taxonID	type	description	language	source
634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FA03D34ED919.taxon	description	The G. vietnamica species-group – G. (Gandhara) vietnamica Dubatolov, 2012 The G. conica species-group – G. (Gandhara) conica (Fang, 2000) – G. (Gandhara) jieenchenae D. - J. Chen & Wu, 2020	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FBD2D43ADABA.taxon	materials_examined	Type species (fixed by Volynkin et al. (2023 )): Gandhara typica Volynkin & Černý, 2023 (misidentified as Lithosia serva Walker, 1854 in the original description by Moore (1878 )).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBFDF084696F8F8D3E2DAA9.taxon	description	– G. (Cragandhara) khasia (Volynkin, 2023), comb. n. – G. (Cragandhara) himalaya (Volynkin, 2023), comb. n. Subgenus Cragandhara Volynkin, 2023, stat. rev. Cragandhara Volynkin, 2023, Ecologica Montenegrina, 69: 85. Type species: Cragandhara himalaya Volynkin, 2023, by original designation.	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBFDF084696F8F8D3E2DAA9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Imagoes of Cragandhara (Figs 1 – 8) are externally similar to the nominate subgenus (Figs 9 – 12) but have somewhat narrower forewing with a more convex termen. Additionally, two of three known species are sexually dimorphic: males have rusty-brownish forewing with a paler, ochreous brown costal stripe while females have lead grey forewing ground colour with a contrast yellow costal stripe. The male genitalia of the subgenus (Figs 13 – 17) are characterised by the combination of the following four features (Volynkin 2023). (1) The editum [termed by Volynkin (2023) as a ‘ ventral plate of the costa’] is broad and bears a distal ampulla, which is swollen, longitudinal crest- like and densely covered with minute spinules. In contrast, the editum of Gandhara s. str. is narrow and lacks the ampulla (Figs 18, 19). (2) The distal saccular process is proximally dilated and its dorsal surface of is densely setose, whereas in Gandhara s. str., only in the G. conica species-group the distal saccular process is setose but, unlike in Cragandhara, is very short, triangular and directed dorsally. (3) The lateral plates of the anellus bear dense bunches of spinules (whereas those plates are smooth or serrulate in Gandhara s. str.). (4) The anellus bears large, ribbon-like and longitudinally rugose latero-dorsal valvellae strongly protruding posteriorly beyond the diaphragm surface whereas the valvellae of Gandhara s. str. are considerably shorter, more heavily sclerotised and only slightly protruding posteriorly. In the original description, the valvellae of Cragandhara were erroneously treated as distal processes of the phallus as they appeared inseparable from it in the genital preparations of the holotypes of both Cragandhara species described along with the genus by Volynkin (2023). However, the subsequent dissection of the additional, non-type specimen of G. (C.) khasia found in the OUMNH collection has revealed, after removing the phallic tube from the phallocrypt using Vannas Scissors, that those processes are a part of the phallocrypt with their proximal (anterior) parts deeply extended from the anellus into the manica region (Fig. 17), and therefore they are the true valvellae sensu Volynkin (2024), which are homologous to the valvellae of Gandhara s. str., as well as the valvellae of the Afrotropical genus Cragia Birket- Smith, 1965, which was also used by Volynkin (2023) for the diagnostic comparison with Cragandhara. In the female genitalia, Cragandhara (Figs 20 – 22) differs from the nominate subgenus (Figs 23, 24) in the membranous posterior section of the corpus bursae with a heavily sclerotised pocket anterio-laterally whereas the posterior section of the corpus bursae of Gandhara s. str. is gelatinous and bears a weakly sclerotised pocket or a plate anterio-laterally (Volynkin 2023).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 3, 13, 14, 22)	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype (Figs 1, 13): male, “ N. Thailand | Mae Hong Son- prov. | 12 km E Khun Yuam, 1200 m | 18 ° 48 ' 10 '' N, 98 ° 6 ' 4 '' E, | Wald mit Ufervegetation [forest with riparian vegetation] | 2. V. 2006 leg. K. Cerný [recte: Černý] ” / “ Slide | AV 8447 ♂ | A. Volynkin ” (MWM / ZSM, ex CKC). Paratypes. THAILAND: 1 female, same data as holotype, gen. prep. No.: AV 7377 ♀ (CKC); LAOS: 1 male, Phongsali Province, Maochaoluang, 21 ° 37 ' 57 '' N 102 ° 3 ' 30 '' E, 26. IV. 2017, K. Černý leg., gen. prep. No.: AV 7993 ♂ (CKC). Note. The single male from Laos displays minor differences from the holotype in its ampulla, phallus and cornutus shapes but the evaluation of the stability and importance of these characters as diagnostic is currently impossible due to the lack of additional male specimens from both populations available for examination.	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The forewing length is 11.5 – 12.0 mm in males and 12.0 mm in the female. Gandhara riparia sp. n. is externally very similar to G. (C.) khasia and is distinguished by its genitalia structures. In the male genital capsule, the new species differs from G. (C.) khasia in the broader lateral plates of the anellus bearing larger clusters of spinules, the longer and narrower valvula, the triangular ampulla (it is elliptical in the congener), and the proximally narrower and somewhat longer distal saccular process with a denser dorsal cluster of setae. The phallus of G. (C.) riparia sp. n. is distally broader than in the similar congener. Compared to G. (C.) khasia, the vesica of G. (C.) riparia sp. n. has a narrower left diverticulum bearing a longer cornutus with a markedly broader base, a basally broader distal diverticulum directed distally (it is directed to the left in G. (C.) khasia), and finer scobination in the right diverticulum. In the female genitalia, G. (C.) riparia sp. n. differs clearly from G. (C.) khasia in the thicker and more plicate ventral gelatinous margin of the antrum, the considerably longer and broader postero-lateral sclerotised pocket of the corpus bursae, the broader medial constricted section of the corpus bursae, the markedly longer and broader signum bursae, and the somewhat broader and more globular appendix bursae.	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The new species is currently known from Northern Thailand (Mae Hong Son Province) and Northern Laos (Phongsali Province).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the habitat of the new species with riparian vegetation. The name is a noun in the nominative singular in apposition.	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97.taxon	description	(Figs 4 – 6, 16, 17, 21) Cragandhara himalaya Volynkin, 2023, Ecologica Montenegrina, 69: 90, figs 3, 11 (Type locality: “ [NE India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills] Khasis ”).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype (Figs 4, 16): male, [NE India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills] “ Khasis, | Feb. 1897. | Nat. Coll. ” / “ Rothschild | Bequest | B. M. 1939 - 1. ” / QR- code label with unique ID “ NHMUK 010292439 ” | “ Slide | NHMUK 0104331715 ” (NHMUK). Additional material examined. INDIA: 2 males, 1 female, [Meghalaya, Khasi Hills] Khasis, Nat. Coll. / Doncaster private coll. Purch. 1927, gen. prep. Nos.: AV 7582 ♂, AV 7583 ♀ and AV 7584 ♂ (OUMNH).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of the female. The forewing length is 11.0 mm (vs. 11.5 – 12.0 mm in males). The female of G. (C.) khasia is externally similar to G. (C.) himalaya and the reliable identification requires the examination of the genitalia structures, which in G. (C.) khasia have a narrower antrum with a more plicate ventral gelatinous margin, a proximally narrower postero-lateral sclerotised pocket of the corpus bursae, and a shorter and broader anterior section of the corpus bursae with a smaller signum, than the corresponding structures of G. (C.) himalaya. The comparison with G. (C.) riparia sp. n. is provided above in the diagnosis of the latter species. Distribution. Northeast India (Meghalaya).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8.taxon	description	(Figs 7, 8, 15, 20) Cragandhara himalaya Volynkin, 2023, Ecologica Montenegrina, 69: 88, figs 1, 2, 10, 15 (Type locality: “ [NE India, north of West Bengal] Gopaldhara, Darjeeling, 3440 – 5800 ' ”).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype (Figs 7, 15): male, [NE India, north of West Bengal] “ Gopaldhara, | Darjeeling, | 3440 – 5800 '. | (H. Stevens). | 22. IX. [19] 18. ” / “ Rothschild | Bequest | B. M. 1939 - 1. ” / QRcode label with unique ID “ NHMUK 010292457 ” | “ Slide | NHMUK 0104331720 ” (NHMUK). Paratype: female, [NE India, north of West Bengal] Gopaldhara, Mirik, Sikkim, H. Stevens / Rothschild Bequest B. M. 1939 - 1 / QR-code label with unique ID: NHMUK 010916194, gen. prep. No.: NHMUK 0104331732 (NHMUK).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northeast India (north of West Bengal). Acknowledgements The senior author expresses his sincere thanks to the following for their kind assistance during visits to collections under their care: Alberto Zilli and Geoff Martin (NHMUK); James Hogan (OUMNH); and Axel Hausmann, Mei-Yu Chen and Ulf Buchsbaum (ZSM). Images of specimens deposited in NHMUK are used with permission and are copyright of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0, CC-BY (https: // creativecommons. org / licenses / by / 4.0 /).	en	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
