identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FD3E40B6FBE7.text	5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FD3E40B6FBE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophyta Reichenbach 1828	<div><p>Division  Chlorophyta</p><p>Chlorophyta comprises most of the species diversity of green algae. Members of this group inhabit marine, terrestrial, and freshwater environments and are characterized by considerable morphological diversity and a characteristic arrangement of the flagellar apparatus (Moestrup 1978). The core  Chlorophyta includes three large and diverse classes:  Trebouxiophyceae,  Ulvophyceae,  Chlorophyceae (so called UTC-clade), and several small classes of generally small marine flagellates (Leliaert et al. 2012; Del Cortona et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FD3E40B6FBE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FBB04055F979.text	5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FBB04055F979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trebouxiophyceae	<div><p>Class  Trebouxiophyceae</p><p>The class  Trebouxiophyceae was described based on the genetic similarity of investigated strains as a group of algae with non-flagellated vegetative cells, unicellular, sarcinoid, or filamentous thalli (Friedl 1995).</p><p>Phylogenetically the  Trebouxiophyceae is the sister group to the  Chlorophyceae and  Ulvophyceae, and can be further subdivided into six main lineages:  Trebouxiales, Watanabeales,  Elliptochloris -clade,  Prasiolales,  Chlorellales and  Microthamniales (Leliaert et al. 2012; Lemieux et al. 2014; Darienko et al. 2016; Li et al. 2021). Members of most of these lineages (except for the order  Microthamniales) have been found to associate with lichens (e.g. Thüs et al. 2011; Škaloud et al. 2015). The nature of the relationships between these lineages remains unclear, and some studies even question the monophyly of the entire class (Leliaert et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE9FFFC7665FBB04055F979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE9FFFA7665F9244506F9DE.text	5F246365FFE9FFFA7665F9244506F9DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterochloris Tschermak-Woess.	<div><p>Asterochloris Tschermak-Woess.</p><p>Asterochloris is one of the most common, widespread and diversified genus of lichen photobionts (Škaloud et al. 2015). The morphology of the cell is simple, mostly spherical, sometimes oval or pear-shaped with a thin cell wall that may be thickened locally. The genus was named after the single star-shaped chloroplast with differently shaped lobes, extending to the edges of the cell (Fig. 1). The deeply lobed chloroplast is one of the main morphological features that distinguish this genus from  Trebouxia . The presence of one or more pyrenoids is also another important feature. Asexual reproduction is by aplanospores and zoospores. Sexual reproduction is very rare and has been observed only in a single species  A. woessiae (Škaloud et al. 2015) .</p><p>Currently, the genus includes 19 species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022), a large proportion of which have only recently been discovered or separated from the genus  Trebouxia . However, a number of cryptic species still remain to be formally described (Škaloud &amp; Peksa 2010; Škaloud et al. 2015; Kosecka et al. 2021). Škaloud &amp; Peksa (2010) formally delineated the genus  Asterochloris and established new combinations for former  Trebouxia species. Asterochloris associates mainly with mycobionts from the families  Cladoniaceae and  Stereocaulaceae (Muggia et al. 2018) . All known members of this genus are capable of lichenization (Škaloud &amp; Peksa 2010; Škaloud et al. 2015; Kosecka et al. 2021).</p><p>The presence of free-living  Asterochloris species was genetically confirmed in two studies: the alga was detected on the hair of sloths in South and Central America (Suutari et al. 2010) and on the bark of trees growing in the sub-Mediterranean region (Fiesa, Piran, Slovenia and Cernizza, Duino, Italy; Kulichová et al. 2014). The authors of the second paper emphasize that they avoided habitats with lichens during the sampling and carefully removed all isolated pieces of lichen thalli. The species  A. excentrica was isolated from soil in the mountain tundra of the Northern Urals. However, the sample came from a community dominated by the lichens  Cladonia rangiferina and  Flavocetraria nivalis, and thus it cannot be excluded that the alga was lichenized (Novakovskaya et al. 2020). Two other records of the occurrence of this species come from soil samples (Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2006, 2007). The species  A. italiana (=  Trebouxia italiana) was found on a granite rock outcrop of the left bank of the Ukrainian river Pivdennyi Bug. However, the collection sites showed a high percentage of lichen cover (40–90 %; Mikhailyuk et al. 2003). The presence of  A. magna in soil was reported by Andreyeva (2005) and Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina (2006). Non-lichenized cells of  Asterochloris were also isolated from the tree bark samples (Neustupa &amp; Štifterová 2013; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa, 2015). However, in both cases it could not be excluded that the observed cells belong to the genus  Trebouxia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE9FFFA7665F9244506F9DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFEFFFFA7605FDC741AFFC9E.text	5F246365FFEFFFFA7605FDC741AFFC9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmecia israelensis T.Friedl 1995	<div><p>Myrmecia israelensis (=  Friedmannia israelensis),</p><p>similarly to the previous species, is frequently recorded in arid (Friedmann et al. 1967; Grondin &amp; Johansen 1993; Büdel et al. 2009) and semiarid (Johansen et al. 1993) areas and on rocky substrates (Friedmann et al. 1967) including granite (Vázquez-Nion et al. 2016). Friedmann et al. (1967) reported free-living cells of  M. israelensis in the Negev desert, Israel. In addition, it has been detected in the Namib Desert soil (Büdel et al. 2009) and genetically confirmed on World Heritage sites in Santiago de Compostela (Vázquez-Nion et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFEFFFFA7605FDC741AFFC9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFEFFFFA7525F9E44109FDDE.text	5F246365FFEFFFFA7525F9E44109FDDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myrmecia Printz.	<div><p>Myrmecia Printz.</p><p>Myrmecia is a coccoid alga with spherical, ovoid, or pear-shaped cells that can  form multicellular aggregates. The cell wall may be locally thickened. The chloroplast is parietal, cup-shaped, wavy at the edges, and usually divided into 2–4 lobes (Fig. 2). It reproduces asexually by zoospores, aplanospores or autospores (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). From the nine taxonomically accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) only two ( M. biatorellae and  M. israelensis) have so far been confirmed as photobionts of  Psora,  Placidium and  Heteroplacidium from the family  Verrucariaceae (Thüs et al. 2011; Moya et al. 2018).</p><p>Free-living  M. biatorellae is often reported from arid regions (Flechtner et al. 1998; Vinogradova et al. 2004; Flechtner et al. 2008; Venter et al. 2015). However, there are also records from the tundra in north-eastern Russia (Andreyeva 2005). This species has been reported quite frequently from caves (Roldán et al. 2004; Vinogradova et al. 2009). For instance, Roldán &amp; Hernández-Mariné (2009) isolated  M. biatorellae from a biofilm on the surface of stalactite in Collbató Cave (Spain). The granite walls of historic buildings in Galicia (Spain) are also a substrate inhabited by this alga (Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001). In addition to rocks (Vinogradova et al. 2004), this species often inhabits soil (Khaybullina et al. 2010; Bakieva et al. 2012), tree bark (Khaybullina et al. 2010), sand (Schulz et al. 2016) and survives on serpentinite soils (Venter et al. 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFEFFFFA7525F9E44109FDDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFEFFFF97665FCA4459AFD9D.text	5F246365FFEFFFF97665FCA4459AFD9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trebouxia Puymaly.	<div><p>Trebouxia Puymaly.</p><p>Trebouxia, the most diverse and common genus of lichen photobionts (Nash 2008), has a large axial chloroplast with at least one pyrenoid (Fig. 3). It reproduces by zoospores with two flagella of equal length, or by autospores (Archibald 1975). Only immobile stages with a reduced chloroplast can be found in the lichen thallus (Nash 2008).</p><p>Representatives of the genus were initially spread across several genera:  Trebouxia,  Pseudotrebouxia and  Asterochloris (Nash 2008) .  Pseudotrebouxia was separated because of differences in asexual reproduction (Archibald 1975) but was later rejected on the basis of morphological observations (Gärtner 1985) and, later, molecular data (Kroken &amp; Taylor 2000).  Asterochloris and  Trebouxia, differing in chloroplast morphology (Škaloud et al. 2015), were separated in 2010 (Škaloud &amp; Peksa 2010). These two genera also differ ecologically. While  Asterochloris prefers mycobionts from the families  Cladoniaceae and  Stereocaulaceae,  Trebouxia forms lichens more frequently with the families  Parmeliaceae and  Lecanoraceae (Muggia et al. 2018) . The 27 taxonomically accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) accompany about 20 % of all lichen species (Rambold &amp; Triebel 1992). The real species diversity of this genus is likely to be much higher, as a large proportion of the lineages discovered have not been formally described, and, in addition, new unknown species-level lineages are still being reported (Muggia et al. 2020).</p><p>As mentioned before, the existence of free-living members of the genus  Trebouxia has been questioned in the past (Ahmadjian 1967, 1988, 2001) and other authors have not denied its existence but considered it very rare (Bubrick et al. 1984; Zavada &amp; Simoes 2001). However, an overwhelming number of studies reported direct observations of free-living  Trebouxia (Friedmann et al. 1967; Tschermak-Woess 1978; Bubrick et al. 1984; Sanders 2001, 2005; Sanders &amp; Lücking 2002; Roldán &amp; Hernández-Mariné 2009; Kharkongor &amp; Ramanujam 2014). More recent studies report this genus as one of the most common genera of photobionts that can be encountered in nature, sometimes described as very frequent (Barberousse et al. 2006; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017) or even dominating (Ismail et al. 2019; Popović et al. 2019). Molecular genetic studies have confirmed the presence of unspecified members of this genus (related to  T. jamesii and  T. asymmetrica) in the fur of sloths from South and Central America (Suutari et al. 2010) and on the walls of a castle ruin in Germany (Hallmann et al. 2013). In addition to tropical rainforests (Suutari et al. 2010), this photobiont inhabits deserts (Friedmann et al. 1967; Samolov et al. 2020) and tundra environments (Elster et al. 1999; Garraza et al. 2011; Novakovskaya et al. 2020; Stewart et al. 2021), where lichen-dominated communities are often found (Novakovskaya et al. 2020) and thus the algae found may have been lichenized.  Trebouxia was also detected in marine environments (Metz et al. 2019), although one cannot be certain that the detected sequences represent free-living individuals (Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021).</p><p>Trebouxia is often found in anthropogenic environments. It lives in coal post-mining areas (Lukešová 2001), on trees in close proximity to air polluting power plants (Ismail et al. 2019) and is often part of biofilms covering the facades of buildings (Rindi &amp; Guiry 2004; Barberousse et al. 2006; Hallmann et al. 2013; Hofbauer &amp; Gärtner 2021). It has also been found, for example, on historical buildings of the former concentration camp in Auschwitz (Nowicka-Krawczyk et al. 2014). Caves are also a frequent habitat (Roldán &amp; Hernández-Mariné 2009; Vinogradova &amp; Mikhailyuk 2009; Vinogradova et al. 2009; Popović et al. 2019; van Vuuren et al. 2019). This resilient alga tends to be one of the first organisms to colonize fire-sterilized environments (Grondin &amp; Johansen 1993; Mukhtar et al. 1994). In addition to these substrates, unspecified  Trebouxia species have also been found on trees (Wylie &amp; Schlichting 1973; Kharkongor &amp; Ramanujam 2014; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017), in soil (Macentee 1970; Macentee et al. 1972; Carson &amp; Brown 1976), on rocks (Mikhailyuk et al. 2018a) and on moss (Škaloud 2009).</p><p>The most frequently observed species is  T. arboricola . It has been found in soil (Andreyeva 2004, 2005, 2009; Büdel et al. 2009; Dirborne &amp; Ramanujam 2017; Andreyeva &amp; Chaplyginа 2007), on rocks (Gärtner &amp; Stoyneva 2003; Škaloud 2009; Stoyneva &amp; Gärtner 2009), tree bark (Rindi &amp; Guiry 2003; Gupta 2008; Kharkongor &amp; Ramanujam 2014), on dead wood (Smith &amp; Stephenson 2010), in caves (Stoyneva &amp; Gärtner 2009), on facades (Hofbauer &amp; Gaertner 2021) and on unusual substrates such as basidiocarps of wood-decaying fungi ( Fomes fomentarius; Stoyneva et al. 2014), or a tombstone in a historic cemetery in Bratislava (Uher 2008). The presence of this species has been genetically confirmed on a waste container lid, however, the cells observed were not necessarily free-living (Hallmann et al. 2016). Noncultivated samples containing free-living  T. arboricola have been examined in several studies (Rindi &amp; Guiry 2003; Gupta 2008; Stoyneva &amp; Gärtner 2009; Smith &amp; Stephenson 2010; Kharkongor &amp; Ramanujam 2014; Stoyneva et al. 2014).</p><p>Trebouxia aggregata has been detected on granite (Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001; Mikhailyuk 2013), in soil (Flechtner et al. 2008), in oak leaf litter (Maltsev &amp; Maltseva 2018), and on  Trametes versicolor basidiocarps (Videv et al. 2017). Zavada &amp; Simoes (2001) isolated an unspecified representative of the genus  Trebouxia from basidiocarps of the same fungal species and suggested that the two organisms might have a lichen-like relationship. However, they did not present any convincing evidence for this.</p><p>The species  T. corticola is morphologically confirmed from tundra soil in north-eastern Russia (Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2006). The genetically confirmed finding of a lineage closely related to  T. corticola, comes from air samples in Hawaii (Singh et al. 2018). Genetic studies have also confirmed the presence of another species,  T. impressa, in the air (Genitsaris et al. 2011) and on a waste container lid (together with several other  Trebouxia clones), where, however, a significant number of fungal hyphae was present in close proximity to the algae (Hallmann et al. 2016). The records of a species similar to  T. gigantea comes from rock (Mikhailyuk 2013) and soil (Andreyeva 2005; Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2006).  Trebouxia incrustata was found on granite (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003) and in soil (Flechtner et al. 2008).  Trebouxia decolorans on façade (Vojtková 2017),  T. anticipata on granite (Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001),  T. potteri in moss (Škaloud 2009),  T. jamesii on granite (Mikhailyuk 2013) and  T. cladoniae in desert soil (Cameron 1960).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFEFFFF97665FCA4459AFD9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFECFFF675C5F8E44649FEBD.text	5F246365FFECFFF675C5F8E44649FEBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chloroidium ellipsoideum	<div><p>Chloroidium ellipsoideum (=  Chlorella ellipsoidea)</p><p>is probably the most common free-living photobiont species. It is often one of the most abundant species of aerophytic algae (Lukešová 2001; Fathi &amp; Zaki 2003; Hoffmann &amp; Darienko 2005; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2015) and forms macroscopic growths (Mikhailyuk 2008). The species was genetically confirmed from waste container biofilm in Germany (Hallmann et al. 2016) and from the bark of pine and oak from two different sub-Mediterranean sites (Kulichová et al. 2014). Several more molecular findings of  C. ellipsoideum on different substrates are published in Darienko et al. (2010).  Chloroidium ellipsoideum can adapt to freezing (Broady 1984; Elster et al. 1999) as well as heat and drought (Flechtner et al. 1998; Fathi &amp; Zaki 2003). It is very common in substrates affected by anthropogenic activities (Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2005; Škaloud et al. 2008a) and, possibly due to its ability to produce osmotically active substances (Darienko et al. 2010), it can tolerate hypersaline soils (Sommer et al. 2020). Sometimes it even dominates in similar extreme anthropogenic habitats (Lukešová &amp; Hoffmann 1996; Lukešová 2001). However, this alga cannot withstand severe air pollution caused by dust particles of a diameter of 10 µm or smaller (PM 10), whereas it seems to be very resistant to elevated ozone concentrations (Freystein et al. 2008).</p><p>Chloroidium ellipsoideum cells can attach to a wide variety of substrates. Indeed, they are frequently found on building facades and walls (Schlichting 1975; Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001; Rindi &amp; Guiry 2004; Barberousse et al. 2006; Wasserbauer et al. 2014; Hofbauer &amp; Gärtner 2021), on various tree species (Czerwik &amp; Mrozinska 2000; Johansen et al. 2007; Khaybullina et al. 2010; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017), on granite (Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001; Mikhailyuk et al. 2003; Mikhailyuk 2008), sandstone (Hoffmann &amp; Darienko 2005), and sand (Schulz et al. 2016; Mikhailyuk et al. 2018a). The presence in soil is also quite common (Durrell 1964; Zancan et al. 2006; Škaloud et al. 2008a; Stoyneva &amp; Gärtner 2009; Bakieva et al. 2012; Glaser et al. 2018). This species has also been recorded in air samples (North &amp; Davis 1988; Chu et al. 2013) and in caves (Vinogradova &amp; Mikhailyuk 2009; Vinogradova et al. 2009).</p><p>Molecular sequences confirm the presence of  C. saccharophilum (=  Chlorella saccharophila) on various hard substrates (Darienko et al. 2010) and in soil (Vishnivetskaya 2009). Similarly to the first-mentioned species, it is often isolated from soils (Zancan et al. 2006; Andreyeva 2009; Dirborne &amp; Ramanujam 2017), including those heavily anthropogenically impacted (Lukešová &amp; Komárek 1987; Lukešová 2001; Škaloud et al. 2008a), from tree bark (Freystein et al. 2008; Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2010; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017), and from the air (Parrando &amp; Davis 1972; North &amp; Davis 1988). It also cannot tolerate high concentrations of airborne dust particles (Freystein et al. 2008). Although  C. saccharophilum occurs frequently in the subtropics and tropics (Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2010; Kharkongor &amp; Ramanujam 2014; Dirborne &amp; Ramanujam 2017), many records of its presence also come from Antarctica (Broady 1984; Mataloni et al. 2000; Cavacini 2001), the Arctic permafrost (Vishnivetskaya 2009) and other cold regions (Elster et al. 1999). However, no records of the organism have been found in deserts.</p><p>Genetically confirmed records of  C. lichinum (=  C. lichenum,  C. angusto-ellipsoideum,  Chlorella angustoellipsoidea) come from the lid of a container (Hallmann et al. 2016) and a variety of other substrates (Darienko et al. 2010). This species occurs in very small numbers in some localities (Neustupa &amp; Albrechtová 2003; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017), elsewhere (rock) it can  form visible growths (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003). It grows epiphytically on tree bark (Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2010; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017) and on spruce needles (Neustupa &amp; Albrechtová 2003). A different species,  C. viscosum (=  Chlorella viscosa), was isolated from a biofilm collected from the bark (Darienko et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFECFFF675C5F8E44649FEBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFECFFF97525FB64448BF8FD.text	5F246365FFECFFF97525FB64448BF8FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chloroidium Nadson	<div><p>Chloroidium Nadson .</p><p>All eleven currently accepted  Chloroidium species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) are characterized by an ellipsoidal, ovoid, or spherical cell shape bounded by a relatively thin cell wall that becomes thicker with age, a parietal lobed or lobe-less chloroplast (Fig. 5), and reproduction by unequally sized autospores. Representatives of this genus differ from the other  Chlorella -like species in the production of ribitol, a metabolite typically produced in response to osmotic stress (Darienko et al. 2010).  Chloroidium accommodates species, which were previously attributed to the various  Chlorella species, including  C. saccharophila,  C. ellipsoidea,  C. angusto-ellipsoidea, and  C. viscosum, and later moved to the genus  Chloroidium based on phylogenetic analyses (Darienko et al. 2010; Darienko et al. 2018).  Chloroidium is a widely distributed genus that inhabits a variety of environments, including water (Darienko et al. 2018).  Chloroidium ellipsoideum,  C. saccharophilum,  C. lichinum and  C. viscosum were described as lichen symbionts (Thüs et al. 2011; Vančurová 2012; Darienko et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFECFFF97525FB64448BF8FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFECFFF97525FDA744CAFBBD.text	5F246365FFECFFF97525FDA744CAFBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vulcanochloris Vancurova, Peksa, Nemcova & Skaloud.	<div><p>Vulcanochloris Vančurová, Peksa, Němcová &amp; Škaloud.</p><p>Vulcanochloris is morphologically very similar to its sister genus  Asterochloris (Fig. 4), but it differs in the presence of spherical incisions within the pyrenoid (Vančurová et al. 2015).  Vulcanochloris is also distinct by its ecological preferences, tolerating warmer and drier climatic conditions (Vančurová et al. 2018, 2021). The genus comprises three species ( V. canariensis,  V. guanchorum and  V. symbiotica) isolated from the lichen  Stereocaulon vesuvianum growing on igneous rocks. As this genus has only recently been described, not many publications describing its free-living status. Moreover, it is quite possible that free-living  Vulcanochloris species were mistaken as species of  Trebouxia and  Asterochloris . Environmental sequencing has revealed the presence of this genus in the soil of the French Alps (Stewart et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFECFFF97525FDA744CAFBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE3FFF67525FC2440DDFCFE.text	5F246365FFE3FFF67525FC2440DDFCFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccomyxa Schmidle.	<div><p>Coccomyxa Schmidle.</p><p>Coccomyxa cells are ellipsoid or nearly spherical, and sometimes dorsoventrally flattened (Fig. 7). They  form microscopic and macroscopic colonies that are connected by mucilage. In older colonies, mucilage forms concentric envelopes around the periphery of cells. Reproduction is usually by 2–4 autospores (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). The genus currently includes 34 recognized species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) and while described as early as 1901 (Schmidle 1901), it is still taxonomically poorly understood (Muggia et al. 2011; Malavasi et al. 2016).</p><p>It is a relatively abundant and widely distributed genus that inhabits almost all environments except the sea (Darienko et al. 2015). However, it can occur as a parasite of mussels in marine environments (Rodríguez et al. 2008). Some species survive even in extreme environments such as those highly polluted by heavy metals (Malavasi et al. 2016), acidic water (Fuentes et al. 2016), and high-ionizing radiation habitats (Rivasseau et al. 2013; Malavasi et al. 2020). Even macroscopic mass development on grassland has been described (Gärtner &amp; Ernet 1993). It occurs in lichens (Asco- and Basidiomycota) and has also been found inside of the cells of  Gingko biloba (Trémouillax-Guiller &amp; Huss 2007) and in association with carnivorous plants of the genus  Drosera (Sciuto et al. 2019) . In the lichenized state, mycobiont haustoria do not penetrate cells, but are only attached to the cell surface (Muggia et al. 2011). Many species ( C. glaronensis,  C. icmadophilae,  C. mucigena,  C. solorinae,  C. ovalis,  C. thallosa,  C. arvernensis,  C. dispar,  C. viridis, and  C. subellipsoidea) are recognized as lichen photobionts (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013; Malavasi et al. 2016). However, lichenized and strictly free-living species are closely related and it can be very difficult to distinguish them from each other (Malavasi et al. 2016).</p><p>A genetic study confirmed the presence of free-living algae closely related to  C. mucigena and  C. glaronensis on a polyethylene lid of a container in Göttingen, Germany (Hallmann et al. 2016). Another genetic study clearly shows that  C. subellipsoidea and  C. arvernensis clades include both free-living and lichenized strains. Interestingly, the  C. subellipsoidea clade includes only free-living epiphytic strains and photobionts of terricolous lichens but does not occur in the soil (Malavasi et al. 2016). Additionally,  C. dispar was detected during environmental sequencing of soil in the French Alps (Stewart et al. 2021). Among morphology-based studies, free-living cells of the species  C. cf. solorinae-saccatae and  C. cf. solorinae-croceae have been detected in soil samples from an oak forest in the Ardennes, Belgium (Hoffmann et al. 2007). These species, however, represent one monophyletic lineage described as  C. solorinae (Malavasi et al. 2016) and here we treat them as synonyms for simplicity. Other records of  C. solorinae come from soil samples collected at various sites in Russia (Getsen et al. 1994; Andreyeva 2009).  Coccomyxa cf. thallosa was recorded on the soil surface in Czech Republic (Neustupa et al. 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE3FFF67525FC2440DDFCFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE3FFF67665FC8440DFFB1D.text	5F246365FFE3FFF67665FC8440DFFB1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elliptochloris Tschermak-Woess.	<div><p>Elliptochloris Tschermak-Woess.</p><p>Elliptochloris forms ellipsoid to globose, sometimes slightly irregular cells (Fig. 8). Chloroplasts can vary greatly in shape: parietal, striate, or hollow-spherical, bilobed, reticulate, or lobe-less, with or without a pyrenoid. Reproduction is by two types of autospores, either 2–4 large spherical (S-type) or 16–32 smaller elongated (E-type) cells. Both types of autospores often occur simultaneously (Darienko et al. 2016). The genus currently includes eight accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). Half of them ( E. bilobata,  E. perforata,  E. reniformis and  E. subsphaerica) forms lichens (Voytsekhovich et al. 2011; Darienko et al. 2016; Masumoto 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE3FFF67665FC8440DFFB1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE3FFF67525FE574581FC4D.text	5F246365FFE3FFF67525FE574581FC4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Jaagichlorella Darienko & Proschold.	<div><p>Jaagichlorella Darienko &amp; Pröschold.</p><p>Jaagichlorella possesses uninucleate solitary, usually spherical cells with one saucer-like (in young cells) or band-like (mature cells) chloroplast containing a single pyrenoid (Fig. 6; Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2019). Recently, the tropical genus  Heveochlorella was synonymized with  Jaagichlorella (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2019), but this taxonomic treatment was overlooked by some authors (Lindgren et al. 2020; Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021). The genus is an important member of algal communities in the tropical phyllosphere (Zhu et al. 2018) and represents the most common genus of photobionts of  Sticta (Lindgren et al. 2020) . According to Sanders et al. (2016),  Jaagichlorella can be easily cultivated and probably exhibits both lichenized and free-living lifestyles. Further support for this view is direct observations conducted on plastic coverslips (Sanders 2014; Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE3FFF67525FE574581FC4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE3FFF77605FB0445D2FC5D.text	5F246365FFE3FFF77605FB0445D2FC5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elliptochloris bilobata Tschermak-Woess 1980	<div><p>Elliptochloris bilobata</p><p>is a widely distributed free-living species. After numerous records of this alga on granite rock outcrops (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003; Mikhailyuk 2008, 2013), where it often dominates (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003; Mikhailyuk 2008) and even forms macroscopic growths (Mikhailyuk 2008). Mikhailyuk (2008) hypothesized a preference for rocky substrates in this genus. However,  E. bilobata is much more commonly found in soils of various climates, especially in forests (Hoffmann et al. 2007; Temraleeva et al. 2015; Dirborne &amp; Ramanujam 2017; Glaser et al. 2018). The species is also abundant in the soil of tundra (Andreyeva 2004, 2005; Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2007; Novakovskaya et al. 2012; Novakovskaya &amp; Patova 2013; Patova &amp; Novakovskaya 2018; Novakovskaya et al. 2020), whereas no occurrence in the desert has been recorded. Similarly to other photobiont species (see  Diplosphaera chodatii below),  E. bilobata shows a broad tolerance to air pollution and thus thrives in the highly polluted centre of Leipzig, Germany (Freystein et al. 2008). Furthermore, this alga is encountered in Antarctica (Garraza et al. 2011; Borchhardt et al. 2017) and has been identified in caves (Vinogradova et al. 2009).</p><p>Another symbiotic member of  Elliptochloris is  E. perforata, which occurs free-living on bark, epilithic on tombstone (Darienko et al. 2016), and in soil (Hoffmann et al. 2007; Samolov et al. 2020). A different species,  E. reniformis, is also common in soil (Lukešová 2001; Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2005; Khaybullina et al. 2010; Temraleeva et al. 2015; Darienko et al. 2016; Novakovskaya et al. 2020). Additionally, the species was reported from rocks (Johansen et al. 2007) and from building facades (Hofbauer &amp; Gärtner 2021).</p><p>In addition,  E. subsphaerica is a very versatile species confirmed from lichen thalli (Voytsekhovich et al. 2011; Masumoto 2020) as well as from many different types of substrates. It is frequently reported from soil (Zancan et al. 2006; Hoffmann et al. 2007; Takeshita et al. 2010; Schulz et al. 2016; Samolov et al. 2020) even from soil in heavily anthropogenically affected areas (Lukešová 2001; Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2005) and city centres (Rindi &amp; Guiry 2003; Freystein et al. 2008). Other substrates include tree bark (Freystein et al. 2008; Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2010; Masumoto 2020), building facades (Hofbauer 2007; Hofbauer &amp; Gärtner 2021) and rocks (Rifón-Lastra &amp; Noguerol-Seoane 2001; Johansen et al. 2007; Mikhailyuk 2013; Mikhailyuk et al. 2018a). Furthermore,  E. subsphaerica represents the dominant species in some studies (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003; Mikhailyuk 2008; Novakovskaya et al. 2020). It was also observed in pine litter (Maltsev &amp; Maltseva 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE3FFF77605FB0445D2FC5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE2FFF77525FC044722FA1D.text	5F246365FFE2FFF77525FC044722FA1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosphaera Bialosuknia	<div><p>Diplosphaera Bialosuknia .</p><p>To date  D. chodatii is the only taxonomically accepted species of this genus (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). Its globose to ellipsoid cells occur singly or form two- or four-celled packages (Fig. 9) and may be surrounded by mucilage. The chloroplast is cup-shaped, parietal, with regularly arranged thylakoid membranes. Pyrenoids are usually absent. The morphologically similar species  Nannochloris normandinae, once taught to be a photobiont of  Normandina pulchella (Tschermak-Woess 1988), has recently been synonymized with  D. chodatii (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020) . The genus  Diplosphaera is very difficult to distinguish from  Stichococcus based on morphological characters (they differ only in forming two-celled clusters) and the exact delimitation of these two and other related genera was only published quite recently (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020). Representatives of this genus are the most common photobionts of lichens in the family  Verrucariaceae (Thüs et al. 2011) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE2FFF77525FC044722FA1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE2FFF775C5FA044097FE5D.text	5F246365FFE2FFF775C5FA044097FE5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosphaera chodatii (Proschold & Darienko 2020)	<div><p>Diplosphaera chodatii</p><p>is one of the most common species of photobionts which can be encountered in free-living state. Molecular data reveal its presence in sand and on rocks (Mikhailyuk et al. 2018a), on tree bark and freshwater habitats (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020). Morphologically, it has been reported from a variety of environments and substrates. Indeed, it can be found both in deserts (Vinogradova et al. 2004; Büdel et al. 2009), representing the only  Stichococcus - related species that occurs in this habitat (Hodač et al. 2016), and in environments that are mostly covered by snow and ice (Elster et al. 1999; Borchhardt et al. 2017; Ilchibaeva et al. 2018). It also survives in soils significantly altered by anthropogenic activities (Lukešová &amp; Hoffmann 1996; Lukešová 2001; Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2005; Škaloud et al. 2008a) and sometimes even belongs to the most abundant species in such places (Sommer et al. 2020). It does not even mind the air of big cities (Freystein et al. 2008) and inhabits facades (Hofbauer 2007; Hofbauer &amp; Gärtner 2021) as well as sand dunes (Schulz et al. 2016). It grows on a variety of substrates: soil (Zimonina 1998; Neustupa 2001; Škaloud et al. 2008b), tree bark (Johansen et al. 2007; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2017), moss (Škaloud 2009) and rocks and caves (Vinogradova &amp; Mikhailyuk 2009; Vinogradova et al. 2009). In some localities, it is a very abundant species (Elster et al. 1999; Mikhailyuk et al. 2003; Samolov et al. 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE2FFF775C5FA044097FE5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE2FFF77665FE1F412DFB55.text	5F246365FFE2FFF77665FE1F412DFB55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prasiola Meneghini.	<div><p>Prasiola Meneghini.</p><p>Prasiola is a cosmopolitan genus, which can be found in a wide range of habitats (Broady 1989; Heesch et al. 2012; Rindi et al. 2007) Unlike its relatives,  Prasiola forms macroscopic, usually monostromatic thalli of various shapes (ribbon-shaped/sheet-like blades; Fig. 10) and sizes. The cells, arranged in groups of four, contain axial, asteroid chloroplast with one centrally-located pyrenoid.  Prasiola reproduces asexually by thallus fragmentation or sexually oogamously (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013).</p><p>Two of the 34 described species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022),  P. borealis and  P. delicata, enter lichen-like symbiosis with the bipolarly distributed fungus  Mastodia tessellata ( Verrucariaceae; Garrido-Benavent et al. 2018). This unusual association, sometimes referred to as ‘borderline-lichen’, gives rise to a thallus, which is formed mainly by the algal partner, whose outer appearance is not changed, but its inner structure is significantly altered (Kováčik &amp; Pereira 2001).</p><p>Free-living  P. borealis and  P. delicata specimens have been collected from coastal rock in Alaska (Garrido-Benavent et al. 2017). In addition, free-living  P. delicata was observed in the intertidal of Hokkaido, Japan (Sutherland et al. 2016) and in Kamchatka, Russia (Klochkova et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE2FFF77665FE1F412DFB55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE2FFF77665FB004193F898.text	5F246365FFE2FFF77665FB004193F898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochlorella J. W. G. Lund.	<div><p>Pseudochlorella J. W. G. Lund.</p><p>Pseudochlorella, originally described as  Chlorellopsis by Zeitler (1954), is characterized by a coccoid type of thallus with ellipsoid to globular cells surrounded by a thin and smooth cell wall (Fig. 11). The cells may  form groups and can be enclosed in mucilage. They contain a grooved or plate-like chloroplast with a spherical pyrenoid (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013).</p><p>Pseudochlorella is very difficult to distinguish from  Elliptochloris since they share many morphological features, including the formation of S-type and E-type autospores. However, the two genera belong to distantly related clades, the  Prasiolales and the  Elliptochloris -clade (Darienko et al. 2016). Some  Pseudochlorella species are found in extreme environments. For example, a strain closely related to  P. pringsheimii has been isolated from an extremely acidic environment of a mine in Japan (Hirooka et al. 2014). There are three accepted species names within the genus (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). Two of them (the type species  P. pyrenoidosa and  P. signiensis) were isolated from  Lecidea and  Trapelia lichens, respectively (Zeitler 1954; Darienko et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE2FFF77665FB004193F898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE2FFF77605F8814170F838.text	5F246365FFE2FFF77605F8814170F838.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudochlorella pyrenoidosa J.W.G.Lund 1955	<div><p>Pseudochlorella pyrenoidosa</p><p>has been found, for example, in soil in the Italian Dolomites (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013) or in an abandoned field in north-eastern Italy (Zancan et al. 2006). The species  P. signiensis occurs free-living in soil and on artificial hard substrates (Darienko et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE2FFF77605F8814170F838	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE1FFF47665FE34409AFB6E.text	5F246365FFE1FFF47665FE34409AFB6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apatococcus F. Brand 1925	<div><p>Apatococcus F. Brand .</p><p>Apatococcus typically has spherical cells, which can sometimes be angularly flattened (Fig. 14). During division, irregular packages or multi-layered clusters of cells are formed. The chloroplast is parietal, without a pyrenoid, and in older cells it partially detaches from the cell wall. It reproduces by aplanospores or zoospores (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). According to Li et al. (2021),  Apatococcus is closely related to the order  Watanabeales and to the genus  Symbiochloris .</p><p>This genus consists of five taxonomically recognized species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022).  Apatococcus lobatus is the most common and widespread aerophytic algal species. Watanabe et al. (1997) obtained isolates morphologically similar to this species from several marine lichen taxa. However, Beck (2002), questions this identification and considers the isolated algae as contaminants. To date, the occurrence of  A. lobatus in lichens has not received any support in the form of molecular data (Zahradníková et al. 2017). In contrast, a newly described species  A. fuscideae, was shown to associate with lichens of the genus  Fuscidea (Zahradníková et al. 2017) . Probably due to its recent discovery, this species has not been recorded in free-living state.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE1FFF47665FE34409AFB6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE1FFF47525FAC44040FE7D.text	5F246365FFE1FFF47525FAC44040FE7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorellales	<div><p>CHLORELLALES</p><p>Auxenochlorella (I. Shihira &amp; R. W. Krauss) T. Kalina &amp; M. Punčochářová. The genus  Auxenochlorella is a unicellular coccoid alga of minute cell size (Fig. 13), differentiated from other  Chlorella -like coccoid algae by molecular genetic data (Huss et al. 1999). The cells are ellipsoidal to globose, bounded by a double-layered cell wall without mucilage cover. Chloroplasts are parietal without pyrenoids. The cells reproduce by autospores (Kalina &amp; Punčochářová 1987). The type species  A. protothecoides was previously considered closely related to the non-photosynthetic genus  Prototheca and placed within the ‘APH lineage’ (Ueno et al. 2005). Thüs et al. (2011) places this genus in the  Chlorellales .</p><p>An unspecified species-level lineage  Auxenochlorella sp. related to free-living  A. prototheciodes was isolated from the lichen  Psoroglaena stigonemoides (Nyati et al. 2007; Thüs et al. 2011) but has not yet been recorded free-living.</p><p>Chlorella- like algae. Members of the genus  Chlorella are sometimes considered as photobionts of lichens (Tschermak-Woess 1988; Muggia et al. 2013). Nearly 100 different ‘green balls’ were previously included in this highly paraphyletic genus (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). However, most of them were later reassigned to other and often unrelated genera (apart from the aforementioned genera  Chloroidium and  Auxenochlorella, for example, the genera  Watanabea, Mychonastes,  Muriella and  Scenedesmus; Huss et al. 1999). These shifts highlight how difficult it is to identify the genus  Chlorella and similar genera on the basis of morphological characters alone. Therefore, the genus  Chlorella was not considered when searching for articles focused on the diversity of free-living lichen symbionts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE1FFF47525FAC44040FE7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE1FFF47665FB24478AF83D.text	5F246365FFE1FFF47665FB24478AF83D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptosira A. Borzi.	<div><p>Leptosira A. Borzì.</p><p>The thallus of the photobiont genus  Leptosira is composed of cushion-shaped clusters of filaments with short lateral branches (Fig. 15). A parietal chloroplast with or without a pyrenoid (Bakker et al. 1997) is located inside spherical cells with a single nucleus.  Leptosira reproduces asexually by zoospores and aplanospores. However, in the lichenized state, the appearance of the thallus changes dramatically – as a photobiont it forms ellipsoidal or spherical single cells (Tschermak-Woess 1988).</p><p>This genus closely resembles the genus  Pleurastrum (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) . In the past, several species of  Pleurastrum were reassigned to  Leptosira based on examination of morphology and later molecular data (Friedl 1996). Li et al. (2021) places this genus close to  Xylochloris and  Dictyochloropsis . However, this placement remains uncertain (Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021).</p><p>The genus currently includes seven taxonomically accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022), two of which,  L. obovata and  L. thrombii, enter lichen symbiotic associations (Tschermak-Woess 1988; Roldán et al. 2004). A record of  L. obovata comes from a cavity in limestone in the Garraf Mountains (Spain), where the species occurred both free-living and as a photobiont of the lichen  Macentina stigonemoides (Roldán et al. 2004) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE1FFF47665FB24478AF83D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE1FFF47525FF47448BFB3D.text	5F246365FFE1FFF47525FF47448BFB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stichococcus Nageli.	<div><p>Stichococcus Nägeli.</p><p>Stichococcus is a coccoid alga forming clusters of two cells, or short chains, which readily break into single cylindrical cells with a thin cell wall that may be curved and rounded at the edges (Fig. 12). Chloroplasts are parietal, sometimes with a naked pyrenoid.  Stichococcus reproduces by filament disintegration or cell division (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013).</p><p>The genus was recognized to be polyphyletic (Handa et al. 2003). However, representatives of this genus have recently been reassigned to several newly described monophyletic genera:  Protostichococcus,  Deuterostichococcus,  Tritostichococcus and  Tetratostichococcus (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020) . Since these genera are morphologically not recognizable from each other and from the genus  Stichococcus s. str., we are treating them here together.</p><p>These algae inhabit both freshwater and terrestrial environments (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013) and travel very long distances through the air, yet certain patterns can be traced in their distribution (Hodač et al. 2016). Moreover, some of them have the potential for biodiesel (Olivieri et al. 2011), and have been observed many times as photobionts of lichens (Tschermak-Woess 1988; Thüs et al. 2011).  Stichococcus mirabilis is, based on morphology, a likely photobiont of the lichen  Staurothele (Thüs et al. 2011) .  Deuterostichococcus allas is a photobiont of the lichen genus  Placopsis (Beck et al. 2019), while  Tritostichococcus coniocybes associates with  Chaenotheca, Chaenothecopsis and  Coniocybe (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020) . A genetically confirmed record of  S. mirabilis comes from a castle wall in Thuringia, Germany (Hallmann et al. 2013). Its occurrence has also been confirmed in Antarctica soil (Cavacini 2001), in a granite canyon of the Teteriv River, Ukraine (Mikhailyuk 2008) and in air samples from northern Florida (Parrando &amp; Davis 1972; North &amp; Davis 1988).  Tritostichococcus coniocybes occurs free-living in soil and on rocks (Pröschold &amp; Darienko 2020).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE1FFF47525FF47448BFB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE0FFF57665FCE7418BF97D.text	5F246365FFE0FFF57665FCE7418BF97D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cephaleuros E. M. Fries.	<div><p>Cephaleuros Kunze ex E. M. Fries.</p><p>Cephaleuros forms heterotrichous to pseudoparenchymatous orange or red macroscopic discs under the cuticle or epidermal cells of leaves, twigs and fruits of tropical and subtropical woody plants. The filament forming cells are cylindrical to irregular in shape and contain discoid to irregular chloroplasts (Fig. 19). Terminal cells of the filaments often produce gametangia. Sporangiophores and setae develop from terminal cells and emerge through the tissue of the host plant (Suto &amp; Ohtani 2009). Currently, there are 19 taxonomically accepted species and one variety (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). However, most  Cephaleuros species appear to be paraphyletic (Zhu et al. 2017). This genus has a negative impact on agriculture as this semi-parasitic alga causes necrosis on leaves (Brooks et al. 2015).</p><p>Unidentified  Cephaleuros species have been isolated from a folicolous lichen  Strigula (Jiang et al. 2020) . Detailed observations of the  Strigula life cycle suggest that lichenized  Cephaleuros species are also able to live independently, free of the mycobiont. Moreover, lichenization can suppress their reproduction. The mycobiont, on the other hand, will produce pycnidia and perithecia only after the successful colonization of the algal partner (Ward 1884). A genetic study by Zhu et al. (2017) proves that many closely-related  Cephaleuros species exhibit both free-living and lichenized life-styles. In one case, the authors obtained identical strains from two different localities (southern China) and sources: from unidentified folicolous lichen and from a leaf surface (Zhu et al. 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE0FFF57665FCE7418BF97D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE0FFF57525FF4746B4FA3D.text	5F246365FFE0FFF57525FF4746B4FA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symbiochloris Skaloud, Friedl, A. Beck & Dal Grande.	<div><p>Symbiochloris Škaloud, Friedl, A. Beck &amp; Dal Grande.</p><p>Symbiochloris is characterized by spherical, ellipsoidal, or irregular cell shape with a smooth and thin cell wall (Fig. 16). Young cells have a single parietal chloroplast with lobes. In mature cells the chloroplast is reticulate, the lobes are never arranged in parallel (unlike in the genus  Dictyochloropsis) and a pyrenoid is absent. Asexual reproduction occurs either by zoospores or by two types of immobile cells, aplanospores and autospores (Škaloud et al. 2016). The genus was established to differentiate between two morphologically similar lineages, both including species described under the genus  Dictyochloropsis (Škaloud et al. 2007; Dal Grande et al. 2014) and is closely related to the  Watanabeales (Škaloud et al. 2016; Li et al. 2021).</p><p>Currently, the genus  Symbiochloris has ten accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) most of which (except of  S. irregularis and  S. tropica that are only known as free-living species; Škaloud et al. 2016) enter lichen symbiotic associations with a plethora of fungal families (e. g. Peršoh et al. 2004; Škaloud et al. 2016). Recent sequencing of leaves in tropical forest revealed many  Symbiochloris sequences (Zhu et al. 2018).</p><p>In the literature dealing with the diversity of free-living algae,  S. reticulata was the most frequently observed species. Its occurrence has been recorded on tree bark (beech, ash, maple, alder; Štifterová &amp; Neustupa 2015, 2017), in soil and in moss (Škaloud 2009). Other records of this species come from granite rocks in the Teteriv River Valley, Ukraine, where it formed macroscopic growths (Mikhailyuk 2008) and from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA (Johansen et al. 2007; Khaybullina et al. 2010).</p><p>Another species,  S. symbiontica, was discovered during environmental sequencing of soil in the Alps (Stewart et al. 2021). Morphological confirmations of the same species come from wood and bark of trees of a lowland tropical forest nature reserve, Singapore (Neustupa &amp; Škaloud 2010), granite rocks in the Pivdennyi Bug River valley, Ukraine (Mikhailyuk et al. 2003) and soil (Andreyeva 2004, 2005, 2009; Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2006, 2007). Moreover, other species of the genus  Symbiochloris ( S. ellipsoidea,  S. gelatinosa,  S. pauciautosporica) have been observed in soil of north-eastern Russia (Andreyeva 2005, 2009; Andreyeva &amp; Chaplygina 2006). Additionally,  S. handae was observed in soil mountain environments of the Alps (Stewart et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE0FFF57525FF4746B4FA3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE0FFF57665FF344001FD3D.text	5F246365FFE0FFF57665FF344001FD3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ulvophyceae	<div><p>Class  Ulvophyceae</p><p>The  Ulvophyceae is a species-rich class that exhibits exceptional morphological and cytological diversity. The architecture of the thalli ranges from microscopic flagellated or non-flagellated unicells to large and complex multicellular thalli (filamentous, blade-like or tubular) or siphonous thalli formed by a giant single cell (Leliaert et al. 2012). The monophyly of the  Ulvophyceae is still uncertain as well as the relationships among the families within the most important orders which include  Trentepohliales,  Cladophorales,  Bryopsidales,  Dasycladales,  Ulvales and  Ulotrichales (Leliaert et al. 2012; Škaloud et al. 2018, Del Cortona et al. 2020; Gulbrandsen et al. 2021). Many ulvophycean algae (members of  Trentepohliales,  Ulvales and  Ulotrichales) enter lichen symbiotic associations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE0FFF57665FF344001FD3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE0FFF57525F9C447B4FF1D.text	5F246365FFE0FFF57525F9C447B4FF1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uvulifera Molinari.	<div><p>Uvulifera Molinari.</p><p>The genus  Uvulifera (Fig. 17), originally described as  Coccobotrys by Chodat (1913), possesses a morphology very similar to that of  Apatococcus . The thallus consists of globular to slightly elongated cells, often forming sarcinoid three-dimensional colonies, and, occasionally short, branched, easily disintegrable filaments. The chloroplast is simple, parietal without a pyrenoid. Reproduction occurs by zoospores or aplanospores (Vischer 1960). The two currently accepted species ( U. mucosa,  U. verrucariae; Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) are closely related to  Xerochlorella (Mikhailyuk et al. 2020) . The type species  U. verrucariae was identified as a photobiont of  Verrucaria nigrescens based on light microscopy observations (Chodat 1913). Free-living and lichenized cells were observed in limestone cavities (Roldán et al. 2004). Moreover, it occurs free-living on buildings (Barberousse et al. 2006) and in soil (Flechtner et al. 2008; Stewart et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE0FFF57525F9C447B4FF1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE0FFF27665F90445C1FE1D.text	5F246365FFE0FFF27665F90445C1FE1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phycopeltis Millardet	<div><p>Phycopeltis Millardet .</p><p>Members of this epiphytic genus typically develop orange circular or irregular discs on the upper leaf surface of vascular plants (Fig. 20). The discs, often varying in shape, are formed by a single layer of laterally appressed dichotomous filaments. Chloroplasts are parietal and lack pyrenoids (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013; Škaloud et al. 2018). This genus’ cell wall contains sporopollenin, a chemically inert biological polymer, and it appears to play a role in plant defences against desiccation and fungal parasites (Good &amp; Chapman 1978). The life cycle is isomorphic (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013; Škaloud et al. 2018).</p><p>Phycopeltis is non-monophyletic (Zhu et al. 2017) and currently includes 25 accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). Its phylogenetic position remains poorly understood (Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021). Although the genus is widely distributed in tropical forests (Zhu et al. 2018), certain records indicate that it also occurs in oceanic Europe (Rindi et al. 2004).  Phycopeltis sp. was isolated from the lichen genus  Tenuitholiascus (Jiang et al. 2020) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE0FFF27665F90445C1FE1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF27525F9E447B4FF3D.text	5F246365FFE7FFF27525F9E447B4FF3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blidingia Kylin.	<div><p>Blidingia Kylin.</p><p>The macroscopic genus  Blidingia forms cylindrical or compressed, sometimes branched, hollow tubular thalli composed of generally very small cells with lobed chloroplasts (Fig. 22). These tubular structures are attached to the surface by discoidal cushion, which represents the first developmental stage in the asexual cycle and develops after zoospore germination. Sexual reproduction occurs by isogametes. The genus is predominantly marine with two species able to penetrate into freshwater habitats (Škaloud et al. 2018) and currently includes seven species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022). One of these species ( B. minima) is involved in an unusual ‘borderline’ type of association, in which most of the lichen-like organism is formed by the algal partner and the fungus being  Turgidosculum ulvae . Thalli of  B. minima, if inhabited by  T. ulvae, appears bigger and much darker. Thus, free-living individuals can be easily recognized (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF27525F9E447B4FF3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF27605FF24404BFD7D.text	5F246365FFE7FFF27605FF24404BFD7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Blidingia minima	<div><p>Blidingia minima</p><p>is a resilient euryhaline species (Thom 1984). It readily grows in saltmarshes, estuaries as well as intertidal pools (Polderman 1975; Munda 1978; Araújo et al. 2006) and was molecularly confirmed from brackish waters of the Baltic Sea (Steinhagen et al. 2021). The thalli can be attached to hard surfaces, such as stones, rocks, boulders and wood, or rarely free-floating in sheltered water (Škaloud et al. 2018). It is among the first colonizers of artificial substrates (Hruby &amp; Norton 1979). Another genetic study confirms the presence of  B. minima on the Pacific Coast (Hayden &amp; Waaland 2002). The same strains were used as reference for  T. ulvae colonized algae in Pérez-Ortega et al. (2018). Gallardo et al. (1999) report  B. minima from South Shetlands Islands, Antarctica.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF27605FF24404BFD7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF27665FD07410EFBBD.text	5F246365FFE7FFF27665FD07410EFBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halofilum Darienko & Proschold.	<div><p>Halofilum Darienko &amp; Pröschold.</p><p>Halofilum is a filamentous genus of mostly coastal marine algae that accommodates species previously assigned to  Dilabifilum . The short-branched, dense and easily disintegrable filaments consist of vegetative cells containing parietal chloroplasts with pyrenoids (Fig. 23) and reproduce by budding or cell division (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017). The genus currently harbours three species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) including  H. ramosum, which was isolated from  Wahlenbergiella and  Hydropunctaria lichens (Gasulla et al. 2019) as well as from stone cracks of coastal rocks in Porth Trecastell, United Kingdom and walls of archaeological remains in Carthage, Tunisia (Darienko &amp; Hoffmann 2010; Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF27665FD07410EFBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF27665FB444109F93D.text	5F246365FFE7FFF27665FB444109F93D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithotrichon Darienko & Proschold	<div><p>Lithotrichon Darienko &amp; Pröschold .</p><p>Members of this genus, previously accommodated by  Dilabifilum, form cushion-like thalli composed of heterotrichous filaments when mature (Fig. 24). The cushion-like appearance is caused by the sarcinoid form of the prostrate system. The erect system, formed by short filaments, branches from the edges of the prostrate system. The cells contain parietal chloroplasts with pyrenoids and reproduce by division and zoospore production. These morphological features are, however, not sufficient for successful determination of this genus (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017).</p><p>The genus, with two accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022), was long believed to be strictly freshwater (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017; Liu et al. 2019).  Lithotrichon pulchrum, for example, inhabits the thallus of freshwater lichens  Verrucaria rheitrophila (=  Hydropunctaria rheitrophila; Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017). Recently, the same algal species was isolated from a marine water sample collected in the Samcheok Harbor, Republic of Korea (Kwon et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF27665FB444109F93D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF37665F8C446D7FEDF.text	5F246365FFE7FFF37665F8C446D7FEDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paulbroadya Darienko & Proschold.	<div><p>Paulbroadya Darienko &amp; Pröschold.</p><p>The thallus of  Paulbroadya consists of prostrate system, formed from rounded cells or cell-packages and erect system, formed by dense unilateral or bilateral branches (Fig. 25). The morphology is very similar to other taxa previously treated under  Dilabifilum . These genera can be distinguished only by means of genetic markers (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017). One of the two described  Paulbroadya species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022),  P. petersii, was isolated from  Hydropunctaria and  Verrucaria species (Thüs et al. 2011; Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017) but was not, to date, recorded in free-living state.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF37665F8C446D7FEDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE7FFF27525FE2746BFFA3D.text	5F246365FFE7FFF27525FE2746BFFA3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trentepohlia C. Martius.	<div><p>Trentepohlia C. Martius.</p><p>Trentepohlia is a widespread genus well-known for its ability to  form conspicuous yellowish to red, orange or brown macroscopic growths on bark, rocks, or leaves (especially in tropical habitats). The thallus is composed of uniseriate branched heterotrichous filaments (Fig. 21). The cells are cylindrical to rounded, surrounded usually by a thick cell wall and contain usually many discoidal plastids without pyrenoids. Reproduction occurs by isogametes or zoospores (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). Free-living cells produce a large amount of carotenoid pigments as a protective barrier against UV-light irradiation, unlike lichenized cells that differ not only by the quantities of pigments but also by altered morphology (Honegger 1998).</p><p>The genus, which currently harbours 54 species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022), is polyphyletic and intermixed with  Printzina (Rindi et al. 2009; Nelsen et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2017) and  Phycopeltis (Zhu et al. 2017) .  Trentepohlia includes many lichen photobiont species-level lineages (Nelsen et al. 2011; Kosecka et al. 2020), among which  T. lagenifera is so far the only described species (Hametner et al. 2014). However, this lineage is a polyphyletic complex of cryptic species (Rindi et al. 2009) and, for this reason, it was not considered when searching for articles focused on the diversity of free-living lichen symbionts. Lichenized  Trentepohlia species do not form a single clade and many closely-related or identical isolates were obtained both from lichen thalli and free-living populations (Nelsen et al. 2011; Hametner et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2017; Kosecka et al. 2020). A free-living strain identical to the photobiont of  Gyalecta jenensis was shown in Hametner et al. (2014). Moreover, Zhu et al. (2017) report a free-living  Trentepohlia strain (SAG 118.80) nested within several identical photobiont strains from China.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE7FFF27525FE2746BFFA3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF07665F84446E3FE7E.text	5F246365FFE6FFF07665F84446E3FE7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bracteacoccus Tereg.	<div><p>Bracteacoccus Tereg.</p><p>This coccoid aero-terrestrial genus can be characterized by multinucleate, round cells that are solitary or  form irregular colonies, multiple distinct plate-like plastids without pyrenoids and reproducing by zoospores or aplanospores (Fig. 18; Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). Fučíková et al. (2014) place this genus with its 16 accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) in the  Sphaeropleales . Its ability to  form lichens (genus  Sulzbacheromyces) was supported by morphological as well as sequence data (Takeshita et al. 2010; Hodkinson et al. 2014; Masumoto 2020). According to Masumoto (2020),  Sulzbacheromyces isolates of  Bracteacoccus sp. formed two separate clades that were distinct from free-living taxa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF07665F84446E3FE7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF37665FDD441AFF89D.text	5F246365FFE6FFF37665FDD441AFF89D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophyceae (Sanders & Masumoto 2021)	<div><p>Class  Chlorophyceae</p><p>The class  Chlorophyceae, one of the three crown branches of green algae, includes morphologically and ecologically diverse organisms that occur mainly in freshwaters. The thallus morphology ranges from unicellular algae (with or without flagella) or simple colonies to branched or unbranched filaments, or even blade-like thalli (Leliaert et al. 2012). The  Chlorophyceae are monophyletic and, together with the  Ulvophyceae, sister to  Trebouxiophyceae (Del Cortona et al. 2020) . The class includes six main order-level lineages:  Chlamydomonadales,  Sphaeropleales, unnamed clade containing  Jenufa, Treubaria and  Golenkinia, and so-called ‘OCC-lineage’, consisting of  Chaetophorales,  Chaetopeltidales and  Oedogoniales (Lemieux et al. 2015) .</p><p>Sanders &amp; Masumoto (2021) consider a total of six chlorophycean genera as lichen photobionts, even though they warn that most of them are in need for further revision. In our opinion, most of these genera lack the necessary evidence to be classified as lichen symbiotic algae. For example, Skuja (1943) mentioned a symbiotic relationship between the ascomycete  Pyronema laetissimum and  Chlamydomonas augustae ( Chloromonas augustae; Pröschold et al. 2001). This association, which has been, to our knowledge, only reported once, however, lacks many important characteristics of a typical lichen (Sanders &amp; Masumoto 2021) and the fungus was probably misidentified (Moore &amp; Korf 1963).</p><p>Trochiscia was reported as a  Verrucariaceae photobiont by Tschermak (1941) and Ahmadjian (1967). Its phylogenetic placement remains uncertain (del Campo et al. 2010; Fučíková et al. 2019) and the identification of this alga is doubtful (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). Genera such as Chlorsarcinopsis,  Gloeocystis and  Radiococcus are highly polyphyletic, share many morphological features with unrelated genera and can be easily confused for them (Neustupa 2015; Zhang et al. 2018). Yet, all existing records of these algae from lichen thalli are based solely on morphological data (Plessl 1963; Tschermak-Woess 1988; Voytsekhovich et al. 2011). For instance, algae reported as Chlorsarcinopis, symbionts of  Lecidea plana and  L. lapicida, could easily be confused for  Trebouxia, which is known to associate with  Lecidea species, including  L. lapicida (Beck 1999; Ruprecht et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF37665FDD441AFF89D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF37525FEE745F6FBFE.text	5F246365FFE6FFF37525FEE745F6FBFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudendoclonium Wille.	<div><p>Pseudendoclonium Wille.</p><p>Pseudendoclonium possesses the typical  Dilabifilum -like packet-forming to filamentous morphology with cells differentiating into prostrate and erect systems (Fig. 26), which makes accurate determination impossible without molecular methods. In addition, these genera often exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017). The genus with 10 accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022) includes free-living (mostly marine, sometimes freshwater, terrestrial or aerophytic; Škaloud et al. 2018) and lichen-symbiotic members. Crustose  Verrucariaceae lichens, belonging to the genera  Hydropunctaria,  Verrucaria and  Wahlenbergiella are often associated with  P. commune,  P. arthropyreniae,  P. submarinum and  P. incrustans (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017; Černajová et al. 2022).</p><p>Free-living  P. commune was isolated from coastal rocks, Snake Island, Ukraine and from a concrete block in the tidal zone on Oakland beach, RI, USA (Darienko &amp; Pröschold 2017). A free-living strain closely related to  P. arthropyreniae was cultivated from material collected from stone surfaces of the Borobudur Temple, Indonesia (Purbani et al. 2020). Environmental sequences of  P. submarinum,  P. commune and  P. arthropyreniae were recovered from the littoral rocks of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea (Schmidtová 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF37525FEE745F6FBFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF37525FB87467CFA1E.text	5F246365FFE6FFF37525FB87467CFA1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rindifilum Malavasi, Klimesova, Lukesova & Skaloud.	<div><p>Rindifilum Malavasi, Klimešová, Lukešová &amp; Škaloud.</p><p>This recently described genus differs from the previously mentioned  Dilabifilum -like genera by the formation of ovoid to pyriform cells (the prostrate system), later developing into characteristic “hammer-shaped” cells (Fig. 27). It is only the combination of these features, that makes this ulvophycean genus morphologically distinct.  Rindifilum reproduces by the production of two or four autospores (Malavasi et al. 2022). The type species,  R. verrucariae (Malavasi &amp; Škaloud 2022) was isolated from the freshwater lichens  Verrucaria scabra and  Verrucaria margacea (Malavasi et al. 2022) and to date, has not been observed in free-living state.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF37525FB87467CFA1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF37525FA27448BF8BD.text	5F246365FFE6FFF37525FA27448BF8BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Undulifilum Skaloud, Cernajova & Schiefelbein.	<div><p>Undulifilum Škaloud, Černajová &amp; Schiefelbein.</p><p>Undulifilum forms heterotrichous, brush-like thalli composed of irregularly branched uniseriate filaments, that are typically regularly undulating or curved (Fig. 28). The filaments are built out of long cylindrical cells with a single, parietal chloroplast possessing a pyrenoid. In mature thalli, the terminal cells of the branches are often significantly longer. Reproduction occurs by vegetative division. Other modes of reproduction have not been observed. The only described species  U. symbionticum lives as a photobiont of  Verrucariaceae lichens on seashore rocks (Černajová et al. 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF37525FA27448BF8BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE6FFF37525F864403CFE3E.text	5F246365FFE6FFF37525F864403CFE3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Urospora Areschoug.	<div><p>Urospora Areschoug.</p><p>This marine alga  Urospora forms thalli consisting of slender, unbranched, uniseriate filaments composed of multinucleate cells (Fig. 29), that attach to hard substrates with a multicellular rhizoidal holdfast. The life cycle involves a codiolum-phase that develops from a zygote.  Urospora reproduces asexually by four-flagellated zoospores and sexually by biflagellate gametes (Hanic 2005). Interestingly, this macroscopic genus was recently recorded as a  Verrucariaceae photobiont (Černajová et al. 2022; Schmidtová 2022). Schmidtová (2022) obtained environmental sequences, identical to  Urospora sequences from  Verrucaria lichens, and from littoral rocks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE6FFF37525F864403CFE3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE5FFF07525FB674698F91D.text	5F246365FFE5FFF07525FB674698F91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Interfilum R. Chodat.	<div><p>Interfilum R. Chodat.</p><p>Interfilum cells are solitary or attached to each other with mucilage forming short filaments. The individual cells are round to ellipsoid, surrounded by a twolayered cell wall, and possess lobed, parietal chloroplasts with pyrenoids (Fig. 30). During division, the daughter cells  form within the mother cell wall (Ettl &amp; Gärtner 2013). According to Rindi et al. (2011),  Interfilum is nested within  Klebsormidium . This aerophytic genus currently harbours three accepted species (Guiry &amp; Guiry 2022).  Interfilum is the only known lichen-forming lineage of the  Streptophyta .  Interfilum massjukiae and  Interfilum sp. were reported from  Placynthiella spp. and  Micarea prasina as secondary photobionts based on morphological observations. The same algal species were also found to grow epiphytically on the surface of lichen thalli (Voytsekhovich et al. 2011). Free-living  I. massjukiae was observed on the surface of pyroclastic outcrops in Crimea, Ukraine (Mikhailyuk et al. 2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE5FFF07525FB674698F91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE5FFF07525FCB445E6FB5D.text	5F246365FFE5FFF07525FCB445E6FB5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Klebsormidiophyceae	<div><p>Class  Klebsormidiophyceae</p><p>The class can be characterized by the type of cell division, that occurs by furrowing and the presence of centrosomes with astral microtubules and centrioles, which act as mitotic spindle organizer (Pickett-Heaps 1975). The members of this class  form either sarcinoid or unbranched filamentous thalli and inhabit terrestrial and freshwater habitats (Škaloud &amp; Rindi 2013; Mikhailyuk et al. 2018b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE5FFF07525FCB445E6FB5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
5F246365FFE5FFF07525FE174622FC9D.text	5F246365FFE5FFF07525FE174622FC9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Streptophyta	<div><p>DIVISION  STREPTOPHYTA</p><p>The  Streptophyta, the second branch of the Viridiplantae, is an immensely important and extraordinarily diversified group of organisms that contains all land plants (Embryophyta) as well as some important groups of algae (Charophyta). The  Streptophyta can be divided into four main classes:  Zygnematophyceae,  Coleochaetophyceae,  Charophyceae and  Klebsormidiophyceae . Only the latter class harbours one photobiont species. The small classes  Chlorokybophyceae,  Mesostigmatophyceae and  Spirotaenia appear to be sister to all streptophytes (Irisarri et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F246365FFE5FFF07525FE174622FC9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Veselá, Veronika;Malavasi, Veronica;Škaloud, Pavel	Veselá, Veronika, Malavasi, Veronica, Škaloud, Pavel (2024): A synopsis of green-algal lichen symbionts with an emphasis on their free-living lifestyle. Phycologia 63 (3): 317-338, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329, URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2024.2325329
