identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
89FC6489305252749DA4E2347AF20823.text	89FC6489305252749DA4E2347AF20823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudorylaimus blisterocaudatus Liang & Islam & Du & Li & Liang & Ahmad & Zhang & Mahamood & Alhewairini & Li 2025	<div><p>Eudorylaimus blisterocaudatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 5, 6, Tables 3, 4</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • China (IAE / NC / EU /  E. blisterocaudatus / 1), Liaoning Province, Huludao City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.95638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.860424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.95638/lat 40.860424)">Xingcheng</a>; 40.860423°N, 120.95638°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  .   Paratypes • China (4 ♀ / 4 ♂; IAE / NC / EU /  E. blisterocaudatus / 2-5), same data as holotype  . (  2 ♀ IAE / NC / EU /  E. blisterocaudatus / 6), Liaoning Province, Yingkou City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.421425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.475834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.421425/lat 40.475834)">Gaizhou</a>; 40.475832°N, 122.421428°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of Poplar ( Populus L.)  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Eudorylaimus blisterocaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by its 1.0– 1.3 mm long slender body; lip region offset by constriction and 15–17 μm broad; odontostyle 18–19 μm with an aperture ~ 37–40 % of its length, odontophore 24–28 μm long, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length, total stylet length 42–46 μm; pharynx 300–339 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 129–156 μm or ~ 41–47 % of the total pharyngeal length; cardia long 17–26 μm or 0.42–0.58 times the corresponding body diameter long; female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, uterus long, well-differentiated; V = 59–63 %; tail short (35–49 μm, c = 23.3–34.7, c’ = 1.2–1.7), conoid with rounded to sub-clavate terminus, and bearing series of blisters (thickening) on the ventral side, hyaline part 20–33 % of its length; males with 39–45 µm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces rod-like, slightly curved ventrally, bifurcated with claw-like distal end, and 6–8 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements with hiatus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Slender nematodes of medium-sized, 1.0– 1.3 mm long body; curved ventrally or open C-shaped upon fixation. Body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior region. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5–2.0 μm thick at the anterior region, 2.5–4.0 μm at midbody, and 4.0–5.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle smooth or finely striated, inner layer thin with fine transverse striations. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral body pores indistinct. Lateral chords 13–15 μm at midbody, occupying ~ 1 / 3 (28–34 %) of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region offset from the body by constriction, 2.2–2.6 times as wide as high or ~ 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 (32–40 %) of the body diameter at the pharyngeal base. Lips angular, separated. Amphidial fovea cup-shaped, aperture slit-like, 8.0–10 μm wide or occupying ~ 1 / 2 to 3 / 5 (50–62 %) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom a truncate cone. Odontostyle typical dorylaimid in shape, 6.0–7.4 times as long as wide, 1.1–1.2 times the lip region diameter long or 1.3–1.7 % of total body length, its aperture 7.0–7.5 μm or ~ 2 / 5 (37–40 %) of its length. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, at 0.5–0.6 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a weakly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindroid basal part, occupying ~ 41–47 % of total neck length; expanded part of the pharynx 5.1–6.6 times as long as wide, 2.8–3.8 times body diameter at neck base. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 57–61, DN = 59–65, DO – DN = 2.3–4.2, S 1 N 1 = 71–76, S 1 N 2 = 77–81, S 2 N = 87–89, S 2 O = 88–91. Nerve ring encircling the pharynx at 34–39 % of neck length from the anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, ~ 2 / 5 to 3 / 5 (42–58 %) of the corresponding body diameter long, its junction with pharyngeal base apparently surrounded by cardiac disc. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic; both the genital branches almost equally developed. Anterior genital branch 14.3–26.8 % and the posterior genital branch 15.3–26.3 % of body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; measuring 76–105 μm or 1.7–2.5 (anterior) and 82–110 μm or 1.5–2.2 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; oocytes arranged in a single row except near the distal end. Oviduct joining the ovaries sub-terminally, measuring 82–110 μm or 1.5–2.2 (anterior) and 57–98 μm or 1.0–2.3 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by the well-developed sphincter. Uterus well-differentiated, tripartite, the proximal part short and well-developed muscular, the median part also short, wider than the proximal part, the distal part comparatively long, somewhat spheroid, measuring 63–170 μm or 1.4–3.8 (anterior) and 65–124 μm or 1.3–2.8 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long. Vagina extending inwards, 17–22 μm or ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (38–46 %) midbody diameter; pars proximalis 12–15 × 8.0–11 μm, with somewhat sigmoid wall encircled by circular muscles; pars refringens with two small triangular-shaped sclerotized pieces, measuring 5–6 × 3–4 μm and the combined width 7.5–9 μm; pars distalis 2.0–3.0 μm. Vulva a transverse slit. Sperm cells present (n = 4). Prerectum 1.1–3.0 and rectum 1.0–1.3 times the anal body diameter long, a distinct blind sac extending posteriorly to the prerectum-rectum junction (Fig. 6 D, E). Tail short, dorsally convex, conoid, almost straight or distal part slightly bent ventrally with a rounded to sub-clavate terminus, 1.3–1.6 times anal body diameter long; with characteristic series of thickening (blisters) on the ventral side of tail (Fig. 6 C – E, G); hyaline portion of tail perceptible, ~ 1 / 5 to 1 / 3 of total tail length with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Male. General morphology similar to that of the female except for the posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindle-shaped, 6.0–8.0 μm long. In addition to the adcloacal pair, situated at 7–8 µm from the cloacal aperture, there are six to eight irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, the first ventromedian supplement located outside the range of spicules, 35–51 μm from the adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.3–5.0 times as long as wide and 1.2–1.5 times as long as body diameter at the level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump, curvature of 120–127 °. Head occupying 16–21 % of total spicules length, its dorsal side longer than ventral side, both sides slightly curved. Median pieces 9.6–10 times as long as wide or occupying ~ 33–38 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicule tip, posterior end 3–4 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, slightly curved ventrally, bifurcated with claw-like distal end, ~ 4.8–6.0 times as long as wide or ~ 1 / 3 (30–33 %) of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 1.9–4.4 and rectum 1.3–1.5 times the cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, dorsally convex, conoid, almost straight or distal part slightly bent ventrally with a rounded to sub-clavate terminus, 1.3–1.5 times anal body diameter long; with characteristic series of thickening (blisters) on ventral side; hyaline portion of tail perceptible, ~ 1 / 3 of total tail length long with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species is named  Eudorylaimus blisterocaudatus because of the presence of blisters in the caudal region.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>With the presence of blisters on tail, the new species is morphologically close to  E. caudatus Mushtaq &amp; Ahmad, 2006;  E. pectinatus Mukhina, 1970;  E. pussulosus Andrássy, 1991;  E. coniceps Loof, 1975 and  E. schraederi Altherr, 1974 but differs from former in having a longer body size (L = 1.0–1.3 vs 0.79–0.93 mm); broader (15–17 vs 10.4–12.5 µm and 2.0–2.3 vs 2.2–2.6 times as long as high) and differently shaped lip region (lips distinctly separated, strongly angular with wider expansion vs less separated, moderately angular with less expansion) and wider amphidial aperture (8.0–10 vs 5.0–7.5 µm); long and slender odontostyle (18–19 vs 11–14 µm or 6.0–7.4 vs 5.0–6.5 times as long as wide), longer odontophore (24–28 vs 16.5–18.5 µm) and total stylet length (42–46 vs 28–32.5 µm); longer pharyngeal length and its expansion (300–339 vs 210–291 µm, 129–156 vs 99–122 µm), longer cardia (17–26 vs 11–15 µm); longer tail length (35–49 vs 25.5–33 µm) and longer spicules (39–45 vs 32 µm). The new species differs from  E. pectinatus in having a pre-rectal blind sac (vs pre-rectal blind sac absent); differently shaped tail (tail dorsally convex-conoid conoid, slightly bent ventrally with rounded terminus vs tail dorsally convex-conoid to sub digitate with acute terminus), ventral surface of the tail not pectinate (vs ventral surface of tail pectinate) and longer spicules (39–45 vs 32 µm). From  E. pussulosus in its more posteriorly vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 48–55 %); presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs absence); smaller spicules (39–45 vs 47–49 µm), fewer ventromedian supplements (6–8 vs 17), first one beginning outside the range of spicules (vs within the range of spicules) and differently shaped tail (tail conoid, dorsally convex, straight to slightly bent ventrally vs dorsally concave, straight to slightly bent dorsally). From  E. coniceps in its smaller body size (L = 1.0–1.3 vs 1.6–2.6 mm); differently shaped lip region (lip region offset by distinct constriction, lips angular, separated vs offset by slight depression, lips amalgamated); lower c value (23–35 vs 41–54); posteriorly vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 42–49 %); presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs blind sac absent); smaller spicules (39–45 vs 60–80 µm) and differently shaped tail terminus (tail tip rounded to sub-acute vs tail tip acute, pointed). From  E. schraederi in having a shorter and robust body (L = 1.0–1.3 vs 1.6–2.6 mm, a = 22–30 vs 44–53), shorter tail (c’ = 1.3–1.6 vs 4.4), comparatively shorter odontostyle (18–19 vs 20 µm); posteriorly vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 51 %); presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs absence) and presence of male (vs male absent).</p><p>In the presence of blisters on the ventral cuticle of the tail, the new species is also similar to  E. maritus Andrássy, 1959 but differs in having a shorter and robust body (L = 1.0–1.3 vs 2.0– 2.3 mm, a = 22–30 vs 30–37), narrower lip region offset by constriction (15–17 vs 19–21 µm, offset by depression), shorter odontostyle (18–19 vs 24–28 µm); lower b (3.5–3.9 vs 4.0–5.0) and c (23–35 vs 40–43) values, and posterior vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 48–50 %).</p><p>In its medium-sized body and the presence of pre-rectal blind sac, the new species is similar to  E. productus (Thorne &amp; Swanger, 1936) Andrássy, 1959 and  E. bombilectus Andrássy, 1962 but differs from former in having a slender body (a = 22–30 vs 18.9–22.6), comparatively wider lip region offset by constriction (15–17 vs 13–14.5 µm, lip region continuous or offset by slight depression); longer odontostyle (18–19 vs 14–15 µm) and odontophore (24–28 vs 19–24 µm); comparatively posterior vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 52–55 %); presence of blisters on the ventral cuticle of the tail (vs blisters absent) and comparatively smaller spicules (39–45 vs 45–50 µm).</p><p>The new species differs from  E. bombilectus in its lip region offset by constriction (vs depression), longer odontostyle (18–19 vs 14 µm); comparatively lower b value (3.5–3.9 vs 4.2–4.4) in female; comparatively posterior vulval position (V = 59–63 vs 52–54 %), cuticle near vulva simple, without any sclerotization (vs finely wrinkled near vulva); presence of blisters on the ventral side of the tail (vs blisters absent) and fewer numbers of ventromedian supplements (6–8 vs 10–12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/89FC6489305252749DA4E2347AF20823	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liang, Siwei;Islam, Md Niraul;Du, Xiaofang;Li, Ying bin;Liang, Wenju;Ahmad, Wasim;Zhang, Xiaoke;Mahamood, Mohammad;Alhewairini, Saleh;Li, Qi	Liang, Siwei, Islam, Md Niraul, Du, Xiaofang, Li, Ying bin, Liang, Wenju, Ahmad, Wasim, Zhang, Xiaoke, Mahamood, Mohammad, Alhewairini, Saleh, Li, Qi (2025): Two new and two known species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (Nematoda, Dorylaimoidea, Qudsianematidae) from Northeast China. ZooKeys 1238: 41-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1238.138550
FFF3A4B9625F5F61B21BC509ECBFE1DA.text	FFF3A4B9625F5F61B21BC509ECBFE1DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudorylaimus caudatus Mushtaq & Ahmad 2006	<div><p>Eudorylaimus caudatus Mushtaq &amp; Ahmad, 2006</p><p>Fig. 3, Table 2</p><p>Eudorylaimus caudatus Mushtaq and &amp; Ahmad, 2006: 20–24, figs 6, 7.</p><p>Type specimens.</p><p>Holotype • India (slide no.  E. caudatus 1) – Kashmir,  Verinag; soil samples collected from around the roots of plants (unidentified) ;   Paratypes • same data as holotype (slide no.  E. caudatus 2–4). Not examined  .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 5 ♀ / 1 ♂ (IAE / NC / EU /  E. caudatus / 1–4), Liaoning Province, Huludao City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.72979&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.64021" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.72979/lat 40.64021)">Xingcheng</a>, 40.640209°N, 120.729788°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of Black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.)  •   2 ♀ (IAE / NC / EU /  E. caudatus / 5), Liaoning Province, Jinzhou City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.10101&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.97449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.10101/lat 40.97449)">Linghai</a>; 40.974492°N, 121.101014°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Slender nematodes of small-size, 0.88–0.93 mm long body; curved ventrally or open C-shaped upon fixation. Body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior region. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5–2.0 μm thick at the anterior region, 2.0–3.5 μm at midbody, and 3.0–4.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle smooth or finely striated, inner layer thin with fine transverse striations. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lateral chords 9–10 μm wide at midbody, occupying ~ 1 / 3 (27–32 %) of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region offset from the body by constriction, 2.0–2.3 times as wide as high or ~ 1 / 3 (33–37 %) of the body diameter at the pharyngeal base. Lips angular, separated; labial papillae slightly raised from labial contour. Amphidial fovea cup-shaped, aperture slit-like, 5.5–6.0 μm wide or occupying ~ 1 / 2 (50–54 %) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom a truncate cone. Odontostyle typical dorylaimoid, 5.0–6.5 times as long as wide, 1.1–1.2 times the lip region diameter long or 1.3–1.5 % of total body length, its aperture 5.0–6.0 μm or ~ 2 / 5 (38–44 %) of its length. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.2–1.4 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, at 0.59–0.66 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a weakly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindroid part, occupying ~ 40–43 % of the total neck length; expanded part of pharynx 5.6–7.1 times as long as wide, 3.5–4.2 times the body diameter at neck base. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 60.9–64.1, DN = 64.1–66.8, DO – DN = 2.4–4.1, S 1 N 1 = 76.1–78.3, S 1 N 2 = 80.0–82.5, S 2 N = 90.0–91.7, S 2 O = 91.1–92.7. Nerve ring encircling the pharynx at 37–40 % of the neck length from the anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (37–50 %) of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic; both the genital branches almost equally developed. Anterior genital branch 11.4–15.1 % and the posterior genital branch 10.3–13.5 % of body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; measuring 48–87 μm or 1.6–1.9 (anterior) and 49–65 μm or 1.6–1.8 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; oocytes arranged in a single row except near the distal end. Oviduct joining the ovaries sub-terminally, measuring 48–65 μm or 1.6–1.9 (anterior) and 45–82 μm or 1.3–1.8 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long, consists of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by a well-developed sphincter. Uterus long, measuring 48–58 μm or 1.3–1.8 (anterior) and 40–57 μm or 1.2–1.8 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long, tripartite, consists of a well-developed muscular proximal part, a short slender median part, and a short, somewhat spheroid distal part. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 14–16 μm or ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (43–47 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis 9.5–12 × 7.0–9.0 μm, with somewhat sigmoid wall encircled by circular muscles; pars refringens with two small triangular sclerotized pieces, measuring 3–4 × 2–3 μm with the combined width 5–6 μm; pars distalis 1.5–2.0 μm. Vulva a transverse slit. Prerectum 1.6–2.2 and rectum 0.9–1.1 anal body diameter long. Tail short conoid, ventrally arcuate with clavate to rounded tip, 1.3–1.5 times anal body diameter long, with characteristic series of thickening (blisters) on ventral side; hyaline portion of tail always perceptible, ~ 1 / 6 to 1 / 3 anal body diameter long with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for the posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindle-shaped, 4.0–5.0 μm long. In addition to the adcloacal pair, situated at 7 µm from the cloacal aperture, there are five irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first ventromedian supplement located beyond the range of spicules, 33 μm from the adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.9 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as body diameter at the level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump, curvature of 125 °. Head occupying 15.6 % of total spicule’s length, its dorsal side longer than ventral side, both sides slightly curved. Median piece 8.7 times as long as wide or occupying ~ 46 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicule tip, posterior end 2.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, and rod-like with bifid distal tip, ~ 5.0 times as long as wide or ~ 1 / 3 of the spicules length. Prerectum 3.2 and rectum 1.9 cloacal body diameter long. Tail similar to female, short conoid, ventrally arcuate with clavate to rounded tip, 1.8 times cloacal body diameter long, with characteristic series of thickening (blisters) on ventral side; hyaline portion of tail always perceptible, 1 / 3 anal body diameter long with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Mushtaq and Ahmad (2006) described this species from Verinag, Jammu and Kashmir, India. They named this species  E. caudatus because of the presence of ventral thickenings (blisters) on the tail. In the present study, we have recorded seven females and one male of  E. caudatus from the Liaoning Province of China. The morphology and morphometric values are similar to the type population except in having slightly longer body size (L = 0.88–0.93 vs 0.79–0.85 mm); longer pharynx (282–291 vs 210–245 μm) and its expansion (115–122 vs 99–113 μm), slightly lower b value (3.1–3.3 vs 3.4–3.7); slightly posteriorly located nerve ring (105–1117 vs 77–87 μm); slightly shorter rectum (19–24 vs 24.5–26.5 μm) and presence of male (vs male absent). These variations should be considered as intraspecific as well as geographical variability. The male is reported here for the first time for this species. This species is recorded here for the first time from China.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FFF3A4B9625F5F61B21BC509ECBFE1DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liang, Siwei;Islam, Md Niraul;Du, Xiaofang;Li, Ying bin;Liang, Wenju;Ahmad, Wasim;Zhang, Xiaoke;Mahamood, Mohammad;Alhewairini, Saleh;Li, Qi	Liang, Siwei, Islam, Md Niraul, Du, Xiaofang, Li, Ying bin, Liang, Wenju, Ahmad, Wasim, Zhang, Xiaoke, Mahamood, Mohammad, Alhewairini, Saleh, Li, Qi (2025): Two new and two known species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (Nematoda, Dorylaimoidea, Qudsianematidae) from Northeast China. ZooKeys 1238: 41-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1238.138550
ECCEC6949A825E97B07443E89A4E260D.text	ECCEC6949A825E97B07443E89A4E260D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudorylaimus meridionalis Tjepkema, Ferris & Ferris 1971	<div><p>Eudorylaimus meridionalis Tjepkema, Ferris &amp; Ferris, 1971</p><p>Fig. 2, Table 1</p><p>Eudorylaimus meridionalis Tjepkema, Ferris &amp; Ferris, 1971: 23 (original description).</p><p>Type specimens.</p><p>Holotype • Indiana (slide no. 4 / 3 / 68 E 8) – Pardue Nematode Collection, grassy area,  Brown County State Park;  Paratypes • same data as holotype (slide no. 7 / 22 / 67 C 10 / 2 ♀, 4 / 5 / 68 C 19 / 1 ♀, 5 / 31 / 68 B 4 / 1 ♀, 8 / 14 / 68 H 7 / 1 ♀, 4 / 2 / 68 F 1 / 1 ♀, 4 / 1 / 67 A 1 / 2 ♀, 4 / 4 / 68 N (2) 4 / 3 ♀, 10 / 13 / 68 A 15 / 1 ♀), 4 / 4 / 68 N (3) 1 / 1 ♀, 4 / 3 / 68 EB / 2 ♀). Not examined .</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>China • 2 ♀ (IAE / NC / EU /  E. meridionalis / 1), Liaoning Province, Panjin City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.94828&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.03711" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.94828/lat 41.03711)">Dawa</a>; 41.037108°N, 121.948279°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  •   3 ♀ (IAE / NC / EU /  E. meridionalis / 2–3), Liaoning Province, Huludao City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.95638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.860424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.95638/lat 40.860424)">Xingcheng</a>; 40.860423°N, 120.95638°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  •   2 ♀ (IAE / NC / EU /  E. meridionalis / 4), Liaoning Province, Jinzhou City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.10101&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.97449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.10101/lat 40.97449)">Linghai</a>; 40.974492°N, 121.101014°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  .</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Slender nematodes of medium-size, 0.9–1.1 mm long body; curved ventrally or open C-shaped upon fixation. Body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior region. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5–2.5 μm thick at the anterior region, 2.0–3.0 μm at midbody, and 3.0–4.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle smooth or finely striated, inner layer with fine transverse striations. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral body pores indistinct. Lateral chords 10–14 μm wide at midbody, occupying ~ 1 / 3 (29–37 %) of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region offset from the body by constriction, 2.5–2.8 times as wide as high or 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 (36–43 %) of the body diameter at the pharyngeal base. Lips smaller, slightly angular and separated; labial papillae raised from labial contour. Amphidial fovea stirrup-shaped, aperture slit-like, 6.0–7.5 μm wide or occupying 1 / 2 (46–53 %) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom a truncate cone. Odontostyle typical dorylaimoid, 5.2–6.0 times as long as wide, 0.82–1.1 times the lip region diameter long or 1.0–1.5 % of total body length, its aperture 4.5–6.0 μm or 1 / 3 to 2 / 5 (33–40 %) of its length. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.3–1.9 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, at 0.50–0.57 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a weakly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindroid part, occupying ~ 38–42 % of the total pharyngeal length; expanded part of the pharynx 5.0–6.2 times as long as wide, 2.8–3.3 times body diameter at neck base. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 65.1–67.1, DN = 69.5–71.5, DO – DN = 3.6–5.7, S 1 N 1 = 77.2–79.6, S 1 N 2 = 81.0–83.9, S 2 N = 90.8–92.8, S 2 O = 91–93. Nerve ring encircling the pharynx at 38–42 % of the neck length from the anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, ~ 1 / 2 (44–58 %) of the corresponding body diameter long, with a well-developed cardiac disc. Genital system didelphic – amphidelphic; both the genital branches almost equally developed. Anterior genital branch 7.6–13.6 % and the posterior genital branch 9.2–12.3 % of the body length. Ovary reflexed, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; measuring 45–68 μm or 1.0–2.0 (anterior) and 49–79 μm or 1.1–2.0 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; oocytes arranged in a single row except near the tip. Oviduct joining the ovary sub-terminally, measuring 43–60 μm or 1.1–1.7 (anterior) and 42–66 μm or 1.2–1.6 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by a well-developed sphincter. Uterus short, tubular, measuring 31–53 μm or 0.72–1.3 (anterior) and 33–48 μm or 0.88–1.2 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long, bipartite, a well-developed muscular proximal part, and a short, slender distal part. Vagina extending inwards, 14–18 μm or ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (39–45 %) midbody diameter; pars proximalis 8–11 × 8.0–10.5 μm, with somewhat sigmoid wall encircled by circular muscles; pars refringens with two small trapezoid-shaped sclerotized pieces, measuring 5–7 × 2–3 μm and the combined width 7–9 μm; pars distalis 1.5–2.0 μm. Vulva a transverse slit. Sperm cells absent. Prerectum 1.2–2.4 and rectum 1.0–1.3 times the anal body diameter long. Tail long, conoid, ventrally arcuate with rounded to subacute tip, 1.8–2.3 times anal body diameter long; hyaline part of tail always perceptible, ~ 1 / 5 to 1 / 3 anal body diameter long with a pair of caudal (Fig. 2 L) pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Male. Not found.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Tjepkema et al. (1971) described this species from several localities of Indiana, USA. In the present study, we have recorded this species from several localities of Liaoning Province in China. The present populations are similar to the type population, except that slight morphological and morphometrics variations are observed: odontophore distinct, 1.3–1.9 times odontostyle length (vs odontophore length obscure); comparatively longer cardia (17–21 vs 8–17 μm) and shorter rectum (24–31 vs 45 μm). In the presence of long conoid tail,  E. meridionalis resembles  E. aquilonarius Tjepkema et al., 1971 but differs in having comparatively shorter odontostyle (11.5–15 vs 16 μm); differently shaped amphidial aperture (stirrup-shaped vs beaker-shaped) and pars refringens (trapezoidal vs triangular shaped) and shorter prerectum (27–56 vs 59 μm). This species is recorded here for the first time from China.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/ECCEC6949A825E97B07443E89A4E260D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liang, Siwei;Islam, Md Niraul;Du, Xiaofang;Li, Ying bin;Liang, Wenju;Ahmad, Wasim;Zhang, Xiaoke;Mahamood, Mohammad;Alhewairini, Saleh;Li, Qi	Liang, Siwei, Islam, Md Niraul, Du, Xiaofang, Li, Ying bin, Liang, Wenju, Ahmad, Wasim, Zhang, Xiaoke, Mahamood, Mohammad, Alhewairini, Saleh, Li, Qi (2025): Two new and two known species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (Nematoda, Dorylaimoidea, Qudsianematidae) from Northeast China. ZooKeys 1238: 41-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1238.138550
C35C57A4B9F1522AAB4204050FE75405.text	C35C57A4B9F1522AAB4204050FE75405.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudorylaimus saccatus Liang & Islam & Du & Li & Liang & Ahmad & Zhang & Mahamood & Alhewairini & Li 2025	<div><p>Eudorylaimus saccatus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 7, 8, 9, 10, Tables 5, 6</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype • China (IAE / NC / EU /  E. saccatus / 1), Liaoning Province, Dalian City, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.803635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.584858" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.803635/lat 39.584858)">Wafangdian</a>; 39.584857°N, 121.803631°E; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified)  .   Paratypes • China (4 ♀ / 5 ♂; IAE / NC / EU /  E. saccatus / 2-9), same data as holotype  .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Eudorylaimus saccatus sp. nov. is characterized by its 1.1–1.4 mm long slender body; lip region offset by constriction, 15–17.5 μm broad; odontostyle 17.5–18.5 μm with an aperture ~ 37–45 % of its length, odontophore 24.5–27.5 μm, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length, total stylet length 42–45.5 μm; pharynx 332–389 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 148–189 μm or ~ 44–48 % of the total neck length; cardia long 23–37 μm or 0.48–0.67 times corresponding diameter long; female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, uterus long, well-differentiated; tail short (35–49 μm, c = 24–39, c’ = 1.0–1.6), dorsally convex, conoid, with rounded to sub-acute terminus, hyaline part 21–31 % of its length; males with 44–48 µm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, slightly curved ventrally, bifurcated with claw-like distal end and 9–11 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements with hiatus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Female. Slender nematodes of small-size, 1.1–1.4 mm long body; curved ventrally or open C-shaped upon fixation. Body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the posterior region. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5–2.0 μm thick at the anterior region, 3.0–4.0 μm at midbody, and 5.0–6.0 μm on tail. Outer cuticle smooth, inner layer thin with distinctly fine transverse striations. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lateral chords 11–14 μm wide at midbody, occupying ~ 1 / 5 (20–22 %) of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region offset from the body by constriction, 2.4–2.5 times as wide as high or ~ 1 / 3 (27–35 %) of the body diameter at the neck base. Lips angular, separated. Amphidial fovea funnel-shaped, aperture slit-like, 8.0–8.5 μm wide or occupying ~ 1 / 2 (50–53 %) of lip region diameter. Cheilostom a truncate cone. Odontostyle typical dorylaimoid, 5.8–6.1 times as long as wide, 1.1–1.2 times the lip region diameter long or 1.2–1.5 % of total body length, its aperture 7.0–8.5 μm or ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (38–47 %) of its length. Odontophore linear, rod-like, 1.3–1.5 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, at 0.56–0.62 times lip region diameter from the anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a weakly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindroid part, occupying ~ 44–48 % of the total neck length, expanded part of the pharynx 5.7–6.7 times as long as wide, 3.2–3.7 times body diameter at neck base. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 56.2–58.4, DN = 60.3–63.4, DO – DN = 3.1–4.9, S 1 N 1 = 74.2–77.8, S 1 N 2 = 80.8–83.8, S 2 N = 89.4–90.9, S 2 O = 90.3–92.2. Nerve ring encircling the pharynx at 36–38 % of pharyngeal length from the anterior end. Cardia long, rounded to conoid, 1.5 – to 2.2 times as long as wide or ~ 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 (52–67 %) of the corresponding body diameter long, its junction with pharyngeal base apparently surrounded by cardiac disc (Fig. 8 H, I). Genital system didelphic – amphidelphic; both the genital branches almost equally developed. Anterior genital branch 15.8–20.6 % and the posterior branch 14.6–17.3 % of body length. Ovaries reflexed, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; measuring 75–170 μm or 1.5–2.6 (anterior) and 85–107 μm or 1.3–1.7 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; oocytes arranged in a single row except near the distal end. Oviduct joining the ovaries sub-terminally, measuring 86–190 μm or 1.7–3.0 (anterior, with one uterine egg inside, egg ovoid, 75 × 36 μm, 2.0 times as long as wide) and 75–136 μm or 1.5–2.1 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by a well-developed sphincter. Uterus well-differentiated, tripartite, the proximal part well-developed muscular, the median short, comparatively less muscular, and the distal part long, tube-like, somewhat spheroid at the end, measuring 96–133 μm or 2.0–2.1 (anterior,) and 85–107 μm or 1.3–1.7 (posterior) times the corresponding body diameter long; Vagina extending inwards, 23–27 μm or ~ 2 / 5 to 1 / 2 (38–47 %) midbody diameter; pars proximalis 15–21 × 11–12 μm, with somewhat sigmoid wall encircled by circular muscles; pars refringens with two small trapezoid-shaped sclerotized pieces, measuring 4–5 × 4–5 μm and the combined width 8.5–10 μm; pars distalis 1.5–2.0 μm. Vulva a transverse slit. Sperm cells present (n = 3). Prerectum 1.7–2.8 and rectum 0.83–1.2 times the anal body diameter long, a distinct blind sac extending posteriorly to the prerectum-rectum junction (Fig. 9 G – I). Tail dorsally convex conoid, its distal end straight to slightly bent ventrally with a rounded to sub-acute terminus, 1.3–1.6 times anal body diameter long; the hyaline part of the tail always perceptible, ~ 1 / 5 to 1 / 3 anal body diameter long with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for the posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindle-shaped, 5.0–7.5 μm long. In addition to the adcloacal pair, situated at 7–8 µm from the cloacal aperture, there are 9–11 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, the first ventromedian supplement located outside the range of spicules, 44–48 μm from the adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.0–4.6 times as long as wide and 1.2–1.5 times as long as body diameter at the level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump, curvature of 124–130 °. Head occupying 16.6 % of total spicules length, its dorsal side longer than ventral side, both sides slightly curved. Median pieces 10.6–12.3 times as long as wide or occupying ~ 27.2–35 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 3.5–4.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, slightly curved ventrally, bifurcated with claw-like distal end, ~ 4.8–5.6 times as long as wide or ~ 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 2.6–4.4 and rectum 1.0–1.5 cloacal body diameter long. Tail dorsally convex, conoid, tapering gradually, its distal end slightly bent ventrally with rounded to sub-acute terminus, 1.0–1.3 times cloacal body diameter long, the hyaline part of the tail always perceptible, ~ 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 anal body diameter long with a pair of caudal pores on dorsal side.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The new species is named  Eudorylaimus saccatus because of the pre-rectal blind sac.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>In the presence pre-rectal blind sac, the new species is similar to  E. productus;  E. bombilectus Andrássy, 1962 and  E. blisterocaudatus sp. nov., but differs from the former in having comparatively broader and differently shaped lip region (15–17.5 vs 13–15 µm, lip region offset by constriction, lips more angular vs lip region almost continuous, lip comparatively less angular); longer and broader odontostyle (17.5–18.5 vs 14–15 µm, 5.8–6.1 vs 6.3–7.5 times as long as wide), comparatively longer odontophore and total stylet (24.5–27.5 vs 19.5–24.0; 43.5–45.5 vs 33.5–38.5 µm); long and slender expanded part of pharynx (148–189 vs 115–141 µm or 5.7–6.7 µm vs 3.7–5.0 times as long as wide), anteriorly located dorsal pharyngeal gland nuclei (DN = 60–63 vs 63–68); more posterior vulval position (V = 61–63 vs 52–54 %) and differently shaped tail (tail dorsally convex, conoid, straight to continuously curved ventrad vs tail conoid, first ventrally straight two-thirds then curved ventrad). The new species differs from  E. bombilectus in having a comparatively shorter body size (L = 1.1–1.4 vs 1.3–1.7 mm); longer odontostyle (17.5–18.5 vs 14 µm) and expanded part of pharynx (44–48 vs 38–40 % of the total pharyngeal length); more posteriorly vulval position (V = 61–63 vs 52–54 %) and differently shaped tail terminus (tail tip rounded to sub-acute vs tail tip acute, pointed). From  E. blisterocaudatus sp. nov. in having differently shaped lip region (lips separated, moderately angular vs lips well-separated, strongly angular) and amphid (funnel-shaped vs cup-shaped); comparatively longer pharynx and its expanded part (332–389 vs 300–339 µm, 148–189 vs 129–156 µm); longer spicules (44–48 vs 39–45 µm) and more ventromedian supplements (9–11 vs 6–8); differently shaped tail (tail conoid with rounded to subacute terminus vs tail conoid with sub-clavate to rounded terminus) and absence of blisters on the ventral side of the tail (vs blisters present).</p><p>Based on the body size and pattern of the tail the new species also resembles  E. opisthohystera Altherr, 1953;  E. subdigitalis Tjepkema et al. 1971 and  E. piecea Wu et al. 2018 but differs from the former in having comparatively shorter male body size (L = 1.1–1.4 vs 1.5 mm) and odontostyle (17.5–18.5 vs 18–20 µm); shorter tail length (35–47 vs 58–73 µm); presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs blind sac absent); comparatively smaller spicules (44–48 vs 55) and fewer ventromedian supplements (9–11 vs 12). The new species differs from  E. subdigitalis in having shorter pharyngeal expansion (44–48 vs 50 % of pharyngeal length) and presence of cardiac disc at the pharyngo-intestinal junction (vs absent); comparatively more posterior vulval position (V = 61–63 vs 56–60), longer prerectum (61–84 vs 60 µm), presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs blind sac absent) and presence of male (vs male not known). From  E. piecea in its comparatively slender body (a = 22–24 vs 15–21.6) and shorter odontostyle (17.5–18.5 vs 20–22 µm); longer pharyngeal expansion (157–189 vs 140–156) and cardia (23–36 vs 13–20 µm), presence of cardiac disc at the pharyngeal-intestinal junction (vs absent); comparatively more posterior vulva position (V = 61–63 vs 59–61), presence of pre-rectal blind sac (vs absent) and presence of male (vs absent).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C35C57A4B9F1522AAB4204050FE75405	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Liang, Siwei;Islam, Md Niraul;Du, Xiaofang;Li, Ying bin;Liang, Wenju;Ahmad, Wasim;Zhang, Xiaoke;Mahamood, Mohammad;Alhewairini, Saleh;Li, Qi	Liang, Siwei, Islam, Md Niraul, Du, Xiaofang, Li, Ying bin, Liang, Wenju, Ahmad, Wasim, Zhang, Xiaoke, Mahamood, Mohammad, Alhewairini, Saleh, Li, Qi (2025): Two new and two known species of the genus Eudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (Nematoda, Dorylaimoidea, Qudsianematidae) from Northeast China. ZooKeys 1238: 41-74, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1238.138550
