, pubescent or hirsute outside; petals obovate, 3.4–4.5 by 1.4–2.5 mm, dark red-purple, glabrous; disc lobes rectangular, 0.35–0.5 by 0.35–0.45 mm, apex truncate to slightly rounded; stamens 5, anthers ellipsoid, 0.8–1 mm long, apically divaricate. Pistillate flowers (fruiting) 6–10.5 mm diam; pedicel thickening toward apex, 3.6–4.5 mm long, apically 1.5–2 mm diam, pubescent; sepals triangular to lanceolate, 8.5–10 by 3.5–4.6 mm, outer surface pubescent, sometimes marbled, mixed patches in dark red and yellow, inner surface glabrous, dark purplish red when dry, base connate, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex acuminate, ending in a gland; petals fallen, not seen; disc lobes semi-orbicular, 0.7–0.9 by 0.45–0.6 mm, apex rounded; ovary c. 1.5 mm diam, densely pubescent; style c. 0.2 mm long; stigmas apically deeply bifid, free arms 0.5–0.6 mm long. Fruits c. 1 cm diam, green; sepals persistent, green. Seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand (Trang and Phatthalung, endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Evergreen forests, understorey, near streams. Flowering: March to April; fruiting: April.</p><p>Note — A rare species endemic to Thailand. It resembles T. capillipes (Milne 1995) in the 5 stamens and relatively large pistillate sepals, and was treated as a synonym in our previous revision (Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018). However, after examining more collections, we reinstate the species here. The main spotting characters of T. pachyphyllus includes the coriaceous leaves (thick leaves as indicated by the specific epithet) and the discolorous surfaces when dry. In addition, the pistillate sepals sometimes display a marbled pattern on the outer surface and the inflorescences are considerably smaller.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B23FF25FCE0F175EC41B748	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3CFF25FFAEF017EA1AB563.text	623587E16B3CFF25FFAEF017EA1AB563.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf	<div><p>23. Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 12</p><p>Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf (1907) 206 (‘ philippinense ’); Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 91; Merr. (1923) 452; Airy Shaw (1981) 355; (1983) 47; R.I. Milne (1995) 27, in key, 29, in key. — Lectotype (designated here): Elmer 8326 (K, barcode K000959370; iso BO, sheet no. BO1298668, G, barcode G00435099, L, barcode L.2260355), Philippines, Luzon, Laguna prov., Los Baños, Mt Maquiling [= Mt Makiling].</p><p>Trigonostemon thyrsoideus Stapf (1909) 264 (‘ thyrsoideum ’); Airy Shaw (1972) 348; H.S. Kiu (1996) 166; Chantar. (2005) 29; (2007) 584, pl. 32, 1; P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 274. — Type: Henry 11947 (A*, barcodes A00048871, A00048872, K, barcode K000959335, NY, barcode NY00273339), China, Yunnan, Simao (Szemao).</p><p>Trigonostemon laoticus Gagnep. (1922) 751. — Prosartema laotica Gagnep. (1925b) 306, syn. nov. — Type: Thorel s.n. (P, barcodes P00717113, P00717114, P00717115), Laos, Luang-prabang .</p><p>Prosartema stellaris Gagnep. (1924) 875; (1925b) 304. — Trigonostemon stellaris (Gagnep.) Airy Shaw (1978) 415, syn. nov. — Syntypes: Balansa 3322 (P, barcodes P00717163, P00717164, P00717165); Balansa 3323 (P, barcode P00717162); Balansa 3324 (P, barcodes P00717160, P00717161), Vietnam, Tokin, Langkok (Mt Bavi) valley.</p><p>Trigonostemon nigrifolius N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1984b) 173; (1991) 625, f. 9, syn. nov. — Type: Po Khaut 12434 (holo DD*), Myanmar, Maymyo Dist., Gokteik viaduct.</p><p>Description — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar (Maymyo), China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines.</p><p>Note — Trigonostemon nigrifolius is only known from the type collection and is considered conspecific with T. philippinensis here. The black leaves and blackish crimson petals appear to be a drying artefact.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3CFF25FFAEF017EA1AB563	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3CFF24FCE1F261EC56B587.text	623587E16B3CFF24FCE1F261EC56B587.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon quocensis Gagnep.	<div><p>24. Trigonostemon quocensis Gagnep. — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 6</p><p>Trigonostemon quocensis Gagnep.(1922) 753;(1925b) 316; Airy Shaw (1972) 348; Chantar. (2005) 27; (2007) 582. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre s. n. (P, barcode P00717135; iso K, barcode K000959314, P, bar- codes P00717136, P00717138), Vietnam, Phu Quoc. — Other syntypes: Godefroy 739 (P, barcodes P00717131, P00717132), Vietnam, Ha-tien; Godefroy 740 (P, barcode P00717130), Vietnam, Ha-tien; Harmand 632 (P, barcodes P00717128, P00717129), Vietnam, Nui Cam; Pierre 6232 (G, barcode G00435097, MPU, barcodes MPU015001, MPU015002, NY, barcode NY00273345,P,barcodes P00717133, P00717134,P00717137), Vietnam, Chaudoc, Mount Pell.</p><p>Trigonostemon birmanicus Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1984a) 175; N. P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 613, f. 2, syn. nov. — Type: Chin [collector’s name uncertain] 5849 (holo CAL, barcode CAL0000023654), Myanmar, Upper Chindwin, Numpakom drainage .</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, 0.5–5 m tall, dhb 6–8 cm; flowering branches 1–3.8 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in old parts. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots sometimes present in green parts. Outer bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, reddish brown, solidified sap reddish black; wood yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.2–0.7 mm long, caducous, sometimes pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, (0.6–) 1–6.1 cm long, 0.8–2 mm diam, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes thickened at apex and base; blade ovate to elliptic, 8–24 by 3.6–10 cm, chartaceous, base truncate, rounded, acute or sometimes cordate, 2 adaxial glands present, sometimes pubescent, margin distantly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, both surfaces pubescent when young, glabrous when mature; venation triplinerved (basal secondary veins often as thick as other secondary veins), midrib and sometimes secondary veins flat or slightly raised above and distinctively elevated and pubescent beneath, other secondary veins 6–9 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary, large panicles, pistillate flowers open before staminate ones; main axis terete, up to 44 cm long, 0.6–1.5 mm diam, pubescent; bracts linear to lanceolate, 1–12 by 0.15–1(–2.1) mm, often pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.4–5.5 mm diam, buds usually globose; pedicel 3.5–7.5 mm long, 0.15–0.3 mm diam, glabrous; sepals ovate to elliptic, 1.4–2.5 by 0.8–2.2 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to rounded, pubescent outside; petals obovate to flabel- late, 2.1–3.9 by 1.7–2.5 mm, contort, yellow, lower part some- times claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, fleshy, margin entire, 0.4 (inner margin)– 0.8 mm (outer margin) diam; stamens 3, androphore 0.3–0.6 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm diam, free part of filaments 0.4–0.5 mm long, anthers free, globose to ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 6–7 mm diam, buds somewhat conical; pedicel thickening toward apex, 2–5.5 mm long, apically 0.5–0.9 mm diam when flowering, elongating to 4–9 mm long, apically 0.6–1 mm diam when fruiting, pubescent; sepals lanceolate to elliptic, 1.5–4.5 by 0.7–1.6 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate; petals and disc as staminate flowers; ovary 1–1.2 mm diam, densely pubescent, style indistinct, stigmas 0.4–1 mm long, slightly thickened and sometimes slightly bifid at apex. Fruits 1–1.1 cm diam, hirsute; sepals persistent, but not accrescent; wall 0.3–0.4(–0.5) mm thick, exocarp not detaching; columella 4.5–6.5 mm long. Seeds 6–7 mm diam, marbled; hilum orbicu- lar or rhombic, 1.2–1.7 by 1.1–1.5 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Myanmar (Upper Chindwin, in Sagaing or Kachin region), Thailand, Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Understorey in dry evergreen forests, on limestone. Elevation: 140– 820 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: March, September.</p><p>Note — The species is relatively common in Thailand and Vietnam. Only two collections are known from Myanmar (Chin? 5849 and Griffith KD 4741). The plant sometimes has the similar translucent (oil?) dots in the green parts as T. eberhardtii . The staminate buds are usually globose (petals still contort), but in most other species they are often conical.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3CFF24FCE1F261EC56B587	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3DFF27FFAEF2C6ECB7B222.text	623587E16B3DFF27FFAEF2C6ECB7B222.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib	<div><p>25. Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib — sect. Spinipollen — Map 13</p><p>Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib (1911) 464;Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.(1912) 128; Gagnep. (1925b) 316; Airy Shaw (1972) 348; Chantar. (2005) 28; (2007) 582. — Baliospermum reidioides Kurz (1875) 32; (1877b) 411; Hook.f. (1887) 461;F.N.Williams (1905) 32; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm.(1912) 29. — Lectotype (designated here): Teijsmann HB 5981 (K, barcode K000959313), Thailand, Kanburi [= Kanchanaburi]. — Other syntype: Teijsmann s. n. (CAL,barcode CAL0000023659), Thailand.</p><p>Trigonostemon hybridus Gagnep. (1922) 750, syn. nov.; (1925b) 318. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre 6282 (P,barcode P00717109), Vietnam, Phu Quoc (other duplicates are syntypes cited under the next name).</p><p>Trigonostemon rubescens Gagnep. (1922) 754; (1925b) 317, syn. nov. — Lectotype (designated here): Thorel 2290 (P,barcode P00717140;iso NY*, barcode NY00273346,P, barcodes P00717141,P00717142, US *, barcode US 00096544), Laos, Kong et île de Khon. — Other syntypes: Pierre 6281 (P, barcodes P00717139, P00648668, P00648669, P00648670), Cambo- dia, Kompong Spen,Mont Ramcon; Pierre 6282 (K, barcode K000959312, P, barcodes P00717143, P00717144, P00717145), Vietnam, Phu-Quoc.</p><p>Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m tall; flowering branches 1.2–3.2 mm diam, slightly to densely pubescent. Indumentum of simple and stellately bundled hairs. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, greyish to dark brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark reddish, sap clear, watery, black or dark red in dry material; wood yellow or brown. Stipules acicular to subulate, 0.6–2.3 mm long, caducous, pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete, slightly grooved above, 0.5–2.5 cm long, 0.6–1.9 mm diam, densely pubescent to glabrescent; blade oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate or (ob)lanceolate, 3.5–15 by 0.5–6.3 cm, chartaceous to coriaceous, base acute to rounded, adaxial glands 2, falcate, blackish, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, upper surface dull dark green, lower surface dull light green, both surfaces densely to slightly pubescent, when slightly pubescent then often only simple hairs present; venation triplinerved, pubescent on both sides, midrib and basal secondary veins flat above and elevated below, other secondary veins 2–8 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins and veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, axillary or terminal large panicles; main axis terete, 3–29 cm long, 0.4–1.2 mm diam, dull red, often pubescent, rarely glabrescent; bracts lanceolate to linear, 0.5–17 by 0.1–1.9 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.1–6.6 mm diam; pedicel 2.5–7 mm long, 0.15–0.5 mm diam, pale light green to dull reddish, pubescent to glabrescent; sepals elliptic, 1–2.6 by 0.5–1.6 mm, pale light green to dull light yellow or reddish, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent to glabrescent outside; petals obovate to spathulate, 3.3–6.4 by 1.6–4.2 mm, white, dark red, deep maroon or dark purple, lower part sometimes claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous; disc annular, somewhat plicate, light orange, glabrous, margin undulate, 0.3–0.45 mm wide; stamens 3, androphore 0.35–0.7 mm long, 0.2–0.5 mm diam, cream, anthers ellipsoid, 0.5–0.8 mm long, cream. Pistillate flowers 5.3–8.9(–13) mm diam; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 8–20 mm long, apically 0.4–1 mm diam when flowering, elongating in fruit to (0.8–) 1.6–3.4 cm long, apically 0.7–1.5 mm diam, pubescent, glabrescent; sepals elliptic to oblong, 3–6 by 1.1–2.2 mm, base connate, margin entire, sometimes ciliate, apex acute to acuminate, pubescent outside; petals as staminate flowers but larger, 5.9–9 by 2.6–6 mm; disc as staminate flowers; ovary 1.3–1.6 mm diam, pubescent, light yellow or green, style absent, stigmas thickening toward apex, 0.7–0.8 mm long, apically 0.5–0.6 mm wide, white, pale light yellow or cream, furrowed above, apically not bifid. Fruits 1–1.3 cm diam, green, pubescent; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.4–0.6 mm thick, exocarp partly detach- ing; columella 4.2–5.8 mm long. Seeds 4.6–6.3 mm diam, often marbled; hilum oblong to elliptic to triangular, 0.7–1.8 by 0.5–1 mm.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Often in open areas in dry dipterocarp forests, or in seasonal deciduous pine or Melaleuca forests, occasionally in waste lands or swampy forests. Often growing in sandy or rocky soil, sometimes along roads or rivers. Eleva- tion: 20– 300 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: January to June, August, October.</p><p>Notes — 1. This is a common species in Thailand and Indochina . The species displays a continuous variation in the indumentum: from very dense stellately bundled hairs (as represented by the type collection of T. reidioides) to relatively sparse and mostly simple hairs (but stellately bundled hairs are still present; as in the type collections of T. rubescens). Trigonostemon hybridus represents an intermediate form between the above mentioned two, and Gagnepain (1922) even considered it as a hybrid form. As morphological discontinuities are lacking, T. hybridus and T. rubescens are placed in synonymy. Only two species of Trigonostemon (the other species is T. balgooyi R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen from Johor, Malaysia) have an indumentum of both simple and stellately bundled hairs, making it a useful character in identification.</p><p>2. Several specimens (probably ‘duplicates’) are present under the collection number Pierre 6282. Of these specimens, one was identified as T. hybridus and the others as T. rubescens . In order to avoid confusion, we select Pierre 6282 (P, barcode P00717109) as the lectotype of T. hybridus (based on the specimen label) and the other specimens under this number are cited as syntypes of T. rubescens . Thorel 2290 (P, barcode P00717140) is selected as the lectotype of T. rubescens .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3DFF27FFAEF2C6ECB7B222	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3EFF27FFAEF5A1EAB6B0D2.text	623587E16B3EFF27FFAEF5A1EAB6B0D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon semperflorens (Roxb.) Mull. Arg.	<div><p>26. Trigonostemon semperflorens (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 7</p><p>Trigonostemon semperflorens (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 1110;Hook.f. (1887) 397; Brandis (1906) 580; Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1911) 90; Kanjilal et al. (1940) 196; N.P.Balakr. (1983) 427. — Clutia semperflorens Roxb. (1832) 730; Voigt (1845) 155. — Silvaea hookeriana Baill. (1858a) 342, nom. superfl. — Trigonostemon hookerianus (Baill.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 1109,nom. superfl. — Lectotype (designated by Yu et al. 2019): Roxburgh’s Flora Indica draw- ing, no. 2401 (CAL).</p><p>Small trees, 1–2.5 m tall; flowering branches 2.2–4.4 mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrous in older parts. Outer bark 0.1– 0.2 mm thick, pale brown; inner bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, dark red; wood pale yellow, pith hollow. Stipules subulate, 0.7–2.5 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete but often furrowed above, 2.5–9 mm long, 1.5–2.7 mm diam, pubescent; blade oblan- ceolate, cuneately narrowed in lower part, 8–32 by 2.8–5.9 cm, chartaceous, base abruptly rounded to truncate, adaxial glands not seen, margin distantly serrate, teeth falcate when young, glandular or nipple-like when mature, apex acuminate to caudate, both surfaces glabrous; venation pinnate, midrib elevated and slightly pubescent on both sides, secondary veins 12–18 pairs, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual or bisexual, rami- and cauliflorous, in short cymes or thyrses, or a single to a few flowers on short brachyblasts; peduncle 1.5–11 mm long, 0.5–0.9 mm diam, pubescent; bracts oblong to lanceolate, 0.3–5.6 by 0.2–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.8–4.9 mm diam; pedicel 2.2–2.5 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm thick, glabrous; sepals elliptic, often unequal, 1–1.8 by 0.8–1.3 mm, base connate, margin entire, sometimes slightly ciliate, apex acute to rounded, pubescent outside; petals obo- vate to elliptic, 1.8–2.8 by 1.1–1.8 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded, glabrous, purple; disc lobes trapezoid, 0.2–0.3 by 0.2–0.25 mm, recurved at apex, glabrous; stamens 3, andro- phore 0.5–0.6 mm long, c. 0.1 mm diam; anthers free, divaricate at apex, thecae 0.4–0.5 mm long, connective with numerous droplets with secretion. Pistillate flowers (fruiting) 4.2–5.3 mm diam; pedicel c. 1 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam when flowering, elongating in fruit to 2.5–4 mm long, 1.2–1.4 mm diam, glabrous to slightly pubescent; sepals elliptic to lanceolate, 1.1–2.5 by 0.65–1.2 mm when flowering, slightly accrescent to c. 5 by 2.1 mm when fruiting, base connate, margin entire or with 2 apical teeth, apex acute, pubescent outside; petals elliptic, c. 3.2 by 1.7 mm, base claw-like, apex rounded; disc not seen; ovary 1.5–1.8 mm diam, densely pubescent, stigmas 0.4–0.5 mm long, apically deeply bifid. Fruits: sepals persistent; columella 4–6 mm long. S eeds not seen .</p><p>Distribution — NE India, Bangladesh.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In forests. Elevation: 670–1000 m. Flowering: May.</p><p>Note — See note under T. flavidus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3EFF27FFAEF5A1EAB6B0D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3EFF26FCE1F7F0EFC2B3D6.text	623587E16B3EFF26FCE1F7F0EFC2B3D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon tuberculatus F. Du & Ju He	<div><p>27. Trigonostemon tuberculatus F.Du &amp; Ju He — sect. Tylosepalum — Map 3</p><p>Trigonostemon tuberculatus F.Du &amp; Ju He in Du et al. (2010) 111, f. 1, 2. — Type: Du, He &amp; Zhang 200401 (holo SWFC, not seen), China, Yunnan, Yuanjiang .</p><p>Shrubs, up to 2 m tall; flowering branches 2.3–2.5 mm diam, densely pubescent. Bark 0.1–0.2 mm thick, pale brown; wood yellow to brown. Stipules subulate, 0.5–0.7 mm long, caducous, densely pubescent at base, often buried in hairs. Leaves: petiole terete, 1.4–3.3 cm long, 0.8–1 mm diam, densely pubescent; blade ovate, 4.4–6.9 by 1.6–4.7 cm, coriaceous, base acute to truncate, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex acute, both surfaces densely pubescent; venation often palmate, densely pubescent on both sides; midrib and basal secondary veins slightly elevated on both surfaces, other secondary veins 5–7 pairs, bifurcate and con- nected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, obscure, veinlets reticulate, obscure. Inflorescences seemingly unisexual, axillary or terminal panicles; main axis terete, 2.7–5 cm long, 0.5–1 mm diam, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.8–1.8 by 0.5–0.8 mm, densely pubescent. Staminate flowers 4.1–6.1 mm diam; pedicel 1.6–2.7 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm diam, densely pubescent; sepals elliptic, 1.5–3 by 0.9–1.5 mm, base connate, margin entire, apex acute, pubescent outside; petals spathu- late, 3–3.8 by 1.4–2 mm, apex rounded, yellow, glabrous; disc annular, c. 0.4 mm wide, pubescent; stamens 3, androphore 0.9–1 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, anthers ellipsoid, 0.6–0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers (Du et al. 2010): sepals elliptic, c. 3 mm long, with buff vesicles, densely tomentose outside; petals narrowly elliptic, c. 4 mm long, glabrous, with or without 1–2 dichotomous glands; disc unknown; ovary tuberculate, densely long tomentose, stigmas bifid at apex. Fruits (Du et al. 2010) oblate, c. 3 cm diam, green when young, warts 1–2 mm diam. Seeds (Du et al. 2010) flat, elliptic, 0.9–1 cm long, c. 0.6 mm diam; aril c. 1 mm thick, spongy, green.</p><p>Distribution — China (Yuanjiang, Yunnan; endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — On hill slopes, on the banks of the Yuanjiang river, in arid areas. Elevation: c. 300 m. Flowering: March.</p><p>Notes — 1. The species has a few very unusual characters: it is the only species known to have a pubescent disc; the fruits are very warty and exceptionally large; the seeds have a green aril (Du et al. 2010).</p><p>2. We have only seen one collection of the species; the description of pistillate flowers, fruits and seeds is based on Du et al. 2010. The colour of the staminate petals (yellow) was known from photos by Si-Yu Zhang posted on Plant Photo Bank of China (http://ppbc.iplant.cn/).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3EFF26FCE1F7F0EFC2B3D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF4F5EC37B58A.text	623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF4F5EC37B58A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon verticillatus var. verticillatus (Jack) Pax var. verticillatus	<div><p>28. Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax var. verticillatus — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 14</p><p>Trigonostemon verticillatus (Jack) Pax in Pax &amp; Hoffmann (1911) 87; Jabl. (1963) 164; Airy Shaw (1972) 349; Whitmore (1973) 136; Chantar. (2005) 30; (2007) 585, pl. 31, 2; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 213. — Enchidium verticillatum Jack (1822) 90; (1835) 257, excl. synon. Rumphius; Müll. Arg. (1866) 1256; Merr. (1952) 224. — Neotype (designated by Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018): Maingay 1403 (L, barcode L.2258683; isoneo: BM, CAL, barcode CAL0000031928, K), Malay Peninsula, Malacca.</p><p>Telogyne indica Baill. (1858a) 328; (1858b) pl. 11, f. 13. — Trigonostemon indicus (Baill.) Müll.Arg. (1865) 214; (1866) 1107; Hook. f. (1887) 398; Ridl. (1924) 264; Jabl. (1963) 152. — Lectotype (designated by Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018): Wallich 7997 (G*, barcode G00435096; iso G*, no barcode; G-DC*, barcode G00319770,on 2 sheets,K, barcodes K000959330, K000959331, K000959332, K000959333, P, barcode P00717110), Malaysia, Penang.</p><p>Description &amp; Taxonomic notes — See Yu &amp; Van Welzen 2018.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Malay Peninsula.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF4F5EC37B58A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF2D6EDA7B25A.text	623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF2D6EDA7B25A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon villosus var. nicobaricus (Chakrab.) N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab.	<div><p>29. Trigonostemon villosus Hook.f.var. nicobaricus (Chakrab.) N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. — sect. Trigonostemon — Map 8</p><p>Trigonostemon villosus Hook.f. var. nicobaricus (Chakrab.) N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 629. — Trigonostemon nicobaricus Chakrab. (1984) 203. — Type: Dwivedi 8521 (holo 8521A CAL, barcode CAL0000023667, iso 8521B, 8521C, 8521D, 8521E, PBL, not seen), India, Great Nicobar Island, 9 km on East-West road.</p><p>Small trees, 5–7 m tall; flowering branches 2.8–3.8 mm diam, pubescent when young. Outer bark c. 0.1 mm thick, flaky, pale brownish; inner bark c. 0.1 mm thick, dark reddish; wood pale yellow. Stipules subulate, 0.8–1 mm long, caducous. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.3–1 cm long, c. 2.3 mm diam, pubescent; blade oblanceolate, 6.5–23.8 by 2.1–5.6 cm, chartaceous, base abruptly narrowed, rounded to obtuse, 2 adaxial glands present, margin distantly serrate, apex acumi- nate to caudate, upper surface glabrescent, slightly pubescent beneath; venation pinnate; midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, secondary veins 13–18 pairs, slightly curved and connected along margin, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual, terminal or axillary, staminate ones racemose thyrses, pistillate ones racemes; axis up to 4.8–11.7 cm long, 0.4–0.6 mm diam, slightly pubescent; bracts lanceolate to ellip- tic, 1.5–7 by 0.4–0.7 mm, pubescent outside. Staminate flowers (Chakrabarty 1984): pedicel 2–5 mm long, apically 0.4–0.7 mm diam, basally 0.1–0.3 mm diam, puberulous; sepals oblong to triangular, 1–1.5 by 0.7–1.2 mm, margin ciliate, puberulous outside; petals spathulate to obovate, c. 2.5 by 1.2–1.5 mm, blackish crimson, pilose to glabrous; disc glands c. 0.5 mm long; stamens 3, androphore 1–1.3 mm long, anthers ellipsoid to orbicular, 0.6–0.7 mm long. Pistillate flowers (Chakrabarty 1984): pedicel 3.5–4 mm long, apically c. 1 mm diam, basally c. 0.5 mm diam, tomentose; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 4–6 by 1.5–2 mm, margin denticulate to entire, apex acuminate, puberulose outside, without gland or appendage; petals oblong to elliptic, c. 2 by 1–1.2 mm, blackish crimson, sparsely pilose outside; disc glands c. 0.5 mm long; ovary c. 1 mm diam, densely puberulose, stigmas c. 0.8 mm long, erect and apically bifid. Fruits and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution — India (Great Nicobar Island, endemic).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary hill forests. Flowering: May.</p><p>Notes — 1. This variety is only known from the type collec- tion. We have only seen juvenile flowers in the specimen. The description of the staminate and pistillate flowers is based on Chakrabarty (1984).</p><p>2. This variety very closely resembles T. villosus Hook.f. var. borneensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw. The geographical distributions of the two varieties are also close (Great Nicobar Island for T. villosus var. nicobaricus and Sumatra as the western limit of T. villosus var. borneensis). The variety nicobaricus appears different in the somewhat longer leaf blades with an abruptly narrowed base.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3FFF26FFAEF2D6EDA7B25A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3FFF21FCE0F578EC98B492.text	623587E16B3FFF21FCE0F578EC98B492.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw	<div><p>30. Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw — sect. Tylosepalum</p><p>Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw (1971) 545; Whitmore (1973) 135; Airy Shaw (1975) 205;(1981) 358;(1982a) 36;(1983) 48; N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab.(1991) 631, f. 12; R.I. Milne (1995) 28,in key, 29, in key; R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 221. — Sabia viridissima Kurz (1872) 304;Hook.f.(1876) 3; Kurz (1877a) 301. — Blachia viridissima (Kurz) King (1896) 455, in obs. — Kurziodendron viridissimum (Kurz) N.P.Balakr. (1966) 68, pl. 1, f. 1-7. — Lectotype (designated here): Kurz s.n. (K, barcode K000246872;iso K, barcode K000246871), India, Andamans.</p><p>Neotrigonostemon diversifolius Pax &amp; K.Hoffm. (1928) 385; (1931) 169. — Type: Parker 2593 (K), Myanmar, Mergui, Ngawun Reserve .</p><p>Trigonostemon chatterjii Deb &amp; G.K.Deka (1965) 577; N.P.Balakr. (1983) 427. — Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. chatterjii (Deb &amp; G.K.Deka) N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1984c) 967, syn. nov.; (1991) 635; Talukdar et al. (2015) 10. — Type: Deka 19 (holo CAL (19A), barcode CAL0000023655; iso ASSAM * (19B–19E), India, Meghalaya, Jowai dist., Dawki.</p><p>Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. confertifolius N.P.Balakr. &amp; N.G.Nair (1982) 36,syn.nov.;N. P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 635. — Type: Balakrishnan &amp; Nair 4773 (holo CAL (4773 A), not found; iso L (4773 B), not found, PBL (4773 C –4773 E), not seen), India, North Andamans, Saddle Peak .</p><p>Trigonostemon huangmosu Y.T. Chang (1983) 174; H. S. Kiu (1996) 167. — Type: Lüchun Exped. 1961 (KUN, barcodes KUN1294366, KUN1294367), China, Yunnan, Gejiu .</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, 1–10 m tall, stem up to 10 cm diam; flowering branches 1.5–3.2(–4.6) mm diam, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Indumentum of simple hairs; translucent (oil?) dots often present in green parts. Bark 0.1–0.3 mm thick, grey or pale to reddish brown or grey; wood pale yellowish, pith sometimes hollow. Stipules subulate to nipple-like, 0.4–1.5 mm long, caducous, often pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole terete but grooved above, 0.5–3.5(–5.5) cm long, 0.7–1.8 mm diam, wrinkled, pubescent when young; blade ovate to elliptic to oblong, sometimes (ob)ovate, (4.5–)8–24 by (1.5–) 2.5–9 cm, membranous to chartaceous, base acute or obtuse, often with 1–2 pairs of adaxial glands, margin entire or slightly distantly serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, upper surface glabrescent to glabrous, dark green, lower surface often sparsely pubescent, paler and dull green; venation triplinerved, midrib slightly raised above and elevated beneath, often pubescent, especially near base, secondary veins 5–10 pairs, bow-shaped and connected along margin, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate. Inflorescences bisexual, terminal or axillary, loose panicles; main axis terete, up to 30 cm long, 0.4–2 mm diam, slightly pubescent; bracts lanceolate, 0.5–6 by 0.2–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 5–9 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel 4.5–9 mm long, 0.15–0.2 mm diam, glabrescent or slightly pubes- cent; sepals elliptic to orbicular to triangular, 1–1.7 by 0.6–1.2 mm, imbricate, margin somewhat undulate, apex rounded or truncate, sometimes with a short notch and an apical gland, pubescent outside; petals obovate, 3–6.5(–10) by 2.5–4.5(–7) mm, contort, membranous, with several distinct parallel veins, base cuneate or somewhat claw-like, entire, apex rounded, yellow to orange, glabrous; disc annular, margin undulate, reflexed, sometimes with 5 notches; stamens 3, androphore 0.7–1.5 mm long, free part of filaments 0.3–0.4(–0.6) mm long, anthers free, ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 5–9 mm diam; buds conical; pedicel slightly thickening toward apex, 0.3–1.4 cm long, apically 0.5–0.7 mm diam when flowering, elongating up to 1.1–2.9 cm long and 0.8–2 mm diam in fruit, glabrescent, often with translucent (oil?) dots; sepals, petals and disc as staminate flowers, petals caducous when fruiting; ovary 0.8–1.1 mm diam, glabrous, with numerous translucent (oil?) dots on surface, styles 0.2–0.7 mm long, stigmas 0.5–1.5 mm long, erect or bent, apically slightly thickened and slightly bifid or horseshoe-like. Fruits 1.1–1.5 cm diam, greenish, glabrous, smooth; sepals persistent but not accrescent; wall 0.4–0.5 mm thick, exocarp partly detaching; columella 5–6.3 mm long. Seeds 7–8 mm diam, with numerous translucent (oil?) dots on surface; hilum rhombic to oblong, 1.5 by 0.6–1.2 mm.</p><p>Distribution — India, Myanmar (Mergui), China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philip- pines, Lesser Sunda Islands.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary to secondary forests, along coasts to hillsides, sometimes along rivers.</p><p>Note — The species has perhaps the widest distribution in the genus and displays a wide range of morphological variation, even within its type locality, the Andamans (India). Because the variation appears to be continuous, it was not possible to distinguish between binomials; we thus treat them as a single species.</p><p>Key to the varieties</p><p>1. Inflorescences pendulous and often pubescent, axis sym- podial branching (at least at tertiary and lower branches); style distinct, up to 0.7 mm long; stigmas often erect................................... a. var. viridissimus</p><p>1. Inflorescences erect and glabrous, axis monopodial; style sometimes indistinct, 0.2–0.4 mm long; stigmas bent............................... b. var. elegantissimus</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3FFF21FCE0F578EC98B492	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF21FFAEF1BFEDCBB2C9.text	623587E16B38FF21FFAEF1BFEDCBB2C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon viridissimus var. elegantissimus (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw	<div><p>b. var. elegantissimus (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw — Map 15</p><p>Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. elegantissimus (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw (1975) 206;R.Y.Yu &amp; Welzen (2018) 222. — Trigonostemon elegantissimus Airy Shaw (1966) 48; Whitmore (1973) 135; Airy Shaw (1978) 417;R.I. Milne (1995) 28, in key,29, in key,47. — Type: Kostermans 13695 (holo K, barcode K000959295; iso BO, sheet no. BO1722352, L, barcode L.2258606), Indonesia, E Kalimantan, Sangkulirang District, Karangan River, near Batu Pondong.</p><p>Trigonostemon chinensis Merr. (1922) 498; H.S. Kiu (1996) 167; P.T. Li et al. (2006) 118; P. T. Li &amp; M. G. Gilbert (2008) 274,syn.nov. — Type: Tsoong 1875 (PE, barcode PE01110916, PNH, sheet no. 88948), China, Guangxi, Tung Sing [= Dongxing], Dongjingshan .</p><p>Trigonostemon sanguineus Gagnep.(1925a) 470. — Type: Poilane 8201 (P, barcodes P00717146, P00717147), Vietnam, km 26 route from Nhatrang to Ninh Hoa.</p><p>Trigonostemon kwangsiensis Hand.-Mazz.(1932) 130. — Type: Ching 7729 (A, barcode A00048864,NY, barcode NY00273338), China, Guangxi, Bako Schan .</p><p>Trigonostemon fungii Merr. (1932) 47. — Trigonostemon chinensis Merr. f. fungii (Merr.) Y.T. Chang (1989) 149; H. S. Kiu (1996) 169. — Type: Tsang &amp; Fung 18170 (IBSC, not found), China, Hainan. — Paratype: Tsang &amp; Fung 17606 (IBSC, barcodes IBSC0306872, IBSC0306873), China, Hainan, Hongmaoshan .</p><p>Trigonostemon leucanthus Airy Shaw var. hainanensis H.S.Kiu in H.S. Kiu &amp; X.X.Chen (1992) 211. — Type: Liang 62132 (holo IBSC, barcode IBSC0306909; iso IBK, barcode IBK00169494), China, Hainan, Yazhou, Heiluoling, Xiaobaokang .</p><p>Inflorescences erect and glabrous, axis monopodial; styles distinct, up to 0.7 mm long. Styles sometimes indistinct, 0.2–0.4 mm long; stigmas bent.</p><p>Distribution — China, Laos, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Bor- neo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Growing on sandy loam to sandy stone. Elevation: 170– 670 m. Flowering: March to September; fruiting: July, October.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B38FF21FFAEF1BFEDCBB2C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF21FFAEF03DEC3CB610.text	623587E16B38FF21FFAEF03DEC3CB610.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon viridissimus var. viridissimus	<div><p>a. var. viridissimus — Map 15</p><p>Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw var. viridissimus: Airy Shaw (1975) 205.</p><p>Inflorescences pendulous and often pubescent, axis sympodial branching (at least at tertiary and lower branches). Style distinct, up to 0.7 mm long; stigmas often erect.</p><p>Distribution — India (Andamans, Assam), Myanmar (Mergui), Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Lesser Sunda Islands.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Elevation: 0–450 m. Flowering: all year round; fruiting: January, May, July, November.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B38FF21FFAEF03DEC3CB610	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B38FF20FCE1F597EAC4B928.text	623587E16B38FF20FCE1F597EAC4B928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon xyphophylloides (Croizat) L. K. Dai & T. L. Wu	<div><p>31. Trigonostemon xyphophylloides (Croizat) L.K.Dai &amp; T.L.Wu — sect. Tylosepalum — Fig. 4; Map 8</p><p>Trigonostemon xyphophylloides (Croizat) L.K.Dai &amp; T.L.Wu in Chun et al. (1963) 277;H.S. Kiu (1996) 163;P.T.Li &amp; M.G.Gilbert (2008) 273. — Cleidion xyphophylloides Croizat (1940) 503. — Type: Wang 34005 [cited as ‘34006’ in Croizat 1940, probably a typo; marked as holotype in A by Croizat] (A*, barcode A0004596, IBK, barcode IBK00169539, IBSC, K, barcode K000959334), China, Hainan, Ya County.</p><p>Small trees, 1.5–3 m tall; flowering branches c. 3.5 mm thick, often glabrous. Bark 0.3–0.5 mm diam, dark brown to grey, sap reddish black when solidified; wood pale brown, pith sometimes hollow. Stipules subulate, 1.9–2.4 mm long, light green, gla- brous or sometimes pubescent at base. Leaves: petiole 0.5–3 cm long, slightly grooved above, more or less pubescent; blade oblanceolate, lower part cuneately narrowed, 22–49 by 5.4–11 cm, coriaceous, base round to truncate, adaxially 2 stipellae present, subulate to falcate to linear, 1.9–2.2 by 0.3–0.6 mm, yellow to light green, blade margin distantly serrate, teeth glandular, apex acuminate or sometimes rounded, green above, light green beneath, glabrous on both surfaces; venation pin- nate, midrib slightly raised above, distinctly elevated beneath, secondary veins 13–18 pairs, slightly curved, bifurcate and connected near margin, tertiary veins reticulate. Inflorescences unisexual; staminate ones cauliflorous, short and condensed cymes or thyrses, bracts semi-orbicular to lanceolate, 0.3–1.8 by 0.3–1.5 mm, pubescent; pistillate ones terminal or axillary, often racemose, axis 1.5–2.4 cm long, pubescent, bracts lan- ceolate, 1.3–2.4 by 0.8–1 mm, pubescent. Staminate flowers 3.1–4 mm diam; pedicel 3.1–6 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm diam, pinkish, glabrous; sepals ovate to elliptic, 1–1.2 by 0.7–1 mm, imbricate, pinkish green, base connate, apex often rounded, more or less pubescent outside, sometimes with an apical gland outside; petals oblong to oblanceolate, 1.5–5.3 by 0.5–1.3 mm, orange with a reddish honey mark at base, visible on both sides, apex acute, glabrous on both sides; disc glands rectangular to trapezoid, 0.25–0.35 by 0.25–0.4 mm, somewhat fleshy, apex truncate to rounded; stamens 3, androphore erect, 0.2–0.3 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diam, anthers free, divaricate, thecae 0.4–0.5 mm long, connective with an apical appendage. Pistillate flowers (bud) at least 2 mm diam; pedicel c. 3 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, pubescent; sepals ovate to triangular, c. 1 by 0.9 mm, pubescent; petals, disc and ovary not seen. Fruits green, glabrous; pedicel 0.8–1 cm long, c. 2.8 mm diam; sepals persistent, slightly accrescent, c. 2 by 1.2 mm; columella 6.5–8 mm long. Seeds globose or ellipsoid, 0.85–0.9 by 0.7–0.85 mm, dark orange to brown when dry.</p><p>Distribution — China (Hainan, endemic?).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Understorey in forests. Flowering: July; fruiting: April, July, September to October.</p><p>Note — The species is both morphologically and phyloge- netically (Yu et al. 2019) close to T. aurantiacus, but the leaves are much larger and lighter in colour.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B38FF20FCE1F597EAC4B928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
623587E16B3AFF23FFAEF6E6EC02B3E6.text	623587E16B3AFF23FFAEF6E6EC02B3E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonostemon praetervisus Airy Shaw	<div><p>32. Trigonostemon praetervisus Airy Shaw — Map 6</p><p>Trigonostemon praetervisus Airy Shaw (1982b) 121; N. P. Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1991) 625. — Type: Wallich 8001 (holo K, part of the specimen,as it shares the same sheet with Croton chlorocalyx Müll.Arg., barcode K000246858), Bangladesh, Assam, Sylhet .</p><p>No material was available, for description seeAiry Shaw (1982b).</p><p>Note — The species was described based on incomplete material. There are two sheets of Wallich 8001 in Kew: barcodes K000246857 and K000246858. On the first sheet, a drawing shows 10 fully separate stamens (10 separate filaments can be clearly seen), which is atypical for Trigonostemon; on the second sheet, there is a mixed assemblage of, as Airy Shaw (1982b) described, Croton chlorocalyx and Trigonostemon praetervisus . However, we were unable to designate a genus to the material. Therefore, the species is treated as doubtful here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/623587E16B3AFF23FFAEF6E6EC02B3E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yu, R. - Y.;Welzen, P. C. van	Yu, R. - Y., Welzen, P. C. van (2020): A taxonomic revision of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) outside Malesia. Blumea 65 (1): 25-52, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.01.04
