taxonID	type	description	language	source
626F87DDF048FFD312B8FD868DF9FA5E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with comparatively short, more or less conical or pupoid shells with (at most) a single columellar ‘ tooth’ and protoconch either exposed (type A) or more or less concealed (type B and C) in first teleoconch whorl. Based on a few easily observed shell characters, the northeast Atlantic species have been classified as belonging to either Odostomia (without macroscopic sculpture), Chrysallida (with mainly axial sculpture) or Menestho (with only spiral sculpture). These three genus names were used by Winckworth (1932) and adopted by Høisaeter (1986). The three genera were subdivided into subgenera, however. Chrysallida was divided into Partulida and Parthenina, Menestho into Evalea and Liostomia, and Odostomia into Odostomia s. s. and Brachystomia. These subgenera have all been elevated to full generic rank by later authors (e. g. Fretter et al. 1986), although Evalea and Partulida have since been changed to Ondina and Spiralinella respectively. Fretter et al. (1986) also removed Jordaniella from Odostomia and re-established it as an independent genus. Van Aartsen (1977, 1987) disagreed and re-established Chrysallida, Odostomia and Ondina as the only European odostomine genera. Warén (1991), used Chrysallida, Ondina and, as did Fretter et al. (1986), found Liostomia, sufficiently distinct to separate it from Odostomia (he did not include Odostomia s. l. in his revision). Smith & Heppell (1991) accepted the generic taxonomy of Fretter et al. (1986). Schander (1995) in his revision of the pyramidellids of the Faroes, used van Aartsen’s (1987) taxonomy as a basis for his small sample, but accepted Brachystomia as a genus, not a subgroup of Odostomia. Høisaeter (2009) adopted the current use of names in CLEMAM, and used Chrysallida, Odostomia, Ondina and Liostomia, but mentioned briefly also the rare Rissopsetia and Aartsenia.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF048FFD312B8FD868DF9FA5E.taxon	description	Of these, Parthenina, Spiralinella, Chrysallida s. l., Brachystomia, Ondina and Liostomia, based on protoconch morphology (intorted), general colouration of pigmented mantle organ, type of operculum and the presence of tentacular pads (missing in all other genera in the Norwegian fauna) belong in a separate clade, corresponding to the informal group, Liostomini in Schander et al. (2003). Lack of observations of living specimens of Jordaniella, Rissopsetia and Aartsenia prevents placement of these groups. Based on molecular data (mitochondrial 16 S partial gene), Jordaniella should, however, belong in the same clade as Liostomia (Schander et al. 2003). In the list above, four groups are singled out as belonging to so far unnamed genera. I refrain from naming these, as the possibility of further confusing the already chaotic generic taxonomy of the family is too great. To facilitate the practical work of identifying members of this ‘ difficult’ subfamily, keys are given for the genera, and also for the species within each of the species-rich genera.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF049FFDC12A7F9C689FBFC3E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species by original designation, Chemnitzia communis C. B. Adams, 1852. Pacifc coast of Panama.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF049FFDC12A7F9C689FBFC3E.taxon	description	The introduction of Chrysallida as the genus name for this extended group is probably due to Thiele (1929). Earlier authors used the name in a more restricted sense, mostly as a subgenus or section. Thiele apparently adopted the name from Dall & Bartsch (1904), as the oldest of the names used by these authors for members of Odostomia (sensu Dall & Bartsch) with axial sculpture. The name was originally introduced by Carpenter (1856) for a group of East Pacific, somewhat pupiform shells with flattened whorls, heavy nodulous sculpture (axial ribs crossed by spirals of equal strength) and several basal cords. The first to adopt this genus name for our European species was apparently Winckworth (1932), who followed Thiele (1929) in this case. Since that time it has remained in the European literature, as the name for most European smaller pyramidellids with both spiral and axial sculpture and with an intorted protoconch. All authors of recent revisions (e. g. Warén 1991, Schander 1995 and van Aartsen et al. 2000) agree that Chrysallida is a heterogeneous group, but as no global revision of this large group has been made they refrain from using any other genus names for species living in our waters. As Chrysallida, both because of its type species from the tropical eastern Pacific, and its characteristic nodulous sculpture is unlikely to have any close relatives in our waters (see however van Aartsen et al. 2000), I propose that the majority of the Northeast Atlantic species should be grouped together in Parthenina. Spiralinella is not included due to its deviating mitochondrial 16 S gene (Schander et al. 2003). There are still a number of species with deviating sculpture (soft parts unknown) which may validate the placement in a new genus. Until they are better known, I keep these few species in Chrysallida s. l.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDC1010FC258C0AFCFE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species by original designation: Turbo interstinctus Montagu, 1803; Britain	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDC1010FC258C0AFCFE.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with small (<5 mm long), elongate-ovate to truncated, conical shells, of not more than six whorls. Sculpture consisting of axial ribs, usually in combination with spiral sculpture, either raised threads, or striae. Columellar fold always present, though sometimes rather indistinct. Protoconch medium-sized to small, more or less intorted. Operculum (Figure 3) oligogyrous, moderately thick, with no indentation for the columellar fold. Yellowish, internal process of moderate thickness, gradually decreasing in thickness towards the opercular edges from the walls around a central, slightly arched ‘ tunnel’. Foot long and narrow, truncated anteriorly and ending in a blunt point (Figure 9). Tentacles triangular with tentacular pads at their tip. Eyes moderately large and rather far apart. Mentum narrow with a squarish front. Pigmented mantle organ irregularly oval to circular consisting of yellow and brown patches (Figure 9). Following Schander et al. (2003) I adopt Parthenina as the name for most European “ Chrysallida ” species. In the region here covered, this genus is represented by four or five species. However, the number of species is far higher further south, in the Mediterranean and the Canary Isles (van Aartsen 1977, van der Linden & Eikenboom 1992, Peñas et al. 1996, van Aartsen et al. 2000).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	description	Figure 5	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not found (Warén 1991) Type locality: “ Found in the Boysian cabinet ”. Probably the coast of Kent (fide Parker & Jones 1860: 335) Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 2 spms; Hordaland, several shs; Møre og Romsdal several shs; Nord-Trøndelag, several shs; Nordland, 2 spms and several shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Fairly long (max. length 3.7 mm), narrow, almost cylindrical shells, superficially Turbonilla - like, with slightly convex whorls, and with 11 or 12 (visible) flexuous axial ribs crossed by four to seven spiral cords on the body whorl. Very weak columellar fold, not visible within aperture. Protoconch small, intorted. Soft parts: The colour of preserved specimens as seen through the shell is reddish orange, and the eyes are very small and close together. Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Reported as rare from the Bergen area by Friele (1874) (not refound by Norman 1879 in the same area), from Oslofjorden by G. O. Sars (1878) (also reported by M. Sars 1865, and Brøgger 1872, but not recorded by Jeffreys 1870), while Warén (1991) only records two specimens (Bergen) and one shell (Raunefjorden) as Norwegian material. In my material two specimens and three shells from Skagerrak, two specimens and an additional 18 shells (or fragments) of which two specimens and 16 shells from between 65 ° 30 ’ N and 67 ° 05 ’ N. Except for the two specimens, beautifully preserved, from outer Vefsnfjorden (65 ° 53 ’ N, 12 ° 32 ’ E, 12 - 15 m, Desmarestia and Lithothamnion and other red algae) the shells are often worn, with much of the spiral sculpture hard to see. As shells are easily confused with C. interstincta, the identifications of the 10 samples included can not all be trusted. The material from Vefsnfjorden and two shells from Sjonafjorden, just south of Sila (66 ° 17 ’ N, 160 - 80 m, gravel) are perhaps the most reliable. The material from Sjonafjorden is also the northernmost record of this species so far. Outside Norway it is reported as common in the Koster area in the Swedish part of Skagerrak (Warén 1991). Further south the species is distributed along the Atlantic coasts of Europe, from the North Sea to Portugal and the Canary Islands, and all around the Mediterranean (van der Linden & Eikenboom 1992).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF046FFDD12B9FC6589F8FA3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: One of several pyramidellids whose identity is not supported by type material. According to Forbes & Hanley (1853: 255) ‘ The identity of this shell with the T. indistinctus of Montagu is rather traditional than positive, since the language of the “ Testacea Britannica ” does not precisely correspond with the characteristics of the present species. ’ However the interpretation of the species has been stable, at least since the time of Jeffreys (1867). Empty shells might be mistaken for P. interstincta, but is most easily distinguished by the lack of a columellar tooth.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	description	Figures 6 - 11	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Bigberry Bay, Devonshire. Great Britain. Type material: Not found (Warén 1991). Neotype selected by Warén (1991), RAMME 4241. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 35 spms; Hordaland, 1250 spms; Møre og Romsdal a few shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 13 spms; Nordland, 41 spms; Troms, 1 spm ..	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: usually a moderately tall cone with distinct axial costae, ending at lower of two less distinct spiral threads. Further characterized by conspicuous columellar tooth and deep and shouldered suture. No periostracum. Larval shell of type B (Figures 6 to 8). Soft parts: Foot long, truncated anteriorly and ending in a blunt point, triangular tentacles with terminal pads, yellowbrown to dark brown pigment in a strip on the inside of the tentacle from just before the eyes and to the end of the tentacle groove, eyes fairly small, mentum blunt, short and narrow, pigmented mantle organ a yellow oval blotch with brown margin, white speck at upper right (Figure 9). Operculum: Having a tubelike internal process and without marginal notch (Figure 10).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: A single specimen reported by Cole & Hancock (1955) from an oyster in a population severely infected by Brachystomia eulimoides. To my knowledge this is the only report on a possible host for P. interstincta. The species was found together with six other pyramidellid species on various substrates in Knappensundet, and with five others from a similar habitat at Hillersholmen (both around 60 ° 16 ’ N, Høisaeter 1989). P. interstincta was consistently present at the three substrates (Pomatoceros, Modiolus / Pomatoceros, Modiolus / Limaria) studied, but usually in relatively small numbers in comparison to four other species found. The only samples in which it was close to the dominant pyramidellid species was a soft bottom “ covered ” with living Limaria hians and Modiolus modiolus. It was also found in samples dominated by Pomatoceros triqueter, but always in low numbers. The results support the theory that P. interstincta is a species feeding primarily on mollusks but that stray specimens might also try to feed on serpulids (in many ways a parallel to Brachystomia scalaris). Høisaeter (1965) described spermatophores in this species (as Chrysallida obtusa) (Figure 11). This was the first record for members of this family. Since then Robertson has described spermatophores in several taxa of pyramidellids from the western Atlantic, and used the different forms partly as a basis for genus level taxonomy (Robertson 1966; 1967; 1978; 1996). A similar view adopted by Hori & Kuroda (2001).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway previously reported from Lofoten (rare) and south along the coast to Oslofjorden (G. O. Sars 1878). In my material common in the Espegrend area (Hordaland, 60 ° 16 ’ N), and sparingly further north, but still not uncommon in the Bodø area around 67.5 ° N, (37 specimens in the material from Wikander). A single specimen from the species rich station in Gratangen (68 ° 44 ’ N, 90 - 80 m, fine shell sand with many Modiolula shells) is so far the northernmost location. Outside Norway known from Southwestern Iceland and off most coasts of the British Isles, south to the western Mediterranean (Fretter et al. 1986, Warén 1991).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF047FFDF103FFA2588F3F9DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Warén (1991) argued that J. Adams’ figure of Turbo interstinctus was not more questionable than those of several others that have been accepted as valid. He therefore suggested that J. Adams’ name, as used by Montagu (1803) and Jeffreys (1867) should be retained in preference to C. obtusa (a name reintroduced by Winckworth 1932). He designated one of two specimens from Montagu’s collection as neotype (figured as Figure 39 C in Warén 1991). Van Aartsen et al. (2000) disagreed and presented a long argument for why Turbo interstinctus of J. Adams is not the species that Montagu (1803) called Turbo interstinctus, which is the interpretation of interstinctus adopted by all authors since the time of Jeffreys (1867: 153). They first rejected Warén’s selection of one of the shells in Montagu’s collection labelled Turbo interstinctus as neotype of Turbo interstinctus J. Adams, and then in the next paragraph selected the same shell as neotype of Jaminia obtusa Brown, 1827. I find the reasoning of Warén (1991) convincing, and thus accept P. interstincta as the name of this common and widely distributed species. This common, mainly shallow water species is quite variable, as is illustrated by several SEM-photos in Peñas & Rolán (1998). It is possible in most samples (especially two shallow water, hard bottom stations just southwest of Bodø, 67 ° 16 ’ N, 13 m, and 67 ° 17 ’ N, 50 - 20 m) to distinguish two forms, one with broadly conical shape, evenly rounded whorls, the other rather narrow cylindrical, with more flattened, somewhat ‘ overhanging’ whorls. In good samples of live-caught specimens, both extremes as well as several intermediate specimens are found, however.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	description	Figure 12	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Two syntypes, SMNH 4110. Type locality: Charleroi, Belgium (fide Warén 1991). Material seen: None.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: According to Warén (1991), it is most reliably distinguished from P. indistincta in being proportionally wider and having 13 axial ribs visible rather than 10 - 11 visible ribs in P. indistincta. At least six, usually eight or more spiral cords on lower part of body whorl. Soft parts: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	description	Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Its presence in Norway is based on two shells from the Bergen area mentioned in Warén (1991). Outside Norway he reports 12 specimens from the Koster area in western Sweden. Otherwise it is known from the Atlantic coasts of Europe south to NW Spain (Warén 1991).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFDF103FF9458A37FA1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The species is included here on the authority of Warén (1991). The species was named and described by Nordsieck (1972) based on shells donated by Fasseaux, from La Panne and Colunga, Belgium. A more detailed description and several photographs are given in Fasseaux (1974). The taxon is pictured in van Aartsen (1977), who also regards it as a good species, and says it is found along the Atlantic coast of Europe. In the opinion of Nordsieck (1972) the form was originally described by G. O. Sars (1878) as Parthenia interstincta var. The justification for this identification seems flimsy, and I agree with Warén (1991) that the specimens pictured and described by G. O. Sars are not conspecific with the specimens described and depicted in Fasseaux (1974) and van Aartsen (1977). The specific name is still valid though, even if Nordsieck’s identification of G. O. Sars’ figure should be due to a misidentification. If the specimens from the Bergen area are indeed correctly identified, this is an extremely rare species in our fauna. I have not seen any shells among my roughly 35 000 pyramidellid shells. All shells of ‘ C. decussata ’ reported from the coast of the Netherlands belong to this species (de Bruyne & al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	description	Figures 13 - 15 LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 812 C 0 F 6 A- 88 DE- 47 C 1 - B 48 C- 8 F 2 A 64913729	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype ZMBN 99129. Typelocality: Aust-Agder, Grimstad, Fevikkilen, 58 ° 22 ’ N, 8 ° 40.9 ’ E, 25 m, fine sand.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the tireless mollusk-collector and bivalve specialist, Per Bie Wikander from Grimstad, who is singlehandedly responsible for amassing the large material of microgastropods from the Skagerrak area, and the majority of the material from Nordland county, permitting me to highlight the contrast between the northern and southern pyramidellid fauna in Norway. All specimens of this new species of Parthenina has been collected and sorted out from bottom material by Per Wikander.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	materials_examined	Material seen: Norway: Skagerrak, 6 spms, 2 shs. (Holotype ZMBN 99129).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	description	Description: Shell conical, only slightly convex, apical angle 30 ° - 32 °. Holotype with four teleoconch whorls, 2.2 x 1.1 mm. Whorls convex, not flatsided. Suture distinct but not canaliculate. Axial ribs straight to slightly curved towards the back, continuing faintly down on the base. The ribs are distinctly wider than the interspaces. Two spiral ribs on body whorl, usually rather obscure, not crossing the axial ribs. Thin, light yellow periostracum, shell underneath chalky white. Protoconch partly intorted, with raised basal edge extending a little outside first teleoconch whorl. Aperture oblong, ovate, spoon-shaped. Umbilicus narrow but distinct. Columellar tooth retracted but fairly strong, sometimes visible in apertural view.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnostic description: Shell: Similar to P. interstincta, but with more evenly rounded, convex whorls, shell wider and more conical, weaker and more rounded axial ribs, and very indistinct spiral ribs. As opposed to P. interstincta, a thin periostracum that flakes off when shell dries. The protoconch is tilted and its base is extending farther outside first teleoconch than that in P. interstincta. Columellar tooth weak, but stronger than in P. interstincta. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far only found on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast (ZMBN 99129, G 28 - 71 (2), G 52 - 71 (2 sh), S 17 - 87; S 8 - 88, and S 37 - 88).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF045FFD812A7FA0588C8F9BD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Quite a number of species of Chrysallida s. l. have been described from the southern part of the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean, but none of those illustrated in van der Linden & Eikenboom 1992; Peñas et al. 1996; Peñas & Rolán 1998; van Aartsen et al. 2000, or Cachia et al. 2001 seem to fit. Those with a similar sculpture, are all narrower and less conical. The new species might be a variety of the variable P. interstincta, but the specimens of this latter species from the Skagerrak I have seen are all much narrower, more cylindrical. The periostracum also seems to be specific for this new species. A character of possible taxonomic importance is that the sculpture is often partly eroded and faint. The axial ribs are less sharply cut out than in P. interstincta, and are easily ‘ destroyed’ when the shell is handled (Figure 14).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFD81010F9A58DC6FD5D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species by original designation, Turbo spiralis Montagu, 1803; Britain	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFD81010F9A58DC6FD5D.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with small (<3.5 mm long), elongate-ovate to truncated, conical, solid shells, of not more than six whorls. Sculpture consisting of axial ribs, and spiral sculpture, as raised costae on base. Columellar fold present, though sometimes rather retracted. Protoconch medium-sized to small, intorted. Operculum (Figure 20) oligogyrous, thin, with no indentation for the columellar fold. Yellowish, internal process of moderate thickness, gradually decreasing in thickness towards the opercular edges from the walls around a central, slightly arched groove. Tentacles triangular with tentacular pads at their tip. Pigmented mantle organ irregularly oval to circular consisting of yellow and brown patches. Partulida Schaufuss, 1869 has been used as name for this group (e. g. Iredale 1917, Fretter et al. 1986, Graham 1988, Høisaeter 1989, Smith & Heppell 1991, van Aartsen et al. 2000). This is the oldest name with Turbo spiralis designated as type species (Iredale 1917). However, as Corgan (1973) pointed out, Turbo spiralis is not available as it was not mentioned in Schaufuss (1869). The next oldest name is Spiralinella Chaster, 1901, which is adopted by e. g. Schander et al. (2003).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	description	Figures 16 - 20	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Three syntypes, RAMME no. 4240, three syntypes BMNH (fide Warén 1991). Type locality: Salcombe Bay, Devonshire on the southern British coast (fide Warén 1991). Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 30 spms; Hordaland, 3600 spms; Møre og Romsdal a few shs; Nord-Trøndelag, a few shs; Nordland, 67 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Easily recognized on its distinctive sculpture, with strong flatsided axial ribs on upper part of each whorl and equally strong spiral ribs on the base of the last whorl. Soft parts: Foot rather broad and short, truncated and a little concave anteriorly, narrowed a little behind the front, widening further behind and ending in a blunt point. Triangular tentacles with tentacular pads, eyes fairly small, mentum short and narrow with a rounded tip (Figure 19). Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 19) an irregular blotch with yellow and brown parts. Operculum: Have a channeled internal process and without a distinct marginal notch (Figure 20).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: According to Fretter et al. (1986) mostly associated with tubes of sedentary polychaetes, colonies of Sabellaria (Fretter 1949) and Pomatoceros (Ankel 1959). In each of 12 samples from Hillersholmen in which the primary substrate was aggregations of Pomatoceros, hundreds of specimens was found. In this locality S. spiralis was consistently at least three times as common as P. interstincta. In the locality at Knappensundet most common on Modiolus-Limaria substrate. At this locality present in many samples with very little Pomatoceros present (Høisaeter 1989). S. spiralis was most abundant (50 specimens) in a 1 / 2 x 1 / 2 m sample from 11 m, completely dominated by Limaria hians and living specimens as well as empty shells of Modiolus. In the field notes it is noted that Pomatoceros was present but very sparingly. In this and a neighbouring sample (also with very little Pomatoceros), six species of pyramidellids occurred in almost equal numbers.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: This species is one of the few north-European pyramidellids recognizable at a glance, and therefore with more reliable records than most. In Norway it has been reported from the whole coast, east Finnmark included (Verkrüzen 1875, G. O. Sars 1878, Norman 1902). In my material one of the most abundant pyramidellids, with altogether more than 3600 specimens from the Espegrend area. On the coast north of Stadt 70 specimens (most of them from Nordland county, leg. Per Wikander), and more than 220 shells. The northernmost specimen is from Kvaefjorden in southern Troms (68 ° 50 ’ N, 30 m, rocky bottom with lots of red algae (Ptilota plumosa )). The shells were primarily from Nordland south of Bodø and from Nord-Trøndelag. Outside Norway known from the Faroes (Schander 1995), south-western Iceland (Warén 1991), the British Isles, south to the western Mediterranean, and sparingly at the Canary Islands.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF042FFDA12B9FCC58A40FD5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Turbo spiralis Montagu, 1803 is preoccupied by Turbo spiralis Poiret, 1801 and should therefore be replaced by Voluta pellucida Dillwyn, 1817 (van Aartsen & Gianuzzi-Savelli 1991). Their justifications for this name change are not convincing, however. The main reason is the 50 - year rule as expressed in ICZN: “ Prevailing usage must be maintained when the following conditions are both met. 23.9.1.1 - the senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899. 23.9.1.2 - the junior synonym or homonym has been used for a particular taxon, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years, and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. Both of these ‘ rules’ are amply met for Turbo spiralis. Van der Linden & Eikenboom (1992) prefer the well known name, C. spiralis for the same reasons as given above. C. pellucida has been adopted by CLEMAM (2014) however, but else (to my knowledge) only van Aartsen & Gianuzzi-Savelli (1991), Schander (1995), van Aartsen et al. (2000), and Høisaeter (2009) have used pellucida for this species. My reason for excluding this species from Parthenina is the indication from the 16 S analysis in Schander et al. (2003) that S. spiralis is belonging to another clade than three members of Parthenina.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDA12B9FCC58C15FA5E.taxon	description	This name is used for five species not easily included in Parthenina or any other described genus. I provisionally include ‘ C. ’ bjoernssoni, ‘ C. ’ brattstroemi, ‘ C. ’ eximia, and ‘ C. ’ hoeisaeteri in one genus-group taxon, and ‘ C. ’ subslustris in another.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	description	Figure 21	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (1.52 mm) and nine paratypes, SMNH 4092 and 4093. Type locality: Southeastern Iceland, Skeidarardypet, c. 200 m. Material seen: Norway – Norwegian Trench (61 ° 30 ’ N, 02 ° 00 ’ E, 311 m), 1 sh; Troms, 17 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: The most diagnostic character is the keeled, funnelshaped protoconch (Figure 21 right), and Figure 33 E in Warén (1991). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Unknown.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From Norway, only the material listed above is known. Three samples from the Andfjorden area, eight and two fairly well preserved shells from two Lophelia reef samples, and seven from a sample from Bleiksdjupet northwest of Andøya, (69 ° 25 ’ N, 200 - 700 m, stones and clay). In addition a single shell from the western ‘ slope’ of the Norwegian Trench (83.11.17.5, 61 ° 30 ’ N, 02 ° 00 ’ E, 311 m). All of the Norwegian samples are from depths around or a little below 300 m. Only empty shells found, and thus not verified that it is still living here. Outside Norway, 20 shells on which the description was based from 200 m in south-eastern Iceland. The only known additional material is two shells from 156 m in eastern Greenland (Warén 1991). With the material from Norwegian waters listed above, the distribution limit is moved considerably eastwards. See also Remarks below.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF040FFDB12B9F9C588A1F99D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: In Warén (1991) the species is explicitely named for the Icelandic collector Johannes Björnsson, and spelled C. bjoernssoni. However the name of the collector is misspelled “ Johannes Björnson ” in the same sentence, the species name is spelled “ bjoernsoni ” in a figure caption. Chrysallida (Trabecula) kronenbergi van Aartsen et al., 2000 from deep water near the Azores, in many ways resemble C. bjoernssoni, but (according to van Aartsen et al.) lacks the distinct spirals that the latter species have. The SEM photograph accompanying their description clearly shows three spiral cords not crossing the axial ribs, and is almost indistinguishable from the SEM photo of C. bjoernssoni in Warén (1991) and the specimen at right in Figure 21 above. Van Aartsen et al. (2000) place their new species in the subgenus Trabecula, based on Chrysallida jeffreysiana (Monterosato, 1884). I do not agree as, judging from their SEM-photo, C. kronenbergi and C. jeffreysiana are very different morphologically. If C. kronenbergi is conspecific with C. bjoernssoni, then the species has a very wide distribution, from eastern Greenland, via Iceland and northern Norway, the Norwegian Trench to the bathyal (c. 600 m) near the Azores.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	description	Figure 22	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (1.15 mm) and 20 paratypes, SMNH 4094 and 4095. Type locality: Skagerrak, 58 ° 54 ’ N, 10 ° 33 ’ E, 200 - 220 m, mud with arenaceous foraminifera. Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 12 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 1 spm and 13 shs; Nordland, 3 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: small (max. 1.25 mm), colourless, with few whorls and strong axial ribs continuing down to the base and into the umbilicus, three much weaker spiral cords not crossing the axial ribs. Protoconch depressed and pertfectly smooth. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: This species was described from 21 specimens from a sample taken just south of Faerder in the Skagerrak (58 ° 54 ’ N, 10 ° 33 ’ E, 200 - 220 m). Warén reported in addition five specimens from the shelf outside Korsfjorden (60 ° 08 ’ N, 250 to 380 m) and a single shell from Trondheimsfjorden. In my material 13 specimens and 16 shells. Three shells from Tomfjorden (66 ° 12 ’ N, 380 - 300 m, mixed bottom), one specimen and one shell from outer part of Bindalsfjorden, (65 ° 12 ’ N, 12 ° 10 ’ E, 510 - 460 m, soft bottom), and four samples from Risvaer-fjorden (65 ° N, 11 ° 29 ’ E, 100 - 200 m, shells only). Finally 12 well preserved specimens from the shelf outside Korsfjorden (60 ° 07.5 ’ N, 4 ° 51 ’ E, 317 - 315 m, silty sand with lots of foraminiferans; coll. and leg. A. Warén). Outside Norway known from the Italian Lower Pleistocene and as Recent from the western Mediterranean (Warén 1991, Micali et al. 1993, Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFDB103EF9858A5FFB5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species seems to have a more southern distribution than C. eximia (not known south of western Scotland), C. hoeisaeteri and C. bjoernssoni. These also have a narrower and longer shell. I provisionally place it in a group together with these species, although the relationship might be to some more southern, deep water species, e. g. C. stefanisi (Jeffreys, 1869).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	description	Figure 23	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: 25 syntypes, USNM 131880. Type locality: Off Lerwick, Shetland. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 1 sh; Hordaland, 27 spms; Norwegian Trench (83.11.17.5, 61 ° 30 ’ N, 311 m), 4 spms; Møre og Romsdal 6 spms, 10 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 7 spms, at least 14 shs; Nordland, 5 spms, at least 20 shs; Troms 1 sh.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Strongly convex whorls with orthocline axial ribs and three strong spiral cords. Protoconch high with a coarse surface. Soft parts: Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 23, based on a single observation) an orange oval with a white circle embedded. Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway found along the whole coast, including east Finnmark (G. O. Sars 1878, Norman 1902), although only occasionally north of Lofoten. Although reported from both Oslofjorden and Skagerrak by G. O. Sars (1878), I found no specimens in my material from Skagerrak. North of Hordaland, surprisingly few specimens found compared to the hundreds (at least 250) of empty shells. Outside Norway only reported from southeastern Greenland, Iceland, the Faroes, Swedish west coast, east of Shetland, western Scotland and a single shell from west of Ireland, 764 m (Jeffreys 1867, Fretter et al. 1986, Warén 1991, Schander 1995).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF041FFC412A7FAC58B21FB9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: See below under C. hoeisaeteri.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC41010FB858AFCFEFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (2.00 mm) SMNH 4091 Type locality: Southwestern Norway, off Korsfjorden 60 º 08 ’ N, 04 º 56 ’ E, 270 - 250 m. Material seen: Norway – Nordland 2 spms; Troms, 8 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC41010FB858AFCFEFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Strongly convex whorls with prosocline axial ribs and three spiral cords. Protoconch high with smooth surface, well defined transition from protoconch to teleoconch. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC41010FB858AFCFEFE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC41010FB858AFCFEFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Norway, known from a specimen from the shelf outside Korsfjorden (holotype). In my material three samples with respectively six, three and five somewhat worn shells might belong to this species. These are from the same three stations in the outer part of Andfjorden (Bleiksdjupet and the Steinavaer coral reef) as C. bjoernssoni is reported from above. (The two specimens from Nordland referred to above are questionable). Outside Norway only known from a few specimens from northern Iceland, and some shells from southeastern Iceland and eastern Greenland (Warén 1991).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC41010FB858AFCFEFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Belongs to a species complex together with C. eximia and C. bjoernssoni. Differs from C. eximia by fewer, stronger and more prosocline axial ribs, and from C. bjoernssoni by the likewise prosocline axial ribs, a more conical shape, and a protoconch without keel and well defined transition to teleoconch (Figure 24 right).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	description	Figures 25 - 26	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Several syntypes ZMBN 21612, 21613, 21614 (see Micali et al. 1993). Type locality: Norwegian continental slope, off NW Norway, 640 - 1187 m. Material seen: Norway – Lower slope off Norway, between 62 ° and 63 ° N, 9 spms, 1 shell.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Semitransparent, glossy of a greenishyellow hue. Cyrtoconoid to conical, with distinctly convex whorls. Maximum shell length 3.1 mm. Growth lines nearly orthocline. Sculpture consisting of shallow and wavy axial ribs fading away on the lower part of the body whorl. No spiral sculpture. Columellar tooth is barely visible. Protoconch large, smooth and glossy. Soft parts: Eyes black, fairly large with distance between double the diameter. Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Norwegian Sea and lower slope off Norway. Until recently recorded only a few times. Friele (1886) reported it from three stations 66 ° 640 m, 68 ° 1150 m, and 69 ° 1187 m. Grieg (1915) reported a single specimen from the slope outside ‘ Tampen’ (62 ° 15 ’ N, 0 ° 15 ’ E, 800 m). Warén (1991) added two shells from south of Jan Mayen and one shell from northeastern Iceland. Warén (1993) reported it from two stations on the slope north of the Faroes, while Schander (1995) reported it from seven BIOICE stations in the Norwegian Sea north and east of Iceland. In my material nine specimens from five stations, all on the slope at negative temperatures, 62 ° 31.5 ’ N, 701 m, one specimen; 62 ° 12 ’ N, 708 m, three specimens; 63 ° 10 ’ N, 830 m, one specimen; and 63 ° 13 ’ N, 1003 m, three specimens. So far only reported from negative temperature water masses from the continental slopes around the Norwegian Sea (see Høisaeter 2010).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05EFFC612B9FE65884CFE3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species is little known, and only occasionally mentioned in the literature. It is apparently not closely related to any of the other pyramidellids from our region. Three different generic designations have been proposed for it, none of them satisfying. The original designation to Odostomia by Friele was correct enough according to the system used by him, but the attempts to transfer it to Turbonilla (by Kobelt 1903) or to Chrysallida (or Odostomella, Nordsieck 1972) lack factual support. The species’ closest congeners must probably be sought among species known from Arctic waters, maybe Menestho or Aartsenia.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC61010FE258C0AFDBE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Odostomia rissoides Hanley, 1844 (= B. scalaris MacGillivray, 1843); designated by Crosse (1885); Britain.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC61010FE258C0AFDBE.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with small (<5 mm long), elongate-ovate to truncated, conical, solid shells, of not more than six whorls. No macroscopic sculpture. Columellar tooth present, though sometimes rather retracted. Protoconch medium-sized to small, intorted. Operculum (Figure 33) oligogyrous, thin, without a distinct indentation for the columellar tooth. Yellowish, internal process of moderate thickness, gradually decreasing in thickness towards the opercular edges. Tentacles triangular with tentacular pads at their tip. Pigmented mantle organ irregularly oval to circular consisting of yellow and brown patches. In our waters four species may be included in this ‘ genus’, but shell characters alone are not sufficient for verifying this. I have seen living material only of B. scalaris. Since this is the type species, it may be used for describing the soft parts, and how this genus differs from Odostomia s. s. Most authors have regarded Brachystomia as a subgroup of Odostomia, but Fretter et al. (1986), based on the submerged protoconch and lack of obvious shell sculpture singled out O. scalaris, O. eulimoides, O. carrozzai (as O. albella) and O. lukisi as British members of Brachystomia. O. lukisi is definitely not closely related to the former three, and should be allocated its own new genus (see below). Schander (1995) includes O. eulimoides as well as O. carrozzai in Brachystomia, but without any explanation. Schander et al. (2003) operates with a clade ‘ Brachystomia’ as separate from Odostomia, but did not include the type species in their analysis. The two exotic species included may or may not be closely related to our northeast Atlantic species. They did however include one of our four species, Odostomia angusta, in their analysis, and found this to belong in a clade together with four species of Odostomia s. s. Their two species of ‘ Brachystomia’ were grouped with species of Parthenina, Liostomia, Jordaniella in a clade named Liostomini. This may be an indication that Odostomia angusta is not a member of Brachystomia after all, or that the specimen (from Vigo in northern Spain) sequenced by Schander et al. was misidentified.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	description	Figure 27	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntype, Bantry Bay, USNM 132101 (Warén 1980: 37, pl. 6, Figure 18 (not 22 as stated in the caption, van Aartsen 1987). Type locality: Not designated (Warén 1980) Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 5 spms, 2 shs; Møre og Romsdal 2 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 6 shs; Nordland, 1 sh. All identifications are tentative.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Similar to B. eulimoides, but narrower, and with orthocline growth lines. The body whorl occupies a proportionally smaller part of the shell than in B. eulimoides. From B. scalaris it is most easily distinguished by its less turreted form, with shallower sutures, especially the first few postnuclear whorls. Max. length given as 3.2 mm in Peñas et al. (1996). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: This species (or variety) has so far not been reported from Norwegian waters, but the localities listed by Jeffreys (1867: 125, from Guernsey to Shetland), makes it likely that it should also be found in our waters. I have tentatively identified two specimens and ten shells as this species, all taken between 62 ° 28 ’ N and 67 ° 15 ’ N. Outside Norway it is only known from the localities mentioned by Jeffreys (1867) and Marshall (1899 b) (“ several places from Guernsey to Shetland, but rare ”), the Atlantic coast of Spain (Schander et al. 2003) and from the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Mauritania, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Van Aartsen (1987) states only that “ Od. angusta occurs in the Atlantic as well as in the Mediterranean. ”	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05CFFC712B9FDA58822FD3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The first author elevating this to a full species appears to be van Aartsen (1987), who separated it from the similar looking B. eulimoides, for which it has always been regarded as a variety (Jeffreys 1867, Marshall 1899 b). Later it has been accepted by Peñas et al. (1996) and Schander et al. (2003). My source for identifying this species is the photograph in van Aartsen (1987), showing a shell much like B. eulimoides, but somewhat narrower. The main character van Aartsen mentions for distinguishing the two is that B. eulimoides have clearly prosocline growth-lines, while those of B. angusta are more or less vertical. This distinction is only easily visible on very fresh material. To distinguish it from B. scalaris, which is also stated to have orthocline growth-lines, he notes that it has a H / W ratio> 2, (against <2), and a shell shape like a slender oval (as against a shell of rissoid type). Further studies are needed for verifying that this is really a species belonging in the Norwegian fauna.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	description	Figure 28	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype USNM 132482. [Od. albella (Lovén) Jeffreys. Figured type in Br. Conch.] van Aartsen 1987 Type locality: Not designated, supposedly British Isles Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 1 spm, 5 shs; Hordaland, 1 spm; Nord-Trøndelag, 2 spms, 2 shs; Nordland, 3 shs. All identifications are tentative.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	description	Description: Shell: Prosocline growth lines as in B. eulimoides. The last whorl narrower and less oval than for this species, around 0.6 of total height (from van Aartsen 1987). Also similar to B. scalaris (with orthocline growth lines) but less turriculate and with less convex whorls. The shell pictured in Figure 28 is the one that came closest to the figure by van Aartsen (1987: Figure 30). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Recorded by Friele (1874) from Manger, and Norman (1879) from Bukkasundet, very shallow water and intertidally. Both records are from around 60 ° 15 ’ N to 60 ° 30 ’ N in the Bergen area. The specimen from Foldafjorden (64 ° 40 ’ N, 60 - 20 m, shell gravel with large amounts of tubes of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides), may be taken as the northern distributional limit for the species. Outside Norway it is known from Sweden and Denmark, the British Isles, and the Atlantic coast of France. Peñas et al. (1996) record several specimens from the western Mediterranean (southern coast of Spain). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Canary Islands and the Selvagens archipelago. Schander (1995) mentions a single specimen intermediate between typical B. eulimoides and B. carozzai from the Faroes, but finds it most likely that it is a specimen of the variable B. eulimoides.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC7103EFD258D7CFB5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This is the species traditionally known as Odostomia albella, based on the detailed description of Jeffreys (1867). Already Forbes & Hanley (1853: 286) remarked that “ … the O. albella of British writers (Alder 1848 and Jeffreys 1848) … is supposed to be the Turbonilla albella of Lovén, but the identification is not positive ”. This problem seems not to have been adressed properly until van Aartsen (1987) studied Lovén’s type specimen of this species, and found it to be a specimen of O. unidentata. Van Aartsen introduced O. carrozzai as a replacement name for O. albella auct., not Lovén, 1846. The conclusion of van Aartsen concerning the misidentification of O. albella is supported by a remark in Fretter et al. (1986) that the specimen illustrated by Thorson (1946) and the shell drawn by Poul Winther supposedly selected by Thorson, both have protoconchs of the O. unidentata type. I base my interpretation on this species on the SEM-photo and description of B. albella in Fretter et al. (1986).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	description	Figure 29	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known Type locality: Guernsey, Channel Islands. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 5 spms, 7 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 4 shs; Nordland, 3 shs; England – Plymouth, 1 sh (ZMBN 15739). Many of the shells are tentative identifications.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	description	Description: Shell: Prosocline growth lines, a dominating body whorl, whorls less convex than in B. scalaris, aperture oblong. The largest of the Norwegian species of Brachystomia, reaching at least 5 mm in length. In many cases I found it hard to distinguish between B. eulimoides and B. angusta, as the growth lines are not always easily interpreted. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: This species is reported to live on (the ears of) Pecten maximum, Aequipecten opercularis, and sometimes Turritella (Ankel 1959, Fretter et al. 1986); together with B. scalaris on Mytilus, and on Turritella in the Shetlands (Marshall 1899 b); on oysters and mussels in northern Wales (Cole & Hancock 1955); on mussel beds on the south coast of Ireland (McFadden & Myers 1989). Two specimens in my material were taken off the ears of Pecten maximus on the Skagerrak coast (coll. and leg. P. Buhl Mortensen). It has been reported as rather common on the ears of Chlamys islandicus around Bodø (G. O. Sars 1878).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From Norway reported by G. O. Sars (1878) from outside Bodø (67 ° 17 ’ N) as rather common. G. O. Sars mentions that the only other reported Norwegian locality is Florø (61 ° 36 ’ N). Apparently never since reported from Norway. The many specimens reported in Høisaeter (1989) from Pomatoceros are due to a misidentification and in fact refer to Odostomia striolata. The two specimens taken off the ears of Pecten maximus from the Skagerrak coast most definitely belong to this species, while some of the empty shells assigned to this species might rather belong to B. angusta. Anyway I have shells from both Nord Trøndelag and Nordland that support the record of G. O. Sars from outside Bodø. Outside Norway it is known from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the Swedish west coast (Schander 1995), and Denmark, Shetland, the coasts of Ireland and further south along the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Ankel 1936), and finally the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Mauritania and the Azores.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05DFFC012A7FAC58DA4FE1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The name of this species has been discussed by several authors. Thus Iredale (1915) concludes that the name used by Jeffreys (1867) and most Scandinavian authors following him, Odostomia pallida (Montagu, 1803) is based on an indeterminable specimen and must be replaced by O. eulimoides Hanley, 1844. O. eulimoides has been used by most authors since then, but as a reaction to the reintroduction of O. ambigua (Maton & Rackett, 1807) by Nordsieck (1972), van Aartsen et al. (1984) and Smith & Heppel (1991) repeated and strengthened the arguments for O. eulimoides, which is now universally accepted as the name for this species.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	description	Figures 30 - 33	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Aberdeen in Scotland. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 65 spms; Hordaland, 820 spms; Møre og Romsdal 3 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 30 spms; Nordland, at least 7 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Brachystomia with moderately prosocline growth lines, and a turreted shell shape with quite convex whorls and deep sutures. Rounded aperture. Protoconch (Figures 30 and 31) of type C (intorted) of less than one whorl and with a clear demarcation of the beginning of the first teleoconch whorl. Soft parts: Head foot complex (Figure 32, top) white with numerous small yellow pigment spots scattered over foot and tentacles, tentacles triangular with tentacular pads, mentum slightly expanded at the tip, eyes fairly large and not particularly close together. Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 32, bottom) yellow blotch with dark brown interrupted edges, masses of white ‘ bubbles’ above and an oblong custard coloured gland further up. Operculum: (Figure 33), flat with only a slight thickening under the central part, no clear indentation for the columellar tooth.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: B. scalaris seems to be a typical shallow water species, rarely found deeper than 15 m in our waters. It has most frequently been encountered as an ectoparasite of Mytilus edulis, but has been reported from a number of other molluscan hosts as well as free living in shallow water (Ankel & Christensen 1963, Rasmussen 1973, Fretter et al. 1986). In my studies (Høisaeter 1989), the species was found in samples dominated by Limaria hians and Modiolus, but also in samples of Pomatoceros reefs, and finally from haptera and stipes of Laminaria hyperborea in semi-exposed and fairly protected areas. In the first and last of these it was invariably the most numerous pyramidellid species. Like B. eulimoides primarily a mollusk-feeder, but my studies indicate that it occasionally co-occurs with other pyramidellids on Pomatoceros reefs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rarely recorded from Norway before 1986. Norman (1879) reports it from Raunefjorden and Osterfjorden and cites earlier reports from Oslofjorden (from Jeffreys 1870). G. O. Sars (1878) records it from Oslofjorden, the southern coast and the west coast. In my material 13 samples with 34 specimens from Skagerrak, and 705 specimens from the Espegrend area. Further north 33 specimens and 39 shells, the northernmost empty shell from southwest of Bodø (67 ° 15 ’ N, 50 - 20 m, shell gravel, slag and small stones). A sample from a shallow water algae station (containing more than 1200 Bittium reticulatum) at Fløan, bay southeast of Stamnes (64 ° 29 ’ N, 3 - 10 m, soft bottom with Laminaria saccharina, Chorda filum and other algae) contained at least 30 B. scalaris. This is thus at present the northern limit for the species (based on living material). Outside Norway it is known from Sweden and Denmark, even the western part of the Baltic Sea, all around the North Sea, the western and southern coasts of Ireland and the British Isles, further south along the Atlantic coasts of Europe (Ankel 1936) and the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Mauritania, and also cite earlier records from Madeira, the Selvagens archipelago and the Azores.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF05AFFC212B9FE05884EF93D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Iredale (1915) reinstated the oldest name, O. scalaris Macgillivray, which had been replaced by O. rissoides Hanley by Jeffreys (1848). The reason for this replacement was that Jeffreys regarded all the British pyramidellids as species of Odostomia. When the group was split up into several genera, the homonymy of Melania scalaris Philippi (a synonym of Pyrgiscus jeffreysii) with O. scalaris was no longer a problem (see van Aartsen 1987).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	description	Figures 34 - 37	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Twelve syntypes, USNM 132156 (Warén 1980) Type locality: Not designated, but Guernsey, Channel Islands is the locality of the syntypes. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 2 shs; Hordaland, 245 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Small (usually less than 2.8 mm), glossy, ivory white. Protoconch intorted, extremely flat (type C) (Figure 36). Growth lines more or less vertical. Soft parts: Tentacles (Figure 35 top) short and wide, apparently without tentacular pads, eyes very close together, mentum characteristically cleft, with diverging ends. Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 35 bottom) in two parts, long and yellow above and short oval, brownish yellow below. Operculum: (Figure 37) with a notch at he columellar side, a ventral thickening in the middle, but no typical ‘ anchor’ of the ‘ Odostomia’ - type (see Figure 3). Frequently with corroded protoconch and corrosion marks on the whorls (Figure 34).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: According to Fretter et al. (1986) frequently found in association with fairly large assemblages of Pomatoceros, and also with Serpula and Spirorbis. This is also the case for the material from Norway, but the association with Pomatoceros is far less strong than what was observed for O. striolata and O. turrita (Høisaeter 1989). Thus it was not found at the Pomatoceros - dominated substrate at the Hillersholmen locality, and the three samples at the Knappensundet locality in which it was found in highest numbers (in one sample even with higher abundance than any other pyramidellid) were all typical Limaria-Modiolus dominated samples.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: A southern, shallow water species, in Norway only recorded from the Espegrend area except for two shells from Skagerrak and a single older record from Florø (61 ° 36 ’ N) (Høisaeter 1968). All but two specimens in my material from 11 samples from the locality in Knappensundet (Straume bridge) in Grimstadfjorden (60 ° 19 ’ N) (see Høisaeter 1989). Outside Norway it is reported as occurring sparingly both in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean (van Aartsen 1987). According to Graham (1988) it is among the commonest of intertidal pyramidellids on the west coast of the British Isles and the southern Channel, but is absent from the North Sea. Reported from the western Mediterranean by both van Aartsen et al. (1984) (Algeciras Bay) and Peñas et al. (1996). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Mauritania, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF058FFC312B9FFA68BA2FD7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Spelling of the specific name varies. Originally (Jeffreys 1859) spelled it with a double ‘ i’ at the end, but later (Jeffreys, 1867) with a single ‘ i’. It is explicitely named after Dr. F. C. Lukis. The choice between the two spellings should be solved based on Article 31.1 of ICZN. The crucial point is the question of whether the name is based on a personal name that is Latin, or from a modern name that is latinized. I interpret Jeffreys’ change of mind as an indication that he did not intend to latinize the name. This is not a Brachystomia s. s., as is clearly seen from the soft parts. It occupies, taxonomically, an isolated position in the Norwegian pyramidellid fauna. The population of this species in Norwegian waters may fluctuate wildly from decennium to decennium, dependent on the amount of larvae brought in with water masses of varying origin and temperature.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF059FFCC12A7FFA58BADFB7E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Turbo plicatus Montagu, 1803; designated by J. E. Gray (1847: 159); Salcombe Bay, Britain.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF059FFCC12A7FFA58BADFB7E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with, usually, small (<5.5 mm long), broadly conical or ovate shells, of not more than seven whorls. Sculpture, if any, confined to microscopic spiral striae or fine lines of growth. Shell white, sometimes with a grayish, yellowish or bluish tinge. Aperture rhomboid to oval, usually acute-angled above. Columella usually gently curved, merging almost imperceptibly with the base of the penultimate whorl. A columellar fold always present. Protoconch partly submerged in the teleoconch, its angle of inclination varying, though usually around 90 ° (type A, and B). Operculum with an opaque, opercular ‘ anchor’ of varying thickness and with or without a distinct indentation and groove created by the columellar tooth. In northern Europe, this is the dominating group of pyramidellids, both in number of species and number of specimens. Many of the forms here included are extremely common in their particular habitats in shallow water. I have included nine species from the treated region in this genus, but do not exclude the possibility of reducing the number further when more is known about all of the species.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	description	Figures 38 - 42	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Twenty-one syntypes, no locality, USNM 753712 Type locality: Not designated, presumably British Isles (Warén 1980) Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 53 spms; Hordaland, 104 spms; Møre og Romsdal 20 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 3 spms; Nordland, 13 spms; Troms 3 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Large conical shells. Body whorl large and round. Aperture oval. Distinct umbilicus. Columellar tooth fairly prominent. Protoconch large with completely exposed nucleus. Soft parts: Foot wide. Parallel-sided tentacles with blunt tips (Figures 40 and 41), no tentacular pads. Mentum with upturned edges forming a gutter. Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 41) of varying length, alternatively dark brown and yellow segments in a linear row, elongated light yellow gland (?) further behind. Head-foot region (Figure 40) with characteristic purplish-brown colour pattern. Operculum: With very strong opercular ‘ anchor’ (Figure 42).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: According to Fretter et al. (1986) probably feeding on bryozoans. Found in large numbers on the gelatinous tubes of the polychaete Myxicola infundibulum (Høisaeter 1989). Most likely also associated with other tube building polychaetes.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Reported from all along the coast, with the exception of east Finnmark (G. O. Sars 1878). In my material competing with O. turrita and O. unidentata in being the commonest species of Odostomia (s. s.). The northernmost shells recorded from a station in Andfjorden, east of Andøya (69 ° 17 ’ N, 65 - 80 m, coarse shell gravel). Otherwise, fairly evenly distributed along the coast. Two samples from Hordaland with respectively 58 and 29 specimens, and a sample in the material from Skagerrak with 21 specimens. Otherwise only one to six specimens in each sample. Outside Norway it is known from the Swedish west coast and Kattegatt and the northern part of the Sound. All along the western coasts of the British Isles and Ireland, scattered also on the the North Sea coast of Britain (probably absent from the southern parts of the North Sea) (Fretter et al. 1986). Not known from Iceland or the Faroes (Schander 1995). Found along the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain and into the western Mediterranean (van Aartsen et al. 1984, Peñas et al. 1996). Van Aartsen et al. (1998) extend the distribution to Mauritania, Cape Verde Islands, the Canary Islands, and Madeira.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF056FFCD1010FAE58852FF7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Specimens inspected alive are easy to identify, but long dead shells are hard to distinguish from O. unidentata. O. acuta is included in the 16 S-analysis of Schander et al. (2003), who concluded that its inclusion in Odostomia (represented by O. turrita and a few species not found in the Norwegian fauna, but not the type species, O. plicata) is “ problematic, as it alternately clusters with ‘ Megastomia’ (i. e. ‘ Odostomia’ conoidea and ‘ O. ’ corimbensis), or is basal to other Odostomia species ”. Morphologically O. acuta is most definitely closer to e. g. O. turrita (and especially to O. unidentatata) than to O. conoidea, and the table of pairwise differences in Schander et al. (2003) support this relationship, as the character difference between O. acuta and ‘ O. ’ conoidea is more than twice the difference between O. acuta and O. turrita. O. acuta is among the most common pyramidellids along the Norwegian coast, especially as empty shells.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	description	Figure 43 - 44	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Göteborg (?) Type locality: Löken, Western Sweden (?) Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 4 spms (tentative identification).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Cyrtoconoid moderately sized shell. Convex whorls and deep suture. Large umbilicus. Partly submerged protoconch. Prominent columellar tooth. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but reported by (Malm 1861) together with Modiolus adriaticus on the Swedish west coast.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: According to Friele (1874) not rare at one of his localities, Biskopshavn, (in Bergen) 55 - 75 m. Not recorded by Norman (1879) and a record in G. O. Sars (1878) is only a repetition of the one in Friele (1874). (The two shells depicted in Figure 44 are from Friele’s locality, Biskopshavn, and identified by him). This record of Friele seems to be the only one from Norwegian waters (Malm’s record from 150 fathoms, Eggers Bank is intractable). In my material, four specimens from the Skagerrak region, and probably several others listed as O. acuta (following van Aartsen 1987, see Remarks below). Outside Norway it is recorded from the Swedish west coast, the northern and western coasts of the British Isles and south west Ireland (Jeffreys 1867, Marshall 1899 b, Fretter et al. 1986). In all newer literature regarded as a synonym of O. acuta, following van Aartsen (1987).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCD1000FEE58A2EFB9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Authorship is usually attributed to ‘ Malm, 1863 ’, but the species was briefly described already in Malm (1861). Van Aartsen (1987) expressed as his opinion that the O. umbilicaris described and figured by Jeffreys (1867) (at left in Figure 43), is a form of O. acuta. He ‘ supports’ this opinion by showing photographs of Jeffreys’ ‘ type’ of O. umbilicaris and a shell of O. acuta from his own collection. He states that “ … these shells (to) differ only in its more shiny surface and its more convex whorls. ” He could not compare his O. acuta with Malm’s unavailable type of O. umbilicaris however, so that there might still be doubts as to the identity of the two nominal species. I find that the differences between the two shells figured in van Aartsen (1987) are striking, and in the material I have seen they seem to be rather constant. Schander (1995) presents a photograph of what he calls O. acuta from the Koster area in western Sweden (centre in Figure 44). This has all the attributes of Jeffreys’ concept of O. umbilicaris, but Schander does not comment further on the relationship between O. acuta and O. umbilicaris. Both Jeffreys (1867) and Marshall (1899 b) describe the distinction between these two species: “ This species [O. acuta] may be distinguished from O. umbilicaris by its greater solidity, the periphery being always keeled, the spire much longer, and the whorls compressed instead of convex ” (Jeffreys 1867: 132). ” It [O. umbilicaris] is most like a stumpy O. acuta, but the latter is more solid and conical, the whorls less tumid and the last whorl smaller proportionally. ” (Marshall 1899 b: 231). Fretter et al. (1986) regard O. umbilicaris to be the most easily identified of the British species of Odostomia, based on just those characters van Aartsen mentions. Fretter et al. do discuss an additional character, however, not mentioned by van Aartsen (1987), in spite of this character being regarded as the most important for distinguishing between a number of closely similar pyramidellids, viz. the inclination of the growth lines. This inclination is shown by Fretter et al. (1986) to be from 8 to 10 degrees for O. acuta, and from 24 to 33 degrees for O. umbilicaris. If these measurements are representative and correct, there is no possibility that the two are conspecific. Until living specimens are available for analyses, I regard it as prudent to regard the two as distinct and keep them apart in fauna lists.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	description	Figures 45 - 48	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: In Museo civico di storia naturale di Milano (Pinna & Spezia 1978: 162, pl. 53, Figure 4). Type locality: Tertiary fossil from Toscana, Italy. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 30 spms, 7 shs; Hordaland, 14 spms, 3 shs; Møre og Romsdal, 11 spms, at least 9 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 3 spms, 4 shs; Nordland, 10 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: (Figure 45) to 5 mm, milky white, almost opaque; very smooth and polished, with a glossy surface. Usually with a narrow spiral incision around the periphery of the body whorl (Figure 45 right). Protoconch (Figure 46) partly submerged in first postlarval whorl. Umbilicus usually a narrow chink, but in large specimens a deep hollow. Tooth strong and prominent. Often, but not always, with spiral ridges on inside of outer lip. Soft parts: Mentum deeply cleft and diverging. Eyes small and close together. The front of the foot strongly ciliated (Figure 47 left). Pigmented mantle organ (hard to see clearly through the shell) elongated, almost linear, reddish yellow, with numerous small, yellow-white spots in a row above the gland (Figure 47 right). Operculum: (Figure 48) of same type as O. acuta (underside not studied).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Usually found at intermediate depths, from 50 - 60 to 200 m. According to Fretter et al. (1986) usually in association with the starfish Astropecten irregularis. “ Food. Presumably the starfish ”. This needs verification, as echinoderms are not among the usual hosts for pyramidellids.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway reported from the southern and western coast by G. O. Sars (1878) and from the Bergen area by Norman (1879). In my material thirteen samples from Skagerrak, 29 specimens and an additional 54 shells, more or less evenly distributed north to Bindalsfjorden (c. 65 ° N). Further north nine specimens from around Bodø. A large (5.0 mm) specimen in Saltfjorden (67 ° 10 ’ N, 170 - 90 m, Modiolula phaseolina bottom). Outside Norway it is known from the Swedish west coast, the west and south coasts of the British Isles and Ireland and further south along the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain and the Mediterranean (Fretter et al. 1986, Peñas et al. 1996, Öztürk et al. 2013). Apparently very common in the Mediterranean, and by Öztürk et al. listed as the most abundant Odostomia distributed along the Turkish coast. By van Aartsen et al. (1998) stated to be abundant also along the coast of Mauritania and the Canary Islands.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF057FFCF12A7FB858DC7FE1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Best identified by the combination of the partly submerged protoconch (nucleus partly hidden by first postlarval whorl) and the spiral incision around the periphery of each whorl, in addition to the solid, glossy shell. Sufficiently different from Odostomia plicata to be placed in another genus. This is supported by the molecular analysis of Schander et al. (2003). In this analysis O. conoidea is (following van Aartsen) placed in the (sub) genus Megastomia at the outset, a decision they find to be supported by their molecular data. There is however no convincing reason to put it in the nominal genus Megastomia, which is based on Odostomia conspicua which, in my opinion is a typical Odostomia s. s. and has few traits in common with O. conoidea. According to Schander et al., O. corimbensis Schander, 1993 is another member of this genus. Yet another is O. polita (Bivona, 1832) described from Palermo, Sicily, but listed as a synonym of O. conoidea by van Aartsen (1987). A final possible congener is O. harveyi van Aartsen & Smith, 1996 from the upper slope in the northeast Atlantic, a species lacking a columellar tooth. The spiral ridges (or list like ‘ teeth’) on the inside of the outer lip have been noted as an important character, and even of generic significance (distinguishing Megastomia from Odostomia s. s., see van Aartsen 1987). This character is very unreliable, however, as many shells are completely smooth inside the outer lip.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	description	Figures 49 - 50	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype (?) USNM 133036 “ Fig’d type in Br. Conch. ” 8.5 mm (van Aartsen 1987). Type locality: Douglas, Isle of Man? Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 9 spms, 3 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: An elongated and large (reported to reach 9 mm, van Aartsen 1987) sometimes somewhat asymmetrical cone. Prosocline growth lines; keel-like angulation of periphery of body whorl (especially on younger specimens). Aperture rhomboidal. Protoconch large and with nucleus completely exposed. Soft parts: (in conserved specimen) uniform yellowish white, as opposed to O. unidentata which has a profusion of lead-gray pigmentation, and O. acuta with purplish brown pattern. Eyes very large and farther apart than in any other Norwegian species of the family. Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway reported from the Skagerrak (Loshavn, Vest Agder, 58 ° 03 ’ N, 06 ° 49 ’ E, 35 - 55 m) by G. O. Sars (1878). In my material from Skagerrak, ten samples with nine specimens and some shells. Not found further north along the coast. Outside Norway it is known from Bohuslän, Shetland (Jeffreys 1867); possibly from the Scottish North Sea coast, (Jeffreys 1867; McKay & Smith 1979); from Orkneys and Shetland south along the west coast of Europe to the Mediterranean, and a few records from Madeira and the Canary Islands (Fretter et al. 1986, Peñas 1996, van Aartsen et al. 1998, Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF055FFC812A7FE058813FDDE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: My specimens from the Skagerrak, ranging in size from 2.5 to 4.75 mm, mostly fit the description of O. conspicua as found in Fretter et al. (1986) and Peñas et al. (1996). The similarity to the type specimen (USNM 133036) illustrated in van Aartsen (1987) is not convincing, but this specimen is very large, c. 8.5 mm long with eight teleoconch whorls. A characteristic feature of my shells is the slow increase in the diameter of the first couple of whorls, giving the spire an almost double concave outline. The colour of one of the specimens is slightly reddish (periostracum), but the other two are translucent yellowish-grey. The immediate impression is that the protoconch is very large, but this may be because it is placed very high and free on top of the whorls, and the first teleoconch whorl is rather narrow (Figure 50). Measurements show the protoconch to be only slightly larger than the one of O. unidentata, which, however is more immersed in the first teleoconch whorl.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	description	Figure 51	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Type locality: Salcombe Bay, Devonshire, Great Britain (Peñas et al. 1996). Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 2 shs (ZMBN 16633), identified by Friele (1874). See further Distribution below.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: According to van Aartsen (1987) with nearly vertical (orthocline) growth lines, no umbilicus and only slightly rounded whorls. According to Jeffreys (1867), who compares it with O. turrita, it is ” .. narrower and slenderer, thin, transparent, and much more glossy, having a longer and tapering spire, a slight suture, nearly flat whorls, a differently shaped mouth, and no peripheral keel. ” Max. length c. 3.5 mm. Soft parts: “ Body whitish, with minute and close-set yellow specks; snout (i. e. mentum) small, wedge-shaped, flexible and extensile; tentacles leaf-like, and presenting three equal-sized, angular and flattened sides, which are folded a little inwards, tips rounded but not much inflated; eyes not quite so close together as in some other species, seated on the tentacles, at their inner bases; foot squarish in front and bluntly pointed behind, sole slightly grooved lengthwise on the posterior half. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Ankel (1939, 1949 a, b, 1959) have described in detail how it feeds on Pomatoceros, but probably based on misidentified O. turrita.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Probably not a Norwegian species. O. plicata has been recorded at various times as a Scandinavian species, but every time refuted by a later author. I have looked at a couple of the shells Friele (1874) assigned to O. plicata (see Material seen, above), which were later dismissed as misidentifications by G. O. Sars (1878: 374) and Norman (1879), and I agree that these are unlikely to belong to O. plicata. Outside Norway it is reported from all around the British Isles including the Scottish North Sea coast, the north of France, and the Mediterranean (McKay & Smith 1979, Fretter et al. 1986, Peñas et al. 1996; Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFC81010FD458D0EF9DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Unfortunately I have not had access to living specimens of this species, the type of Odostomia. The description of the head-foot complex of Jeffreys, cited above, is not very helpful, except for the mention of the “ minute and close-set yellow specks ”. Its closest relative morphologically appears to be O. turrita, a species without any such specks (see Figures 59 and 61). According to Jeffreys (1867) O. turrita has often been mistaken for O. plicata. He cautions that due to the frequent confusion with O. turrita, he can vouch for only records from the south and southwest of the British Isles, and he regards it as a southern species. According to Marshall (1900) “ This is not a variable species, and no mistake ought to be made about it. It is long, narrow, and tapering, with compressed whorls and shallow sutural lines. ” The rightmost photograph shown in Figure 51 above is of poor quality, but fits the description in Jeffreys and Marshall very well. All specimens from Norway I have seen that might be conspecific with the three shown in Figure 51, have more convex whorls and slightly cyrtoconoid spires, and are probably all varieties of O. turrita. One of the drawings of Poul Winther was named O. plicata by Thorson, with locality Gullmarfjorden (Fretter et al. 1986: 609). This drawing looks suspiciously like O. turrita, which is not among the drawings in Thorson’s collection. I suspect that this naming was out of respect for Ankel, who in 1949 and 1959 mentioned O. plicata as a very common ectoparasite of Pomatoceros in Gullmar-fjorden. Ankel did not mention O. turrita, which previously had been reported as common both in the plankton and the benthos at Kristineberg (Thorson 1946). Due to this possible misidentification, I think all records from southern Scandinavia need reaffirmation. Until further material is available, this species must be treated as a very doubtful member of the Norwegian fauna.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	description	Figures 52 - 55	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: HMAC (Hancock Museum, Alder coll.) (see van Aartsen 1987: 27) Type locality: Northumberland, Great Britain. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 8 spms; Hordaland, 16 580 spms; Møre og Romsdal 3 spms, 1 sh.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Max size 3.3 mm. Convex whorls with dense microscopical striation. Protoconch angle 130 ° - 140 ° (type B), ‘ nucleus’ almost completely concealed, (see postlarvae, Figure 54). Soft parts: Foot short and wide. Mentum inconspicuous. Tentacles short and wide, somewhat pointed, no tentacular pads. Eyes fairly large and not particularly close together (Figure 53 top). The pigmented mantle organ (Figure 53 bottom) shows a linear row of alternating light red and yellow spots, with a series of bluish white spots above. Operculum: (Figure 55) of the Odostomia s. s. form but with an opercular ‘ anchor’ a little smaller than e. g. the one in O. turrita (cf. Figure 62).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Of the seven species of pyramidellids found coexisting on Pomatoceros at two localities in the Espegrand area (Høisaeter 1989), O. striolata (as Brachystomia eulimoides) was by far the most abundant. Whenever Pomatoceros was absent from a sample, so was O. striolata. During the years from 1963 to 1969 it was twice as abundant as O. turrita, also a typical Pomatoceros ‘ inhabitant’.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway very abundant in the Espegrend area. In the rest of Norway only found in a few samples the Skagerrak region and from Møre og Romsdal. The northernmost of these is from Fraenafjorden (62 ° 50 ’ N, 62 - 50 m, sand, two specimens). Outside Norway it is known from the British Isles and Ireland (Marshall 1900), Madeira and the Canary Isles (van Aartsen et al. 1998) and the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF052FFCA12B9F9458DB2FF7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The specimen at left in Figure 52 is almost indistinguishable from the photograph of the holotype in van Aartsen (1987) (see van Aartsen et al. 1984 and van Aartsen 1987). The species has the general habitus of O. turrita but is easily distinguished by the partly concealed protoconch (type B) and when alive, the characteristic red and yellow pigmented mantle organ, clearly visible through the shell. The ‘ opercular ‘ anchor’ is clearly of the ‘ Odostomia’ type although somewhat less developed than for e. g. O. turrita. In the key to Odostomia in van Aartsen (1987), it is keyed out as ‘ usually with pronounced spiral striature’. This spiral sculpture is not at all prominent in my material. Jeffreys (1867) united this species with O. turrita, as he thought he found intermediate forms that might belong to one or the other. The species was re-introduced by van Aartsen et al. (1984). In the years 1965 - 1968 it was by far the commonest pyramidellid in the Espegrand area.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	description	Figures 56 - 57	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: NHMO D 1082 Type locality: Lofoten, northern Norway, ca. 120 - 130 m. Material seen: Norway - Nordland, 6 shs (+ photograph of holotype).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Most easily recognized on the rapid expansion of the diameter of the first few teleoconch whorls. The helicoid protoconch is large and protruding and completely exposed (Figure 57). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: A few shells from Lofoten (around 68 ° N) (G. O. Sars 1878). In my material six shells from between 66 ° and 67 ° N. Not known outside Norway.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF050FFCB12B9FEE589C2FF3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: G. O. Sars described O. turgida from a few empty shells from 90 - 110 m in Lofoten, and mentioned that Jeffreys had some material of the same species from Finnmark donated by MacAndrews and Barrett (according to usage at the time, 1856, ‘ Finmark’ might be anywhere in northern Norway). He listed the max. length as 3.2 mm, versus 5.0 for O. unidentata. A photograph of the holotype was kindly made at my request at the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo (Figure 56 at left). The condition of the shell is not good, but it may be deduced that the whorls of the spire are rather convex with a deeper suture than in O. unidentata and the body whorl is almost globose. Van Aartsen (1987) after having inspected the holotype considered that O. turgida was a synonym of O. unidentata. However, in my material some shells from northern Norway have a large, protruding protoconch and are definitely different from O. unidentata (cf. Figure 57 with Figure 66), and also different from O. conspicua, (which in Norway seems to be confined to the Skagerrak coast). These shells are most probably conspecific with O. turgida, although the body whorl is more keeled in my shells. The aperture is also somewhat more squarish in my shells. These differences might be due to size differences. Best distinguished from O. unidentata by the apical angle, the completely exposed protruding protoconch, and in well preserved shells, by the lack of three spiral striae at the base of the protoconch (as is found in O. unidentata, Figures 65 and 66).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	description	Figures 58 - 62	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: A single battered specimen from Guernsey (Jeffreys 1848). Type locality: Herm, near Guernsey, Channel Islands (Forbes & Hanley 1850 - 51). Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 120 spms; Hordaland, 8011 spms; Møre og Romsdal 4 spms, at least 2 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 15 spms at least 4 shs; Nordland, 101 spms, 14 shs; Troms, 1 sh.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: The smallest of the six species of Odostomia s. s. in the Norwegian fauna, rarely more than 2.5 mm long (max. length measured out of the roughly 8000 specimens was 3.1 mm, and less than 10 % of all were more than 2 mm long). Shell shape variable, but usually a rather narrow cone. As opposed to O. plicata with distinctly prosocline growth lines. Protoconch at c. 90 ° to shell axis, nucleus clearly visible. Soft parts: The foot and tentacles (Figure 59) are comparatively long and flexible as compared to the other species of Odostomia s. s. observed. No tentacular pads. Pigmented mantle organ (Figures 59 and 61) is ‘ sealing-wax’ red, easily visible through the shell. The oblong, bright red gland is subdivided by one to several black ‘ belts’. With the proviso that not all species in Odostomia s. s. have been observed alive, this colouration is ‘ diagnostic’ for O. turrita. Operculum: (Figure 62) with opercular ‘ anchor’ smaller than all other members of Odostomia s. s. observed, except O. striolata.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: This is yet another species predominantly, but not exclusively, associated with Pomatoceros. Its feeding biology has been described in detail by Ankel (1959) (as. O. plicata). Sneli (1972) reported it as feeding on the gills of Homarus, but as remarked by Schander (1995) it is more likely that the single specimen observed was actually feeding on a Pomatoceros specimen on the Homarus shell.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Whole coast of Norway, excluding east Finnmark, G. O. Sars 1878. Only empty shells found N of 68 ° N, however. Norman (1902), based on literature records, included O. turrita in his list from east Finnmark. Not mentioned in Friele & Grieg (1901). In my material more than 8000 specimens and around 500 shells. The northernmost shell from Andfjorden, east of Andøya (69 ° 17 ’ N, 65 - 80 m, coarse shell gravel). The northernmost specimen from Glomfjorden (66 ° 49 ’ N, 120 - 60 m, stones). Otherwise found in all sectors southwards, but whereas O. unidentata is increasing in abundance northwards, O. turrita is decreasing. Ten samples with 34 specimens in the material from Skagerrak. Outside Norway it is recorded from the Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996; Cachia et al. 2001), Mauritania and the Canary Islands (van Aartsen et al. 1998) to most coasts of the British Isles (Fretter et al. 1986), Ireland, Swedish west coast, the Faroes and Iceland (Schander 1995), and inner Danish waters (the Sound, Thorson 1946). Recently (Nekhaev 2011) reported it from the Russian Barents Sea coast near Murmansk.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFCB103FFF258D29FC5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A most variable shell, usually identified by its small size. Easy to identify when alive because of the pigmented mantle organ and the prosocline growth lines. Weak spiral strations may occur, as in many other species of Odostomia. Misidentified by Ankel (1959) and Maas (1965) as O. plicata (See Remarks under O. plicata above).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	description	Figures 63 - 67	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Salcombe Bay, Devonshire, Great Britain (Peñas et al. 1996). Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 23 spms; Hordaland, 3287 spms; Møre og Romsdal 6 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 15 spms; Nordland, 163 spms, 14 shs; Troms, 3 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Large (to 5 mm, G. O. Sars 1878), broadly conical with flatsided whorls. Typically (but not always) with keeled body whorl. No umbilicus. Protoconch large and 90 ° with shell axis. Postlarvae have three spiral striae at the top of of the first teleoconch whorl, and several more on its base (Figure 65). These striae are also visible on well preserved adult shells. Soft parts: Eyes large and moderately close together. Tentacles wide and fairly short, no tentacular pads. Mentum short and inconspicuous. Foot fairly wide ending in a blunt point (Figure 64 top). Pigmented mantle organ (Figure 64 bottom), oblong blotches, yellow with brown ‘ fingers’. Bluish-gray blotches, spread over the head / foot-area. Operculum: (Figure 67) of typical ‘ Odostomid’ type, the size of the opercular ‘ anchor’ somewhere between that of O. acuta and O. turrita.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: According to Fretter et al. (1986) often common on boulders with a good growth of Pomatoceros. Like S. spiralis, O. turrita and O. striolata strongly associated with Pomatoceros- reefs, at the locality at Hillersholmen, in Raunefjorden. At the locality in Knappensundet, only a handful specimens, as opposed to the thousands of O. striolata and O. turrita, were found in samples of Pomatoceros reef. Own observations in vitro indicated that young specimens of this species, and occasionally other reef-living pyramidellids, sat on the operculum of Pomatoceros, sucking out body fluids through the branchial filaments of the polychaete.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Reported from the entire Norwegian coast, including east Finnmark by G. O. Sars (1878). In my material 3500 specimens and 650 shells. One specimen at each of three stations in the Kvaefjord / Grovfjord / Gratangen area (c. 68 ° 40 ’ - 45 ’ N). Ten samples with 46 specimens in the material from Skagerrak. Otherwise evenly distributed along the coast southwards, but slightly more abundant than O. turrita in all sectors. Outside Norway it is recorded from Iceland, Faroes, the Swedish west coast, all around the British Isles and Ireland, although sparingly in the southern North Sea along the Atlantic coasts of France, Spain and Portugal and also into the western part of the Mediterranean (Fretter et al. 1986, Peñas et al. 1996). Also known from the northwestern coast of Africa, Cape Verde Islands, the Canary Islands, Madeira and Selvagens archipelago (van Aartsen et al. 1998). Recently extended to the eastern Mediterranean (Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF051FFF612A7FBC58D75FF1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Generally regarded as the most widely distributed species of Odostomia s. s. in European waters. Might be confused with several other species, such as O. acuta, O. turrita, O. turgida, O. conspicua and O. umbilicaris, all with protoconchs of type A, but the protoconch (Figure 66) is larger and with first whorl relatively large compared to the next whorl. A combination of size, presence of keel on body whorl, lack of umbilicus, lead-gray blotches and characteristic pigmented mantle organ are diagnostic for this species.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF612B9FF058D56FD3E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Turbo nivosus Montagu, 1803; designated by Chaster (1901: 8). Britain.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF612B9FF058D56FD3E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with small (<4.5 mm long), nearly cylindrical shells of no more than six whorls. Sculpture consisting of spiral lirae and growth lines. Aperture egg-shaped to oval. Columellar fold retracted and low, but always present. Protoconch small and inverted. The type species was included in the molecular analysis of pyramidellids by Schander et al. (2003), who concluded that the use of Jordaniella as a genus is justified.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	description	Figures 68 - 69	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: BMNH (Montagu’s type, with “ nivosus ” in his handwriting, is still preserved in the British Museum, Jeffreys 1867: 117). Type locality: Devonshire, Great Britain (Peñas et al. 1996) Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 19 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: (Figure 68) small (max. 2.1 mm), almost cylindrical. Suture channeled. Sculpture restricted to one or two spiral grooves, just above the suture, in addition to rather coarse prosocline growth lines. Protoconch intorted (type B). Aperture oval. Columellar tooth weak and retracted. Soft parts: Most specimens with dark (chocolate brown) digestive gland, filling all whorls, except the body whorl. Some specimens with grayish, greatly diminished digestive gland. Colour of alcohol conserved animal, grayish yellow. Eyes distinct, fairly far apart (distance between eyes double of eye diameter). Operculum: Thin, yellowish, translucent, elongated, slightly kidney-shaped. No internal ridge visible on operculum in situ.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but in this investigation only found on the stipes of Laminaria hyperborea (with much epifauna) in a semiexposed locality, 1 to 3 m depth.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Not previously reported from Norway. In my material 19 specimens from a rather exposed locality near Lyroddane outside Sotra (60 ° 10 ’ N) in 1992. Outside Norway it is recently reported from Laesø, Kattegat (Olesen 2005), but not yet recorded from Sweden. It is further recorded from the Scottish North Sea coast (McKay & Smith 1979), Shetland, the outer Hebrides and the Scottish and British west coast, western Ireland and the south coast of the British Isles and the Channel Isles (Jeffreys 1867). Found also further south on the European Atlantic coast and occurring abundantly in the Strait of Gibraltar, but not in the western Mediterranean proper (van Aartsen et al. 1984, Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06CFFF712B9FD258B67FD5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Van Aartsen (1987) placed this species in Odostomia, but the molecular analyses of Schander et al. (2003) suggested that J. nivosa is closer related to Liostomia and Parthenina, and only distantly related to Odostomia s. s.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF7103FFCC58A27FF3D.taxon	description	Figure 70	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF7103FFCC58A27FF3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype (from 32 syntypes, USNM 132017) chosen by van Aartsen 1987, Figure 9. Type locality: Plymouth, Great Britain. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 1 sh; England – 1 sh (ZMBN 15744).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF7103FFCC58A27FF3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Tall and narrow, to 4.7 mm. With an oblique, blunt apex. The whole surface with rather shallow and delicate spiral ridges crossed by exaggerated growth lines. The growth lines are especially distinct near the top of each whorl. Suture deep and channeled. See further Fretter et al. 1986.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF7103FFCC58A27FF3D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF7103FFCC58A27FF3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Not previously reported from Norway, and is included here on the basis of a single brittle and partly broken shell from just south of Grimstad (G 115 - 71 - 58 ° 18 ’ N, 60 m, shell sand). Outside Norway it is rare everywhere, and recorded from the southwestern coast of the British Isles and the French coast south to the Bay of Biscay (Fretter et al. 1986). It is recently reported from Cape Verde Islands by van Aartsen et al. (1998).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF012A7FF258C15FE3E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Ondina semiornata de Folin, 1872 [= Ondina warreni (Thompson, 1845)]; designated by van Aartsen (1984: 134). Atlantic coast of France.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06DFFF012A7FF258C15FE3E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with small (<5.5 mm long), oblong-ovate to rather conical shells, of not more than six whorls. Sculpture none, or fine to moderately strong spiral lirations. Body whorl rather long and dominating. Growth lines opisthocline. Aperture mostly oblong, regularly rounded below, and acute-angled above. Columellar tooth may be absent, if present it is retracted and inconspicuous. Protoconch medium-sized to small, intorted so that usually only its base is visible. Operculum without an ‘ anchor’ or indentation, of a more or less regular outline and with a distinct though small excentric spire. Eyes very close together. Ondina is here used for the group of European pyramidellids which is named Evalea A. Adams, 1860 in e. g. Fretter et al. 1986 and Graham 1988. Originally this group was named Auriculina Gray, 1847, with Odostomia obliqua Alder, 1844 as type species. This name was, however, preoccupied by Auriculina Grateloup, 1838. Thiele (1929) in splitting the large and heterogeneous “ genus ” Odostomia (sensu Dall & Bartsch, 1904) into smaller units, chose Menestho Møller, 1842 as the oldest of the sections of Dall & Bartsch with only spiral sculpture. This name was accepted by Winckworth (1932) (with Evalea as a subgenus) and, following him, Høisaeter (1986). The type species of Menestho is Turbo albulus Fabricius, 1780, an arctic species with a heavy shell and strong spiral sculpture. I agree with van Aartsen (1984, 1987), Smith & Heppell (1991) and Warén (1991) that this species has little in common with the thin-shelled, oval species from Europe. According to van Aartsen (1987), Evalea, based on Odostomia (Evalea) elegans A. Adams, 1860, is neither a suitable genus for this group of European species. The type species is described from Japan, it has a distinct, if small, columellar tooth, and has rather distinct spiral grooves. Kobelt (1903) was apparently the first to use Ondina for this group of European pyramidellids, although he excluded the smooth ones. I follow van Aartsen (1987) in adopting Ondina de Folin, 1870, with Ondina semiornata de Folin, 1872 as type species, for the European species formerly included in Auriculina J. E. Gray, 1847. The European members of Ondina have been revised by van Aartsen (1987), and the Scandinavian ones by Warén (1991). Warén included five species in the Scandinavian fauna. He did not mention the record of Jeffreys (1870) of O. warreni from Oslofjorden, however, and he disagreed with van Aartsen’s opinion of O. perezi as a taxon specifically distinct from O. diaphana. By accepting both of these as species found in Norwegian waters, the number of species was increased to seven in Høisaeter (2009). A final complication not adressed by neither Warén nor Høisaeter (2009) is the taxonomic status of G. O. Sars’ (1878) variety, nobilis of O. divisa. As will be evident from the discussion below the variability of the recognized species within this group is large, and the number of shell characters is limited, so correct delimitation of species based solely on shell characters is rather contentious. The species recognized from northeast Atlantic waters do either have smooth shells, or are variously decorated with incised spirals on part of, or the whole of the whorls. The density and distribution of these spirals is usually accepted as the main distinguishing character for the different species, but the variability of this character is high. The species described as being smooth sometimes have weak spirals, while the spirally striated ones are said to have smooth varieties (e. g. Marshall 1900). The species in the ‘ smooth’ group are O. diaphana, O. perezi, O. obliqua and O. normani. Those in the group with spiral sculpture are O. divisa, O. coarctata and O. warreni. Species with spirally incised shells from Norwegian waters may be divided, based on the records we have so far, into northern forms (O. coarctata and O. divisa forma nobilis) and southern forms (O. warreni), with O. divisa being the only species common to both the northern and southern region. The key below is, due to the extreme variability in members of this group, especially preliminary, and should be followed up with close scrutiny of photographs and diagnoses.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	description	Figure 71	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (5.2 mm) NHMO D 1126 and two paratypes USNM 131928 and 132715. Type locality: Hasvik, western Finnmark, northern Norway, 90 - 180 m. Material seen: Norway - Nordland, 1 spm); Finnmark, Hammerfest 1 sh (ZMBN 21623) (+ Photograph of holotype NHMO D 1126).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	description	Description: Shell: Fairly large for the genus (max. length reported 5.2 mm). Shell with regular fine spirals uniformly covering the whole shell (the shells in Figure 71 are not in good enough condition to show the spiral sculpture). Protoconch small and intorted. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far known from three shells (type material) from Hasvik in western Finnmark (70 ° 30 ’ N, 90 - 180 m, G. O. Sars 1878) (Figure 71 left) and a shell from Hammerfest (Figure 71 right). A number of specimens in my material might belong to this species, the one illustrated in Figure 71 (middle) from Nordfjorden (in Melfjorden, Rødøy in Nordland, 66 ° 34 ’ N, 15 - 11 m) is the one most similar to the holotype. Outside Norway it is reported from western Iceland (64 ° 21 ’ N, 12 ° 43.5 ’ W, 162 m) with a single specimen and one shell (Warén 1991). Whether his specimen from Iceland is conspecific with Sars’ species is not at all obvious from the illustrations in van Aartsen (1987) (holotype) and Warén (1991) (specimen from Iceland) (see discussion below). If this latter specimen is disregarded, the known distribution is between 70 ° 40 ’ N and 66 ° 34 ’ N on the coast of northern Norway.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06AFFF112B9FE258BA1FBFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A photograph of the holotype kindly made at my request at the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo (Figure 71 at left) reveals that the holotype is in poor shape. The spiral sculpture may be glimpsed in a few places, but generally it is concealed by ‘ fouling’. The general shape of the shell though is close enough to that of my two shells to claim the three be members of the same species. My two shells falls outside the range of variation of the other species known from northern Norway. According to Warén (1991) O. coarctata resembles O. divisa but is larger, with proportionally shorter aperture, and have stronger spiral sculpture. According to van Aartsen (1987) (who had access to the holotype) O. coarctata differs from O. divisa by a spiral sculpture consisting of many fine spirals present over the total height of all the whorls, of the same strength throughout. G. O. Sars (1878) also describes the sculpture as dense and fine spirals covering the whole shell. (O. divisa forma nobilis should have more or less the same type of spiral sculpture according to his latin description). O. coarctata is distinguished from O. divisa by a heavier, thicker shell, larger and ‘ deeper’ umbilicus, and smaller protoconch. An important difference from O. divisa is, according to G. O. Sars, the comparatively much wider body whorl. This latter character is not obvious in the SEM photo of the specimen from Iceland in Warén (1991). A character of potential importance illustrated in a SEM photo of the top whorls of the specimen from Iceland, (Warén 1991, Figure 36 D) is the spiral sculpture covering the whole of the first postlarval whorl (at least eight spiral incisions). In O. divisa there is only a few spirals at the base of this first whorl. This character is not mentioned in either the original description nor in the brief redescription in van Aartsen (1987). I conclude that the specimen from western Iceland illustrated in Warén (1991, Figures 34 F and 36 D) do not belong to O. coarctata but to a special form of O. divisa, as this species appears to vary widely geographically (see below).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	description	Figures 72 - 74	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Neotype of Turbo divisus designated by Warén 1991 from a syntype (2.6 mm) of T. insculptus, BMNH 1896.8.6.37. Type locality: Ilfracombe, Devon, Great Britain. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 26 spms; Hordaland, 16 spms; Møre og Romsdal 26 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 4 spms; Nordland, 100 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Spiral grooves separated by broad interspaces confined to the lower half of each whorl, and to the peripheral region and basal part of the last whorl. Microscopic spiral striae are found above the grooves and also between grooves. Maximum reported size, 3.8 mm. Soft parts: (Based on a juvenile from Liholmsrennen, Raunefjorden). A pale rustred pattern on head region. Eyes very close together. Mentum deeply cleft. Tentacles slightly curved and diverging, with tentacular pads. Foot bilobed posteriorly (Figure 74). Pigmented mantle organ orange with light yellow specs (Figure 74 bottom left). Operculum: (Figure 74 bottom right) oval, flat, no internal process or marginal notch.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Found all along the coast of Norway, at least north to 68 ° N (G. O. Sars 1878). In my material some 150 specimens and 200 shells from 50 stations, the northernmost are two empty (and rather eroded) shells from deep water in outer Andfjorden, (c. 69 ° 20 ’ N). G. O. Sars (1878) reports a variety (var. nobilis) from Hasvik in western Finnmark (70 ° 30 ’ N), which should be appreciably larger, with higher spire and deeper suture, and have much finer spiral sculpture. This is the only record from north of Lofoten, and whether it is a distinct species or only a variety is still an open question (see below). Friele & Grieg (1901) also report a specimen from Hammerfest, 20 fathoms, without specifying a particular variety. Outside Norway known from western to southern Iceland and the Faroes (Warén 1991 and Schander 1995), the Swedish west coast and Kattegatt, the British and Irish west coasts and further south to the Bay of Biscay (Fretter et al. 1986). Not reported further south or from the Mediterranean. Peñas et al. (1996) illustrates a specimen from Santander, the Spanish coast of the Bay of Biscay.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF06BFFF1103EFB658A74F8DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The narrow and rather straight-sided first postlarval whorl might be peculiar to O. divisa (cf. Figures 72 and 78). This is the commonest species of Ondina in Norwegian waters, but several morphotypes can be distinguished in my material. The possibility of several species, or at least geographical varieties, being involved cannot be rejected (cf. Figure 73 above, showing photographs of one specimen from northern Norway, one from western Norway and one from the Skagerrak region).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFF3103EFC858A55FEFE.taxon	description	Figure 76 - 77	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFF3103EFC858A55FEFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntype ZMON-D 1116. Type locality: Hasvik, western Finnmark, northern Norway.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFF3103EFC858A55FEFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Shell large, reported to reach 4.6 mm, conical with moderately convex whorls and fairly deep sutures. Sculpture of rather fine spiral grooves separated by broader interspaces, most distinct on lower half of each whorl but weaker grooves present also on rest of whorl. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFF3103EFC858A55FEFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Apparently endemic to northern Norway. A number of specimens in my material from northern Norway do not fit the description of O. divisa, nor of O. coarctata, the only other spirally lirated Ondina known from the northern coast of Norway. The variety of O. divisa from Hasvik in western Finnmark which G. O. Sars (1878) called Auriculina insculpta var. nobilis (Figure 76) is similar to these specimens. This variety has not been mentioned in the literature since. A possible exception is Marshall (1893 and 1900) who introduced a ‘ var. laevissima G. O. Sars’, a name I could not find referred to in G. O. Sars (1878). The term ‘ laevissima ’ is however used in G. O. Sars’ latin diagnosis of the variety. According to the diagnosis in G. O. Sars, the variety is larger (reaching 4.6 mm in length), with deeper suture and much finer spirals distributed over most of the shell (not just the basal part). The syntype illustrated in Figure 76 and 77, is broadly conical, not rather cylindrical as the specimen of O. divisa from northern Norway shown in Figure 73. The spiral incisions on the lower half of the shell are also less concspicuous than in the specimen in Figure 73. Altogether the morphological peculiarities are too few to proclaim this a separate species, although future studies of living specimens might certainly justify a reevaluation of its specific status.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFF3103EFFA5883DFC9E.taxon	description	Figure 75 This form is based on eight specimens from Oseberg oilfield at 60 º 30 ’ N, 106 m, on the western slope of the Norwegian Trench (and thus not strictly part of the Norwegian fauna). It is most similar to O. divisa, because of its sculpture of five or six strong spiral grooves above the suture with dense microscopic striae above that, and the shape and size of the protoconch. The main differences from O. divisa are the narrower, elongated and slightly laterally compressed, shouldered whorls (see Figure 75). O. warreni as described in Fretter et al. (1986), (“ The four postlarval whorls are more tumid than in obliqua, often with a peripheral flattening, and the sutures are deep, … ”) is quite similar, but I could find no evidence for spiral sculpture covering all of the first postlarval whorl as, according to the literature, O. warreni, should have. In addition to the narrow, conical shape, the most characteristic feature of this form is the reddish colour of the soft parts, varying from deep purple to slightly reddish yellow. This might be a reflection of the individual diet, though.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	description	Figure 78 - 79	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Portmarnock, Dublin Bay, Ireland. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 11 spms; Shetland – 3 shs (ZMBN 28632 Shetland, Friele don., Jeffreys det. ‘ Ondina warreni Thoms. type’)	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: One of three Norwegian Ondina species with distinct spiral grooves, predominantly on the basal part of the shell. According to Fretter et al. (1986) the first postlarval whorl is covered with coarse spiral incisions. Best distinguished from O. divisa by the more convex whorls, deeper suture and a proportionally wider first postlarval whorl (compare Figures 72 and 78). Further, wider and with more whorls at same length, very fine overall spiral striation in addition to coarse spirals at lower part of body whorl, and somewhat wider umbilicus. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: This species has been reported twice from Norwegian waters, from Oslofjorden 75 - 110 m (Jeffreys 1870) (a record apparently repeated in the Synoptic Tables in G. O. Sars 1878) and from Raunefjorden, 180 m (Friele 1874: 22). The last record was also repeated in the Synoptic Tables in G. O. Sars (1878), but retracted by Friele himself (in Norman 1879: 60). Warén (1991) mentions the report in G. O. Sars (whose determination he questions), but fails to refer to Jeffreys (1870). My material supports the record of Jeffreys, but indicates that the distribution in Norway is restricted to the Skagerrak region, including Oslofjorden. Outside Norway distributed from off the north of Scotland south to Biscay according to Fretter et al. (1986). Mainly distributed along the western Irish and British coasts between 30 and 60 m on gravelly and sandy mud (Graham 1988). Reported as the most common species of Ondina on the Atlantic coasts of southern Europe and also common in the Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996, van Aartsen et al. 1998, Cachia et al. 2001, Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF069FFFC12A7FE6588E8FC1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Available literature indicates that (at least) two different forms are known under this name. The form from Shetland (var. zetlandica Marshall, the one at left in Figure 79) is rather different from the nominal type from further south on British and Irish coasts. This form is described as: “ ... an exact miniature of Limnaea stagnalis, and the dimensions are the same as those of O. obliqua, ... ” (Marshall 1900: 288). The 11 specimens (referred to as O. warreni above) in my material from Skagerrak resemble Warén’s SEM-photo of O. warreni but has a higher and more dominating body whorl and aperture than that specimen. The largest shell of three also from Shetland (ZMBN 28632) is much closer in proportions to my specimens. That the species is variable is evident from the illustrations in Peñas et al. 1996 and Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	description	Figure 80	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype, one shell (2.6 mm), USNM 753707. Type locality: Exmouth, south western Great Britain. Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 1 spm; Møre og Romsdal 1 spm, 3 shs; Nordland, 1 spm.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Small and slender. Shell surface smooth and shiny. See further discussion under O. perezi below. Soft parts: Mentum deeply cleft, almost to the level of the eyes. Tentacles rather long and recurve laterally at their tips. Eyes very close together. Foot rather broad and bifid posteriorly (from Fretter et al. 1986: 583. Also good photograph, their Figure 398). Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but see O. perezi below.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Reported from Norway by Friele (1874) from 110 - 130 m in Bergen (c. 60 ° 25 ’ N), a single specimen together with one Liostomia clavula and several Ondina divisa. This record was accepted by G. O. Sars (1878), and Norman (1879), but is not mentioned by Warén (1991). In the Zoological Museum in Bergen, a shell from Florø (61 ° 36 ’ N) is stated to be identified by Jeffreys. In my material only a few undisputable specimens and shells from two stations, from Møre og Romsdal county, in the outer archipelago in the southern part of the county (between 62 ° 15 ’ and 62 ° 20 ’ N), in two dredge hauls from between 25 and 50 m, sand, gravel and stones, and large shell fragments. Further a shell from Hjertøysund, near Bodø (approx. 67 ° 18 ’ N, 14 ° 21 ’ E, 40 - 30 m). My material demonstrates that it is living at least as far north as 67 ° 20 ’ N. Outside Norway it is recorded from western Sweden (very rare, Schander 1995), the Faroes (Schander 1995), northern Iceland and southwards along the western British coast (Warén 1991). According to Fretter et al. (1986) this is a southern species ranging from the Mediterranean north to the British Isles. According to van Aartsen (1987) represented in the western Mediterranean by a subspecies, O. diaphana dilucida (Monterosato, 1884). Peñas et al. (1996) mention Ondina dilucida from the western Mediterranean, but do not record O. diaphana as well. Öztürk et al. (2013) do not mention O. dilucida, but report five specimens of O. diaphana from the Turkish coasts.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFC1010FC058C19FA7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The main difference from the far more common O. divisa, is the complete lack of spirals and a comparatively larger body whorl. A photograph of a living specimen in Fretter et al. (1986), shows striking similarities to O. divisa (see Figure 74). Van Aartsen (1997) and Warén (1991) disagree concerning the possible synonymy of O. perezi with O. diaphana. While Warén, in line with Hylleberg Kristensen (1970), Rodriguez Babio & Thiriot-Quiévreux (1975) and several other authors, claim that the two are synonymous, van Aartsen, followed by Schander (1995), keeps them apart although based on rather indirect evidence. If the two are distinct O. diaphana should be smaller (according to van Aartsen (1987) around 1.6 mm long), more slender and more shiny. The specimen from Møre og Romsdal pictured in Figure 80 above is c. 2.5 mm long, and thus appreciably longer than the length given by van Aartsen for O. diaphana s. s. See further discussion under O. perezi below.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	description	Figure 81	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntypes USNM 471508 and in coll. Dautzenberg, Inst. Royal de Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles. Type locality: Bisayeres and Goulet de Brest in western France, found in shells inhabited by Phascolion strombus. Material seen: None.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Much like O. diaphana but with a dull shell surface, larger, to 2.5 mm (van Aartsen 1987) or 2.9 mm (Warén 1991) and flatter, less convex whorls. (From van Aartsen 1987 and Schander 1995). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: By most authors (e. g. Hylleberg Kristensen 1970) considered to be host specific on Phascolion strombus. This is followed up by both Warén (1991) and Schander (1995).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Not yet reported from Norway, but as this species is far more common than O. diaphana in western Sweden, it should certainly occur together with Phascolion strombus in the Norwegian part of Skagerrak. The distribution outside Norway is impossible to specify because of the confusion with O. diaphana. It is confirmed from the Faroes, the Swedish west coast, the Atlantic coast of France and the British Isles (Schander 1995).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF066FFFD12B8F9E58A25FB9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: As discussed under Ondina diaphana, authorities disagree as to whether O. perezi is a good species or only a synonym of O. diaphana (Ankel 1959, Hylleberg Kristensen 1970, Gibbs 1978, Warén 1980, 1991 and Fretter et al. 1986, argues for synonymy. Van Aartsen 1987, Schander 1995 and Schander et al. 2003 prefer to classify it is a separate species.) As I have not seen any specimens that unambiguously could be referred to O. perezi, the following discussion is based solely on literature data. Van Aartsen et al. (1984) note that the European Ondina species may be divided into two distinct groups, those without spiral sculpture and those with such sculpture. The subdivision of the former of these groups is exceedingly difficult, as is illustrated by the O. diaphana / O. perezi dispute. The third north European member of this group, O. normani, was not mentioned at all by van Aartsen (1987), and was not compared directly with O. diaphana (= O. perezi) by Warén. In my opinion O. normani is a fairly common member of the Norwegian pyramidellid fauna (see below). This opinion is based on my interpretation of O. diaphana, as illustrated in Figure 80, an opinion shared by Schander (1995: Figure 1 E). The SEM photo in Warén (1991: Figure 34 B), said to be of O. diaphana is most likely of O. perezi, as both the locality and size indicate (Roscoff, France and 2.9 mm). If my interpretation is correct, the size difference between the two presumed species is not as large as claimed by van Aartsen (1987) (2.5 against 1.6 mm). Drawings of the two in Fretter et al. (1986) are of shells respectively 3.0 and 2.4 mm long, and my specimen shown above (Figure 80) is of a 2.6 mm long specimen. Schander et al. (2003) included specimens of both O. diaphana and O. perezi as well as O. divisa in their molecular study of various pyramidellids. Their comparison of the mitochondrial 16 S gene showed that O. diaphana and O. perezi differed in only a single character. This was based, however, on a very reduced dataset only those 200 characters that could be unambiguously aligned for the total set of 32 species. When only the three Ondina species were included, all 483 characters could be unambiguously aligned, and then O. diaphana and O. perezi differed in a total of 16 characters. This as opposed to a similar comparison between Pyrgiscus rufus and P. fulvocinctus which differed in seven characters. If a specimen of an Ondina species is found within the aperture of a shell inhabited by Phascolion strombus, this has been taken as a strong indication that the species in question is actually O. perezi. In my material a single specimen from Grimseidpollen (c. 60 ° 16 ’ N, 13 - 15 m, coll. and leg. S. Bakke 1964) was found within the aperture of a Littorina shell inhabited by Phascolion strombus. Unfortunately, today it is partly broken and rather corroded by acidic conditions, and not any longer easily identifiable. A camera lucida drawing of the undamaged shell presented in Figure 82, is more like O. normani than O. perezi. I therefore suspect that more than one species of Ondina might live together with Phascolion strombus.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	description	Figure 82	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Two syntypes ZMBN 21621. Type locality: Florø (61 ° 36 ’ N), 54 m. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 4 spms; Møre og Romsdal 11 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 2 spms; Nordland, 3 spms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Smooth and glistening, unsculptured. Small first postlarval whorl. Fairly conical shell (as opposed to the rather more cylindrical species of Liostomia). Columellar tooth retracted and weak. A distinct umbilicus is usually present. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but the single specimen from Grimseidpollen pictured in Figure 82 indicates that it might be commensal with Phascolion strombus.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far only reported from Norway. In addition to the type material from Florø (Warén 1991), recorded from Bergen and outer Sognefjorden (Friele & Grieg 1901), and two specimens and five shells from Tromsø (69 ° 40 ’ N) (Schander 1995). In my material 16 specimens and five shells from all around the coast from Saltfjorden (67 ° 10 ’ N, 170 - 90 m, shell gravel) to the Skagerrak coast. Thus the species seems to be fairly common in Norwegian waters.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF067FFFE12A7FB8588A2FDDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The species is discussed in Warén (1991) and Schander (1995). Based on studies of the type material, Høisaeter (1986) accepted it as a valid member of Ondina. For some reason Schander (1995) claimed that Høisaeter (1986) synonymized O. normani with O. diaphana, which is not true. But some specimens from western Norway tend towards O. diaphana, as shown in Figure 82.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE12B9FF268C0AF91E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Turbonilla clavula Lovén, 1846; designated by Monterosato 1884: 95. Western Sweden (Bohuslän).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE12B9FF268C0AF91E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with cylindrical to slightly conical shells, with short to moderately long whorls. Outer lip of aperture almost straight, parallell to the main axis. No spiral sculpture. No columellar fold. Umbilicus present, may be deep and spacious. Protoconch intorted, completely immersed in the first teleoconch whorl. Second teleoconch whorl usually <350 µm high. Operculum light horncoloured, thin and translucent with a small, excentric spire, and no ‘ anchor’ or internal process (see G. O. Sars, 1878, Figure 39). This is seen as a polyphyletic group which was already pointed out by G. O. Sars. He erected the genus for two species which he found to be very similar to Odostomia, but which did not have a columellar fold and possessed a thin earshaped operculum. Except for these characteristics, the two species had very little in common. Monterosato (1884) designated Turbonilla clavula Lovén, 1846 as genotype, while Dall & Bartsch (1904) happened to choose Rissoa eburnea Stimpson, 1851. The taxonomic status has been disputed by later workers. Van Aartsen (1987) regards it as part of Odostomia s. s., while Fretter et al. (1986) treat it as a separate genus. Formally (e. g. Thiele 1929) it was seen as a subgenus of Menestho Møller, 1842. Warén (1991) reviewed the group and expanded it to include four species.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	description	Figure 83	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Tynemouth, outside Newcastle, North Sea coast of England (fide Jeffreys 1867). Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 2 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Distinguished by its upturned and almost disjoint protoconch and the rapidly increasing whorls. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Not previously recorded from Norway. In my material a large specimen from Fitjar (59 ° 54 ’ N, 18 m, leg. Per Johannessen) and a single old and worn shell from Raunefjorden (Hillersholmen, c. 60 ° 18 ’ N, 8 m, coarse shell gravel), possibly subfossil. Outside Norway known from the Swedish west coast (Koster area, Warén 1991) and the British Isles south to the Biscay (Fretter et al. 1986) and the Mediterranean, quite rare (Warén 1991). Mentioned from the Scottish North Sea coast, (McKay & Smith 1979). Sparingly in the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF064FFFE1010FD458D29FF3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A reference to G. O. Sars (1878) in Høisaeter (2009) is due to a misunderstanding. The shell at left in Figure 83 has lost the upturned protoconch. It has a golden brown surface which might be due to a periostracum. It is reported as being quite rare throughout its distribution, and is obviously extremely rare in Norwegian waters.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	description	Figures 84, 89	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype and numerous syntypes SMNH 4096 and 4097. Type locality: Swedish west coast, Koster area, south of Lilleskär, 30 - 40 m. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 7 spms; Møre og Romsdal 2 spms - Shetland 1 sh (ZMBN 28 638, Friele don., Jeffreys det. Ptychostomon clavulum Lov.).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: A single specimen from Korsfjorden 150 - 300 m, mentioned as additional material in the original description, is the only previous Norwegian record. According to Warén (1991) the record of L. clavula in G. O. Sars (1878) from Lofoten (c. 68 ° N) should definitely be referred to L. afzelii. In my material two specimens and three shells from Møre og Romsdal. The two specimens are from a species rich sample from Breisunddjupet (62 ° 29 ’ N, 120 - 60 m, shell sand). Seven specimens in the material from Skagerrak also most likely belong to L. afzelii. Apparently more common in the Skagerrak area than further north. Outside Norway it is known from western Sweden, Shetland and off Tunis in Tunisia (Warén 1991). Reported from the western Mediterranean by Peñas et al. (1996). Also reported from the Turkish coast (Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF81010FC868D92FBDE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Separated from L. clavula by Warén (1991). Not recognized as a separate species by van Aartsen. See further Figure 89, and Remarks under L. clavula below.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	description	Figures 85, 89	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Four syntypes SMNH 1519. Type locality: Gullmarsfjorden, Swedish west coast. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 1 spm; Sogn og Fjordane, 1 sh (ZMBN 16634, Florø, 61 ° 36 ’ N, 60 m, Friele col. & det.); Møre og Romsdal 10 spms, 20 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Smooth and glossy, small, narrow, cylindrical. Whorls fairly convex, body whorl evenly rounded. No columellar tooth. Soft parts: Cachia et al. (2001: 106) describe the soft parts of a specimen from Malta: “ The specimen is colourless with flat, laterally grooved triangular tentacles. Mentum short. Eyes large, very closely set and at centre of head. Foot elongated, bilobed anteriorly and rounded posteriorly. Digestive gland brown with scattered black spots. ” Soft part also described by Lovén (1846 b) and Clark (1855). Operculum: Thin, corneous, white.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: According to Fretter et al. (1986: 590): “ This species is most reliably found in association with Pennatula and therefore on the soft bottoms on which it occurs, 30 - 90 m deep (Maas 1965). ” I could not, however, find any support for this association in Maas (1965). The live caught specimens in my material, all from fjords in Møre og Romsdal county, were found between 62 and 42 m, on sandy bottom.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Three previous records from Norway. G. O. Sars (1878) reported a single shell from Lofoten (since referred to L. afzelii, see above), but found also a number of specimens near Tananger outside Stavanger (58 ° 56 ’ N) and a single shell in Oslofjorden. Friele (1874) reported a single specimen from Bergen (see Ondina diaphana above). As these early authors did not distinguish between L. afzelii and L. clavula some or all of these records might refer to L. afzelii. Warén (1991) confirmed its presence in Norway as he found two specimens in Korsfjorden, 150 - 300 m. In my material a single specimen (and three shells) from Skagerrak, ten specimens and 16 shells in several samples from Møre og Romsdal, the northernmost from Fraenafjorden (62 ° 50 ’ N, 62 - 50 m, sand) containing six specimens and nine shells. Outside Norway the species has been reported from the Swedish west coast, the British Isles, northern Spain and the Mediterranean (Warén 1991). Peñas et al. (1996) confirm the presence in the western Mediterranean. Also reported from the Turkish coast (Öztürk et al. 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF062FFF912B8FB468A81FF7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The opinion of van Aartsen (1987) that Odostomia pistillus Brugnone, 1873 (mainly occurring in the Mediterranean) was a narrower and smaller form of the wider and slightly more conical L. clavula was based on a misinterpretation of Lovén’s L. clavula. The examination by Warén (1991) of Lovén’s types showed that L. clavula was based on the slender form. Warén further concludes that the two forms are sufficiently distinct to justify the erection of a separate species, L. afzelii for the wide form. Van Aartsen maintained that the two are extremes of a single species (Warén 1991), but the molecular analysis of Schander et al (2003), indicates that the two are separate species. A specimen of each are shown side by side in Figure 89. Peñas et al. (1996) and Cachia et al. (2001), use the spelling ‘ clavulus ’ rather than ‘ clavula ’. This may be because the specific name is grammatically a noun and thus the ending need not agree in gender with the generic name (ICZN Article 34.2.1). Here ‘ clavula’ is used following most other recent authors.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	description	Figure 86	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Neotype (4.2 mm), USNM 503943 (Figure 27 C in Warén 1991). Type locality: Massachusetts Bay, off Cape Ann (42 º 38 ’ N, 54 m) USA. (This is the locality of Stimpson’s specimen, now lost. The neotype is from Maine, Frenchmans Bay, 27 m). Material seen: Norway – Finnmark, 1 sh (ZMBN 28182, Vadsø).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Large for the ‘ genus’, up to 4.6 mm, solid, body whorl swollen and large compared to penultimate whorl. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: See G. O. Sars 1878, Figure 10, 13 c).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway confirmed only from Varangerfjorden in east Finnmark (G. O. Sars 1878, Norman 1902, both based on the same material). According to Warén (1991) a number of shells in SMNH and BMNH from ‘ northern Norway’. These are probably also from the same lot in Varangerfjorden. A single known shell of Jeffreysia nitida was taken by M. Sars near Florø (61 ° 36 ’ N). Outside Norway it is known from Massachusetts to Gulf of St. Lawrence, east to Spitzbergen (Odhner 1915, Warén 1991) and the Russian part of Barents Sea and Chuckchi Sea (Kantor & Sysoev 2006).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF063FFFA12A7FEE688B6FD5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Although recorded only a few times, at least nine illustrations of this species have been published, i. e. in Stimpson (1851), Gould & Binney (1870), G. O. Sars (1878), Bush (1909), Odhner (1915), van Aartsen (1987), Warén (1991) (two shells) and finally Kantor & Sysoev (2006). The species figured by Gould & Binney is not the same species as the one described by Stimpson (as also remarked by Bush 1909). The gap between the Norwegian location and the American type locality is large, and may rise the question if specimens from both locations really belong to the same species, but a comparison of the shells indicate a close relationship. Warén (1991) synonymized Jeffreysia nitida Friele with L. eburnean, although he did not succeed in locating the only known shell of J. nitida, and his decision is thus based on Friele’s (sketchy) drawing and description. Friele compared the actual specimen with Stimpson’s drawing of L. eburnea, and found them easy to separate. Also G. O. Sars (1878) had access to both specimens and concludes that they were specifically different (according to Warén, Sars found them to be identical). I find it unlikely that the two are the same species, both because the oceanographic conditions near Florø are definitely not Arctic in any sense (like they are in all other north-east Atlantic locations where L. eburnea has been recorded), and I have a high regard for the opinion of both Friele and G. O. Sars. The lack of material precludes any further discussion, and J. nitida must remain an enigma. I agree with Warén that the generic placement of L. eburnea is just a matter of convenience, no other described genus seems to fit.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	description	Figures 87 - 89	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype and four paratypes, SMNH 4098 and 4099. Type locality: Swedish west coast, Koster area, south of Lilleskär, 30 - 40 m, fine silt. Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 6 spms; Nordland, 1 spm.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Medium size, fairly solid, with deep suture. Cylindrical, colour-less, often covered by solid ferruginuous deposit, has a blunt apex and a small aperture. Soft parts: (Based on a specimen from Fanafjorden, mid-part, 145 - 155 m). The front of the foot strongly ciliated. On the edges of the foot and in a wide band behind the eyes, a mixture of scattered, dirty white, opaque, and somewhat bigger oily-clear, and deep purple-brown spots and blotches. A collection of larger purple-brown pigment in the heart region. Pigmentation dense and gradually more pronounced farther up on the specimen. Opaque white pigment visible beneath operculum on the side of the columella. Small, inconspicuous eyes. Short wide, triangular tentacles. (Figure 88). Pigmented mantle organ conspicuous, yellow, sometimes with brownish edges. Long, narrow, colourless, slightly opaque, ciliated ridge in the roof of the mantle. Spots of deep purple on the part of the body where the pigmented organ is found. Operculum: Very thin and translucent, lacking ‘ ridge’ on its inner side.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Earlier records from Norway: three specimens and two shells from Korsfjorden and the outer part of Fanafjorden (60 ° 12 ’ - 14 ’ N, 150 - 280 m) (Warén 1991). In my material seven specimens of which six are from the Espegrend area, mostly from the outer part of Fanafjorden, 140 - 220 m (close to the localities in Warén 1991). Apparently the commonest species of Liostomia in the area around Bergen. In addition to the material from Fanafjorden / Korsfjorden, two shells from around 63 ° 10 ’ N - 63 ° 15 ’ N (110 - 145 m, soft to sandy bottom). Finally a single specimen from Tomfjorden (66 ° 15 ’ N, 380 - 300 m) and two shells from locations in the same general area but from somewhat shallower depths (80 - 160 m, mostly rather soft bottom). Outside Norway reported from western Sweden, and from the stomachs of a number of Astropecten taken near Barcelona in the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFFA1013FCC68D93FCFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Figure 89 shows specimens with same number of whorls of the three species of Liostomia from the southern part of Norway. L. hansgei is much longer and wider at same number of whorls than both L. afzelii and L. clavula. While the narrow, almost cylindrical L. clavula have a polished, unblemished shell surface, most specimens of L. afzelii have part of the outer layer of the shell surface eroded away. This is also the case for L. hansgei, a species where especially the protoconch is exposed to erosion. Almost 90 % of specimens seen (both empty shells and live caught ones) had badly eroded protoconchs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	description	Figures 90 - 91	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype and several paratypes, SMNH 3897 and 3898. Type locality: Skeidarardypi, off Vatnajökull, southeastern Iceland. Material seen: Norway – Troms, upper slope, 1 shell.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Almost cylindrical shell with distinctly convex whorls and deep sutures. 1.9 mm with four whorls. No visible sculpture. No visible columellar fold. Protoconch at roughly 130 ° and mostly submerged in first teleoconch whorl. Protoconch of same type as in Chrysallida sublustris. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In my material a single, slightly broken, shell from Bleiksdjupet northwest of Andøya, (69 ° 25 ’ N, 200 - 700 m, stones and clay). R. islandica was described from southeastern Iceland, and reported also from western and southern Iceland in 200 - 570 m, and southeastern Greenland, 900 m (Warén 1989).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF060FFE412B9FC26888AFF3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Warén (in litt 2008) confirms that, based on living material, his species is indeed a pyramidellid. My shell from the upper slope near Andøya may be of the same species, although the illustrated types (cf. Figure 91) have strong growth lines not seen in my specimen.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE41010FEE688C9FBFE.taxon	description	Figure 92	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE41010FEE688C9FBFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Several syntypes in ZMUC GAS- 6 – GAS- 9; BMNH 1843.6.30 and SMNH 3843 (3812) (Schiøtte & Warén 1992). Type locality: West Greenland, not specified (Schiøtte & Warén 1992). Material seen: None.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE41010FEE688C9FBFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Large (reaching at least 9 mm), with dominating body whorl, very low and inconspicuous columellar fold, aperture oblong. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE41010FEE688C9FBFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The only Norwegian record of this large Arctic species is two shells from Karlsøy, Troms county (70 ° N, 9 - 27 m) (Leche 1878, Warén 1991). As all other records of the species are from Greenland, Spitsbergen and the Russian Arctic (Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas, Kantor & Sysoev 2006), and there are no reports from east Finnmark, where all other high-Arctic animals in Norway are found, the record is surprising. The hydrographic conditions around Karlsøy do not in any way favour an Arctic fauna (already in 1880 Patella vulgata was found on one of the islands). The presence of this species in Norwegian waters needs verification.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE41010FB668BADF89E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with elongated, turreted shells, a single columellar ‘ tooth’ and large exposed protoconch with its axis at more or less 90 ° axis of the theleoconch.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE512B9FFA58B90FE1E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by original designation: Eulimella macandrei (Forbes, 1844) (See van Aartsen 1988 and Warén 1991).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07EFFE512B9FFA58B90FE1E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with elongated, slender, many-whorled shells. Shell usually white, semitransparent and polished, and smooth or with delicate lines of growth (and sometimes extremely fine spiral lirations). Columellar fold either absent or a very low and indistict thickening on the nearly straight inner lip. Protoconch medium-sized to large, either helicoid or planorboid, with an angle of inclination of 80 ° to 130 °. The protoconch base is fully exposed and the spire only slightly immersed in the teleoconch. Height of first postlarval whorl 110 - 205 µm. Ratio of diameter of protoconch to diameter of first postlarval whorl between 0.70 and 0.85. Operculum lightly horn-coloured, thin and transparent with small excentric spire, and a narrow internal, spiral ridge. For some reason, Dall & Bartsch (1904) include among the generic characters the presence of two columellar folds (’ teeth’). This misconception has been arrested by practically every later author, and it has caused no great problems for the taxonomists. For the European forms, Jeffreys (1884) distinguished between shells having a distinct columellar fold, and those without. Thus he described a species, Odostomia praelonga, that in every respect fits the diagnosis of Eulimella except for the presence of a distinct tooth on the columella. Monterosato (1884) and Fischer (1887) both regarded the absence of a columellar fold as an importent diagnostic character for this group. Nordsieck (1972) collected all elongated, unsculptured species with an exposed, heterostrophic protoconch in the subfamily Eulimellinae. Recently the North European species of the genus were monographed by Warén (1991), who recognised three formerly described species, and introduced one new species, Eulimella ataktos. Van Aartsen (1994) reviewed all European species of the group. He followed G. O. Sars (1878) in separating E. compactilis from E. scillae, a decision disputed by Warén (1991). However van Aartsen did not mention Warén’s E. ataktos. In this paper all five species are accepted, and a new species is added (Eulimella frielei) bringing the total for Norwegian waters to six species.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	description	Figures 93 - 94	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lost. Type locality: Shell sand from Dunbar, eastern Scotland. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 17 spms; Hordaland, 14 spms; Møre og Romsdal 17 spms; Nord-Trøndelag, 1 spm; Nordland, 7 spms; North Sea shelf, 1 juv. spm (84.05.25.6); England, 2 shs (ZMBN 15698).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Eulimella with fairly elongate, almost cylindrical (sometimes somewhat cyrtoconoid) shell. Apical angle 18 º or less. Total shell length not exceeding 5 mm. Number of postlarval whorls 9 or less. Shell rather solid, with fine spiral liration and fine sinuous, prosocline growthlines. Whorls slightly convex. Suture shallow. Protoconch helicoid, only slightly inclined (90 ° to 95 °). Soft parts: Head-foot complex shown in Figure 94. Tentacles wide and triangular. Eyes fairly large, placed at base of tentacles. Mentum wide, grooved dorsally and bifid terminally. The pigmented mantle organ is a complicated patchwork with white, black and gray parts, and dorsally with a small yellow ‘ stick’ (Figure 94). Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Habitat mostly shell sand between 5 and 25 m depth, but no potential host animal known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway it is found from Oslofjorden at least N to 67 º 16 ’ N (Jeffreys 1870, M. Sars 1870, and G. O. Sars 1878). G. O. Sars (1878) records several specimens from Skudesnaes (c. 59 ° 09 ’ N) which he presumably regarded as its northern limit. Friele (1874) and Norman (1879) later reported it from several stations near Bergen. Material from the University Museum of Bergen, shows that Friele had material from as far north as the classical locality Kinn outside Florø (c. 61 ° 05 ’ N). In my material 35 specimens and an additional 65 shells from all along the coast north to outside Bodø (67 ° 16 ’ N, 13 m, coarse shell gravel and Laminaria, one specimen and two shells). The abundance of this species increases from north to south, with a maximum in Møre og Romsdal (17 specimens and 22 shells), but only slightly less in the Espegrend area, with 14 specimens. My material from Skagerrak contained a similar number of specimens. Outside Norway it is reported as one of the more common species on the Swedish west coast (Lovén 1846 a, Ankel 1939 and Maas 1964). In Danish waters it is reported from Skagen and south to the middle part of Øresund, where it appears to occur somewhat deeper than in more saline regions (Collin 1880, Petersen 1888 and Thorson 1946). McKay & Smith (1979) report it from the North Sea coast of Scotland as well as from several localities in the northern North Sea. According to Fretter et al. (1986) it is a southern species ranging from the Black Sea, throughout the Mediterranean and north along the European coast to the British Isles and southern Norway. Peñas et al. (1996) confirm it from the western Mediterranean, and Öztürk & Bakir (2013) as the most abundant species of Eulimella on the Turkish coast. According to van Aartsen et al. (2000) it is very rare in the Canary Islands and on the coast of Mauritania.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07FFFE6103FFE058882FE7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Because of Jeffreys’ insistence that E. ventricosa was only a variety of this species, the two species have been much confused in the faunistic literature until about 1880. The confusion was conclusively cleared up by G. O. Sars in 1878, and Jeffreys agreed in 1884. The name of this species has been much debated recently, although no one until 1875, seemed to doubt that it should be E. acicula (Philippi). This name was given to a tertiary fossil from Sicily by Philippi in 1836, and was accepted by almost all authors as the name for the Recent form from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of Europe. Winckworth (1932) discarded E. acicula, and resurrected the older E. laevis (Brown). Most later authors, especially those working with north and west European material, accepted this latter name. I have not seen a thorough discussion about why Winckworth rejected E. acicula, but presumably it was because the name of Brown was much older. Warén (1991) argues for the retention of Brown’s name, Eulimella laevis for this group of north European pyramidellids. Smith & Heppell (1991) also argues for keeping the oldest name, E. laevis. They state that the good descriptions in Brown (1844), based on the same specimens as illustrated in Brown (1827) eliminates any alternative conclusion. No other species could possibly stem from the sample (shell sand from Dunbar) from which the lost type specimen was taken. However van Aartsen (1994) preferred E. acicula as he argued that the name E. laevis is based on an unrecognisable miniature figure, which might not even be of a pyramidellid. Van Aartsen is not impressed by the redescription in Brown (1837) (the same as referred to as Brown 1844, by Smith & Heppel 1991). Since E. laevis is the oldest name, based on a Recent shell from the North Sea and accepted by several recent authors from the region, this name is here used for the Norwegian specimens.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	description	Figures 95 - 96	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype SMNH 4100. Type locality: Grøtsundet, Troms (c. 69 ° 50 ’ N, 142 - 182 m) Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 1 spm (E 107 - 69 b).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Similar to E. ventricosa but wider, and adult specimens of the same size have one whorl less (Warén 1991). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway known from the holotype from Grøtsundet and a specimen from Nordre Brattholmen, Hjeltefjorden (60 ° 24 ’ N, 100 - 180 m, gravel and coral rubble). In my material a specimen from Kobbeleia, east of Sotra (60 ° 18 ’ N, 70 m, fine sand, silt, Modiolula phaseolina gravel and small stones, coll. and leg. A. Warén), together with three specimens of E. ventricosa. Outside Norway a single shell reported from the Faroes (Schander 1995), and from between 150 and 300 m off Catalonia in Spain (Peñas et al. 1996).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE61010FDE58D92FF3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species is not mentioned by van Aartsen (1994). Later (van Aartsen et al. 2000) listed several specimens from Cape Verde Islands as varieties of E. ventricosa (“ .. with planorboid protoconch, and smooth whorls with orthocline to slightly prosocline growth lines. Most of these shells are less slender than the European representatives of Eulimella ventricosa. ”). E. ataktos was not mentioned as a possible candidate. Two SEM photos in Peñas et al. (1996) agree reasonably well with my specimens. According to Warén (1991) E. ataktos is distinguished from E. ventricosa also by the colour of the soft parts, “ the soft parts of dried specimens of E. ventricosa are flesh coloured with occasional patches of bluishblackish while those of E. ataktos are bright pink. ” (Warén 1991: 114). This is probably an unreliable character, as is evident from the soft part colour in the specimen in Figure 101 below. For comparison the top whorls of two shells of E. ventricosa are shown together with E. ataktos from the same sample (Figure 96). The question of whether E. ataktos is a valid species or only an extreme variety of E. ventricosa is still open.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	description	Figure 97 - 98	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Lectotype (4.0 mm) USNM 132573 (van Aartsen 1994), Syntype NHMO D 997. Type locality: Lofoten Islands, leg G. O. Sars. Material seen: Norway – Norwegian Trench, 13 spms (83.11.17.5, 61 ° 30 ’ N, 311 m); Hordaland, 16 spms, 3 shs; Sogn og Fjordane, 1 spm (82.01.18.16), 1 sh (ZMBN 22819), Møre og Romsdal, 3 spms, 2 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Eulimella with fairly elongate, slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Apical angle 19 ° or less. Total shell length not exceeding 5 mm. Number of whorls eight or less. Shell delicate, thin, transparent, smooth with fine sinuous growth lines. Whorls evenly rounded or somewhat flattened. Body whorl evenly rounded below. Aperture higher than broad, flaring out below. Columellar fold not distinguishable. Protoconch large for genus (diameter about 320 µm), planorboid, only slightly inclined (angle of inclination about 90 °). First postnuclear whorl around 180 µm high. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but the species seems to be confined to the soft bottoms of our deeper fjords, with its upper depth limit at about 150 to 200 m.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: G. O. Sars (1878) reports it from Lofoten, 350 - 750 m, and also several specimens from the western coast of Norway. Friele & Grieg (1901) reported a specimen from Vestfjorden (c. 68 ° N), but this turned out to be a fragment of what I have called Eulimella frielei n. sp. below. In my material several samples from Møre og Romsdal, of which only three specimens from Voldafjorden (62 ° 10 ’ N, 650 - 690 m, soft bottom) were live caught. Otherwise fairly common in the deep fjords around Bergen (300 - 450 m) and in the Norwegian Trench, a total of 33 specimens. There are no verified records of this species outside Norwegian waters. There is a slight possibility that it is also found in deep water in the North Atlantic as well as in the Mediterranean, if the four records of Jeffreys (1884) from the Porcupine expedition (see also Marshall 1900), as well as the suggested synonymy with E. superflua Monterosato, 1875, is substantiated. Warén (1991) however, dismissed these four specimens as a mixture of three different species, probably undescribed.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07CFFE012B9FF258BA7FADE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This species was introduced as a variety of E. scillae by Jeffreys in 1867, based on two specimens dredged in the Hebrides. In 1878, G. O. Sars reported a form from Norwegian waters which he regarded as identical with Jeffreys’ variety (after having conferred with Jeffreys). G. O. Sars argued strongly for the recognition of this form as a separate species. In the material from the Porcupine expeditions, Jeffreys found four additional specimens of what he regarded as this form, and influenced by these new finds in addition to the work of G. O. Sars, Jeffreys (1884) recognized it as specifically distinct from E. scillae. Marshall (1893, 1900, 1918) accepted it as a valid species, and mentioned a handful of shells from west of the British Isles and Ireland. The form Jeffreys named as a variety of E. scillae from the Hebrides is probably not identical to the material reported from Lofoten by G. O. Sars. Based on his material from Lofoten, G. O. Sars is positive that the specimens he studied are specifically separate from E. scillae. Warén (1980) found that the syntype from the Hebrides in thr USNM is a shell of E. laevis, and proposed to select the specimen from Lofoten donated to Jeffreys and today found in USNM, as lectotype for the species as this decision will conserve the name. Van Aartsen (1994) followed this suggestion and formally designated this specimen (USNM 132573) as lectotype of E. compactilis (Jeffreys, 1867). Warén (1991) claims that the specimens determined by G. O. Sars in the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, are juveniles of E. scillae. After having compared my material with one of the (18) syntypes of G. O. Sars’ (Figure 98 left) I am convinced that it is a good species, distinguished among other things, from E. scillae by its protoconch (cf. Figures 97 and 99). Figure 98 shows specimens from respectively Lofoten (68 ° N), Fanafjorden (60 ° 13 ’ N) and the Norwegian Trench (61 ° 30 ’ N).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	description	Figures 99 - 100	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Upper Pliocene, around Gravina da Puglia, Italy. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 2 spms; Hordaland, 15 spms, 1 sh; Sogn og Fjordane 9 shs (ZMBN 1037, 20394, 21658); Møre og Romsdal 4 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 1 spm, 21 shs; Nordland, 7 spms, at least 4 shs; Barents Sea, off Troms, 6 shs (ZMBN 21659).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Eulimella with fairly elongate, slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Total shell length not exceeding 12 mm. Number of whorls 12 or less. Shell with no visible sculpture, solid, nearly opaque, with a bluish-white hue, smooth but with fine, nearly straight growth lines and some extremely fine striations seen only at high magnification. Whorls almost flat. Body whorl distinctly angulated below, most pronounced in young specimens. Aperture trapezoid. Columellar fold detectable as a slight thickening on the inner lip. Protoconch large for the genus, helicoid, only slightly inclined. Soft parts: Tentacles triangular, tapering to narrow points, mentum slightly bifid, eyes fairly far apart. Pigmented mantle organ long and narrow, yellow with orange blotches (Figure 100). Operculum: Thin and translucent, with a narrow internal, spiral ridge, and without notch for columallar tooth.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known, but this characteristic species is found mainly in intermediate depths, from roughly 20 to 150 m. The substrate is often a mixture of silt and shell gravel. However, it has also been reported from greater depths, with clayey bottom sediments. Many of the specimens are from hauls taken up steep rocky slopes with silty ledges.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway it is reported from Oslofjorden (Jeffreys 1870) at least N to 68 ºN (G. O. Sars 1878). Friele & Grieg (1901) report it from the shelf (Tromsøflaket) at 71 ºN. It is reported in almost every faunistic investigation from the western coast of Norway. In my material 13 specimens and an additional 55 shells. Three samples with two specimens and one shell in the material from Skagerrak, and six specimens from four samples in the material from Nordland. Nine samples with 11 specimens from the Bergen area, most of them collected by A. Warén. From the five cruises, at least 24 shells, but only two specimens, one from Bindalsfjorden (c. 65 ° 10 ’ N) and one from Foldafjorden (c. 64 ° 40 ’ N). The species seems to be fairly evenly distributed along the coast. Outside Norway, Petersen (1888) reports it from three places in the eastern Kattegatt, McKay & Smith (1979) report it sparingly (only old records) from the North Sea coast of Scotland. It is also recorded from more southern parts of the British North Sea coast (Alder 1848, Jeffreys 1867, and Ankel 1936). Fretter et al. (1986) state that it is known from the Mediterranean, Madeira, the Canaries north to Arctic Norway. In the British Isles from the northern and western coasts, but not from the Channel or southern North Sea. Recorded by Peñas et al. (1996) from the western Mediterranean, Öztürk & Bakir (2013) from the Turkish coast, and by van Aartsen et al. (2000) from Mauritania.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07AFFE11010FA4588ABFA5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: E. scillae is based on an upper Pliocene fossil from southern Italy. The Recent shell was described as Eulima macandrei Forbes, 1844. The first to use the name of the fossil for the Recent material was apparently Jeffreys (1848), and his opinion has been accepted by almost every author since. According to Warén (1991) the deposits in which the original E. scillae was found, contained also a number of shells identical or very similar to Recent shells from intermediate depths in the Mediterranean and further north. This species is fairly common, and since it is one of the more conspicuous of the Norwegian species, it is perhaps the one species most frequently reported from Norwegian localities.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	description	Figures 96, 101 - 102	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Aegean Sea. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 4 spms, 1 sh; Norwegian Trench (85.01.08.1, 62 ° 31.5 ’ N, 701 m), 4 spms; Hordaland, 13 spms, 24 shs; Sogn og Fjordane 7 spms, 12 shs (ZMBN 1035, 1036, 15685); Møre og Romsdal, 7 spms, 12 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 63 shs; Nordland, 1 spm, at least 30 shs; Troms: 2 shs (ZMBN 21655); Ast. st. 78, 17 / 9 - 1970, 5 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Eulimella with fairly elongate, slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Total shell length not exceeding 6 mm. Number of whorls 10 or less. Shell delicate, thin, completely transparent, smooth with fine sinuous growth lines. Whorls convex and evenly rounded. Body whorl evenly rounded. Columellar fold hardly visible. Protoconch (Figure 102 top) large for genus, planorboid, only slightly inclined. Soft parts: Tentacles short, triangular, pointing laterally. Mentum long and narrow, dorsally grooved and bifid in front. Front end of foot slightly bifid. Eyes rather small (Figure 102 bottom). Pigmented mantle organ an elongated white ‘ bar’ followed by a series of disjointed white, dark brown and yellow spots and blotches (Figure 102 bottom). Elongated batch of orange in area behind pigmented organ proper. Operculum: Not studied.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known. Mostly found somewhat deeper than E. laevis, although both are occasionally found in the same samples.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway found from Oslofjorden (Jeffreys 1870) N to 68 ° N (G. O. Sars 1878), and 71 ° N (Friele & Grieg 1901). Probably the commonest Eulimella - species on the Norwegian coast, and known as far north as the southern Barents Sea (70 ° 55 ’ N, Friele & Grieg 1901). In my material one specimen and one shell from Skagerrak, 24 specimens and an additional 125 shells from further north, the northernmost specimen is from a sample from outside Kristiansund (63 ° 09 ’ N, 145 m, sand), and the northernmost shell from the upper slope northwest of Andøya (69 ° 25 ’ N, 700 - 200 m, clay mixed with fine sand and some stones). Outside Norway reported by McKay & Smith (1979) as rare on the Scottish North Sea coast, and by Fretter et al. (1986) as confined to northern and western Scotland, only empty shells found further south on the west coasts of the British Isles. Absent from the North Sea and from Danish and Swedish waters. Otherwise found scattered from the Mediterranean (e. g. the Turkish coast, Öztürk & Bakir 2013), and northwards along the European coast (Fretter et al. 1986 and Peñas et al. 1996). Also found in the Canary Islands (van Aartsen et al. 2000).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF07BFFE21003F9C5882DFD7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Long regarded (on the authority of Jeffreys) as a variety of E. laevis. However, in addition to the convincing arguments of G. O. Sars (1878) for recognizing it as a valid species, the very distinct protoconch (Figure 105 right, and Rodriguez Babio & Thiriot-Quiévreux 1974) should remove the last vestiges of doubt. The name has received some competition from E. affinis (Philippi, 1844), and E. gracilis (Jeffreys, 1847) (see e. g. Jeffreys 1884: 363, Warén 1991 and van Aartsen 1994). Some problems still remain concerning its distinctness from E. ataktos (see above).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	description	Figure 103 - 105	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	description	LSID: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 726 A 8344 - 7889 - 493 A-A 882 - 2 CC 7 D 068 E 623	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype ZMBN 1044. Type locality: Korsfjorden, western Norway, 360 m.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the well known malacologist, Herman Friele, who originally identified the shell, here designated as the holotype under the name Odostomia acicula (Friele 1876).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	materials_examined	Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 1 sh (ZMBN 1044, Holotype); Nordland, 2 shs (T 71064 & ZMBN 21657).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Eulimella with extremely long and narrow shell. Apical angle c. 11 °. Total shell length of holotype 11 mm. Seventeen whorls in holotype. Shell delicate, thin, transparent, with distinctly sinuous, opisthocline growth lines (Figure 104). Shell otherwise smooth and glossy, no sculpture except very indistinct, fine spiral incisions. First c. six whorls convex, evenly rounded. Next several whorls almost flat. Later whorls gradually more and more pear-shaped, with widest diameter at lower end. Body whorl with evenly rounded periphery, no angulation as in e. g. E. scillae. Aperture trapezoid, columellar lip straight. Columellar fold absent. No umbilicus. Protoconch (Figure 103, right) planorboid, but with distinct bulging top whorl, slightly inclined, intermediate between, E. ventricosa and E. laevis (Figure 105). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: (See Remarks below).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFE21012FCE58A1EFD3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A specimen in the Zoological Museum, University of Bergen (ZMBN 1044), from Korsfjorden, (60 ° 10 ’ N) 360 m, identified as Odostomia acicula Ph. by Friele (Friele 1876: 6), is unique in the Norwegian fauna for its size. Seventeen whorls and a length of 11 mm is far more than for any other species of Eulimella. Friele ascribed it to the variety turris of Forbes. “ Shell of nearly equal breadth throughout, with rather convex whorls ” Jeffreys 1867: 171. Whether the shell from Korsfjorden is conspecific with the variety turris from the Aegean Sea is doubtful. Van Aartsen (1994: 97) mentions this variety briefly “ The species Parthenia turris Forbes, 1844 cannot be recognized with any certainty and is therefore considered a nomen dubium ”. It is tricky to base the description of a new species on so little material, but the extreme length, the sinuous opisthocline growth lines, the distinctive protoconch and the characteristic shape of the individual whorls, clearly keep it apart from any other species described from European waters.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFEC12B9FD258BADFB1E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Turbonilla costulata Risso, 1826; designated by Herrmannsen (1852). Mediterranean fossil.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF078FFEC12B9FD258BADFB1E.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with elongate, slender, conical or cyrtoconoid, many-whorled shells. Sculpture consisting of strong axial ribs, without or with only microscopical spiral ornamentation. Shell white or semitransparent. Columellar fold only as a slight thickening on the inner lip. Protoconch of type A (helicoid, its axis at an angle of 90 ° to the main shell axis) or type B (planorboid, its axis at an angle of roughly 135 ° to the main shell axis). The protoconch is (usually) largely exposed, with the whole of its base visible and only part of the spire immersed in the teleoconch. Height of first teleoconch whorl, 200 - 280 µm. Operculum horncoloured, thin and translucent, with a small, excentric spire and without any ‘ anchor’ or internal process. Turbonilla was created by Leach in an ms written before 1818, but not published until 1846 (see Lovén 1846 a). He intended the name to be used for a group of small shells superficially resembling Turritella. The name was validated by Risso who, in 1826, used the name for three fossil and one recent Italian pyramidellids: Turbo gracilis Brocchi, 1814, Turbonilla plicatula Risso, 1826, T. costulata Risso, 1826, and T. humboldtii Risso, 1826. According to Palmer (1958), the type species (by subsequent designation of Herrmannsen 1852), is the fossil, Turbonilla costulata. This species was regarded by most workers in the 19 th century (e. g. Monterosato 1884) as a synonym of Turbo elegantissima (Montagu, 1803), and the adoption of this species as genotype was certainly in the spirit of Leach. Dall & Bartsch (1904) apparently was unaware of this type designation, as they, without comments, lists T. plicatula (erroneously spelled T. plicata in their 1909 - work) as type, but at the same time renaming the species T. typica, as they found T. plicatula preoccupied. Winckworth (1932) correctly cites T. costulata as type species, but most modern authors (e. g. Bartsch 1955, and Abbott 1974) uses one of the following names: T. typica, T. plicata, or T. plicatula. Bush (1899), Thiele (1929), and Nordsieck (1972) all use T. lactea as genotype, however. Like many of the early genera in the Pyramidellidae, Turbonilla has been used both in a broad and in a narrow sense. In the broad sense it encompass all elongated species with a large, exposed protoconch and distinct axial sculpture (see e. g. G. O. Sars 1878, and Fischer 1887), a group that, especially in temperate and warm waters, exhibit a tremendous diversity. Dall & Bartsch (1904) adopted the name for an even broader group of shells, cylindro-conic, many-whorled, slender pyramidellids with a single columellar fold, with or without sculpture. The name was used in much the same sense by Kobelt (1903), though he was less categorical about the presence of a columellar fold. Thiele (1929), van Aartsen (1981) and Fretter et al. (1986) all use Turbonilla in the sense of G. O. Sars. In this review, the name is used in a narrower sense, only for pyramidellids with an elongated, many-whorled shell with axial sculpture (no spiral ornamentation), and an exposed protoconch. Turbonilla sensu stricto is not a northern group. Only two species are treated here, one of those only because of some, probably erroneous, records from the 19 th century.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	description	Figure 106	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Linnaean collection in Uppsala. Type locality: Mediterranean. Material seen: British Isles - ZMBN 22253, 5 shs; ZMBN 28601, 3 shs; Ouisnè Bay, Jersey, 1 sh (leg. W. Vader 1968), Madeira - ZMBN 3607, 4 shs; ZMBN 3642, 1 sh.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Turbonilla with fairly elongate, only slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Total shell length not exceeding 8.5 mm. Number of whorls 13 or less. Whorls evenly rounded, only slightly convex. Shell, white, delicate, thin. Sculpture consisting of 18 - 22, strong axial ribs, slightly S-shaped, extending from the suture to a short distance below the periphery. No spiral sculpture. Columellar fold very slight and retracted. Protoconch almost planorboid of 2 to 2.5 whorls at an angle of about 135 ° to the shell axis, its base completely exposed. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: “ The snails suck fluid from the tentacles of such worms as Audouinia tentaculata and Amphitrite gracilis ” (Fretter 1951). “ Under stones and in crevices on muddy rocky shores at LWST, extending to 10 fathoms, on all coasts, Ireland; associated with Amphitrite gracilis, Cirratulus cirratus and Audouinia tentaculata. Breeding unknown ” (Fretter & Graham 1962, Fretter et al. 1986).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Not confirmed from Norway. M. Sars (1859) reported this species from Tromsø, a record that has been widely quoted, but never verified. According to Norman (1879), a record by Friele (1874) from Bergen (60.5 ºN) was due to a mistake. The record of McAndrew & Barrett (1856) of frequent observations between 40 - 100 fathoms on gravel in Nordland and Finmark, is most certainly due to misidentifications. G. O. Sars (1878: 374) included this species as one of three pyramidellids that had been included in earlier check-lists, as doubtful or obvious misidentifications. Outside Norway reported by Petersen (1888) as living in Danish waters. Found as old shells, maybe fossils, around the Firth of Forth, Scottish North Sea coast, McKay & Smith (1979). According to Fretter et al. (1986: 634) “ From the Mediterranean to northern Norway, but absent from Danish waters and from most of the North Sea; occasionally found off western British and Irish coasts ”. The present range of this species is almost certainly not extending as far north as the Norwegian coast, the frequent citations in the literature notwithstanding. However, the species seems to have been present in the Norwegian fauna in late postglacial times (Brögger 1901), and according to Petersen (1888), and Ankel (1936), it could still be part of the fauna in Kattegatt and the west coast of Sweden. As is evident from the citation from Fretter et al. above, the exact distribution limits of this species are hard to pinpoint due to the many misidentifications in the literature.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF076FFED1010FB058B98FDFE.taxon	discussion	Remarks: There seems to be general agreement that the shells commonly called T. lactea by the continental authors and by Jeffreys, and the ones called T. elegantissima by the early British conchologists and Winckworth (1932), belong to the same species. The disagreement about the specific name stems from the uncertainty created by Linnaeus’ sketchy description of his Turbo lacteus. Forbes & Hanley (1850 - 51) recommend the use of T. elegantissima on these grounds. However, apparently based on Jeffreys (1867), both Nordsieck (1972), van Aartsen (1981), and Fretter et al. (1986) (and thus Graham 1988) use T. lactea. The arguments presented are not too detailed however (van Aartsen simply states: “ I consider T. lactea identical with T. elegantissima (Mont.), and in view of priority use the name given by Linnaeus ”). Schander (pers. comm to Hansson 1998) studied the types of Turbo lacteus in Uppsala, and found them to be a mixture of Rissoa parva and R. violacea. As Schander never made a formal decision on reintroducing T. elegantissima, I prefer to use the name generally accepted since the 1970 ties.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	description	Figure 107	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known Type locality: Palermo, Sicily. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 2 spms, 40 shs (around 58 ° 17 ’ N, 8 ° 35 ’ E).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Turbonilla with fairly elongate shell. Total shell length rarely exceeding 5 mm. Number of whorls 10 or less. Sculpture consisting of up to 25 slightly opisthocline, close set ribs. No spiral sculpture. Columellar fold very slight and retracted. Protoconch helicoid of 2.5 to 3 whorls at an angle of about 95 ° to the teleoconch, its base completely exposed. Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Here reported from Norway for the first time, restricted to the Norwegian part of Skagerrak. Two specimens and 40 empty shells, all from localities close to Grimstad on the Skagerrak coast. All collected by Wikander 1970 - 1975. Outside Norway: “ This is a southern species reaching its northern limits on the southern and western shores of the British Isles. Not found in the North Sea nor in Scandinavia ” (Fretter et al. 1986: 637). Possibly found in the Koster area in the Swedish part of Skagerrak (Warén in Hansson 1998). Otherwise reported from the Mediterranean where it is common (Peñas et al. 1996, Öztürk & Bakir 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF077FFEE103EFD658B18FD1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This member of Turbonilla s. s. has turned out to be not uncommon in the Skagerrak region. The correct name of the species is not easily determined. In the British Isles, at least four species names are, or have been, in use for members of this genus (see e. g. Smith & Heppell 1991): T. lactea (L., 1758) (= T. elegantissima Montagu, 1803), T. acuta (Donovan, 1804), T. pusilla (Philippi, 1844), and T. pumila (G. Seguenza, 1876) (= T. innovata Monterosato, 1884). As most recent authors rely heavily on van Aartsen’s (1981) opinion concerning this group, I compare my specimens to his detailed description. He distinguishes first of all between T. pusilla and T. lactea, of which the former has a protoconch like the specimens from Skagerrak (type A, helicoid, 90 ° angle to the axis). T. lactea on the other hand, has a planorboid protoconch (type B, 135 ° angle to the axis), which clearly distinguish it from his T. pusilla. T. pumila is a scarce shell in the Channel, and its protoconch is of the same type as T. lactea, and is thus out of the question. The interpretation of T. acuta he finds difficult, but following the description of various recent British authors T. acuta should be a sister species to the purely Mediterranean T. delicata, with a type A protoconch, but with 3 - 5 of the uppermost turns in the first teleoconch whorls smooth, i. e. no axial ribs. On the remaining whorls, the ribs are broad and close together. Our Norwegian shells do not fit this description, neither do the drawings of T. acuta in Fretter et al. (1986, their figure 433). These are almost certainly conspecific with our Norwegian form (compare with Figure 107, right). I conclude that if I choose to follow van Aartsen (1981), T. pusilla is the most likely candidate, if I prefer Fretter et al. (1986), T. acuta is the correct name for our species. Unless the material from Skagerrak represent an undescribed species, T. pusilla (Philippi) (= T. acuta sensu Fretter et al. 1886) is by far the most likely name. Van Aartsen (1981) claims that T. pusilla is the commonest and most variable species of Turbonilla in Europe.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEE1013FD068D52FBBE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by subsequent designation: Melania rufa Philippi, 1836; designated by Dall & Bartsch in Arnold (1903: 274). Recent, Mediterranean.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEE1013FD068D52FBBE.taxon	description	Pyramidellids with elongate, conical to cyrtoconoid, many-whorled shells. Sculpture consisting of strong axial ribs with spiral, incised lines in the intercostal grooves, no spiral sculpture crossing the axial ribs. Shell yellowish to reddish brown, sometimes with one to three darker bands round the periphery of each whorl. Columellar fold small to indistinct. Protoconch large, of type A or B. Operculum horny, translucent, thin, without any ‘ anchor‘ or internal process, only with a narrow curved list (Figure 112). This group has traditionally been regarded as a subgenus of Turbonilla, but I consider the distinguishing characters sufficiently distinct to warrant full generic status. This conclusion is supported by the molecular study of Schander et al. (2003) and the morphology based cladistics analysis of Wise (1996). Regarding the nomenclatural history, this group has been blessed with more than its share of problems. Monterosato (1884) recognized 5 sections for the spirally sculptured “ Turbonillas ”, and gave them all new generic names. In particular Pyrgostelis (genotype Melania rufa Philippi, 1836) and Pyrgisculus (genotype Melania scalaris Philippi, 1836), might both be used for our forms. Dall & Bartsch (1904) largely retained Monterosato’s principles for subdividing the genus Turbonilla s. l., but reintroduced a number of older names. Thus while Pyrgisculus was retained, they renamed Pyrgostelis as Pyrgiscus Philippi, 1841. Pyrgiscus was introduced by Philippi (1841) for four recent, Mediterranean shells he had described in 1836 as Melania spp.: M. rufa, M. campanellae, M. pallida, and M. scalaris. He did not list the spiral sculpture among the generic characters, and his inclusion of M. campanellae, which is a close relative to, if not conspecific with, Turbonilla lactea shows that he did not regard this as a character worthy of generic distinction. Furthermore, in a footnote, he stated that Risso in 1826 had erected the genus Turbonilla that largely corresponded to Pyrgiscus. Accordingly, most later authors automatically listed Pyrgiscus as a synonym of Turbonilla, until Dall & Bartsch took advantage of the fact that no type species had been designated, reintroduced it as the subgeneric name for one of their striated Turbonilla ’ s (see further Iredale 1915: 338). Winckworth (1932) use Pyrgisculus Monterosato, 1884 (as a subgenus) with no further explanation. Van Aartsen (1981) and Fretter et al. (1986) use Turbonilla for all species, with or without spiral sculpture. Most recent authors however, use Pyrgiscus as an independent genus. Wharton (1976) suggests that Pyrgiscus may be distinguished from Turbonilla s. s. by the presence of denticles on the penis (as described by Maas 1964 on an unidentified species from the Mediterranean). Except for that I regard the large protoconch and the shell colour as good reasons for keeping the two groups apart. Recently (Schander et al. 2003) based on 16 S mitochondrial DNA-evidence, presented convincing arguments for placing Turbonilla and Pyrgiscus in different clades within the family. Incidentally, Wise (1996) introduced a new genus, Houbrickia, for a North American group with much the same morphological characteristics as our European Pyrgiscus. Four ‘ species’ are treated below although they are not all valid species of the Norwegian fauna. One of the ‘ species’ might be a variety of one of the others, while one owes its inclusion to a confusion with a species only living on the Atlantic coasts of France and south into the Mediterranean.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	description	Figure 108	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Magnisi, eastern Sicily. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 2 shs, Grimstad, Aust-Agder (58 ° 20 ’ N, 8 ° 40 ’ E); Rogaland, 1 spm, Lysefjorden (59 ° N, 5 ° 20 ’ E).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Pyrgiscus with fairly elongate, slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Total shell length not exceeding 9 mm. Number of whorls 14 or less. Shell, reddish or fulvous, rarely with coloured band around the periphery, nearly opaque. Sculpture c. 20 slightly opisthocline axial ribs, with wide interspaces. Four to six incised spiral lirae in the interspaces. Whorls evenly rounded, almost flat. Columellar fold visible as a slight thickening of the columella. Protoconch, large for genus, planorboid, only slightly inclined. Soft parts: “ Body of a clear pale-azure colour, irregularly aspersed with snow-white flakes; snout (= mentum) extending from the conjoined tentacular membrane to a little beyond the foot, and forming a sort of head-veil; it is long flat and bilobed: tentacles short, broad, very little folded, and diverging; tips rounded: eyes placed on the inner bases of the tentacles: foot large, moderately long, auricled in front, tapering behind to a point when at full stretch, but rounded when at rest. ” From Jeffreys (1867), citing Clark (1855). Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known. Cabioch (1968) reports Turbonilla crenata as common in fine sediments, 18 m, near Roscoff in the French part of the British Channel. Whether this refers to P. rufus s. s. or P. fulvocinctus is hard to say due to the various interpretation of T. crenata (see below).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Never previously reported from Norway. In my material a single specimen, 4.4 mm long from a station in Ryfylke (15 m, soft bottom, 27 / 8 2007, coll. P. J. Johannessen) and two old and worn shells from Grimstad, Aust-Agder. Outside Norway reported with a query from the Swedish west coast (Schander pers. commn., and Warén in Hansson 1998). The distributional limits are impossible to ascertain because of the confusion with P. fulvocinctus. However, it is reported from the North Sea coast of Scotland by McKay & Smith (1979) (as dead shells). Found chiefly in Devonshire (Clark); Dorsetshire (Hanley); and the S. W. coast of England, in not very deep water (Forbes & Hanley 1850 - 51: 276). According to Jeffreys (1867), who regards it as the southern one of two varieties, it has an extensive range southwards from the southern and southwestern coasts of the British Isles, along the Atlantic coasts of France, Spain, Portugal, Madeira and the Canary Isles, and also throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic. The southern distribution is confirmed by more recent reviews (Peñas et al. 1996, Peñas & Rolán 1997, Cachia et al. 2001, Öztürk & Bakir 2013)	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF074FFEF12B8FBA68DA0FB5E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: By some authors, (e. g. Smith & Heppell 1991) regarded as a synonym of T. crenata, or by most (following van Aartsen 1981) as conspecific with T. fulvocinctus, but in my opinion a separate species. Van Aartsen (1981: 75) states: “ Turbonilla rufa (Philippi, 1836). Several forms have been described with essentially the same type of spiral sculpture consisting of spirally incised lines. The difference between these forms viz. more or less slender, uniformly coloured or banded and more or less axial ribs, in my opinion are not enough to warrant different species. I therefore regard fulvocincta (Thompson), crenata (Brown), fasciata (Req.), spectabilis (Mtrs.), and exigua (Mtrs.) all to be varieties of one and the same species: Turbonilla rufa (Philippi, 1836). ” Several early British malacologists are of another opinion, as is clear from a quotation from Forbes & Hanley (1853: 276): “ An acquaintance with the specimens of both these shells (C. rufa and C. fulvocincta) enables us at length to declare their specific distinctness; on this one point we can accord with the views expressed by Mr. Clark in one of his many papers on the Chemnitzia. ” McKay & Smith (1979) record this species from the northern North Sea and the east coast of Scotland. Further down on the page they discuss Turbonilla interrupta (Totten, 1835) [= T. fulvocincta], for which they state: “ Found alive at a number of stations 1922 - 1924 (Marine Laboratory). There are several 19 th century records and it was obtained dead off Rosehearty in 1977. Many early records may be in error for Turbonilla crenata ”. Fretter et al. (1986) regard fulvocincta as a variety of crenata, but still think there is room for doubt (note, p. 644): “ The distinction between crenata and fulvocincta is not always clear - and not always made by systematists - but crenata tends to have fewer costae per whorl than fulvocincta, to have less oblique sutures, and a less regular pattern of colour bands ”. The different conclusions add up to a rather confusing picture. Either P. fulvocinctus and P. crenatus are both synonyms of P. rufus, or P. fulvocinctus is a different species from P. crenatus which again is a synonym of P. rufus or the other way around. I provisionally agree with Forbes & Hanley (1853) that P. fulvocinctus and P. rufus are two different species. I accept the arguments of Smith & Heppell (1991) concerning the availability of the names of Brown (1827) for Pyramis crenatus (as well as Eulimella laevis). However the confusion regarding which species Brown’s P. crenatus refers to (is it a synonym of P. fulvocinctus, or of P. rufus? Both have been suggested, and no types are known) makes it problematic to accept P. crenatus as name for this species. P. rufus was described from a shell from Sicily. Neither P. fulvocinctus nor P. crenatus are mentioned in the literature from the Mediterranean.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	description	Figures 109 - 110	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Presumably Ireland. Material seen: Norway – North Sea shelf, 9 spms; Skagerrak, 11 spms, 11 shs; Hordaland, 2 spms, 18 shs; Sogn og Fjordane, 4 shs (ZMBN 1042, 4874); Møre og Romsdal, 3 spms, 4 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 1 sh; Nordland, 2 spms, 2 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Pyrgiscus with elongate, slender, only slightly cyrtoconoid shell. Total shell length not exceeding 11 mm. Number of whorls 12 or less. Shell cream coloured with one or two rufous to tawny bands around periphery, semisolid, semitransparent. Sculpture consisting of 14 - 18 orthocline ribs, narrower than the interspaces, and six to nine spiral grooves in the interspaces. Whorls evenly rounded, only slightly convex. Protoconch planorboid, only slightly inclined and larger than the other Norwegian species (diameter: 347 - 389 µm, mean 367 µm). Soft parts: “ Body whitish: snout (= mentum) long and bilobed: tentacles leaf-like, rather short and broad, set well apart: eyes small sessile on the inner bases of the tentacles: foot squarish in front, with small angular corners, and pointed behind. ” As quoted from Jeffreys (1867) citing Forbes & Hanley (1853). Operculum: Pictured by G. O. Sars (1878).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Little is known about the biology of this species. It is found on muddy sand bottom at intermediate depths, from ca. 30 m down to at least 150 m. Sometimes found together with Turritella.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway reported by G. O. Sars (1878) from Lofoten, but only from a single 8.5 mm long specimen. Also recorded from Trondheimsfjorden, from a single specimen (Norman 1893). Friele (1874) and Norman (1879) both report it from the Bergen area, Friele states it to be rather common in the area. G. O. Sars also has records from western and southern Norway. In my material, ten specimens from Skagerrak, 14 specimens (of which eight from the North Sea) and an additional 22 shells from the Espegrend area north to Vevelstadsundet (65 ° 42 ’ N, 65 - 42 m, sand and shell gravel) and south west of Bodø (67 ° 16 ’ N, 13 m, coarse shell gravel and Laminaria, empty shell). It seems to be most common along the shallow sandy outer fjord bottoms in Møre og Romsdal in Norway. Outside Norway, because of the uncertainty as to the specific distinctness of this species, the southern limits of its distribution are uncertain. It is reported, together with P. rufus, from the eastern coast of Scotland (McKay & Smith 1979), and also from other North Sea localities. In Scandinavian waters (outside Norway) from Øresund through Kattegatt and Skagerrak (Petersen 1888). A species called Turbonilla rufa, but from the excellent photographs seem to be indistinguishable from P. fulvocincta, is reported to be the commonest ‘ Turbonilla’ species along the Turkish coasts (Öztürk & Bakir 2013).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF075FFE812A7FAC68A3BFA1E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: As is explained in the Remarks for P. rufus above, I think it most likely that this is a species distinct from P. rufus. The few shells of P. rufus I have seen, and the clear statements from Clark (1855), and Forbes & Hanley (1853) support this. The question can only be settled, however, by studying the living specimens and the biology of both forms, or by means of DNA. Although P. fulvocinctus is most variable as regards both the height / width ratio and the development of the coloured band, I consider the extreme forms with more or less uniform brown periostracum and widest shell shape as representatives of P. rufus. The remaining forms are thus all forms of the common Norwegian species P. fulvocinctus. Schander et al. (2003) included specimens of both Pyrgiscus crenatus (= P. fulvocinctus) and P. rufus in their 16 S analysis, both from more or less the same locality on the Swedish west coast. They found the two to agree 100 % among the 200 characters unambiguously aligned, although scrutiny of their raw data reveals that there are seven differences (four of them indels) among the 483 characters they had sequenced. Whether the two specimens studied were two extremes of what I have called P. fulvocinctus above, or really one of each species is hard to tell. Jeffreys (1884) claimed that this species is identical to the American P. interruptus (Totten). Van Aartsen (1981) disagreed with Jeffreys, and regarded P. interruptus as an exotic species, not closely related to the European ones in the P. rufus - complex. P. fulvocinctus is a large and conspicuous species, and in spite of being not particularly abundant, it is one of the more frequently occurring species in Norwegian fauna lists.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF072FFE912B9FA068AA2FE3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known (see van Aartsen 1981). Type locality: Exmouth ?? Material seen: None.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF072FFE912B9FA068AA2FE3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Pyrgiscus with somewhat compressed, cyrtoconoid shell. Apical angle about 25 ° to 30 °. Total shell length not exceeding 6 mm. Number of whorls 8 or less. Spire pointed, with distinctly shouldered, sometimes angulated whorls. Colour cream, with 2 - 3 brownish bands encircling the last whorl, disappearing on dead shells. Sculpture straight, lamellar, axial ribs with numerous spiral elevations in the intervals. Aperture rhomboid, no visible columellar fold. Protoconch probably at an angle of about 90 ° to the teleoconch, but perhaps somewhat immersed in the teleoconch as well. (From Jeffreys 1867, Kobelt 1903, van Aartsen 1981, and Fretter et al. 1986). Soft parts: Not known. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF072FFE912B9FA068AA2FE3D.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: This species has been reported from moderately shallow depths, 3 - 50 fathoms, from muddy gravel in association with hydroids, especially species of Halecium. According to Fretter et al. (1986) “ Food. The hydroids with which they occur, perhaps mainly species of Halecium, Hydrallmannia and Antennularia since their nematocysts occur in the faeces. ”	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF072FFE912B9FA068AA2FE3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: No reliable records from Norway. It is a southern species never positively identified as Recent in north European waters. The only statement to the contrary stems from Jeffreys (1884), who cites McAndrew as source for a record from Norway. In the same place Jeffreys reports the species from Unst in Shetland. Both records need verification as they are in opposition to all other available records, which indicate a lusitanian range, from the Adriatic and Aegean in the Mediterranean and Madeira in the Atlantic, to St. George’s Channel between Wales and Ireland and to a line between Torquay and Cherbourg in the English Channel (Jeffreys 1867; 1884; Marshall 1900; Kobelt 1903). Not mentioned by McKay & Smith (1979), and thus not likely to be found on the North Sea coast of Scotland. According to Fretter et al. (1986) “ From the Mediterranean north to southern Scandinavia and the west coast of Sweden. Not in most of the North Sea nor in the Channel and Irish Sea ”. According to Warén (in Hansson 1998), probably not part of the Scandinavian fauna.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF072FFE912B9FA068AA2FE3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The nomenclature of this name is somewhat convoluted. It is usually attributed to Forbes & Hanley (1850 - 51), who introduced it in the comments to Chemnitzia scalaris Philippi “ Among collectors this shell has generally been distinguished by the manuscript name Jeffreysii … ”. A similar and earlier, informal introduction is however due to Jeffreys (1848) after listing a number of synonyms for Odostomia scalaris (Philippi) “ Var. a. testacei coloris; costae admodum pauciores. Exmouth (Mr. Clark, who gave to this variety the MS name of Jeffreysii). ”	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	description	Figures 111 - 113.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Not known. Type locality: Arran or Oban, western Scotland. Material seen: Norway - Skagerrak, 32 spms, at least 7 shs; Hordaland, 12 spms, at least 4 shs; Møre og Romsdal, 1 spm, 8 shs; Nord-Trøndelag, 1 spm, 6 shs; Nordland, 5 spms, at least 9 shs.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Pyrgiscus with distinctly cyrtoconoid shell, apical angle 16 º or more. Total shell length not exceeding 8.5 mm. Number of whorls 9 or less. Shell semisolid, tawny, semitransparent, with three spiral bands of orange brown as in jeffreysii, but these are darker and all are of more regular occurrence. Lower part of the fairly convex whorls more flattened than the upper part. Shell sculpture slightly prosocline, equidistant axial ribs with numerous spiral grooves in the interspaces. No columellar fold. Prominent heterostrophic protoconch of 1 3 / 4 whorls, its diameter less than 340 µm and its axis length less than 290 µm, with nucleus inclined to, but not immersed in the teleoconch. Soft parts: Described by Forbes & Hanley (1850 - 51): “ The specimen is white, slightly tinged with brown. The tentacula are rather long, lanceolate, set well apart, and bearing the eyes nearly centrally at their bases. The mentum is rather narrow and bilobed: the foot is oblong-lanceolate, obtusely angled in front, triangular behind. ” I have made a sketch of a specimen from Raunefjorden, W of Fleslandskj., 80 - 60 m (Figure 112, bottom). The pigmented mantle organ is long (about ten times as long as broad) and bright yellow in colour. Mentum broad and squarely cut in front, bilobed. Operculum: No ‘ tooth’ - shaped internal process, at most a narrow, spiral ridge. It is thin and semitransparent of a dark yellowish horncolour, drawn out into a tip at the lower end, and evenly cut at the similarly narrowed upper end. Spire small and terminal at the upper corner (Figure 112).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known. Dredged from ca. 20 to 150 m, but most common from ca. 50 to around 100 m on rather coarse shell gravel bottoms.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: In Norway P. rufescens is reported from Oslofjorden (Jeffreys 1870), north to at least 67 ° 15 ’ N. There are a few, scattered records in the old literature. G. O. Sars (1878) reports it from his three southern regions (‘ Ora occident., ‘ Ora meridion. ’, and ‘ Sinus Christianensis’) but with no further information. Friele (1874) reports it as rare from two localities just north of Bergen, while Norman (1879) mentions two localities in Korsfjorden and Raunefjorden. In my material 21 specimens and one shell from Skagerrak, 16 specimens and 36 shells from the Espegrend area north to Fugløyfjord (67 ° 01 ’ N, 70 - 50 m, stones and shells of Modiolula phaseolina), and empty shells to 67 ° 15 ’ N. Outside Norway it is reported by Lovén (1846 a) from Bohuslän, while Petersen (1888) reported a single empty shell from Kattegatt. There are a few records from British and Irish localities, the most recent ones from north-western areas (Fretter et al. 1986). On the eastern coast of Scotland it seems to be represented by dead shells only (McKay & Smith 1979). I have not been able to find any verified records from south of the Irish coast.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF073FFEA12A7FE268D14FD7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Concerning the specific distinctness from P. jeffreysii (Forbes), opinions are divided. Forbes & Hanley (1850 - 51) express no doubts as to the specific distinctness of the two forms, while Clark (1855: 411, 439) regarded them as two varieties of the same species. This latter conclusion was based on studies of living specimens of what he regarded as the two forms, taken at the same locality. Forbes & Hanley (1853: 276) in an appendix to their work did not agree. Jeffreys (1867) and, following him, most later authors adopted the view of Clark, mainly because Clark had found a specimen with the upper whorls like P. jeffreysii, and the lower whorls like P. rufescens. However Monterosato (1884, 1889), Tryon (1886), Kobelt (1903), and later Winckworth (1932) all disagreed with Jeffreys, and readopted the view of Forbes & Hanley (1850 - 51), that this is a distinct species. If the illustrations in van Aartsen (1981) and Rolan Mosquero (1983) are representative, the south European P. jeffreysii is very distinct, with its Epitonium - like lamellae. Van Aartsen also seems to accept the specific distinctness of P. rufescen s without question, although Nordsieck (1972), had again subjugated it as a form of P. jeffreysii. According to Fretter et al. (1986), P. jeffreysii is clearly separable from rufescens, having a much more turreted profile to the spire, a relatively broader shell, and more costae per whorl. They do not specifically mention the lamellae-like costae (ribs), which probably is the most reliable character. However, as shown above, the Norwegian forms of P. rufescens are very variable (compare Figure 111 with Figure 113), and both of the drawings presented by Fretter et al. (1986), the one presented as P. rufescens and the one called P. jeffreysii are certainly only two growth varieties of P. rufescens, as was obviously also the opinion of Thorson, who originally gave names to these drawings by Winther. I agree with most recent authors that P. rufescens is specifically different from P. jeffreysii, the last not recorded from Norwegian waters.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FFEA12B9FCA58A4EFC7E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species, by original designation: Eulimella praeclara Thiele, 1925	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	description	Figure 114	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Two syntypes in MNHN (van Aartsen et al. 2000). Type locality: Cagnabac, Senegal (Peñas & Rolan 2001). Material seen: Norway - Hordaland, 3 spms (Fensfjorden).	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell: Thin, loosely coiled, whorls shouldered, shiny surface with only microscopical striation, no visible columellar fold, protoconch (presumably) planorboid, upturned and almost disjoint, and easily broken. Soft parts: Lacking eyes. Operculum: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology: Not known.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: First record from Norway, and never before reported from Atlantic waters north of Gibraltar.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
626F87DDF070FF9412B9FBE588DAFBFD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Three samples from the inner, deeper parts of Fensfjorden (580 m and 690 m) contained a few tiny (all less than two mm, and 0.6 - 0.7 mm wide) pyramidelloid shells. Three of them were live caught, and they were without eyes. Unfortunately all had lost their protoconchs, making any attempts at identification provisional. Bacteridium carinatum (de Folin, 1870), a species reported from the western Mediterranean (Peñas et al. 1996) is strikingly similar to my specimens, both in the channeled suture, somewhat flattened whorls and a certain sturdyness and shape of the aperture. Bacteridium carinatum was described from Senegal and has so far not been found north of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, otherwise it lives in West Africa (south to Angola), and it has also been recorded from the Mediterranean coast of Israel (Bogi & Galil 1997). This taxon is briefly discussed in van Aartsen (1994) and van Aartsen et al. (2000), and in Peñas & Rolán (2001). While van Aartsen et al. regard Bacteridium as an unnecessary name for striated species of the genus Anisocycla, Peñas & Rolán follow Schander (1994) and Warén (1995) in retaining Bacteridium as a close relative of Eulimella. In Figure 114 I show one of my specimens together with a specimen from Alicante, western Mediterranean, and one from Cape Verde. The illustrations I have seen of specimens from Spain and Sahara (Peñas & Rolán 2001) are wider than the Cape Verde specimen, and I am not convinced that they are congeneric. In any case I follow Warén (1995) in keeping B. carinatum in the Pyramidellidae, as opposed to Ebala (or Anisocycla) nitidissima which is a member of Murchisonellidae. Recent molecular work indicates that the Murchisonellidae is only distantly related to the Pyramidellidae (see Introduction above, and Dinapoli & Klussmann-Kolb 2010). The name Bacteridium (based on Eulimella praeclara Thiele, 1925) for this species has to my knowledge not been properly justified in the literature. The closest is this citation from Schander (1994): ‘ I consider Eulimella carinata De Folin, 1870 from West Africa as belonging to the Bacteridium group’.	en	Høisaeter, Tore (2014): The Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) of Norway and adjacent waters. A taxonomic review. Fauna norvegica 34: 7-78, DOI: 10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672, URL: https://doi.org/10.5324/fn.v34i0.1672
