taxonID	type	description	language	source
46783932FF9DFFA9DAE96599557AFA78.taxon	description	The male began moving his palps (P _ CR) after 0.4 min in the arena, and approached the female with B _ JS and his front legs slightly spread, lifted and pointed forward, while performing L _ P and O _ TA. Female catalepsy: C _ E. Courtship duration 5.53 min, copulation duration 3.16 min, five palpal insertions (one, five, three, three and one haematodochal expansion). Between insertions, the male performed O _ Q and quivered his palps.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF9DFFAADB0B670754D1FAB1.taxon	description	March 2014, lgt. P. J., forest steppe, number of copulations = 3 The males began to court immediately (0.18 min latency in one case), with intensifying P _ CR and B _ JS. The males approached females with their body close to the substrate (B _ C), with the front legs attracted to the body (L _ A). After the male reached the female, he poked her with his swollen tibiae on leg I. Subsequently, the female bit both of the male’s tibiae alternately, once or twice. The bite lasted several seconds (0.20, 0.86 and 0.55 min). This represented a crucial moment in the courtship, because the female either allowed the male to copulate or lost interest. The female signalled to the male with an accepting posture by lifting her carapace and front legs off the ground. The male then attempted to climb onto the female’s back, with both spiders oriented ventrally with their carapaces and abdomens touching for a brief moment. When the male climbed onto the female’s back, the female became cataleptic (C _ E). Courtship duration was 1.21, 16.00 and 4.26 min, with extremely long copulations compared with other species (2 h 6.86 min, 2 h 16.16 min and 1 h 33.75 min) and with more palpal insertions (12, 10 and 11). Each insertion was accompanied by a high number of haematodochal expansions (µ = 13, 11 and 13), and the overall number of expansions was 161, 110 and 142, respectively. ALOPECOSA FARINOSA (HERMAN, 1879), CZECH POPULATION Czech Republic, Komárkova lesostep, stony forest steppe, 20 April 2013, lgt. PJ, Růžový vrch, vineyard terrace, 14 March 2014, coll. P. J., P. D., number of copulations = 9 The males began to court immediately (0.83 min latency in one case), with intensifying P _ CI. Throughout courtship, B _ JS occurred and resulted in B _ D and L _ R. The femur, patella and tibia of legs I pointed upwards, while the distal segments pointed slightly downwards. Female catalepsy was C _ E. Courtship duration was 1.23 min (SE = 0.33 min). The number of insertions was one to 16 (µ = 8; SE = 1.5), each usually (in seven out of nine males) with a single extremely long haematodochal expansion (maximum 0.86 min). The number of expansions was one to 28 (µ = 11.4; SE = 2.78), and the duration of copulation was 0.28 – 15.15 min (µ = 5.45 min; SE = 1.61 min). Between insertions, males performed O _ Q and quivered their palps.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF9EFFAADAC2645B5339FB9B.taxon	description	Males typically began to court immediately [four males were latent (0.06 – 0.30 min)], with intensifying P _ CI. Throughout the entire courtship process, B _ JS occurred and resulted in B _ D and L _ R. The femur, patella and tibia of legs I pointed upwards together with the distal segments. The impact of legs I on the substrate was harder and faster than in the Czech population. Female catalepsy was C _ E. Courtship duration was 0.85 – 4.23 min (µ = 2.01 min; SE = 0.27 min). The number of insertions was one to 14 (µ = 7.5; SE = 1.2), with each insertion usually accompanied by a single, long haematodochal expansion (maximum 0.4 min). Multiple haematodochal expansion was recorded once (two expansions per insertion in one male). The number of expansions was 7.6 (SE = 1.19), and duration of copulation Q 1 = 3.18 min, Me = 4.05 min and Q 3 = 5.56 min. Between insertions, males performed O _ Q and quivered their palps.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF9EFFAAD97465625253F991.taxon	description	The male began courting after 9.90 min in the arena. Courtship was initiated with P _ CI, and the male then approached the female with his front legs quivering and pointing forward (L _ Q). The front leg closer to the female usually quivered more rapidly. After 15 min, the female fell into catalepsy (C _ H) and allowed the male to mate with her. Copulation took 1.06 min and comprised three palpal insertions (seven, 11 and 12 rapid haematodochal expansions). For images, see DolejŠ & Kůrka (2016).	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF9EFFA4D996676B54EFFED0.taxon	description	The first male began to court immediately and the second after 4.30 min. Palpal movement (P _ CR) was inconspicuous, with the front legs pointed forward and raised horizontally (unlike A. striatipes) while performing L _ Q. When close to the females, the males began with B _ C, body crawling; B _ D, body dropping; B _ H, body hopping; B _ JS, body (jerky steps); B _ SW, body sideways walking; C _ E, catalepsy (exposed legs); C _ H, catalepsy (hidden legs); L _ A, leg attracting; L _ P, leg pumping; L _ Q, leg quivering; L _ R, leg raising; L _ T, leg tapping; L _ W, leg waving; O _ Q, ophistosomal quivering; O _ TA, ophistosomal tapping; P _ CI, palps (cymbial circling); P _ CR, palps (cymbial rubbing). sideways steps (B _ SW). After courtship, which took 1.83 and 0.20 min, females fell into catalepsy (C _ E), and males climbed onto their backs. Copulations were rapid (0.13 and 0.11 min), with two palpal insertions and one haematodochal expansion each. The opisthosomal movement (O _ Q) of the males was subtle.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF90FFA4DAD360A85463FBA0.taxon	description	May 2015, 25 May 2015, lgt. P. J., number of copulations = 3 Males began courting after a long period (0.91, 5.03 and 3.20 min), through P _ CI. Jerky steps and pedal movements of the males were subtle and inconspicuous and were followed by L _ P and by dragging their opisthosomata on the surface, which produced an audible noise. When close to females, males made sideways steps (B _ SW) and bent their front legs (L _ A). After 7.56, 5.88 and 6.60 min, respectively, females fell into catalepsy (C _ H) and the mating began. Copulations were very short (0.01, 0.26 and 0.16 min), with two or three palpal insertions, each with one to eight rapid haematodochal expansions. The sum of all haematodochal expansions in one mating was three, 14 and 14. The opisthosomal movements (O _ Q) of the males during copulation were inconspicuous.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF90FFA4DAD365585426F9F2.taxon	description	Males began to court immediately (0.30 min latency in one case), with intensifying P _ CI. When close to females, males performed L _ LS and L _ Q. Female catalepsy was C _ H. Courtship was long, at 0.40 – 13.43 min (µ = 7.21 min; SE = 2.46 min). The duration of copulation was 7.76 – 21.01 min, µ = 945 min, SE = 3.33 min. The number of insertions was between two and 18 (µ = 84; SE = 2.78), each insertion usually with a single long (0.16 – 0.50 min) haematodochal expansion (number of expansions = 11.4; SE = 5.32). Multiple haematodochal expansions per insertion were recorded in only one male (µ = 1.78 expansions per insertion). Between insertions, males cleaned their palps with chelicerae and performed O _ Q.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF90FFA4DAC0678D55C7FD02.taxon	description	Males began to court with P _ CR immediately after being placed in the arena, and one male was latent (1.75 min). Males approached females with L _ A, B _ JS, B _ C, B _ D and O _ TA. After courtship (2.36, 4.46 and 2.96 min), females became cataleptic (C _ E). The copulations of A. pulverulenta comprised a high number of haematodochal expansions. The first pair copulated for 4.16 min, and six palpal insertions with 21 haematodochal expansions (one to six expansions per insertion) occurred during copulation. Copulation in the second pair lasted 28.33 min and was accompanied by five insertions, each with 19 – 65 haematodochal expansions, totalling 225 haematodochal expansions. The third pair copulated for 31.70 min, and 28 insertions with 210 haematodochal expansions (one to 20 expansions per insertion) occurred. During copulation, males quivered their opisthosomata (O _ Q).	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF90FFA4D98563FD5508FB7E.taxon	description	Males began to court 1.03 and 0.66 min after introduction into the arena. Palpal movement (P _ CI) was intensive and escalated in B _ JS and L _ Q. Females responded offensively, and in both cases, a wrestle occurred before the females became cataleptic (C _ H). Courtship lasted for 0.50 and 1.38 min, respectively. Copulations took 0.91 and 1.25 min, and comprised two and three palpal insertions (with nine and five haematodochal expansions in the first pair and with three, ten and 15 in the second pair). The males quivered their opisthosomata intensively (O _ Q).	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF90FFA4D970643955D0F8F0.taxon	description	9 October 2014, lgt. P. J., P. D., number of copulations = 9 Courtship was delayed in all males (0.08 – 2.58 min; Me = 1.25 min). Courting was composed of P _ CI, O _ TA, B _ JS and L _ W and lasted 0.13 – 9.06 min (µ = 2.66 min; SE = 0.93 min). Subsequently, females fell into catalepsy (C _ H), which enabled males to begin extremely long copulations (18.01 min to 2 h 4.48 min; µ = 1 h 39.06 min; SE = 13.35 min). Palpal insertions (12 – 36; µ = 23.50; SE = 2.58) usually had a long duration (in six out of nine cases), with a single haematodochal expansion. The total number of haematodochal expansions per copulation ranged between 12 and 47 (µ = 26; SE = 3.66). After each insertion, males cleaned their palps and slowly moved their opisthosomata horizontally (O _ Q).	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF91FFA5DB0B61DD5572FD38.taxon	description	After being placed in the arena, all three males began to court immediately by P _ CR and approached females with rapid jerky steps (B _ JS). Their front legs (unlike A. mariae) were raised, pointing slightly upwards, and performed L _ Q. The type of catalepsy was C _ H, and courtship took 1.33, 15.63 and 8.06 min, respectively. Copulations lasted for 2.60, 3.86 and 0.38 min and were accompanied by two, four and three palpal insertions, with one to three haematodochal expansions each. The sum of all expansions was four, five and seven. During copulation, males quivered their opisthosomata (O _ Q).	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF91FFA5DB0163C554DFFA28.taxon	description	Males typically began courting immediately, and only three males were latent (0.93, 1.43 and 3.05 min). The courtship of A. sulzeri was not continuous (as in other Alopecosa species) but was performed in cycles composed of the same courtship elements, which intensified in each cycle. Each cycle began with P _ CI and graduated in intensifying B _ JS. The front legs were raised (L _ W), with palps and body touching the substrate (B _ D). Each cycle was followed by a few seconds of inactivity. Average courtship duration was 3.97 min (SE = 1.01 min). Females often fell into catalepsy (C _ E) without being in physical contact with males, and they lay on their side before mating in some cases (N = 4). Copulations were extremely short, taking 2 – 9 s (µ = 4.8 s; SE = 0.74 s), always with one palpal insertion on each side; each insertion was accompanied by a single haematodochal expansion. The opisthosomal quivering (O _ Q) of the males was very rapid.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF91FFA5DB0164D35291FDEF.taxon	description	Six males began courtship immediately after being placed in the arena, and five males were latent (0.15 – 9.13 min). Courtship was introduced by P _ CR, followed by B _ C with L _ A, alternating with L _ T. After first contact, males slightly altered the manner of courting and began to jump (B _ H) towards females, which responded defensively by raising their front legs. In the final phase of courtship, males jumped directly in front of females, and a short wrestle occurred. Subsequently, both spiders were oriented almost vertically, with the ventral side of their bodies facing each other. Thereafter, males climbed onto the females’ backs, which caused the females to fall into catalepsy (C _ E). The courtship took 1.31 – 9.63 min (Q 1 = 2.21 min; Me = 2.93 min; Q 3 = 7.70 min). Copulations (taking 0.80 – 28.26 min; Q 1 = 1.91 min; Me = 3.61 min; Q 3 = 8.60 min) typically comprised a few palpal insertions (two to 13; Q 1 = 2; Me = 3; Q 3 = 5.5) and a high number of haematodochal expansions (24 – 107; µ = 58; SE = 8.43). Each insertion was accompanied by one to 33 (µ = 15.6) haematodochal expansions. During copulation, males rapidly quivered their opisthosomata (O _ Q). A total of four males were cannibalized after mating.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
46783932FF91FFA6D99D639154BAFBD7.taxon	description	Five males began to court immediately, whereas two were latent (1.38 and 3.08 min). Courtship was initiated by escalating palpal movements (P _ CR), which resulted in B _ JS with B _ D and A _ T. The front legs were raised, pointed forward, and occasionally dropped to the substrate. After courtship, which took µ = 5.16 min (SE = 2.01 min), females fell into catalepsy (C _ E) and males began to mate. The copulations lasted for 0.91 – 8.00 min (µ = 3.98 min; SE = 0.88 min) and were composed of one to six (µ = 3.4; SE = 0.72) palpal insertions, with an average of 19.4 expansions per insertion (SE = 2.64). The total number of expansions was very high, ranging from 25 to 124 (µ = 66.7; SE = 11.31). The opisthosomal movement (O _ Q) of the males was inconspicuous, and females sometimes woke up from the catalepsy during copulation and walked around the arena with males still copulating on their backs. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES Specimen information and GenBank accession codes for the sequences analysed in this study are listed in Table 1. The final concatenated supermatrix comprised 31 taxa and 1539 characters, including a fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI (611 characters, 207 variables) and two nuclear genes: H 3 (346 characters, 90 variables) and 28 S (582 characters retained after removing ambiguously aligned positions, 286 variables). The best partition scheme selected by PartitionFinder contained five partitions and the following evolutionary models: HKY + G was assigned to the first COI position, HKY + G to the second, and F 81 + I to the third COI position. Both 28 S and the first position of H 3 were combined in a single partition with the GTR + G model. The combined second and third positions of H 3 were assigned with the JC model. Preliminary ML analyses conducted on individual gene fragments did not reveal any incongruence in the topology of the supported clades (Supporting Information, Fig. S 1), However, the support values were low for deeper nodes in both the COI and H 3 tree topologies. In the concatenated analyses, both ML (− lnL = 9741.5) and BI analyses yielded the same topology (Supporting Information, Fig. S 2). The tree obtained in the BI analyses, with both Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap supports, is shown in Figure 2. Neither of the methods used in this study recovered the monophyly of Alopecosa. In both analyses, the genus was split into two distinct clades (clades ‘ 1 ’ and ‘ 2 ’). Clade 1 contained A. kochi and the Czech and Italian populations of A. farinosa (‘ fabrilis ’ group) and was recovered, with high support, as sister to a clade containing Geolycosa, Rabidosa and all representatives of the subfamily Pardosinae (Pardosa and Draposa species). The remaining Alopecosa species included in the analyses were placed in a monophyletic clade (clade 2), which was recovered (albeit with low support) as sister to the genera Hogna and Trochosa. Furthermore, A. sulzeri was recovered as a sister group to all of the taxa included in clade 2. The monophyly of the ‘ striatipes ’ and ‘ fabrilis ’ groups was not recovered. The clade containing individuals from both groups and A. psammophila was recovered with high support in both analyses, but some within-clade relationships were supported only in the BI analyses. Moreover, individuals belonging to the ‘ pulverulenta ’ group formed a clade supported by both analyses.	en	Just, Pavel, Opatova, Vera, Dolejš, Petr (2018): Does reproductive behaviour reflect phylogenetic relationships? An example from Central European Alopecosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185: 1039-1056
