taxonID	type	description	language	source
8EE22DEFB0BA5151BB30DAC6B58D2E0A.taxon	description	Figs 1, 2, 13	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8EE22DEFB0BA5151BB30DAC6B58D2E0A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acantholycosa aborigenica is similar to A. irinae Fomichev & Omelko, 2020 (Fomichev and Omelko 2020, figs 1, 2, 7, 8, 13 – 15, 22 – 24, 48 – 49) in having the embolic tip bent anteriorly and median apophysis lacking apical arm (Figs 1 A, B, 2 C – F). The males of A. aborigenica can be distinguished from those of A. irinae by the paleal apophysis with broadened end ventrally (Figs 1 A, 2 C, E) (vs. sharp); median apophysis with triangular basal arm in ventral view (Figs 1 A, 2 C, E) (vs. semi-oval); absence of embolic spine near embolic base (Figs 1 A, 2 C, E) (vs. presence). Females can easily be distinguished from those of A. irinae by the septal base occupying 1 / 4 atrium (Figs 1 C, 2 G) (vs. 1 / 2), and septal stem reaching the apical pocket (Figs 1 C, 2 G) (vs. not reaching the apical pocket).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8EE22DEFB0BA5151BB30DAC6B58D2E0A.taxon	description	Description. See Marusik et al. (2004). Habitus as shown in Fig. 2 A, B, male palp as in Figs 1 A, B, 2 C – F, epigyne as in Figs 1 C, D, 2 G, H.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8EE22DEFB0BA5151BB30DAC6B58D2E0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Central Aimag in Mongolia to the upper reaches of the Kolyma River and south to Inner Mongolia (China).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8D6CB7F9101A5D8B86D6FBED563238CE.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Lycosa sudetica L. Koch, 1875.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8D6CB7F9101A5D8B86D6FBED563238CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Members of Acantholycosa can be recognized by tibia I with 4, 5 or 6 pairs of ventral spines; palea modified, with a laminar or claw-like outgrowth referred to as a paleal apophysis; terminal apophysis long, with spine-like end; median apophysis with reduced apical arm (smaller than basal arm, except in A. oligerae Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 and A. petrophila Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004); and presence of a spine-shaped or triangular outgrowth at the base of the embolus in about half of the species (Marusik et al. 2004). Most females of this genus can be recognized by 4 to 6 pairs of ventral spines on tibia I, an elongate epigyne subdivided into an atrium (basal part) and upper flat part (exception baltoroi - group), hoods fused or almost fused (not separated by septum) and located far from atrium, and long spermathecae.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8D6CB7F9101A5D8B86D6FBED563238CE.taxon	description	Description. Medium sized (5.86 – 11.19). Carapace pear-shaped, with partially visible dark lateral bands, from moderately light colored to almost black. Fovea longitudinal and brown. Cervical groove and radial furrows indistinct. Eye region black. Chelicerae light brown to dark brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium light brown to dark brown, longer than wide. Sternum pale brown to dark brown, shield shaped, covered with setae. Legs yellowish brown to dark brown, with black annulations. Spination variable, tibia I with 4 to 6 pairs of ventral spines. Leg formula: 4123, 4132 or 4312. Abdomen oval, dorsum light colored to almost black, without distinct pattern. Heart mark distinct or indistinct, lanceolate, light yellow to black. Venter light brown to brown. Spinnerets pale yellow to dark brown. Palp (Figs 1 A, B, 2 C – F, 3 A, B, 4 B – F, 5 A, B, 6 C – F, 7 A – C, 8 B – F, 10 A – C, 11 B – F) with uniformly brown to dark brown and droplet-shaped cymbium. Number of claws variable, from 1 to 3. Palea modified, with three conformations: plate-like outgrowth, claw- or hook-like apophysis, and small triangular outgrowth. Tip of terminal apophysis with three modifications: small spine, strong conical spine- or claw-like outgrowth, and strong conical or cylindrical outgrowth bifurcate at tip or truncate. Median apophysis with two arms: apical arm and basal arm. Apical arm usually fully or partially reduced. Embolus wide, broader in terminal half. Tip of embolus with at least four variations: truncate, widened terminally and bifurcate, sharply curved in direction of bulb apically and slightly curved beyond bulb. Basal third of embolus in majority of east Palaearctic species with modifications: small spine, big conical spine, long outgrowth subdivided apically, and flat triangular lamina. Conductor membranous. Epigyne (Figs 1 C, D, 2 G, H, 5 C, D, 6 G, H, 7 D, E, 9 B, C, 10 D, E, 12 B, C) with three modifications of hood: undivided, two hoods fused to some extent, or two separate hoods. Atrium well developed. In several species, septal base covering nearly almost entire atrium. Septum longer than wide, with variable base. Copulatory openings located at anterolateral or posterolateral margin of septal base. Spermathecae long, without loops or sharp turns. Heads of spermathecae with wart-like projections in many species.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
8D6CB7F9101A5D8B86D6FBED563238CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread throughout the Holarctic.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
47E80A796157535FBC7538F002393868.taxon	description	Figs 3, 4, 13	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
47E80A796157535FBC7538F002393868.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acantholycosa lignaria is similar to A. zonsteini Marusik & Omelko, 2017 (Marusik and Omelko 2017, figs 1 – 9) in having a rather large paleal apophysis, bilobated tip of embolus and flat and broad embolic spine (Figs 3 A, B, 4 B – F), but it can be differentiated by the terminal apophysis angled ventrally (Figs 3 A, 4 B, D, F) (vs. straight); the triangular embolic spine extending posteriorly (Figs 3 A, 4 B, D, F) (vs. conical spine extending prolaterally); and the subdistal part of the embolus not tapering ventrally (Figs 3 A, 4 B, D, F) (vs. tapering).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
47E80A796157535FBC7538F002393868.taxon	description	Description. See Marusik et al (2004). Habitus as shown in Fig. 4 A, male palp as in Figs 3 A, B, 4 B – F.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
47E80A796157535FBC7538F002393868.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Germany and Sweden east to Kamchatka and south to Jilin and northeastern Inner Mongolia (China).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
79AA48E4994C56C883EDAA44724BF954.taxon	description	Figs 5, 6, 13	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
79AA48E4994C56C883EDAA44724BF954.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Acantholycosa sterneri is similar to A. solituda (Levi & Levi, 1951) (Kronestedt and Marusik 2002, figs 1, 3 – 6, 9 – 11, 14, 19, 20, 22 – 24) in having a similar conformation of the copulatory organs (Figs 5 A – D, 6 C – H), but it can be differentiated by the median apophysis with a reduced apical arm (Figs 5 A, 6 C, E) (vs. without apical arm); embolus basal part wider than apical part (Figs 5 A, 6 C, E) (vs. embolus basal part as wide as apical part); embolus with pointed tip ventrally (Figs 5 A, 6 C, E) (vs. blunt). Females can be distinguished by the septal width measuring 1.3 times its length (Figs 5 C, 6 G) (vs. 2.3 times its length), and spermathecae separated (Figs 5 D, 6 H) (vs. spermathecae close together).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
79AA48E4994C56C883EDAA44724BF954.taxon	description	Description. See Kronestedt and Marusik (2002). Habitus as shown in Figs 6 A, B, male palp as in Figs 5 A, B, 6 C – F, epigyne as in Figs 5 C, D, 6 G, H.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
79AA48E4994C56C883EDAA44724BF954.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia), Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
ED71F0A9F17B53C9AEA17E6579F7B3D2.taxon	description	Figs 7, 8, 9, 13	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
ED71F0A9F17B53C9AEA17E6579F7B3D2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name comes from the Chinese word “ zang ”, the name of one of the Chinese ethnic minorities that mainly live in Xizang and Sichuan provinces of China; noun in apposition.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
ED71F0A9F17B53C9AEA17E6579F7B3D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new species can be separated from other Acantholycosa species by the lanceolate end and retrolateral serrate margin of the terminal apophysis ventrally (Fig. 8 D, arrow). The new species is most similar to A. zhangi sp. nov. in having a similar conformation of the copulatory organs (Figs 7 A – E, 8 B – F, 9 B, C cf. Figs 10 A – E, 11 B – F, 12 B, C), but it can be differentiated by the triangular paleal apophysis with a pointed tip in ventral view (Figs 7 A, C, 8 B, D, F) (vs. rectangular with a wavy tip; Figs 10 A, C, 11 B, D, F); the median apophysis axe shaped without spine (Figs 7 A, 8 B, D) (vs. rectangular with hook-shaped basal arm and triangular spine; Figs 10 A, 11 B, D); embolus with subparallel margins abruptly tapering at tip (Figs 7 A, C, 8 B, D, F) (vs. tapering from base to tip, slightly curved towards tip; Figs 10 A, C, 11 B, D, F). Females can be distinguished by having an epigyne with a pair of distinct hoods (Figs 7 D, 9 B) (vs. a pair of less pronounced hoods; Figs 10 D, 12 B); width of hoods equal to septal posterior width (Figs 7 D, 9 B) (vs. one-third septal posterior width; Figs 10 D, 12 B); septal base hexagonal (Figs 7 D, 9 B) (vs. trapezoidal; Figs 10 D, 12 B); spermathecal heads with wart-like projections (Figs 7 E, 9 C) (vs. smooth; Figs 10 E, 12 C).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
ED71F0A9F17B53C9AEA17E6579F7B3D2.taxon	description	Description. Male holotype (Fig. 8 A) total length 9.23. Carapace 4.87 long, 3.91 wide; opisthosoma 4.49 long, 2.99 wide. Carapace dark brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.15, ALE 0.15, PME 0.48, PLE 0.42; AME – AME 0.17, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.52, PME – PLE 0.55. Clypeus 0.3 high. Leg measurements: I 14.82 (3.83, 5.06, 3.88, 2.05); II 14.71 (3.99, 4.84, 3.85, 2.03); III 14.46 (3.62, 4.16, 4.56, 2.12); IV 19.73 (4.67, 5.69, 6.59, 2.78). Femur I with 5 dorsal and 3 prolateral spines; tibia I with 2 prolateral, 2 retrolateral and 8 ventral spines; metatarsus I with 5 prolateral, 5 retrolateral and 3 ventral spines. Palp (Figs 7 A – C, 8 B – F). Cymbium droplet-shaped, with two claws and black setae. Paleal apophysis triangular with acuminate tip. Terminal apophysis with lanceolate end and retrolateral serrate margin in ventral view. Median apophysis with concave fold dorsally and serrated margins, no apical arm. Embolus 5.5 times as long as wide, uniform, tapering abruptly at tip and without basal spine. Female paratype (SWUC - T-LY- 25 - 02, Fig. 9 A) total length 11.19. Carapace 5.18 long, 4.12 wide; opisthosoma 6.45 long, 4.35 wide. Same as in male. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.17, PME 0.51, PLE 0.41; AME – AME 0.24, AME – ALE 0.13, PME – PME 0.58, PME – PLE 0.64. Clypeus height 0.29. Leg measurements: I 15.33 (4.16, 5.41, 3.58, 2.18); II 15.02 (4.05, 5.12, 3.67, 2.18); III 16.40 (4.02, 5.13, 4.67, 2.58); IV 20.47 (4.98, 5.99, 6.73, 2.77). Femur I with 5 dorsal and 2 prolateral spines; tibia I with 2 prolateral, 2 retrolateral and 8 ventral spines; metatarsus I with 4 prolateral, 4 retrolateral and 3 ventral spines. Epigyne (Figs 7 D, E, 9 B, C). Hoods distinct, clearly separated from each other. Atrium as long as wide. Septum with distinct stem and hexagonal base equal in length and width. Width of hoods equal to septal posterior width. Copulatory openings located at anterolateral margin of septal base. Spermathecae heads oval with small wart-like projections. Spermathecal stalks slightly curved. Fertilization ducts slender, width between two ducts longer than length of duct.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
ED71F0A9F17B53C9AEA17E6579F7B3D2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Xizang, Sichuan), Nepal.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
690F63FB226E5481823917AE20857EC4.taxon	description	Figs 10, 11, 12, 13	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
690F63FB226E5481823917AE20857EC4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name comes from the family name of Prof. Feng Zhang of Hebei University (Hebei, China), who collected this new species.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
690F63FB226E5481823917AE20857EC4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new species is similar to A. zang sp. nov. in having similar conformation of copulatory organs (Figs 10 A – E, 11 B – F, 12 B, C; 7 A – E, 8 B – F, 9 B, C), but differs by paleal apophysis rectangular with wavy tip in ventral view (Figs 10 A, C, 11 B, D, F) (vs. triangular with pointed tip; Figs 7 A, C, 8 B, D, F); median apophysis rectangular with hook-shaped basal arm and triangular spine (Figs 10 A, 11 B, D) (vs. axe shaped without spine; Figs 7 A, 8 B, D); embolus gradually tapering from base to tip and slightly curved (Figs 10 A, C, 11 B, D, F) (vs. with parallel margins except for tip suddenly tapering; Figs 7 A, C, 8 B, D, F). Females can be distinguished by two less pronounced (Figs 10 D, 12 B) (vs. distinct hoods, Figs 7 D, 9 B); width of hoods one-third septal posterior width (Figs 10 D, 12 B) (vs. width of hoods equal to septal posterior width; Figs 7 D, 9 B); septal base trapezoidal (Figs 10 D, 12 B) (vs. base hexagonal without spine; Figs 7 D, 9 B); spermathecal heads smooth (Figs 10 E, 12 C) (vs. heads with wart-like projections; Figs 7 E, 9 C).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
690F63FB226E5481823917AE20857EC4.taxon	description	Description. Male holotype (Fig. 11 A) total length 9.47. Carapace 4.78 long, 3.86 wide; opisthosoma 4.61 long, 2.78 wide. Carapace black brown with dark margins. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.14, PME 0.50, PLE 0.35; AME – AME 0.14, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.45, PME – PLE 0.62. Clypeus height 0.29. Leg measurements: I 14.56 (3.80, 5.20, 3.67, 1.89); II 14.29 (3.53, 5.08, 3.70, 1.98); III 14.16 (3.48, 4.46, 4.22, 2.00); IV 18.94 (4.47, 5.58, 6.26, 2.63). Femur I with 5 dorsal and 2 prolateral spines; tibia I with 2 dorsal, 1 prolateral, 1 retrolateral and 8 ventral spines; metatarsus I with 2 dorsal, 4 prolateral, 5 retrolateral and 3 ventral spines. Palp (Figs 10 A – C, 11 B – F). Cymbium with dense black setae and one claw. Paleal apophysis rectangular with wavy end. Terminal apophysis with a hook-shaped tip in retrolateral view. Median apophysis rectangular with hook-shaped basal arm and triangular spine. Embolus originating at 9 o’clock position, broad and almost straight, without basal spine, tapering from base to tip; distal end of embolus slightly curved, pointing posteriorly. Female paratype (Fig. 12 A) total length 10.33. Carapace 5.16 long, 3.91 wide; opisthosoma 5.43 long, 3.72 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.15, PME 0.50, PLE 0.41; AME – AME 0.17, AME – ALE 0.10, PME – PME 0.49, PME – PLE 0.59. Clypeus 0.54 high. Leg measurements: I 14.89 (3.92, 5.47, 3.54, 1.96); II 14.68 (4.04, 5.06, 3.58, 2.00); III 14.73 (3.88, 4.57, 4.31, 1.97); IV 20.63 (5.03, 6.18, 6.55, 2.87). Femur I with 5 dorsal and 2 prolateral spines; tibia I with 2 prolateral, 2 retrolateral and 8 ventral spines; metatarsus I with 5 prolateral, 4 retrolateral and 3 ventral spines. Except for the lighter body color, the other features are the same as those of the males. Epigyne (Figs 10 D, E, 12 B, C). Two hoods less pronounced and shallow. Atrium rhomboid. Septum with trapeziodal base. Width of hoods one-third septal posterior width. Spermathecal heads clavate and smooth. Spermathecal stalks slightly curved. Fertilization ducts extending antero-laterally.	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
690F63FB226E5481823917AE20857EC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hebei).	en	Zhang, Xiang-Yun, Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Wang, Lu-Yu (2025): Review of the wolf spider genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 from China (Araneae, Lycosidae). ZooKeys 1240: 239-256, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399
