identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1A0487F9A47DFFD7B61FFF6CFD9483D5.text	1A0487F9A47DFFD7B61FFF6CFD9483D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Talpa levantis	<div><p>3.3. Phylogenetic analysis of Talpa levantis subspecies We amplified the mitochondrial DNA cyt b gene (1140 bp) from T. levantis levantis (10 samples), T. levantis dogramacii (8 samples), and T. levantis transcaucasica (4 samples). No stop-codon insertions or deletions were observed in the alignment. The sequences for samples 112-A (Artvin locality) and 118-A (Artvin locality) of T. levantis transcaucasica obtained in this study and the FN640570 sequence (Çam Geçidi Artvin locality) from GenBank (Table S4) were found to yield the same sequence. For sequences of the subspecies of Talpa levantis, it was further determined that the respective sequences of 113-A (Bolu locality) and KP717336 (Zonguldak locality), 107-A (Samsun locality) and MN868447 (Samsun locality), and 132-A (Samsun locality) and MN868451 (Samsun locality) yielded the same sequence (Figure 1; Table 1).</p><p>To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the Talpa levantis subspecies, analysis was performed for all deposited sequences of 1140 bp in length (Table S4). The cyt b phylogenetic trees of 1140 bp constructed using the BI and ML methods displayed relatively similar topology (Figure 3; Figure S10). Phylogenetic analysis revealed clear separation (high bootstrap and posterior probability) among the subspecies of Talpa levantis distributed in the northern region of Anatolia. The mean K2P distance between T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis levantis was 4.1% (net distance between group means: 2.5%), between T. levantis transcaucasica and T. levantis levantis was 7.0% (5.3%), between T. levantis transcaucasica and T. levantis dogramacii was 6.2% (4.6%), and between T. levantis levantis + T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis transcaucasica was 6.9% (5.0%).</p><p>T. levantis levantis was divided into two haplogroups supported by high bootstrap and posterior probability values in the phylogenetic trees (Figure 3; Figure S10). The K2P distance between Haplogroup 1 and Haplogroup 2 for T. levantis levantis was 2.78%. In Haplogroup 2 for T. levantis levantis, the Giresun (MN868440 –41) and Trabzon (125A, 126A, 120A, MN868439) samples, geographically close to each other (Figure 1), were clustered together, whereas Haplogroup 1 exhibited geographical heterogeneity (Figure 3; Figure S10). For T. levantis dogramacii, distributed in a relatively narrow region, the K2P distance value between Haplogroup 1 and Haplogroup 2 was 2.22%. The Zonguldak samples (KP717339, KP717343, KP717340, KP717336, KP717338, 123-A), situated at the intersection of the distribution limits of T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis levantis, exhibited a distribution pattern encompassing both T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis levantis . The K2P distance value between Haplogroup 1 and Haplogroup 2 for T. levantis transcaucasica was 2.60%. The samples from Türkiye and the samples from Armenia + Russia were clustered into different haplogroups (Figure 3; Figure S10). For T. levantis dogramacii, Tajima’s D (D = 0.74219, p&gt; 0.10) and Fu’s FS (FS = 3.088, p&gt; 0.1) yielded positive but nonsignificant values. For T. levantis levantis, Tajima’s D (D = –0.72837, p&gt; 0.10) and Fu’s FS (FS = –8.637, p&gt; 0.10) yielded negative but nonsignificant values. T. levantis levantis, situated in the central region of the range limits for subspecies of Talpa levantis, exhibited a higher proportion of nucleotide diversity when compared to the other two subspecies.</p><p>BRCA-2 sequences of 774 bp in length were obtained from 22 specimens in the current study (Table 1). When combined with previously available BRCA-2 sequences of these Talpa subspecies, the dataset contained 39 T. levantis sequences (Table S5). T. levantis transcaucasica differed from the other subspecies based on the BRCA-2 sequences (656 bp), with a relatively low bootstrap value (65%) but a high posterior probability value (0.99) in the ML and BI trees. No clear phylogenetic distinction could be made between T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii (Figures S11 and S 12).</p><p>3.4. Geometric morphometric results versus cyt b and BRCA-2</p><p>Mahalanobis and Procrustes distances based on geometric morphometry and genetic distances based on cyt b sequences are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. It was determined that T. levantis levantis, T. levantis dogramacii, and T. levantis transcaucasica differ from each other both molecular (cyt b and BRCA-2) and in terms of geometric morphometry (i.e. Mahalanobis distances) (Figure 4; Table 4).</p><p>For Procrustes distances, the subspecies showed statistically significant differences in the mandible. The two zoogeographically close subspecies of T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis levantis did not differ from each other in the ventral part of the skull (Figure 1; Table 4). In addition, T. levantis transcaucasica differs in shape (ventral skull and mandible) from the other subspecies (Table 4).</p><p>In the dendrogram obtained based on Euclidean distance and an averaging method according to CVA scores, T. levantis dogramacii and T. levantis levantis were grouped together. T. levantis transcaucasica constituted the most distant clade (Figure 4).</p><p>It was determined that the K2P genetic distance between T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii, which are zoogeographically close to each other, was lower. Similar to the results of genetic distance, geometric morphometric analysis determined lower Mahalanobis distances for the ventral part of the skull, the mandible, and the lateral part of the hemicoxae between T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii (Table 4).</p><p>From CVA and the phylogenetic trees based on cyt b and BRCA-2, T. levantis transcaucasica was found to be significantly different from T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii . This was supported by high posterior probability values in the BI trees, collectively forming a well-supported monophyletic group (Figure 4; Figure S13). Similarly, the phylogenetic relationship based on cyt b between T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii was resolved in both the BI and ML trees (Figure 4; Figure S13). The phylogenetic relationship based on BRCA-2 between T. levantis levantis and T. levantis dogramacii was partially resolved (Figure 4; Figure S13). Short gene sequences can cause phylogenetic signals to be lost. Therefore, the use of larger datasets with more nucleotides and different nuclear genes may reveal more accurate phylogenetic relationships (Rosenberg and Kumar, 2003; Cunha et al., 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A0487F9A47DFFD7B61FFF6CFD9483D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selçuk, Ahmet Yesari;Kaya, Alaettin;Kefelioğlu, Haluk	Selçuk, Ahmet Yesari, Kaya, Alaettin, Kefelioğlu, Haluk (2025): Morphological, linear, and geometric morphometric differences (skull, mandible, and pelvis) among subspecies of Talpa levantis (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) with molecular divergence (mtDNA and nuclear DNA). Turkish Journal of Zoology 49 (2): 103-119, DOI: 10.55730/1300-0179.3216, URL: https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.3216
