taxonID	type	description	language	source
5C6887BDFFE6FFF6FF34F8C90CB0F958.taxon	description	structure with two inverted regions (IRs) separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (Fig. 6). The plastomes of B. championii and the proposed new Campylosiphon species are reduced in both length and gene contents compared with those of B. disticha having plastome with ca. 150 kbp length and 112 genes (Ma et al. 2018) and C. congestus plastome with ca. 120 kbp in length (Lam 2016). Plastomes of the three individuals of B. championii are 85,890 bp, 85,984 bp, and 86,051 bp and contain 88 genes (79 intact genes and nine partial genes), 23 genes of which are located in inverted repeat region. The plastome of the newly found entity is 58,703 bp in length and contains 66 genes including 12 partial genes. IRs of B. championii plastome are ca. 26,690 bp in length, while the IRs of Campylosiphon sp. are reduced to 466 bp. Phylogenetic Inference — There are five plastid encoding protein genes (infA, rpl 14, rps 12, rps 14, and rps 19) present among the four Burmanniaceae genera sampled consisting of Apteria, Burmannia, Campylosiphon, and Gymnosiphon. The phylogenetic trees inferred using both five shared genes only, or all 78 plastid protein-coding genes exhibited that Burmannia s. s. was sister to the other three genera, and the clade consisting of Apteria and Gymnosiphon has extremely long branch lengths (Fig. 7 A, C). Excluding the species of Apteria and Gymnosiphon, the phylogenetic results strongly supported the proposed new species as part of the group formed by B. championii and C. congestus (Fig. 7 B) based on coding sequences of 78 plastid protein-coding genes. Both the partial 18 S sequences matrix (Supplemental Fig. S 3, Li et al. 2023) and the concatenated matrix of mitochondrial DNA sequences (partial of atp 1, matR, and nad 1 b-c) (Supplemental Fig. S 4, Li et al. 2023) placed Dictyostega orobanchoides (Hook.) Miers into Campylosiphon, and the partial 18 S sequences matrix also placed Burmannia longifolia Becc. into Campylosiphon, both of which were with low bootstrap values, though (Supplemental Fig. S 3). Phylogenetic analyses based on both the concatenated 13 mitochondrial genes (Fig. 8 A) and the concatenated matrix of the mitochondrial DNA sequences (partial of atp 1, matR and nad 1 b-c) and partial 18 S sequences indicated that the Burmanniaceae genera sampled were monophyletic, and the phylogenetic relationships of the genera were not resolved (Fig. 8 B). Phylogenetic inference based on the mitochondrial nad 1 b-c sequence showed that B. championii, B. densiflora, and C. congestus (an individual distinct from the typical C. congestus, were respectively named Campylosiphon congestus 1 and C. congestus 2 in Fig. 9) were grouped as the sister clade of the other Campylosiphon species (Fig. 9), and weakly supported that the proposed new species was sister to the clade formed by C. purpurascens and C. congestus (specimen voucher: Jongkind 5463 (WAG), named C. congestus 3 in Fig. 9) (Fig. 9).	en	Li, Xiaojuan, Qu, Lu, Hu, Guoxiong, Zhang, Dianxiang (2023): Revision of Campylosiphon (Burmanniaceae), with New Combinations and a New Species Described. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 48 (3): 395-409, DOI: 10.1600/036364423X16936046516345, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16936046516345
5C6887BDFFE0FFF4FCD1F8B00D5CF9B3.taxon	description	fibrous, 3) perianth tube wingless, 4) capsule fruits longitudinally or irregularly dehiscent, and 5) seed epidermal cells irregularly arranged. Fully mycoheterotrophic herbs; rhizome slightly tuberous, upper part with scale-like leaves; fibrous root robust; stem erect, without basal rosulate leaves, basal part often covered with scale-like leaves; leaves reduced to scale-like, alternately arranged on the stem; inflorescence terminal, simple, bifurcate cincinnus, or capitate; bract and bracteole are more or less similar to the leaves arranged on stem; flowers with distinct pedicel or sessile; perianth tube wingless with three distinct ribs from the outer whorls of perianth lobes to the base of ovary or the middle of pedicel, and three costate or unapparent ribs from the base of inner whorls of perianth lobes to the base of perianth tube or extending to the pedicel; perianth lobes six, two whorls, marginal part of outer lobes often involute, inner ones revolute; stamens three, with prominent or extremely short filaments, inserted below the inner perianth lobes, connective with two apical, lateral appendages and one apical point in the center; style three-branched at the apex, each branch with an infundibular stigma; placentation axile, middle part of ovary often with three-celled, young ovary or both ends of ovary one-celled with three parietal placentas; capsule longitudinally dehiscent or irregularly dehiscent by withering of the membranous wall between the ribs; seeds numerous, seed coats with epidermal cells irregularly arranged.	en	Li, Xiaojuan, Qu, Lu, Hu, Guoxiong, Zhang, Dianxiang (2023): Revision of Campylosiphon (Burmanniaceae), with New Combinations and a New Species Described. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 48 (3): 395-409, DOI: 10.1600/036364423X16936046516345, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16936046516345
5C6887BDFFE0FFF4FCD1F8B00D5CF9B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — Mainly distributed in pantropical regions and also extends to subtropics. Five species in total, including two species in Asia, two species in Africa, and one species restricted to South America. Notes — St. - Lag substituted Campylosiphon lycioideus (in: Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7, 1880, p. 135) for Siphocampylus lycioides (Cham.) G. Don (1834, in: Gen. Hist. 3, p. 703) in Campanulaceae. The name Campylosiphon lycioideus St. - Lag. is thus excluded from this revision.	en	Li, Xiaojuan, Qu, Lu, Hu, Guoxiong, Zhang, Dianxiang (2023): Revision of Campylosiphon (Burmanniaceae), with New Combinations and a New Species Described. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 48 (3): 395-409, DOI: 10.1600/036364423X16936046516345, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16936046516345
5C6887BDFFEFFFFFFCBCF8080826FD22.taxon	description	Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae, p. 325). TYPE: SRI LANKA. precise locations unknown, C. P. 2735 (lectotype: Peradynia barcode PDA 00012784!; isolectotypes: B barcode 101154578!, BM barcode BM 000058509!, G barcodes (G 00191394!, G 00191395! and G 00191396!), P barcodes (P 00738848!, P 00738849! and P 00738850!), FR barcode FR- 0038667!, K barcodes (K 001325431! and K 000958575!), designated by L. H. Cramer, 1979). Burmannia tuberosa Becc. (1878, in: Malesia 1, p. 245). TYPE: MALAYSIA. Sarawak: Mt. Matang, Beccari 1503 (lectotype: FI barcode FI 013466!; isolectotype: L barcode L. 1486673!, designated by Dianxiang Zhang in Ph. D. thesis, Univ. of Hong Kong, 1999, p. 274). Burmannia japonica Maxim. ex Makino (1891, in Ill. Fl. Jap. 1 (7), p. 4). TYPE: JAPAN. Tosa: Shiboku Island, Makino s. n. (herbarium unknown). Burmannia dalzielii Rendle (1902, in: J. Bot. 40, p. 311). TYPE: CHINA. Guangdong: Santou, Daiziel 33 (lectotype: BM barcode BM 000058511!, designated by Jonker in: Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks., Univ. Utrecht 5 l, 1938, p. 140). Burmannia chionantha Schltr. (1912, in: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49, p. 107). TYPE: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Morobe: Mt. Gomadjidji, R Schlechter 17387 (lectotype: B barcode B 100296387!, designated by Jonker in: Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks., Univ. Utrecht 5 l, 1938, p. 140). Burmannia hunanensis K. M. Liu & C. L. Long (2001, in: Ann. Bot. Fenn. 38, p. 211). TYPE: CHINA. Hunan: Mangshan Mountains, Yizhang County, Liu Lin-Han 106 7 (holotype: HNNU). Fully mycoheterotrophic perennial herbs, translucent whitish. Stems thick filiform, succulent, 3 – 22 cm long at flowering; roots robustly fibrous; rhizomes tuberous, apex covered with scale like leaves; leaves sparsely beset on the stem, ovate-triangular, acute, appressed, 1.5 – 6 mm long; inflorescence capitate or a double cincinnus with 3 – 13 flowers; bracts similar to stem leaves; flowers 5 – 12 mm long, sessile, subsessile or distinctly pedicellate; perianth white with white or yellow lobes; perianth tube cylindrical-triangular, 2 – 5 mm long, wingless, with 6 or 3 ribs; outer perianth lobes triangular, thin, apex acute, with involute margins, 1.2 – 2.9 mm long; inner lobes spathulate, apex rounded, thin, revolute, 0.8 – 1.4 mm long; stamens subsessile or with short, thick filaments, inserted on the perianth throat; connective with two short arms bearing the thecae, a median point directed inward, apical crests small or absent, basal pendant spur lacking; style filiform bearing three subsessile stigmas at the apex; style and stigmas together as long as the perianth tube; ovary ellipsoid to sub-globose, 1.5 – 3.5 mm long; capsule sub-globose or ellipsoid, dehiscing by non-transverse slits; seeds sub-globose, numerous. Phenology — Flowering and fruiting is from March to December.	en	Li, Xiaojuan, Qu, Lu, Hu, Guoxiong, Zhang, Dianxiang (2023): Revision of Campylosiphon (Burmanniaceae), with New Combinations and a New Species Described. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 48 (3): 395-409, DOI: 10.1600/036364423X16936046516345, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16936046516345
5C6887BDFFEFFFFFFCBCF8080826FD22.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — Campylosiphon championii is distributed in China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Taiwan, and Zhejiang), Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species is usually found on the wet forest floor among dead leaves, decaying twigs, on rock surfaces or decaying trees. Notes — The protologue of Burmannia championii cited the collection “ C. P. 2735 ” and referred to two localities “ Saffragam District ” and “ Hinidoon Corle ” in Sri Lanka. Several decades later, Jonker (1938) cited C. P. 2735 deposited at PDA (National Herbarium, Peradeniya) as the type and C. P. 2735 at other herbaria (B; BM; CA; G-BOIS; G-DEL; GOTT; P; P-DR; W) as duplicates. Cramer designated the specimen with herbarium barcode “ PDA 00012784 ” deposited at PDA (Supplemental Fig. S 1 A) as the holotype of Burmannia championii. However, this specimen contains more than one individual collected from different places at different times. Thus, we suggest that the specimen should be treated as syntypes rather than as a holotype. Wheeler (1983) proposed that collections having the same C. P. number could not mean that they belong to the same collection, which also suggested that we could not rule out these specimens with collection number “ C. P. 2735 ” might belong to more than one species, even the individuals from the same sheet of specimen (Supplemental Fig. S 1). We here conserve the previous treatment by Cramer (1979) that the specimen deposited at PDA (PDA 00012784) was designated as the holotype of Campylosiphon championii. Noteworthily, Burmannia tuberosa Becc. (Fig. 4 K), a synonym of C. championii distributed in Matang Mountain from Sarawak, Malaysia, is similar to B. densiflora distributed in Africa, both of which can be easily distinguished from typical C. championii by their obviously longer flower pedicel which is almost longer than or equal to perianth, longer inner and outer whorls of perianth lobes, and acuminate or slightly caudate apex of outer perianth lobes. Additionally, several specimens identified as Burmannia championii: species collected from Java (herbarium barcodes: L. 1486661 – L. 1486666, L. 1486668 and U. 1173068) (Fig. 4 G), from Bangarmassing (barcode: K 001325432), from Kalimantan Selatan (barcode: L. 1486679), and Moluccas (barcode: L. 1486680) in Indonesia and collected from Lanyu Island, Taiwan, China (specimen (barcode: TAIF. 285447) and photos cited in article (Hsieh and Ohashi 2000), are somewhat similar to Burmannia aptera distributed in Africa by having sessile to subsessile flowers and a globose or obconical capsule distinctly shorter than perianth tube, while some collections identified as B. championii located in Karnataka Uttara Kannada District (barcode: RMRC 00506) and Kerala (barcode: MH 00018421 (Fig. 4 E) and MH 00018423) in India are more or less similar to C. congestus distributed in Africa. Thus, the current delimitation of Campylosiphon championii remains to be further revised. Additional Specimens Examined — Australia. — Bathurst Island in the Northern Territory (photos by K. Brennan). China. — ZHEJIANG: Ge Binjie, Zhongxin, Liu Xiaotong & Hu Tong DM 16392 (CSH 0127217). — HONG KONG: Gwtnne Lim 33 (NY 04192494). — FUJIAN: Jianyang, Wayi Exp. 1890 (FJSI 005683). Indonesia. — EAST KALIMANTAN: E. Kutai. Sg. Kerajaan, N. of Sangkulirang, A Kostermans 5871 (L. 1486675); Tdg. Bangko region near mouth of Mahakam river, A Kostermans 7194 (K 001325433 and L. 1486674); W. Kutai, Mt. Palimasan near Tabang on Belajan river, A Kostermans 12834 (L. 1486672); ibid., A Kostermans 13072 c (L. 1486671). — NORTH KALIMANTAN: N. Borneo, Fus des Gunung Raja, A Elsener 41 (L. 1486670). — WEST KALIMANTAN: Singkawang Timur district Nyarumkop village, A Elsener 71 (L. 1486669). — SOUTH KALIMANTAN: Bangarmassing, J Motley 1162 (K 001325432); EF De Vogel 795 A (L. 1486679). — JAVA: Buitenzorg, prope Buitenzorg, Coll. ind. 164 (L. 1486662); ibid., Coll. ind. 14 (L. 1486668); ibid., Coll. ind. 89 (L. 1486665); ibid., Ooststroom SJ van 12620 (L. 1486663); ibid., Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr RC 1175 (U. 1173068) and Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr RC 7876 (L. 1486664). — BANTEN: Udjung Kulon Reserve, A Kostermans 140 (L. 1486666). — MOLUCCAS: West Ceram, Eyma, PJ 3196 (L. 1486680). — SUMATRA: Umatera Barat, HD R uksen € s. n. (L. 1486661). India. — KERALA: Palaghat district, J. Joseph 51427 (MH 00018423); Madam patty gorot, NC Nais 64632 (MH 00018421); Karnataka Uttara Kannada District, Dr. Divakar, Dr. Harsha & Vinayak (RMRC 00506). Japan. — OHSUMI: Miyoshi Furuse 12370 (PE. 01950401). — KUNIGAMI: EH Waklkar S Tawada & T Amano, 6299 (L. 1486659); EH Waklkar, S Sonohara, S Tawada & T Amano 7024 (US. 00225153). Malaysia. — JOHORE: North of Gunong Mt. Blumut, RE Holttum 10298 (K 001325439 and SING 0299361). — SARAWAK: north of Bt. Keruing Bako National Park, PS Ashton S. 17964 (K 001325434); Selepong Beranggan Sri Aman, Runi Lai et al. S. 59679 (K 001325435); Mt. Matang, Beccari 402 (FI 013467); Nanga Mujong, WMA Brooke 8969 (L. 1486678); Lawas, WMA Brooke 9946 (L. 1486676, SING 0299833 and US 00225266); Sungai Raya, WMA. Brooke 9339 (L. 1486677). — SELANGOR: Rantau Panjang, CB Kloss s. n. (K 001325437). Papua New Guinea. — MOROBE: R. Schlechter 17387 (B 100296387!). Singapore. — SELATAR: 1892, Ridley s. n. (K 001325438); 1889, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004086); 1890, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004086); 5.29.1890, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004090). — BUKIT TIMAH: 9.22.1890, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004085). — CHANGI: 1.22.1891, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004087). — CHOA CHU KANG: 1905, Ridley s. n. (SING 0004088). Solomon Islands. — NEW GEORGIA GROUP: TC Whitmore BSIP 939 (L. 1486681). South Korea. — JEJU: Song G. P. et al. 20090813009 (WTFRC). Sri Lanka. — SOUTHERN PROVINCE: Haycock Hiniduma Galle district, RD Hoogland 11465 (US 00225152); Hinidumkande near Hiniduma Galle district, A Kostermans 27518 (L. 1486660). — SABARAGAMUWA: Pitakele, Sinharaja, Champika Bandara CB 46 (PDA); Ellalola Kande, J Leuis s. n. (PDA 00012786). — WESTERN PROVINCE: Kalutara District, AHM Jayasuriya & BWM Wijesinghe 7238 (PDA). Thailand. — BANG SON: Put 1558 (K 001325436). Vietnam. — KIEN JIANG PROVINCE: Phu Quoc National Park (photos By Dang Van Son).	en	Li, Xiaojuan, Qu, Lu, Hu, Guoxiong, Zhang, Dianxiang (2023): Revision of Campylosiphon (Burmanniaceae), with New Combinations and a New Species Described. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 48 (3): 395-409, DOI: 10.1600/036364423X16936046516345, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16936046516345
