taxonID	type	description	language	source
D9FD2D4CC21A53D39EFC44A55031FA96.taxon	description	Figures 7, 8; Tables S 10, S 11	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D9FD2D4CC21A53D39EFC44A55031FA96.taxon	description	Description of newly collected male specimen (WII-ADA 1773; Fig. 8 B – H). Medium sized rhacophorid frog, SVL 41 mm; head slightly wider than long (HW / HL = 0.98); snout rounded in dorsal and semicircular in ventral view, vertical in lateral view; snout length smaller than eye length (SL / EL = 0.9); canthus rostralis indistinct, oblique; loreal concave; nostrils oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented; nostril closer to snout tip than eye; snout anteriorly depressed at internarial space; internarial space equal to inter-upper eyelid width and upper eyelid width; eyes protruding, moderate in size, less than half of head length (EL / HL = 0.42); tympanum distinct, round, nearly half of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.47); tongue posteriorly notched; choanae round; vomerine teeth present between choanae and angular to body axis; a pair of internal vocal sac openings on lower jaw; habitus stout, its length nearly half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.47). Forelimbs slender; forearm length smaller than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.71); third finger longest; fingers with rounded disc; disc on third and fourth finger nearly equal to tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present on disc; subarticular tubercles rounded and distinct; supernumerary tubercles present; palmar tubercles distinct, oval shaped; rudimentary webbing present between fingers; nuptial pad not visible. Hindlimbs comparatively stout; thigh length and tibia length equal, less than half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.43); foot length greater than thigh and tibia length (TL / FOL = 0.96); fourth toe longest; toes with rounded discs; toe discs width slightly smaller than that of fingers; circum-marginal groove present on discs; subarticular tubercles distinct and rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; inner metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing moderate, reaching first subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head smooth with numerous enlarged, distinct spinules including on upper eyelids; similar spinules on loreal region, below eyes, and on mandibular region; skin on dorsum smooth with numerous spinules, which decrease in number posteriorly; flank with flat granular tubercles; ventrum of head and chest smooth; abdomen granular; granules on thigh indistinct; flat tubercles below vent; forelimbs, tibia, and tarsus smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D9FD2D4CC21A53D39EFC44A55031FA96.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Nasutixalus jerdonii is widely reported from northeast India (Biju et al. 2016). It was previously reported from Darjeeling (Günther 1876); Mawphlang Sacred Grove, Wahlynkien (Marai Kaphon), Cherrapunji in Meghalaya; Zaraengtung, Raenghzaeng Village in Manipur; Sechüma village, Zubza, Meriema Village, Seukwehii, Tseminyu Village in Nagaland (Biju et al. 2016); Hmuifang Community Reserve Forest, Murlen National Park in Mizoram (Muansanga et al. 2022). Rahman et al. (2020) reported this species from Ziradum, Myanmar. Zug (2022) reported this species from northern Myanmar (Kachin). During our study, we recorded the species from Gandhigram and near Glaw Lake at Kamlang Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, and in Hmuifang, Mizoram. At Gandhigram, subadult individuals were recorded on leaves at a height of ~ 20 cm above ground near a small stream ~ 300 cm wide at around 20: 00 hrs. Adult individuals were recorded on leaves at a height of ~ 100 cm above ground at around 22: 00 hrs in September 2022. Calling males were observed active among tree ferns at three meters above ground in late May.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A8146DB7CEE15F44906811784E87F911.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the original description, the type locality was given as “ Kobo, at the base of Abor foothills ”. However, species of the genus Nasutixalus are known to occur above 1000 m elevation, while the elevation of Kobo (present day) is below 150 m a. s. l. (Bossuyt and Dubois 2001). It is possible that the specimens were collected from the hills immediately above Kobo in Adi Hills. Fresh material from the area or DNA from the type specimen will help to resolve the true identity of this species.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D074A3D36C6A597591D505A4786E0906.taxon	description	Figures 45, 46; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D074A3D36C6A597591D505A4786E0906.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small sized Raorchestes (Fig. 46), SVL 17.3 – 19.6 mm in adult males and SVL 18.9 – 21.6 mm in adult females; head length equal to head length; vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded to sub ovoid in dorsal view; snout slightly longer than eye length or equal to eye length (EL / SL = 0.82 – 1.03); snout length greater than or equal to inter-upper eyelid width (SL / IUE = 0.97 – 1.23); snout length greater than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.96 – 1.15); nostrils equidistant between eye and snout tip or closer to eye than snout tip; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; dorsal skin on head and dorsum smooth or shagreened; scattered tubercles towards dorsum and flank; dark brown band on inter-upper eyelid space; a pair of concave dark brown stripes on dorsum; brown mottling and white flecks on ventrum.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D074A3D36C6A597591D505A4786E0906.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Sarkar et al. (1992) reported this species from Kalimpong, Goomti, Mahanadi, Ghum Bhanjan in Northern West Bengal; Subba et al. (2017) reported it from Sikkim; Srestha (2001), Anders (2002), Khatiwada et al. (2021) and Shah and Tiwari (2004) reported it from Nepal. Calling aggregations were observed on shrubs after the dusk during April – July (Fig. 44 B).	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
3240A61F3D105F6EB49DFE52BB0D6BDD.taxon	description	Figure 41; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
3240A61F3D105F6EB49DFE52BB0D6BDD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A medium sized Raorchestes, SVL 19.6 – 26.3 mm in adult males and SVL 22.3 – 27.7 mm in adult females; vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded to subovate in dorsal view; nostril closer to snout tip than eye; inter-upper eyelid width less than eye length; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; numerous tubercles on head, dorsum and limb intermixed with spinules; prominent bluntly conical tubercles on upper eyelid; a broad dark brown “ X ” marking on dorsum extending to groin; broad dark brown crossbars on forelimb and hindlimb.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
3240A61F3D105F6EB49DFE52BB0D6BDD.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype well preserved except for an incision on underside of right thigh. Medium sized Raorchestes, adult male with vocal sac, 24.8 mm in SVL; head length nearly equal to width (HL / HW = 0.97); snout sub-oval in dorsal view, truncated in lateral view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw in ventral view; snout slightly depressed dorsally at internarial region; snout length less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.81); canthus rostralis distinct, obliqued; loreal region slightly concave; narial region protruding; nostril oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented; nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip; internarial distance less than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.85) and equal to upper eyelid width; eye moderate in size, less than half of head length (EL / HL = 0.45); tympanum distinct, rounded less than one fourth of eye length; supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae rounded; tongue posteriorly notched; trunk dorso-ventrally flattened, its length nearly half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.49). Forelimbs slender, forearm length nearly equal to hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.94); relative length of fingers = FI <FII <FIV <FIII; fingers with rounded disc; disc on fourth finger widest and wider than tympanic diameter (HTYD / FIVD = 0.63); circum-marginal groove present on discs; palmar tubercles indistinct; subarticular tubercles distinct and rounded, proximal subarticular tubercle on third and fourth fingers smaller than distal ones; enlarged finely granular nuptial pad present on first finger; webbing between fingers absent. Hindlimbs slender, thigh slightly longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.96) and more than half of the snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.54); relative length of toes = TI <TII <TIII <TV <TIV; each toe with rounded disc; disc as wide as finger disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; elongated metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing moderate, reaching second subarticular tubercle of fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and anterior part of head smooth with scattered tubercles; prominent tubercles on upper eyelid; posterior part of the head with dense spinules intermixed with blunt slightly large tubercles; scattered tubercles below loreal region and few prominent tubercles on mandibular region; numerous spinules on dorsum and flank; blunt tubercles scattered among spinules on flank; forelimbs smooth dorsally; hindlimbs smooth dorsally with scattered blunt tubercles; on ventral aspect of throat and chest smooth; abdomen and thigh granular; tibia smooth; tubercles on ventro-lateral aspect of tarsus and forearm.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
3240A61F3D105F6EB49DFE52BB0D6BDD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name of the State “ Arunachal Pradesh ” in India where this species is widely distributed across the State.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
3240A61F3D105F6EB49DFE52BB0D6BDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes arunachalensis sp. nov. is currently distributed throughout the State of Arunachal Pradesh from West Kameng District in the west, Lower Subansiri District, East Siang District, Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary and Namdapha Tiger Reserve in the east, within an elevation range of 380 – 1260 m a. s. l. (Figs 25 B, 33 H). The holotype and the paratype were recorded on shrub at a perch height of approximately two meters above ground in dense bushy thickets; calling individuals were observed on a hillside near a cultivated area in Rottung; in Sessa, we observed calling individuals along roadside vegetation while it was drizzling; calling males were found on shrubs at a height of about one metre above the ground in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary; in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, we found calling males on woody shrubs upto three meter height along hill slope and near streams. Other sympatric species recorded with this species are R. barakensis sp. nov., R. orientalis sp. nov., Amolops sp., Alcalus fontinalis Boruah et al., 2023, Gracixalus patkaiensis Boruah et al., 2023, Xenophrys ancrae (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) and Limnonectes sp. in Namdapha Tiger Reserve; Kurixalus naso (Annandale, 1912), Theloderma cf. baibungense, Amolops sp., Ingerana borealis (Annandale, 1912) in Abor hills.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A373B686842E50CBB75B51954909164B.taxon	description	Figure 28; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A373B686842E50CBB75B51954909164B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 16.7 – 21.0 mm in adult males; head length equal to or less than width (HL / HW = 0.89 – 1.01); snout length less than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.82 – 1.03); nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip or slightly closer to snout tip; internarial distance less than or equal to inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.74 – 1.0) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.7 – 0.91); inter-upper eyelid width smaller than eye length (IUE / EL = 0.72 – 0.96); vomerine teeth absent; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; blunt tubercles on head, upper eyelid, behind upper eyelid, forearm, thigh, tiba, and tarsus; spinules on dorsum intermixed with blunt tubercles; a brown “) - (“ marking on dorsum; brown crossbars on forearm, thigh and tibia; disc on inner two fingers yellow; bony projection on humerus on ventral aspect.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A373B686842E50CBB75B51954909164B.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype in good condition except for an incision on abdomen towards left side and another incision on ventral side of right thigh. Adult male with vocal sac, 20.4 mm in SVL; head length equal to width; snout rounded in dorsal view, truncated in lateral view and slightly protruding beyond lower jaw; canthus rostralis smooth, obliqued; loreal region concave; snout length equal to eye length; nostril oval, laterally positioned, obliquely oriented, slightly closer to snout tip than eye (NS / EN = 0.86); internarial distance slightly smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.88) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.86); internarial region slightly concave; area between nostril and snout tip slightly concave; tympanum distinct, round, its diameter less than one third of eye length; tongue posteriorly wide and deeply notched; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; pair of internal slit like openings present on lower jaw towards edges; symphysial knob present on lower jaw; habitus stout, half of the snout-vent length. Forelimbs slender, hand length slightly less than forearm length (HAL / FAL = 0.94), digit with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; disc on third finger largest and slightly wider than tympanic diameter (HTYD / FIIID = 0.73); webbing on hand absent; subarticular tubercles distinct, enlarged and round except proximal ones on third and fourth fingers which are indistinct and smaller; subarticular tubercle formula on fingers I – IV = 1: 1: 2: 2; palmar tubercles indistinct; bony projection on humerus directed ventrally (Fig. 25) Hindlimbs slender; thigh length half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.51); tibia length nearly equal to thigh length (TBL / TL = 0.97) and longer than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.78); foot length greater than tarsus length (TarL / FOL = 0.70); fourth toe longest, relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV; toe with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc, disc on fourth toe as wide as that of third finger; small inner metatarsal tubercle present and outer one absent; subarticular tubercles enlarged and round except proximal subarticular tubercles of toes III – V which are indistinct and smaller, proximal one on fourth toe barely visible; SAT on toe I – V = 1: 1: 2: 3: 2; webbing among toes small, reaching proximal to second subarticular tubercle of fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout, head and upper eyelid shagreen; few indistinct, flat and rounded tubercles on upper eyelid; loreal region shagreen and ventral to eye smooth; supratympanic fold distinct; two rounded tubercles on mandibular region on each side behind angle of jaw; skin on dorsum shagreen with numerus spinules and intermixed with scattered small blunt tubercles, spinules dense on middle of dorsum and towards the dorsolateral aspect, scattered on anterior part of dorsum and absent towards the posterior part; few small blunt tubercles scattered behind upper eyelid and above supratympanic fold; flank ventro-laterally granular, but indistinct; limbs dorsally smooth with scattered small blunt tubercles on forearm and tibia; area of forelimb insertion granular; on ventral aspect, head smooth; skin on gular region loose; chest smooth; underside of lower arm granular; indistinct, flat and enlarged tubercles along ventral aspect of forearm and continuing to palm proximal to fourth finger; few indistinct flat tubercles on palm; finely granular nuptial pad on first finger; abdomen granular; thigh granular towards base; tibia and tarsus smooth; few flat indistinct tubercles scattered along ventro-lateral aspect of tarsus and base of foot proximal to fifth toe; numerous granular tubercles on ventral aspect of foot.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A373B686842E50CBB75B51954909164B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name of the river “ Barak ” in Assam. The type locality of this species lies in Barak valley.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
A373B686842E50CBB75B51954909164B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. The new species is widely distributed in the hills ranging south of Brahmaputra valley within an elevation range 50 – 1500 m a. s. l. (Fig. 25 A). Currently this species is recorded from in and around Barail Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam; Aramsangram in the state of Nagaland; Hmuifang and Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram; Lamdan in Manipur to Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh. We found individuals of this species calling from shrubs, and bamboo thickets at lower perch heights of approximately one metre above ground.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
0415707FE17454A1B9AD0BD7CBFF3A6B.taxon	description	Figure 27; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
0415707FE17454A1B9AD0BD7CBFF3A6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, adult male, SVL 17.5 – 19.1 mm; female unknown; head length equal to width; vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded in dorsal view; snout length less than or equal to eye length; snout length greater than inter-upper eyelid width; nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip; bluntly conical tubercles on dorsal aspect of head, upper eyelid, behind eyelid, dorsolateral aspect of trunk, on dorsal aspect of tibia, and tarsus; spinules on dorsum; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; pair of concave dark brown stripes on dorsum; crossbars on forearm, thigh, and tibia; lower arm orange yellowish; supratympanic fold pale yellowish; finger disc yellow; irregular sized white patches on axilla, groin and abdomen.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
0415707FE17454A1B9AD0BD7CBFF3A6B.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype is in good condition except for an incision under right thigh; adult male with vocal sacs, SVL 17.9 mm, overall specimen in good condition, a small portion of muscle from ventral side of right thigh was sampled. Body slender, dorsoventrally flattened, head oval in shape, dorsoventrally flattened, length equal to width; snout rounded in dorsal view, acute in lateral view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue posteriorly broad and slightly notched medially at posterior end; pair of slit like openings on lower jaw; snout length slightly less than eye length; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded and vertical; loreal region concave; inter-upper eyelid space flat; narial region slightly raised; internarial distance slightly less than inter-upper eyelid width (INS / IUE = 0.87) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / INS = 0.75); nostril oval, laterally positioned, obliquely oriented, equally positioned between eye and snout tip; eye moderate in size (EL / HL = 0.45), protruding in life condition; tympanum barely visible, (HTYD / EL = 0.3); supratympanic fold distinct; trunk slender, dorsoventrally flattened, less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.45). Forelimbs slender; forearm slightly longer than hand length; digits with rounded disc, disc on third and fourth finger slightly wider than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove on disc present; palmar tubercles barely visible; indistinct flat granules present on palm; subarticular tubercles large distinct and round, proximal ones on finger III and IV smaller than distal subarticular tubercles; subarticular tubercles on finger I – IV = 1: 1: 2: 2; enlarged nuptial pad on first finger; relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; webbing among fingers absent. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length nearly equal to tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.97) and half of the snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.49); tibia longer than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.89); toes with rounded disc; relative length of toes = I <II <V <III <IV; circum-marginal groove present on toe disc; disc on fourth toe as wide as disc on finger III and IV; elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absent; subarticular tubercles visible, round (1: 1: 2: 3: 2); webbing slight, not reaching second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Dorsal skin on head nearly smooth, upper eyelid granular with indistinct blunt tubercles; few tubercles on mandibular region posterior to angle of jaw; tubercles above supratympanic fold and above axilla running dorso-laterally to middle of the trunk; flank granular, becoming distinct ventro-laterally; tubercles and spinules on head and dorsum in preserved condition not distinct as in life; tubercles on forelimb and hindlimb not visible in preserved condition unlike in life; gular skin loose; skin on chest, abdomen, and on ventral aspect of thigh granular, but granules not as distinct on abdomen; ventral side of forelimbs with barely visible flat granules to palm; tibia and tarsus smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
0415707FE17454A1B9AD0BD7CBFF3A6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after George Albert Boulenger for his contribution to Indian herpetology, particularly bush frogs.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
0415707FE17454A1B9AD0BD7CBFF3A6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes boulengeri sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality (Fig. 25 A). Calling individuals of this species were recorded on shrubs and bamboo thickets in a small isolated forest patch. The forest patch was surrounded by grasslands. A small stream was present approximately 300 m west of the forest. Other sympatric anuran species recorded in the area were Amolops sp. and Minervarya sp.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
36B523572C3C5874B7AB0CC3C56AC8B6.taxon	description	Description of lectotype. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 16 mm (Fig. 14 E, F); lower jaw broken anteriorly; both the forelimbs broken at elbow; left hind limb broken at groin and tibiotarsal articulation; right hindlimb broken at knee and toes completely damaged; longitudinal incision on belly. Snout rounded in dorsal and ventral aspect; canthus rostralis indistinct; vomerine ridge or teeth absent; tympanum indistinct; supratympanic fold distinct; finger disc rounded, circummarginal groove present; thigh length slight greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.98); toe disc rounded, with circummarginal groove; skin on dorsal aspect of head, dorsum and limbs smooth; a few indistinct tubercles on upper eyelids and posterior part of head behind upper eyelids; on ventral aspect, gular region and chest smooth; belly and thigh granular; tibia smooth on ventral aspect.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
74724658FC445BD9B1BD8A71A10C8F84.taxon	description	Figure 35; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
74724658FC445BD9B1BD8A71A10C8F84.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small sized Raorchestes, SVL 19.6 – 21.8 mm in adult males, female unknown; head length equal to width; snout rounded, its length equal to or less than eye length; tympanum indistinct; small blunt tubercles on upper eyelid; spinules on middle of dorsum, above supratympanic fold, flank and sparsely present on limb; two indistinct crossbars on thigh and tibia; dorsum pale brown with a pair of faint concave stripes, posterior ends of these stripes distinct near groin; white bar present on inter-upper eyelid space in some individuals; small white spots visible on abdomen in life.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
74724658FC445BD9B1BD8A71A10C8F84.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype well preserved except for an incision on underside of right thigh; small sized. Adult male with vocal sac, SVL 21.8 mm; head length equal to width; snout rounded in dorsal view and nearly truncated in lateral view, its length (2.9 mm) equal to eye length (2.9 mm); nostril obliquely oval in shape, laterally positioned and oblique, closer to snout tip than eye (NS / EN = 0.69); narial region raised; canthus rostralis smooth, obliqued; loreal region concave; internarial distance equal to inter-upper eyelid width and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.68); tympanum indistinct, round, less than one third of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.28); supratympanic fold distinct; tongue posteriorly wide and deeply notched; small flat tubercles on tongue; choanae oval; vomerine teeth absent; a pair of slit like openings on lower jaw near angle of jaw; symphysial knob present on lower jaw. Habitus slender, dorso-ventrally flattened, less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.44); forelimb slender; hand length greater than forearm length (FAL / HAL = 0.86); digit with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; disc on third finger wider than tympanic diameter (HTYD / TIIID = 0.73); palmar tubercles barely visible; subarticular tubercles rounded, proximal ones on third and fourth finger smaller than distal ones and indistinct; no webbing among the fingers; finely granular nuptial pad on first finger; hindlimb slender; thigh longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.94) and nearly half snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.48); fourth toe longest; toe with rounded disc, disc width equal to those of fingers; relative length of toes = I <II <III = V <IV; no dermal fringe along fifth toe; webbing slight, not reaching the second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe; small inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absent; subarticular tubercles round, proximal subarticular tubercles on toe III – V barely visible; no supernumerary tubercles. Skin on dorsal aspect of head smooth; snout on dorsal aspect and upper eyelids shagreen; indistinct tubercles on upper eyelid; at least two blunt tubercles on mandibular region, behind angle of jaw; spinules on dorsolateral aspect of trunk and middle of dorsum, starting above posterior part of supratympanic fold, few scattered on anterior and posterior part of dorsum; flank, forelimb and hindlimb smooth on dorsal aspect; throat and chest smooth; gular skin loose; abdomen granular; thigh granular but not as distinct as on abdomen; tibia smooth on ventral aspect.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
74724658FC445BD9B1BD8A71A10C8F84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name of the river “ Dibang ” in Arunachal Pradesh. The type locality of this species lies in the Dibang valley.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
74724658FC445BD9B1BD8A71A10C8F84.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Currently this species is known from the type locality (Fig. 19 B). On 7 August 2022, two calling individuals were recorded from a degraded forest patch, along the bank of Simari River, on the opposite side of Abango Village (Fig. 33 B). The individuals were calling from a leaf approximately one metre above ground around 18: 00 hrs. The habitat at the recorded site was degraded vegetation with climbers and large trees. The type locality is approximately one kilometre southwest of Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4BBF2F8A6B825B498160D97E8F7C832A.taxon	description	Figure 39; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4BBF2F8A6B825B498160D97E8F7C832A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 18.8 – 23.6 mm in adult males and SVL 21.9 – 22.8 mm in adult females; head length equal to width or slightly less than width in males (HL / HW = 0.93 – 1.01) and head longer than wide in females (HL / HW = 1.07); vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded to sub-oval, its length slightly less than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.85 – 1.0); nuptial pad present on first finger; blunt tubercles on top of head, upper eyelid, dorsum and dorsal surface of limb; pair of olive brown, concave stripes on dorsum; a broad brown crossbar on forearm; three crossbars on thigh and tibia.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4BBF2F8A6B825B498160D97E8F7C832A.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype is well preserved except for an incision on underside of right thigh. Snout-vent length 22.1 mm; head slightly wider than long; depression on dorsal aspect of snout between internasal region and snout tip; snout rounded in dorsal view and nearly acute in lateral view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw, blunt tubercular projection on snout tip; its length less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.9); canthus rostralis rounded, obliqued; loreal region concave; nostril oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented; nostrils equally positioned between eye and snout tip; eye moderate in size, length less than half of head length (EL / HL = 0.41); tympanum round, distinct, nearly one third of the eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.29); supratympanic fold distinct; internasal distance less than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.85) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.7); choanae oval; vomerine teeth absent; tongue posteriorly notched and posterior lobe on right side shorter than lobe on left side; pair of slit like openings present on lower jaw; trunk dorso-ventrally flattened, slender, half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.51). Forelimbs slender, forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.72); relative length fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove on disc present; disc of the fingers II – IV wider than tympanic diameter; webbing absent; subarticular tubercles rounded and enlarged except the proximal subarticular tubercle on third and fourth finger which smaller and indistinct; subarticular tubercles on fingers I: II: III: IV = 1: 1: 2: 2; palmar tubercles not visible; finger without lateral dermal fringe; fine granular nuptial pad present on base of first finger covering inner lateral and dorsal surface, supernumerary tubercles absent. Hindlimbs slender, thigh length half of the snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.5); relative length toes = I <II <III <V <IV; tibia length equal to thigh length and longer than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.84); toe with rounded disc; disc width equal to those of fingers; circum-marginal groove present; subarticular tubercles rounded, proximal subarticular tubercles on toe III – V smaller and indistinct; indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; supernumerary tubercles absent; no dermal fringe along toe V; webbing slight, reaching below second subarticular tubercle of fourth toe. Smooth skin on dorsal aspect of snout, upper eyelids and head; three tubercles in a longitudinal straight line on middle of head; indistinct tubercles on upper eyelid; few prominent tubercles on mandibular region behind angle of jaw; tubercles scattered dorsal to supratympanic folds, on dorsum and spreading to flank; tubercles absent on posterior part of dorsum; forelimb and hindlimb smooth dorsally; tubercles on limb not visible as in life condition; throat, chest, ventral aspect of forelimb and tibia smooth; abdomen granular, indistinct; granules on thigh barely visible.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4BBF2F8A6B825B498160D97E8F7C832A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name of the “ Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary ” in the State of Arunachal Pradesh where the type specimens were collected.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4BBF2F8A6B825B498160D97E8F7C832A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes eaglenestensis sp. nov. is currently known only from the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent areas such as Glow Bari within an elevation range of 1950 – 2200 m a. s. l. (Figs 25 B, 33 F) We recorded the individuals on hill slopes along forest trails; in the months of June and July. Calling males were observed on ferns, bamboo and shrubs at a height of 0.5 – 2 m above ground. Other amphibian species recorded at this locality include Nasutixalus sp., Xenophrys sp. Amolops wangyali Mahony et al., 2022, Amolops sp., Rhacophorus burmanus (Andersson, 1939), Leptobrachium bompu, Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther, 1864), Nanorana liebigii (Günther, 1860) and Nanorana sp. Athreya (2006) reported several morphs of unidentified Raorchestes sp. (as Philautus sp.) from Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary and suggested that it had at least four different calls. Athreya (2006) did not provide details of the locations and acoustic parameters for comparison. However, some of the photographs of Philautus sp. provided in Athreya (2006) falls within the morphological variation of R. eaglenestensis sp. nov.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
178302DD011258F087C2B01D2304C7EC.taxon	description	Figures 15, 16, 17; Tables 1, 2, S 6, S 7, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
178302DD011258F087C2B01D2304C7EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small to medium sized Raorchestes, SVL 19.9 – 26.9 mm in adult males; head length equal to its width or slightly wider than long (HL / HW = 0.9 – 1.01); snout shape rounded to sub-ovoid in dorsal view, snout length slightly less than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.81 – 1.03); snout length greater than or equal to inter-upper eyelid width (0.96 – 1.28); nostrils closer to snout tip than eye or equidistant between the two; internarial distance smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.71 – 0.94) and greater or equal to upper eyelid width (UE / IN = 0.73 – 1.0), inter-upper eyelid width smaller than eye length (0.74 – 0.94); spinules or tubercles on dorsum; brown patches on groin and thigh; three dark bands on thigh and tibia.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
178302DD011258F087C2B01D2304C7EC.taxon	description	Expanded description based on the newly collected topotype (WII-ADA 1495: Fig. 16 A – H). A medium sized Raorchestes, SVL 25.3 mm; head wider than long (HL / HW = 0.93); snout rounded in dorsal view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw in ventral view; snout length slightly smaller than eye length (SL / EL = 0.92) and equal to inter-upper eyelid width; a slight depression on internarial space; nostrils oval, obliqued, closer to snout tip than eyes (NS / EN = 0.88); narial region protruding; canthus rostralis distinct, obliqued; loreal region concave; eyes protruding, moderate in size (EL / HL = 0.38), greater than inter-upper eyelid width (IUE / EL = 0.89); internarial distance equals to upper eyelid width; tympanum round, distinct, nearly one fourth of eye length; supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; trunk less than half snout-vent length (TRL / SVL = 0.48). Forelimbs slender; forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.86); third finger longest; fingers with rounded discs; circum-marginal groove present on discs; disc on finger II, III and IV greater than tympanic diameter; palmar tubercles indistinct; subarticular tubercles distinct, round; proximal subarticular tubercle on finger III and IV smaller than distal subarticular tubercles; fine granular nuptial pad on first finger; webbing absent. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.52) and slightly greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.98); fourth toe longest; circum-marginal groove present on toe discs; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; proximal subarticular tubercle on fourth toe indistinct and small; supernumerary tubercles absent; toe disc width equal to that of fingers; inner metatarsal tubercle present, its length equal to disc width of second toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing small, reaching second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head smooth with indistinct tubercles on upper eyelids; side of head smooth, with few tubercles behind angle of jaw; spinules starting behind upper eyelids and above supratympanic folds runs along dorsolateral side of trunk and scatter on middle of trunk, posterior part of dorsum smooth; flank granular; forelimbs and hindlimbs smooth dorsally; head on ventral side smooth; chest, lower arms, abdomen and thighs granular; tibia smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
178302DD011258F087C2B01D2304C7EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. This species is distributed in northeast India from western part of Meghalaya to the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh in the Namdapha Tiger Reserve. This species is also distributed in the Barail Hills of Assam and Nagaland, in Manipur, and in Mizoram. It is mostly associated with lowland evergreen forests (Fig. 19 A). This species was so far known from 50 – 1480 m a. s. l. across hills on the southern slopes of Brahmaputra Valley, India. Al-Razi et al. (2020 a) reported this species as R. longchuanensis from Satchari National Park in Bangladesh. Wu et al. (2019) reported this species as R. cangyuanensis from Cangyuan, China. Lalronunga et al. (2021) reported from Mizoram as R. cangyuanensis. Choudhury et al. (2001) reported this species from Garbhanga Reserve Forest and Kulsi Reserve Forest in Assam, and Ao et al. (2003) reported it from Dzulake, Nagaland which needs further examination to confirm the records. Calling males were recorded during April – June from perches 1 – 2 metres above the ground and from roadside forest areas dominated by bamboo thickets (Fig. 20 A, B). We also recorded the species calling from the leaves of a small tree about five metres above the ground and from a bamboo thicket at a height of six metres above the ground in Charoikhullen, Manipur. We observed a single female individual of this species on roadside vegetation in Teirei, Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram in September 2021.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C1520610D5BA5EACB97294565D1279D0.taxon	description	Figures 21, 22; Tables 1, 2, S 6, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C1520610D5BA5EACB97294565D1279D0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Medium sized Raorchestes, SVL 17.8 – 22.9 mm in adult males and SVL 23.0 – 23.3 mm in adult females; head width equal to or greater than length (HL / HW = 0.91 – 1.01); snout rounded to sub-oval in dorsal view; snout longer than inter-upper eyelid width; canthus rostralis indistinct; numerous tubercles on dorsal surface of head, dorsum, and limbs; numerous spinules on dorsum; pale brown dorsally; pair faint concave brown stripes (“) (”) on dorsum; faint crossbars on limbs; short brown streak present on groin.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C1520610D5BA5EACB97294565D1279D0.taxon	description	Expanded description of the newly collected topotype (WII-ADA 1497: Fig. 22 A – H). Specimen well preserved except for an incision on the ventral aspect of the right thigh. Snout-vent length 22 mm; head as long as wide; snout sub oval in dorsal view, nearly vertical in lateral view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw in ventral aspect; snout length slightly smaller than eye length (SL / EL = 0.94); snout depressed dorsally at internarial region; narial region pronounced; nostrils oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented; nostril closer to snout tip than eye; internarial distance slightly smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.86) and greater than upper eyelid width (UE / IN = 0.90); canthus rostralis indistinct, oblique; loreal region concave; eye protruding, moderate in size, less than half of eye length (EL / HL = 0.41); interorbital space flat; tympanum barely visible, round, upper part concealed by supratympanic fold; supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent, choanae round; tongue posteriorly notched; pair of internal vocal sac opening on lower jaw towards angle of jaw; habitus dorso-ventrally flattened, length less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.46). Forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.95); relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; each finger with rounded discs; circum-marginal groove present on finger discs; discs on third and fourth finger wider than tympanic diameter; palmar tubercles present; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded; proximal subarticular tubercles on third and fourth fingers smaller than distal ones; fine granular nuptial pad on first finger; no webbing on fingers. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length slightly longer than half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.52); tibia length nearly equal to thigh length (TBL / TL = 0.98); relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV; rounded disc on toes; discs slightly smaller than that of fingers; circum-marginal groove present; subarticular tubercles rounded; proximal subarticular tubercle on fourth and fifth toes indistinct compared to that of toe III, IV and V; a distinct inner metatarsal tubercle present, its length smaller than fourth and fifth toe disc widths; outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head shagreen with irregular sized tubercles; upper eyelids shagreen with indistinct tubercles; prominent tubercles on mandibular region behind the angle of jaw; indistinct tubercles on lateral side of head below loreal region; numerous spinules on dorsum, denser towards dorsolateral side, posteriorly density of spinules decrease and skin nearly smooth in preserved condition; prominent bluntly conical tubercles visible above supratympanic folds in life; indistinct blunt tubercles scattered on middle of dorsum; on dorsal aspect of forelimbs smooth but tubercles visible in life; thighs smooth on top indistinct tubercles on top of the tibia (distinct in life); tubercles on tarsus indistinct; scattered spinules on dorsal part of flank, ventral part of flank smooth; on ventrum, chin smooth; gular skin granular; chest smooth; abdomen coarsely granular; granules on ventral aspect of thighs barely visible unlike in life; tibia and tarsus smooth on ventral aspect; flat granular tubercles sparsely present on ventral aspect of the foot.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C1520610D5BA5EACB97294565D1279D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. From our current sampling it appears that R. kempiae has a patchy distribution encompassing Tura peak, Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in Garo Hills and Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary of Meghalaya State and Athibung in Nagaland State within an elevation range of 230 – 1140 m a. s. l. (Fig. 19 B). Mathew and Sen (2009) reported this species from Sohra, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Naveen et al. (2024) reported this species from Nongkhyllem as “ R. asakgrensis ”. However, we recover the population from Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary as R. kempiae sensu stricto (see remark below). We recorded R. kempiae on shrubs at a perch height of approximately one metre, inside semi-evergreen forest as well as near settlements (Fig. 20 A, B). We observed calling individuals of R. kempiae and R. garo in the same habitat type at Tura peak and Daribokgre.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
F5B90FA168695EF5B61432A7E6433781.taxon	description	Figure 38; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
F5B90FA168695EF5B61432A7E6433781.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 16.9 – 22.0 mm in adult males; head width equal to or slightly wider than length (HL / HW = 0.94 – 1.0); snout rounded, its length equal to or slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.93 – 1.0); snout length less than or equal to inter-upper eyelid width (0.94 – 1.04); nostril equidistant to snout tip and eye; inter-upper eyelid width equal to eye length; internarial distance greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.75 – 0.91); dorsal colour pale yellowish brown with golden tinge; slightly darker brown and white patches on groin and inner lateral aspect of thigh; single broad, brown crossbar on thigh and tibia.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
F5B90FA168695EF5B61432A7E6433781.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male with vocal sac, SVL 22 mm; head length equals to width; snout rounded in both dorsal and lateral views, its length slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.94) and inter-upper eyelid width (SL / IUE = 0.94); snout sharply sloped anteriorly from internarial region; loreal region slightly concave; canthus rostralis rounded and oblique; interorbital space flat; nostrils oval and obliquely oriented, equidistant between snout tip and eye; eye moderate in size, protruding (EL / HL = 3.4); pineal ocellus absent; tympanum indistinct, rounded; supratympanic fold distinct; internarial distance smaller than inter upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.71) and equal to upper eyelid width; tongue posteriorly broad and bilobed; vomerine teeth absent; choanae rounded; pair of slit like openings on lower jaw; symphysial knob on lower jaw; maxillary teeth present; translucent external subgular vocal sac present. Habitus slender (AG / SVL = 0.5), dorsoventrally flattened; forelimbs slender, forearm length nearly equal to hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.97); third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; all digits with rounded discs; largest disc on third and fourth finger, disc width of the finger IV greater than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present on each disc present; palmar tubercles barely visible on left hand; subarticular tubercles large and round, proximal ones on third and fourth finger small and indistinct; subarticular tubercles on finger = 1: 1: 2: 2; on flat granules present on palm, a large fine granular nuptial pad on first fingers. Hindlimbs slender; thigh slightly longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.93) and half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.5); tibia longer than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.86); relative length of toes = I <II <V <III <IV; toe with rounded disc, as wide as on fingers; circum-marginal groove present on each toe; inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absent; subarticular tubercles distinct, round, proximal subarticular tubercles on outer three toes smaller; subarticular tubercles on toes = 1: 1: 2: 3: 2; webbing slight, not reaching the second subarticular tubercle of fourth finger. Skin on dorsal aspect of head smooth to shagreen on dorsum; few small tubercles scattered on upper eyelid; few tubercles above supratympanic fold; tubercles dorsolateral aspect of dorsum and on tibia sparsely present; tubercles posterior to angle jaw barely visible; forelimb smooth; gular region, chest granular but not as distinct on abdomen; abdomen granular; flank towards ventrolateral aspect granular; ventral aspect of thigh granular but of tibia smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
F5B90FA168695EF5B61432A7E6433781.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name of the village “ Khonoma ” in Nagaland State where the type series was collected.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
F5B90FA168695EF5B61432A7E6433781.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes khonoma sp. nov. is currently known from its type locality Khonoma and Dzuleke village in the Kohima District of Nagaland from an elevation of 2000 – 2040 m a. s. l. (Fig. 19 B). This species has also been recorded from low elevation areas at Khonoma Nature Conservation and Tragopan Sanctuary (KNCTS). Individuals of the species were most commonly found along the subtropical forest margins and hilly terrace croplands (Fig. 33 E). Gravid females were photographed in June and calling males were recorded from May to September. We observed males calling on shrubs at a perch height of approximatelyone meter above ground level. Many individuals were observed calling from Eupatorium thickets. The area at the type locality was mostly covered by jhum and terrace cultivation.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
CA5FBCB2F3FB5A0D912A759CCDE21C72.taxon	description	Figure 32; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
CA5FBCB2F3FB5A0D912A759CCDE21C72.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small sized Raorchestes, SVL = 18.1 – 19.7 mm in males, female unknown; snout rounded, slightly less than eye length; nostril closer to snout tip than eye; head slightly wider than long or equal proportions; inter-upper eyelid width less than eye length; vomerine teeth absent; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; dorsal aspect pale yellowish brown; “) (“ shaped broad dark brown marking on dorsum, posterior ends of this marking bordered by irregular white spots; an oblique dark brown stripe bordered with white spots on flank; dark crossbars bordered with white spots on forelimb and on hindlimb; irregular small white spots on dorsal aspect of head; dorsum and limb; tympanic region dark brown; a dark brown streak ventral to eye bordered with white streak; groin, axilla, hind arm, lateral side of thigh, finger and toe discs yellow; irregular white flecks on chest and abdomen; forelimb and hindlimb dark brown; gular region yellowish brown.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
CA5FBCB2F3FB5A0D912A759CCDE21C72.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male, SVL 18.1 mm; head wider than long (HL / HW = 0.95); snout rounded with a blunt tubercular projection at tip, truncated in lateral view, snout length less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.83); nostril oval, equidistant between eyes and snout tip; inter-upper eyelid width greater than inter narial distance (IN / IUE = 0.76); internarial distance equal to upper eyelid width; eye length nearly half of head length (EL / HL = 0.46); canthal ridge distinct, oblique; loreal slightly concave; tympanum rounded, distinct; tympanic diameter one fifth of eye length; supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue notched medially at posterior end and with sparsely distributed flat granules. Forelimbs slender, forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.86); third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger with rounded disc, disc with circum-marginal groove; disc on second, third and fourth finger wider than horizontal tympanic diameter; subarticular tubercles round and distinct except proximal ones on third and fourth fingers; palmar tubercles indistinct; nuptial pad present on first finger. Hindlimbs slender, thigh length longer than shank length (TBL / TL = 0.92) and foot length (FOL / TL = 0.85); shank longer than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.92); fourth finger longest toes, relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV; toe with rounded disc, disc with circum-marginal groove, disc width of fourth toe slightly less than that of third toe; subarticular tubercles round and distinct except proximal ones on fourth and fifth toes; inner metatarsal tubercle present, longer than horizontal tympanic diameter, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin on dorsal aspect of head smooth with scattered spinules; distinct spinules on upper eyelid; few granular tubercles behind angle of jaw; numerous spinules on dorsum, above supratympanic fold and flank; limb smooth dorsally; throat, chest, abdomen and ventral aspect of thigh granular; tibia and tarsus smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
CA5FBCB2F3FB5A0D912A759CCDE21C72.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name “ Lawngtlai ” District in Mizoram State where the type locality of this species lies.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
CA5FBCB2F3FB5A0D912A759CCDE21C72.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes lawngtlaiensis sp. nov. is currently known from its type locality in Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Lawngtlai, Mizoram (Fig. 19 A). The holotype was found calling on a leaf approximately at one metre height above ground along a forest trail at around 23: 00 hrs. The paratype was recorded while it was calling from a bamboo branch approximately 1.5 m above ground at around 20: 15 hrs at the edge of a small stream of approximately two meters in width (Fig. 33 A).	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
EC5485FC36065838A752219687DCB922.taxon	description	Figure 42; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
EC5485FC36065838A752219687DCB922.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Medium sized Raorchestes, SVL 22.5 – 27.4 mm in adult males and SVL 25.5 – 28.4 mm in adult females; Vomerine teeth absent; head length slightly less than or equal to width (HL / HW = 0.96 – 1.03); snout length slightly smaller than eye length (SL / EL = 0.86 – 0.97); snout length greater than inter-upper eyelid width (IUE / SL = 1.03 – 1.24); nostrils closer to snout tip; internarial distance smaller than inter upper-eyelid width; eye length greater than inter-upper eyelid width (0.77 – 0.91); numerous spinules on back; bluntly conical tubercles on upper eyelids and limbs; a pair of broad dark concave stripes on back; broad dark crossbars on limbs; dorsally greyish-brown in life; a distinct or faint white bar on interorbital space; three broad crossbars on thigh and tibia.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
EC5485FC36065838A752219687DCB922.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype is in good preserved condition except for an incision under right thigh. Adult male with vocal sacs, 24.3 mm in SVL; head moderate in size (HL / SVL = 0.39), slightly wider than long (HL / HW = 0.98); snout rounded in dorsal view, slightly protruding beyond lower jaw; slight depression on internarial region; outline between snout tip and nostrils concave; narial region slightly protruding; canthus rostralis distinct and rounded, vertical; loreal concave; nostril oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented, closer to snout tip than eye (NS / EN = 0.76); internasal distance equal to upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 1.0) and smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.87); eyes moderate in size (EL / HL = 0.4), ele length greater than snout length (SL / EL = 0.89), protruding in life; tympanum distinct, rounded and one third of the eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.3); supratympanic fold distinct; choanae rounded; no vomerine teeth; tongue posteriorly wide and notched; pair of slit like openings present on lower jaw; trunk slender, half of snout-vent length (TRL / SVL = 0.49). Forelimbs slender; forearm length less than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.78); palmar tubercles barely visible; relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger with rounded disc; disc on third and fourth finger wider than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present each on disc; subarticular tubercles enlarged, rounded except the proximal ones on third and fourth fingers, which are smaller and indistinct; fine granular nuptial pad present on base of first fingers; rudimentary web present between third and fourth fingers. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length slightly greater than half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.53) and slightly greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.96); tibia length greater than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.83); relative length of toes = I <II <III <IV <V; toe with rounded disc; disc width equal to those of fingers; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; subarticular tubercles enlarged and rounded, proximal subarticular tubercles on fourth and fifth toes smaller than distal ones; inner metatarsal tubercle present and outer one absent; supernumerary tubercles absent; webbing moderate, reaching distal to second subarticular tubercle on fourth finger. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout, inter-upper eyelid space and upper eyelid shagreened; three tubercular projections on top of the head in a straight line, one anterior to inter-upper eyelid space, one on inter-upper eyelid space and one posterior to it; tubercles on upper eyelid barely visible; enlarged tubercles posterior to angle of jaw, one is prominent; indistinct tubercles above supratympanic fold; dense spinules on middle of dorsum and towards dorsolateral aspect, few spinules scattered on anterior part of dorsum, posterior part of dorsum smooth; flank granular, ventro-laterally distinct; forelimbs smooth on dorsal aspect; thighs smooth on dorsal aspect; tibia with few indistinct scattered tubercles; blunt tubercular projections along ventro-lateral side of tarsus; two tubercles below vent, one on each side; on ventrum, throat, chest and abdomen granular; lower arms granular; thighs granular towards its base; tibia smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
EC5485FC36065838A752219687DCB922.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word “ Magna ” meaning large, as this species is the largest (maximum SVL 28.4 mm) of all Raorchestes species found in northeast India.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
EC5485FC36065838A752219687DCB922.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Currently Raorchestes magnus sp. nov. has been recorded from Mouling National Park, Kamlang Tiger Reserve and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh (Fig. 25 B). Individuals of this species were observed on leaves up to one metre above ground on roadsides near Punli in Dibang valley in August 2022. Calling individuals were observed on leaves about three metres above ground in Tiwarigaon during the same month. Juveniles were along forest trails streams in October 2021; individuals were recorded on leaves near Glaw Lake and in Kalai camp, Kamlang Tiger Reserve in September 2022 and July 2023. Other amphibian species recorded in the same habitat as R. magnus sp. nov. are Xenophrys ancrae, Nasutixalus sp. Amolops cf. adicola, Amolops beibengensis Jiang et al., 2020, Rhacophorus tuberculatus (Anderson, 1871), Zhangixalus smaragdinus (Blyth, 1852), Theloderma moloch (Annandale, 1912) in Dibang Valley and Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912), Ingerana borealis, Xenophrys sp. in Mouling National Park.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5B10970B955C560AA043249A7CE04F5D.taxon	description	Figure 26; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5B10970B955C560AA043249A7CE04F5D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 16 – 18.7 mm in adult male, SVL in adult female at least 20.0 mm; head length equal to slightly less than width (HL / HW = 0.92 – 1.0); vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded on dorsal view; snout length equal to or slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.87 – 1.0); nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip; dense spinules on dorsal aspect of head, dorsum and limb, intermixed with scattered bluntly conical tubercles; dorsally pale brown to dark brown; dark brown “) - (“ mark on dorsum; indistinct or distinct dark brown crossbars on forelimb and hindlimb; yellow bar on inter-upper eyelid space may be present; tips of bluntly conical tubercles white; irregular sized white flecks on flank, lateral aspect of head, and on abdomen; supratympanic fold and lower arm pale yellow.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5B10970B955C560AA043249A7CE04F5D.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype in good condition except for an incision on ventral side of right thigh; SVL 17.8 mm, dorsoventrally flattened; head slightly wider than long (HL / HW = 0.92); snout rounded in dorsal view and nearly truncated in lateral view, slightly protruding in ventral view; snout length slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.88); canthus rostralis distinct, rounded and nearly vertical; loreal region concave; tympanum indistinct, rounded, less than one third of eye length (HTYD / ED = 0.28); supratympanic fold distinct; internarial distance smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (INS / IUE = 0.9) and slightly greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IUE = 0.89); nostril oval, obliquely oriented, equidistant between eye and snout tip, narial region slightly protruding, internarial space slightly concave on dorsal aspect; inter-upper eyelid space flat; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue notched posteriorly; trunk dorsoventrally flattened, less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.47). Forelimbs slender, forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.75); digits with rounded disc, circum-marginal groove present on each disc; metacarpal tubercles indistinct; disc widths of third and fourth finger greater than tympanic diameter; distinct, large and finely granular nuptial pad present on first finger, covering ventrolateral and dorsolateral aspect; subarticular tubercles round, proximal ones on third and fourth fingers smaller and indistinct than distal ones and indistinct, SAT = 1: 1: 2: 2; webbing among fingers absent; relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III. Hind limbs slender; thigh length half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.49), slightly greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.95), and greater than foot length (FOL / TL = 0.77); heels slightly overlapping when tibia folded perpendicular to body axis; relative length of toes = I <II <II <V <IV; toes with rounded disc, width of toe disc equal to those on finger, fourth toe disc largest, disc on fourth and fifth toes wider than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; narrow inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absent; subarticular tubercles round, proximal ones on TIII-TV indistinct; supernumerary tubercles absent; webbing among the toes slight, between TI and TII rudimentary, webbing not reaching second subarticular tubercle of fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head shagreen, spinules not visible as in life condition; indistinct tubercles on inter-upper eyelid space and on upper eyelid; bluntly conical tubercles on head and upper eyelid distinctly visible in life; few distinct tubercles behind angle of jaw; dorsum shagreen with dense spinules, posteriorly spinules not as dense as anterior part; spinules more distinct dorsal to supratympanic fold and dorsum; flank with dense spinules; forelimb and hindlimb smooth in preserved condition, but spinules and blunt tubercles distinctly visible in life; indistinct flat tubercles present around vent; throat and chest smooth; abdomen and ventral aspect of thigh granular; tibia smooth; flat tubercle along outer dorsoventral aspect of tarsus; small granules scattered on dorsal surface of tongue.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5B10970B955C560AA043249A7CE04F5D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name “ Mawsynram ” in Meghalaya State which is the wettest place on earth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5B10970B955C560AA043249A7CE04F5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes mawsynramensis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality around Mawrapat, approximately 5 km southwest of Mawsynram, Meghalaya (Fig. 25 A). Calling males were found about 1 – 1.5 m above ground on a slope in the forest; the area was covered by mostly bamboo species and a few palm trees, ferns and shrubs with thick leaf litters; there was a small stream at this site and a road through the forest connecting Mawrapat and Mawsynram (Fig. 20 E). We found the single female individual among leaf litter. Other sympatric anuran species found at this locality include Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927, Kurixalus sp. Xenophrys sp. and Amolops sp.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4F5AF218929C5F5B9402FD88ED6C8A0D.taxon	description	Figure 43; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4F5AF218929C5F5B9402FD88ED6C8A0D.taxon	description	Description of a freshy collected male (WII-ADA 885). An adult male (Fig. 43 A – E) with vocal sac, SVL 17.9 mm; head slightly wider than its length (HL / HW = 0.92); snout rounded in dorsal view and sub ovoid in ventral view, truncated in lateral view, slightly projected beyond the lower jaw, a bluntly conical projection on snout tip; snout length nearly equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.92) and equal to inter-upper eyelid width; nostril oval in shape, oblique and laterally positioned, equidistant from snout tip and eyes; internarial distance smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.79) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.84); inter upper eyelid space slightly convex; canthus rostralis smooth, slightly oblique; loreal region concave; tympanum round, indistinct, less than one third of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.28); eye moderate in size, less than half of head length (EL / HL = 0.41). Forelimbs slender, forearm length equal to hand length, nearly one third of snout-vent length (FAL / SVL = 0.27); third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; fingers with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; disc on third finger widest and greater than the tympanic diameter (HTYD / FID = 0.78); webbing absent between fingers; subarticular tubercles distinct, proximal one on finger III and IV smaller in size than that of upper one; supernumerary tubercles absent; palmar tubercles indistinct. Hindlimbs slender; thigh longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.94) and foot (FOL / TL = 0.8); tibia longer than foot (FOL / TBL = 0.85); fourth toe longest, relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV, toes with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; disc on fourth toe wider than tympanic diameter and slightly smaller than that of finger III; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded, proximal one on toe IV very small; supernumerary tubercles absent; inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Skin on dorsal aspect of head and dorsum smooth; distinct and bluntly conical tubercles on upper eyelid, posterior part of head, posterior to upper eyelid and anterior part of dorsum; lateral aspect of head smooth, few rounded tubercles behind angle of jaw; supratympanic folds distinct; dorsum with dense spinules, spreading towards flank; forelimbs and hindlimbs smooth with indistinct tubercular projections; on ventrum, head smooth, abdomen, ventral aspect of lower arm, and thigh distinctly granular; numerous flat granules on palm and ventral aspect of foot.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
4F5AF218929C5F5B9402FD88ED6C8A0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes mindat was known only from the type locality, between Hline Thoat village and Gyin Dwe village, Ovatmataung National Park of Mindat District, Myanmar. The present study reports this species from India for the first time (Fig. 19 B) and it extends the northeast distribution boundary of the species by 548 km from the type locality in Myanmar. We recorded calling males in a degraded agricultural farm on the edge of Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary (Fig. 44 A). Calling individuals were found on the hill slopes of an abandoned jhum field between 18: 00 – 19: 00 hrs on leaves of Eupatorium sp., one metre above ground. The area was mostly covered in maize and soybean as well as invasive plants such as Eupatorium sp. and Parthenium sp., on a slope with an incline of approximately 60 degrees.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
6C3A66CF676C571FB3A6B13F576A93DA.taxon	description	Figure 37; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
6C3A66CF676C571FB3A6B13F576A93DA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 17.9 – 20.6 mm in male; female unknown; head wider than long (HL / HW = 0.89 – 0.97); snout rounded, its length equal to or slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.89 – 1.0); snout length equal to inter-upper eyelid width; tympanum indistinct; nostril equally positioned between eye and snout tip; internarial distance greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.67 – 0.89); a broad light brown and anteriorly diffused patch present on groin and a large whitish patch ventral to it; single crossbar on tibia and thigh.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
6C3A66CF676C571FB3A6B13F576A93DA.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male with vocal sac, 20 mm in SVL; head length nearly equal to width (HL / HW = 0.97); snout rounded in dorsal view and lateral view, slightly protruding lower jaw in ventral view, snout length less than half of head length (SL / HL = 0.38) and equal to eye length (SL / EL = 1); nostril oval, laterally positioned, nearly equidistant between eye and snout tip (NS / EN = 0.92); internasal distance less than inter-upper eyelid distance (INS / IUE = 0.84) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / INS = 0.76); inter upper eyelid distance greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IUE = 0.64); eye length less than half of the head length (EL / HL = 0.38); loreal region slightly concave, canthal ridge rounded; tongue cordiform; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; pair of internal slit like openings on lower jaw; symphysial knob present on lower jaw; tympanum round, touches supratympanic fold, tympanic diameter one third of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.32); supratympanic fold distinct; external large subgular vocal sac present; trunk length nearly half of SVL (AG / SVL = 0.44). Forelimb slender; forearm slightly shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.91); third finger longest, relative length of fingers = I <II = IV <III; finger with rounded disc, disc width of finger III and IV greater than tympanic diameter; discs with circum-marginal groove; subarticular tubercles large and rounded, lower subarticular tubercles on finger III and IV indistinct; palmar tubercle indistinct; fine granular nuptial pad on first finger; webbing between fingers absent. Hindlimb slender; thigh longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.89); thigh length nearly half of SVL (TL / SVL = 0.47); tibia length less than half of SVL (TBL / SVL = 0.42) and nearly equal to foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.94); fourth toe longest, relative length of toes = I <II <V <III <IV; toe with rounded disc, disc width of toe IV widest and wider than tympanic diameter; disc with circum-marginal groove; subarticular tubercles round, proximal subarticular tubercles on the outer three toes indistinct; supernumerary tubercles absent; inner metatarsal tubercle elongated, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing slight, not reaching second subarticular tubercle of the fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of head smooth, upper eyelid and below inter-upper eyelid space shagreened; tubercles on upper eyelid and posterior part of the head barely visible; two tubercles posterior to angle of jaw on each side; few tubercles scattered on dorsum and dorsal aspect of limbs, tubercles on anterior dorsum prominent than that of posterior dorsum; flank with distinct tubercles scattered; flank ventro-laterally granular; throat and chest nearly smooth, granules barely visible; abdomen granular; ventral aspect of thigh indistinctly granular; tibia smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
6C3A66CF676C571FB3A6B13F576A93DA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the “ monoliths ” located in Willong Khullen village in Manipur State, 4 km southwest from the type locality of this species.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
6C3A66CF676C571FB3A6B13F576A93DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes monolithus sp. nov. is known only from its type locality and around Willong Khullen Village in Manipur (Fig. 19 B). Calling individuals were recorded between 18: 00 – 20: 00 hrs on shrubs and small woody vegetation at perch heights of ~ 2 m. Calling aggregations were recorded in secondary forests at various degradation state (Fig. 33 D). We observed breeding aggregation of Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870) in the same habitat in temporary water puddles.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C688F9A1A6815F26ACC2FA60B82115CB.taxon	description	Figure 30; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C688F9A1A6815F26ACC2FA60B82115CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 18.0 – 21.1 mm in adult males and adult female at least 23.1 mm; head length equal to or slightly greater than width; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; spinules on dorsal aspect of head, upper eyelid, dorsum, flank and limb; groin, axilla, and lateral side of thigh pale yellowish; slightly dark “) (“ marking on the dorsum; slightly dark brown and broad crossbar on forearm, thigh, and tibia; dark streak below eye.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C688F9A1A6815F26ACC2FA60B82115CB.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype is in good condition, an incision on underside of right thigh; adult male with vocal sac, SVL 21.2 mm; head length and width equal; snout sub-ovoid in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view, slightly protruding in ventral view, slightly concave on internarial region; snout length slightly longer than eye length (EL / SL = 0.94); nostril small, oval in shape, oblique and laterally positioned, closer to snout tip than eye (NS / EN = 0.81); narial region protruding; internarial distance less than inter-upper eyelid space (IN / IUE = 0.81) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.77); tympanum rounded, indistinct, one fifth of the eye length; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded and oblique; loreal region concave; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; pair of internal slit like openings on lower jaw; an external subgular vocal sac present. Forelimbs slender, forearm shorter than hand length (FAL / HAL = 0.91); relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger with rounded disc, disc on finger III is largest, disc width of the finger II, III and IV greater than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; palmar tubercles barely visible; subarticular tubercles large and round; number of subarticular tubercles on fingers I: II: III: IV = 1: 1: 2: 2. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.91) and foot length (FOL / TL = 0.75); tibia length greater than foot length (FOL / TBL = 0.82); relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV; toe with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; disc width of fourth toe slightly smaller than that of third finger; elliptical shaped inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer one absent; subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded, I: II: III: IV: V = 1: 1: 2: 3: 2. Dorsal aspect of snout smooth in middle and shagreen towards side; inter-upper eyelid space smooth, upper eyelid shagreen with blunt indistinct tubercles; indistinct dermal ridge with tubercular projection from snout to inter-upper eyelid space; supratympanic fold distinct; loreal region shagreen; few blunt tubercles behind angle of jaw; dorsum smooth, scattered spinules on dorsolateral aspect and towards flank starting above supratympanic fold; posterior part of the dorsum smooth; flank ventro-laterally granular; limbs smooth dorsally, spinules not visible in preserved condition; ventrally throat and chest smooth; lower arms granular on ventral aspect; abdomen granular; thigh granular at base; shank smooth ventrally; large indistinct flat tubercular projection on palm; webbing on hand absent; finely granular nuptial pad present on first finger; webbing on feet slight, reaching below second subarticular tubercle of fourth toe.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C688F9A1A6815F26ACC2FA60B82115CB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is a toponym derived from the name “ Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary ” in Meghalaya State where the type series were collected.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
C688F9A1A6815F26ACC2FA60B82115CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Currently Roarchestes narpuhensis sp. nov. is known from its type locality in and around Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary, and in Riwai of Meghalaya (Fig. 19 A). We encountered calling males and a single female at ~ 1 – 2 m above ground perching on shrubs and on small bamboo leaves, Zingiber sp. on hill slopes (Fig. 20 H). Other sympatric species found with the new species were Chirixalus sp. and Polypedates cf. himalayensis.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5CF7CA253BBD5C4CBDA752E72B9DCB2A.taxon	description	Figure 34; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5CF7CA253BBD5C4CBDA752E72B9DCB2A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A small sized Raorchestes, SVL 17.0 – 19.9 mm in adult males, female unknown; head longer than wide; snout acute with dermal projection on snout tip; snout length equal to eye length; inter-upper eyelid width less than or equal to eye length (IUE / EL = 0.88 – 0.96); nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip; horn like dermal projection on edge of upper eyelid; an hour-glass shaped dark brown mark starting on inter-upper eyelid space and extending to dorsum; bright yellow patches on groin and thigh; finger and toe disc yellow.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5CF7CA253BBD5C4CBDA752E72B9DCB2A.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Holotype well preserved except for an incision on the ventral side of right thigh. Adult male, SVL 17.9 mm; head longer than wide (HW / HL = 0.9); snout acute in dorsal and lateral view as a dermal projection present on snout tip, protruding beyond lower jaw in ventral view; snout length equal to eye length and slightly greater than inter-upper eyelid width (IUE / SL = 0.85); symphysial knob present on lower jaw; narial region protruding; nostril oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented, equidistant between eye and snout tip; slightly concave on dorsal aspect of snout; canthus rostralis rounded, vertical; loreal concave; eye moderate in size (EL / HL = 0.37); internarial distance nearly equal to inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.91) and greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.86); tympanum indistinct, round, one third of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.31); supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue posteriorly deeply notched and the two lobes are acute; pair of internal vocal sac openings on lower jaw; habitus less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.46). Forelimbs slender; forearm nearly equal to hand length (FAL / HL = 0.96); relative length of fingers = FI <FII <FIV <FIII; rounded disc on finger, disc on finger III and IV wider than tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove on each disc; rudimentary webbing present between fingers; palmar tubercles indistinct; subarticular tubercles round, lower subarticular tubercle on finger III and IV small and indistinct; enlarged, fine granular nuptial pad on first finger. Hindlimbs slender; thigh longer than tibia (TBL / TL = 0.89) and half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.5); relative length of toes = TI <TII <TIII <TV <TIV; rounded disc on toe, smaller than those of fingers; circum-marginal groove present each disc; subarticular tubercles distinct in live condition, proximal subarticular on fourth and fifth toes indistinct; inner metatarsal tubercle present, its length equal to width of discs of toes II – V; very thin dermal fringe along fifth toe; webbing moderate, reaching beyond second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head smooth (shagreen in live condition); indistinct tubercles on upper eyelid, a horn like tubercle on edge of each upper eyelid; tubercles on angle of jaw; skin on dorsum (shagreen in live condition) with spinules, scattered on middle and dense towards dorsolateral aspect; a weak mid-dorsal dermal ridge visible in live condition starting from snout and becoming diffused posteriorly; flank smooth; dorsal aspect of forelimb and hindlimb smooth; throat and chest smooth; abdomen and thigh granular; tibia and tarsus smooth.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5CF7CA253BBD5C4CBDA752E72B9DCB2A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word nose “ Nasuta ”, in reference to the prominent acute snout of this species.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
5CF7CA253BBD5C4CBDA752E72B9DCB2A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes nasuta sp. nov. is currently distributed within Namdapha Tiger Reserve in Ranijheel, Bulbulia and Hornbill on the northern bank of the Noa-Dihing River, Arunachal Pradesh, India between 600 – 1000 m a. s. l. elevation (Fig. 20 A). Calling aggregation of the species was recorded between 18: 00 – 22: 00 hrs on vegetation along streams and forest trails.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
E5FCD3A421C552AFB9E2CCBDC54D69DF.taxon	description	Figures 23, 24, 25; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
E5FCD3A421C552AFB9E2CCBDC54D69DF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes (Fig. 23), SVL 14.6 – 20.8 mm in adult males and SVL 19.8 – 21.9 mm in adult females; snout rounded to oval in dorsal view; snout length slightly less than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.92 – 1.04); nostrils closer to snout than eye or equidistant between eye and snout tip; inter-upper eyelid width less than or equal to eye length (IUE / EL = 0.73 – 1.04); internarial distance greater than or equal to upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.65 – 0.95); internarial distance less than or equal to inter upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.78 – 1.05); nuptial pad present only on first finger in males; prominent bluntly conical tubercular projections on upper eyelids and posterior part of head; spinules on dorsum; scattered blunt tubercles on dorsum and hindlimbs; “) - (“ dark brown marking on dorsum; three or four dark-brown crossbars on thigh and tibia; short dark stripe present on groin.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
E5FCD3A421C552AFB9E2CCBDC54D69DF.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Holotype is in good condition except for an incision on the ventral side of the right thigh. Adult male with vocal sac, SVL 20.4 mm; head as long as wide; snout rounded in dorsal view, truncated in lateral view, its length equal to eye length and greater than inter-upper eyelid width (IUE / SL = 0.87); narial region slightly protruding; nostrils oval, obliquely oriented, equidistant between eye and snout tip; loreal region concave; canthus rostralis distinct, rounded and oblique; internarial distance greater than upper eyelid width (UEW / IN = 0.79) and slightly smaller than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.92); tympanum indistinct, round, one third of the eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.33); supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue posteriorly notched; pair of internal slit like openings on lower jaw; trunk more than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.55). Forelimbs slender; forearm shorter than hand (FAL / HAL = 0.91); third finger longest; relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger width rounded disc; disc on third finger slightly wider than tympanic diameter (HTYD / FID = 0.77); palmar tubercles indistinct; subarticular tubercles distinct, round, proximal subarticular tubercle on finger II and IV small; fine granular nuptial pad present on first finger; webbing on fingers absent. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.51); tibia slightly shorter than thigh (TBL / TL = 0.94); fourth toe longest; relative length of toes = I <II <II <V <IV; toe with rounded disc; disc width of fourth toe equal to that of third finger; subarticular tubercles distinct, round, proximal subarticular tubercle on toe IV and V small and indistinct; inner metatarsal tubercle present, its length equal to disc width of first and second toe; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing slight, not reaching second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout shagreen; inter-upper eyelid space smooth; upper eyelid and loreal region shagreen; bluntly conical tubercles on upper eyelid, posterior part of head not visible in preserved condition unlike in life, pair of enlarged bluntly conical tubercle visible posterior to upper eyelid; one or two tubercles behind angle of jaw; flat granular tubercles present on dorsal surface of tongue; spinules present on dorsum and flank, spinules absent towards vent; forelimb and hindlimb smooth on dorsal aspect, spinules on thigh and tibia not visible unlike in life; head on ventral aspect smooth, gular region indistinctly granular; chest smooth; abdomen, thighs on ventral aspect granular; tibia on ventral aspect granular; two tubercles below vent.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
E5FCD3A421C552AFB9E2CCBDC54D69DF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the word “ oriental ” meaning eastern, in reference to its distribution in the easternmost part of India.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
E5FCD3A421C552AFB9E2CCBDC54D69DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes orientalis sp. nov. is currently known from Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Kamlang Tiger Reserve and Gandhigram Village in Arunachal Pradesh, and Liyai Khunou in Manipur (Fig. 25 A). Calling males were recorded among understorey of evergreen forest at approximately one metre height above ground (Fig. 20 C, D). In Gandhigram this species was recorded among shrubs near small streams in the forests and near human settlements.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
49627C78BB5A5DCDB59AFEC6B647A728.taxon	description	Figure 29; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
49627C78BB5A5DCDB59AFEC6B647A728.taxon	description	Description. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL = 21 mm; head slightly wider than long (HL / HW = 0.95); snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly protruding beyond the lower jaw in ventral view, depressed anteriorly from internarial space; snout length equal to eye length and greater than inter-upper eyelid width (IUE / SL = 0.8); nostrils oval in shape, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented, equidistant between eye and snout tip; canthus rostralis distinct but not sharp; eye protruding, moderate in size (EL / HL = 0.41); internarial distance equal to upper eyelid width and slightly less than inter-upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.92); no vomerine teeth; choanae rounded; tongue notched at posterior end, no papillae on it; tympanum indistinct, its diameter one third of eye length; supratympanic fold weak; habitus dorso-ventrally moderately depressed, its length nearly half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.49). Forelimbs slender; finger with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; disc on third finger wider than tympanic diameter (HTYD / FID = 0.77); relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; subarticular tubercles distinct, round; proximal subarticular tubercle on third and fourth fingers smaller than distal ones; palmar tubercles indistinct; rudimentary webbing between third and fourth finger; small and very finely granular nuptial pad present on base of first finger. A bony projection present on the humerus. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.5) and slightly longer than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.97); relative length of toes = I <II <III <V <IV; toe with rounded disc; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; subarticular tubercles round; inner metatarsal tubercle present and outer one absent; webbing slight, reaching second subarticular tubercle on fourth finger. Skin on dorsal aspect of head smooth; distinct tubercles on upper eyelid; few small tubercles behind angle of jaw; small tubercles scattered on dorsum, prominent towards flank; dorsal surface of forelimb smooth; hindlimb smooth on dorsal surface, scattered tubercles on tibia; ventral aspect of lower jaw smooth; chest, abdomen, ventral aspect of base of forelimb, and thigh distinctly granular.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
49627C78BB5A5DCDB59AFEC6B647A728.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. This species is known from the type locality Lawachara National Park in Bangladesh (Al-Razi et al. 2020 b; Hakim et al. 2020). In India, Decemson et al. (2021) reported this species from Pathlawilunglentlang near Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram. Siammawii et al. (2024) recorded this species from Lunglei, Mizoram and reported direct development in this species. Siammawii et al. (2024) reported an egg clutch (23 eggs) that was found in a hole of Chinese Albizia (Albizia chinensis) about 1.5 m above ground. We recorded the single male on the canopy of a small tree approximately four metres above ground, on a roadside slope at 20: 00 hrs. The canopy of the tree was covered with dense Mikania micrantha and the individual was calling from among it.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D110514DA2A559D8A63355F55A4A2EC6.taxon	description	Figure 36; Tables 1, 2, S 12	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D110514DA2A559D8A63355F55A4A2EC6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 13.9 – 20.4 mm in adult males and SVL 15.1 – 21.0 mm in adult females. Head width equal to or slightly greater than its length (HL / HW = 0.92 – 1.01); vomerine teeth absent; snout rounded or sub-ovoid, rarely pointed; snout length less than or equal to eye length (SL / EL = 0.93 – 1.05); inter-upper eyelid width slightly less than or equal to eye length (IUE / EL = 0.81 – 1.0); nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip or slightly closer to snout tip than eye; nuptial pad present on first finger in males; thigh length greater than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.89 – 0.94); dorsal skin on head and back moderately to heavily tuberculate; dark “) - (“ mark on dorsum or a hourglass shaped mark; a dark bar on inter-upper eyelid space; dark brown cross bar on limbs.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D110514DA2A559D8A63355F55A4A2EC6.taxon	description	Description of a male specimen (WII-ADA 1459). Small sized Raorchestes, SVL 18.6 mm; head wider than long; snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly protruding beyond lower jaw in ventral view; snout slightly concave dorsally at internarial space, its length slightly less than eye length (SL / EL = 0.93); canthus rostralis rounded; loreal concave; internarial distance less than inter upper eyelid width (IN / IUE = 0.91) and greater than upper eyelid width (IN / UE = 0.85); inter-upper eyelid width less than eye length (IUE / EL = 0.81); nostril oval, laterally positioned and obliquely oriented; nostril equidistant between eye and snout tip; tympanum indistinct, round, less than one third of eye length (HTYD / EL = 0.3); supratympanic fold distinct; vomerine teeth absent; choanae round; tongue posteriorly notched; eye protruding, moderate in size, length less than half of head length (EL / HL = 0.44); pair of internal vocal sac openings on lower jaw; habitus robust, its length less than half of snout-vent length (AG / SVL = 0.46). Forelimbs slender, hand longer than forearm (FAL / HAL = 0.9); relative length of fingers = I <II <IV <III; finger with rounded disc; disc width of the third and fourth fingers equal to tympanic diameter; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; subarticular tubercles distinct, round except the proximal subarticular tubercle on third and fourth fingers, which are smaller in size and indistinct; palmar tubercles not visible; no webbing on hand. Hindlimbs slender; thigh length less than half of snout-vent length (TL / SVL = 0.47) and longer than tibia length (TBL / TL = 0.93); relative length of toes = I <II <V <III <IV; toe with rounded disc; disc width equal to those of fingers; circum-marginal groove present on each disc; subarticular tubercles distinct round except proximal ones on fourth and fifth toes; indistinct inner metatarsal tubercle present; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; webbing slight, reaching second subarticular tubercle on fourth toe. Skin on dorsal aspect of snout and head smooth; indistinct tubercular projection on snout; upper eyelid shagreen with distinct blunt tubercles, which are not clearly visible in preserved condition; enlarged blunt tubercles on inter-upper eyelid space, behind upper eyelid, temporal and parietal regions, and anterior part of dorsum; similar tubercles but smaller in size, scattered on dorsum, spreading towards dorsolateral side; flat granular tubercles scattered on flank; lateral aspect of head smooth with prominent tubercles on mandibular region behind angle of jaw; tubercles scattered on dorsal aspect of forearm and tibia; on ventrum, lower jaw smooth; gular skin loose; chest smooth; abdomen and thighs granular; tibia smooth; flat granular tubercles sparsely present on ventral aspect of hand and foot.	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
D110514DA2A559D8A63355F55A4A2EC6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and natural history. Raorchestes shillongensis is distributed within the Shillong Plateau (Fig. 19 B). The geographical distribution and habitats (Fig. 33 C) of this species are discussed by Boruah et al. (2018). We recorded this species from Jowai, West Jaintia Hills in the State of Meghalaya. Wangyal et al. (2020) reported this species from Bhutan which is most likely a misidentification. There is no evidence for the presence of R. shillongensis north of the Brahmaputra Valley. This species is known to lay 8 – 17 eggs on the ground under leaf litter, where the eggs undergo direct development (Boruah et al. 2017). Raorchestes shillongensis is known to exhibit territorial behaviour, with males engaging in combat (Boruah and Das 2020).	en	Boruah, Bitupan, Deepak, V., Das, Abhijit (2025): Revision of bush frogs, Raorchestes and Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the northeast Indian biodiversity hotspot with description of thirteen new species. Vertebrate Zoology 75: 517-625, DOI: 10.3897/vz.75.e148133
