identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FA03D34ED919.text	634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FA03D34ED919.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Gandhara) Moore 1878	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Gandhara Moore, 1878</p>
            <p> The  G. typica species-group </p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) typica Volynkin &amp; Černý, 2023</p>
            <p> – G. (  Gandhara ) clava Volynkin &amp; Černý, 2023 </p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) emgai Volynkin &amp; Černý, 2023</p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) interrogativa Volynkin, Černý, S. -Y. Huang &amp; H.-L. Hu, 2023 </p>
            <p> The  G. vietnamica species-group </p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) vietnamica Dubatolov, 2012</p>
            <p> The  G. conica species-group </p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) conica (Fang, 2000)</p>
            <p> –  G. (Gandhara) jieenchenae D.-J. Chen &amp; Wu, 2020 </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FA03D34ED919	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FBD2D43ADABA.text	634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FBD2D43ADABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gandhara Moore 1878	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Gandhara Moore, 1878</p>
            <p> Gandhara Moore, 1878 , Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London, 1878: 15. </p>
            <p> Type species (fixed by Volynkin et al. (2023)):  Gandhara typica Volynkin &amp; Černý, 2023 (misidentified as  Lithosia serva Walker, 1854 in the original description by Moore (1878)). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFBFDF0B4696FBD2D43ADABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBFDF084696F8F8D3E2DAA9.text	634387D6FFBFDF084696F8F8D3E2DAA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	(Cragandhara) Volynkin 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Subgenus  Cragandhara Volynkin, 2023 ,  stat. rev.</p>
            <p> –  G. (Cragandhara) riparia Volynkin &amp; Černý ,  sp. n.</p>
            <p> –  G. (Cragandhara) khasia (Volynkin, 2023) ,  comb. n.</p>
            <p> –  G. (Cragandhara) himalaya (Volynkin, 2023) ,  comb. n.</p>
            <p> Subgenus  Cragandhara Volynkin, 2023 ,  stat. rev.</p>
            <p> Cragandhara Volynkin, 2023 , Ecologica  Montenegrina , 69: 85. </p>
            <p> Type species:  Cragandhara himalaya Volynkin, 2023 , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Imagoes of  Cragandhara (Figs 1–8) are externally similar to the nominate subgenus (Figs 9–12) but have somewhat narrower forewing with a more convex termen. Additionally, two of three known species are sexually dimorphic: males have rusty-brownish forewing with a paler, ochreous brown costal stripe while females have lead grey forewing ground colour with a contrast yellow costal stripe. The male genitalia of the subgenus (Figs 13–17) are characterised by the combination of the following four features (Volynkin 2023). (1) The editum [termed by Volynkin (2023) as a ‘ventral plate of the costa’] is broad and bears a distal ampulla, which is swollen, longitudinal crest- like and densely covered with minute spinules. In contrast, the editum of  Gandhara s. str. is narrow and lacks the ampulla (Figs 18, 19). (2) The distal saccular process is proximally dilated and its dorsal surface of is densely setose, whereas in  Gandhara s. str. , only in the  G. conica species-group the distal saccular process is setose but, unlike in  Cragandhara , is very short, triangular and directed dorsally. (3) The lateral plates of the anellus bear dense bunches of spinules (whereas those plates are smooth or serrulate in  Gandhara s. str. ). (4) The anellus bears large, ribbon-like and longitudinally rugose latero-dorsal valvellae strongly protruding posteriorly beyond the diaphragm surface whereas the valvellae of  Gandhara s. str. are considerably shorter, more heavily sclerotised and only slightly protruding posteriorly. In the original description, the valvellae of  Cragandhara were erroneously treated as distal processes of the phallus as they appeared inseparable from it in the genital preparations of the holotypes of both  Cragandhara species described along with the genus by Volynkin (2023). However, the subsequent dissection of the additional, non-type specimen of  G. (C.) khasia found in the OUMNH collection has revealed, after removing the phallic tube from the phallocrypt using Vannas Scissors, that those processes are a part of the phallocrypt with their proximal (anterior) parts deeply extended from the anellus into the manica region (Fig. 17), and therefore they are the true valvellae sensu Volynkin (2024), which are homologous to the valvellae of  Gandhara s. str. , as well as the valvellae of the Afrotropical genus  Cragia Birket- Smith, 1965, which was also used by Volynkin (2023) for the diagnostic comparison with  Cragandhara . In the female genitalia,  Cragandhara (Figs 20–22) differs from the nominate subgenus (Figs 23, 24) in the membranous posterior section of the corpus bursae with a heavily sclerotised pocket anterio-laterally whereas the posterior section of the corpus bursae of  Gandhara s. str. is gelatinous and bears a weakly sclerotised pocket or a plate anterio-laterally (Volynkin 2023). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFBFDF084696F8F8D3E2DAA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.text	634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gandhara (Cragandhara) riparia Volynkin & Cerny 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gandhara (Cragandhara) riparia Volynkin &amp; Černý ,  sp. n.</p>
            <p>https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F55C00DF-8824-42CF-B878-9F95A6F30F17</p>
            <p>(Figs 1–3, 13, 14, 22)</p>
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                 Type material.   Holotype (Figs 1, 13): male, “N. Thailand |  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.10111/lat 18.802776)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.10111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.802776">Mae Hong</a>
                 Son- prov. | 12km E Khun Yuam, 1200m | 18°48'10''N, 98°6'4''E, | Wald mit Ufervegetation [forest with riparian vegetation] | 2. V. 2006 leg. K. Cerný [recte: Černý]” / “Slide | AV8447 ♂ | A. Volynkin ” (MWM / ZSM, ex CKC). 
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                 Paratypes. THAILAND: 1 female ,  same data as holotype, gen. prep. No.: AV7377 ♀ (CKC) ;  LAOS: 1 male ,   Phongsali Province,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.058334/lat 21.6325)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.058334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.6325">Maochaoluang</a>
                 , 21°37'57''N 102°3'30''E, 26.IV.2017, K. Černý leg., gen. prep. No.: AV7993  ♂ (CKC) . 
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            <p>Note. The single male from Laos displays minor differences from the holotype in its ampulla, phallus and cornutus shapes but the evaluation of the stability and importance of these characters as diagnostic is currently impossible due to the lack of additional male specimens from both populations available for examination.</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The forewing length is 11.5–12.0 mm in males and 12.0 mm in the female.  Gandhara riparia sp. n. is externally very similar to  G. (C.) khasia and is distinguished by its genitalia structures. In the male genital capsule, the new species differs from  G. (C.) khasia in the broader lateral plates of the anellus bearing larger clusters of spinules, the longer and narrower valvula, the triangular ampulla (it is elliptical in the congener), and the proximally narrower and somewhat longer distal saccular process with a denser dorsal cluster of setae. The phallus of  G. (C.) riparia sp. n. is distally broader than in the similar congener. Compared to  G. (C.) khasia , the vesica of  G. (C.) riparia sp. n. has a narrower left diverticulum bearing a longer cornutus with a markedly broader base, a basally broader distal diverticulum directed distally (it is directed to the left in  G. (C.) khasia ), and finer scobination in the right diverticulum. In the female genitalia,  G. (C.) riparia sp. n. differs clearly from  G. (C.) khasia in the thicker and more plicate ventral gelatinous margin of the antrum, the considerably longer and broader postero-lateral sclerotised pocket of the corpus bursae, the broader medial constricted section of the corpus bursae, the markedly longer and broader signum bursae, and the somewhat broader and more globular appendix bursae. </p>
            <p>Distribution. The new species is currently known from Northern Thailand (Mae Hong Son Province) and Northern Laos (Phongsali Province).</p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the habitat of the new species with riparian vegetation. The name is a noun in the nominative singular in apposition.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFBCDF0E4696FAA9D3FDDF97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97.text	634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gandhara (Cragandhara) khasia (Volynkin 2023) Volynkin & Černý 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gandhara (Cragandhara) khasia (Volynkin, 2023) ,  comb. n.</p>
            <p>(Figs 4–6, 16, 17, 21)</p>
            <p> 
Cragandhara himalaya 
Volynkin, 2023 , Ecologica  Montenegrina , 69: 90, figs 3, 11 (Type locality: “[NE India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills]  Khasis ”). </p>
            <p> Type material examined.   Holotype (Figs 4, 16): male, [NE India, Meghalaya, Khasi Hills] “Khasis, | Feb. 1897. | Nat. Coll.” / “ Rothschild |  Bequest | B.M. 1939-1.” / QR- code label with unique ID “ NHMUK010292439 ” | “Slide | NHMUK0104331715 ” (NHMUK). </p>
            <p> Additional material examined.  INDIA: 2 males, 1 female ,   [Meghalaya, Khasi Hills] Khasis,  Nat. Coll. / Doncaster private coll. Purch. 1927, gen. prep. Nos.: AV7582  ♂, AV7583 ♀ and AV7584  ♂ (OUMNH) . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis of the female. The forewing length is 11.0 mm (vs. 11.5–12.0 mm in males). The female of  G. (C.) khasia is externally similar to  G. (C.) himalaya and the reliable identification requires the examination of the genitalia structures, which in  G. (C.) khasia have a narrower antrum with a more plicate ventral gelatinous margin, a proximally narrower postero-lateral sclerotised pocket of the corpus bursae, and a shorter and broader anterior section of the corpus bursae with a smaller signum, than the corresponding structures of  G. (C.) himalaya . </p>
            <p> The comparison with  G. (C.) riparia sp. n. is provided above in the diagnosis of the latter species. Distribution. Northeast India (Meghalaya). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFBADF024696F925D366DF97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8.text	634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gandhara (Cragandhara) himalaya (Volynkin 2023) Volynkin & Černý 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Gandhara (Cragandhara) himalaya (Volynkin, 2023) ,  comb. n.</p>
            <p>(Figs 7, 8, 15, 20)</p>
            <p> 
Cragandhara himalaya 
Volynkin, 2023 , Ecologica  Montenegrina , 69: 88, figs 1, 2, 10, 15 (Type locality: “[NE India, north of West Bengal] Gopaldhara,  Darjeeling , 3440–5800 ' ”). </p>
            <p> Type material examined.  Holotype (Figs 7, 15): male, [NE India, north of West Bengal] “Gopaldhara, | Darjeeling, | 3440–5800 '. | (H. Stevens). | 22.IX.[19]18.” / “Rothschild | Bequest | B.M. 1939-1.” / QRcode label with unique ID “ NHMUK010292457 ” | “Slide | NHMUK0104331720 ” (NHMUK) .  Paratype: female, [NE India, north of West Bengal] Gopaldhara, Mirik, Sikkim, H. Stevens / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1 / QR-code label with unique ID: NHMUK010916194 ,  gen. prep. No.: NHMUK0104331732 (NHMUK) . </p>
            <p>Distribution. Northeast India (north of West Bengal).</p>
            <p>Acknowledgements</p>
            <p>The senior author expresses his sincere thanks to the following for their kind assistance during visits to collections under their care: Alberto Zilli and Geoff Martin (NHMUK); James Hogan (OUMNH); and Axel Hausmann, Mei-Yu Chen and Ulf Buchsbaum (ZSM). Images of specimens deposited in NHMUK are used with permission and are copyright of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0, CC-BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</p>
            <p>References</p>
            <p>Kononenko, V.S. (2010) Micronoctuidae, Noctuidae: Rivulinae – Agaristinae (Lepidoptera). Noctuidae Sibiricae. Vol. 2. Entomological Press, Sorø, 475 pp.</p>
            <p>Lafontaine, J.D. &amp; Mikkola, K. (1987) Las-och-nyckel systemen i de inre genitalierna av Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) som taksonomiska kaennetecken. [Lock-and-key systems in the inner genitalia of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) as a taxonomic character.] Entomologiske Meddelelser, 55, 161–167. [In Swedish with English summary]</p>
            <p>Volynkin, A.V. (2023) Cragandhara, a new genus for two new species from India (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina, 69, 84–90.</p>
            <p>https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2023.69.8</p>
            <p>Volynkin, A.V. (2024) On the terminology of the genitalia structures of lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) with some references to Noctuidae. Ecologica Montenegrina, 73, 176–207. https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.73.18</p>
            <p>Volynkin, A.V., Černý, K., Huang, S.-Y. &amp; Hu, H.-L. (2023) Taxonomic review of the Oriental genus Gandhara Moore with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Zootaxa, 5374 (3), 390–408. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5374.3.4</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/634387D6FFB6DF024696FD80D492D9F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Volynkin, Anton V.;Černý, Karel	Volynkin, Anton V., Černý, Karel (2024): On the status of the genus-group name Cragandhara Volynkin with description of a new species from Thailand and Laos (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). Ecologica Montenegrina 78: 25-33, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.78.4
