taxonID	type	description	language	source
0A01879CD046027F5EC8D0C38FB1FECF.taxon	description	Type-species. Habrandrothrips phuketanus sp. nov.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD046027F5EC8D0C38FB1FECF.taxon	discussion	Comments. This genus is established for two bicolored species (Figs 6 & 7), H. phuketanus sp. nov. from southern Thailand and H. sulawesianus sp. nov. from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Both species are known only from females. The genus may be closely related to Neandrothrips gen. nov., but can be distinguished in having antennal segments VII and VIII closely joined into a single segment outline (Figs 17 & 24), the mouth cone slightly pointed (Figs 12 & 20), and the mesopresternum strongly reduced medially (cf. Fig. 20) with a pair of lateral small triangles. Leptandrothrips gen. nov. and Xyphandrothrips gen. nov. also have the terminal two antennal segments closely joined (cf. Figs 30 & 373), but have the mouth cone broadly rounded, the maxillary stylets long and rather close together (cf. Figs 25 & 359), and the mesopresternum not so strongly reduced medially (cf. Figs 43 & 393). Moreover, Leptandrothrips has the fore tarsus unarmed (cf. Fig. 29). Interestingly, although the type-species, phuketanus, has four major sense cones (2 + 2 + 1) on the antennal segment IV, the other congener, sulawesianus, has only two (1 + 1) sense cones on that segment (Table 2). This indicates that the sense cone formula can easily change in this group of phlaeothripine thrips. These two species were taken from dead leafy branches, but their feeding habits are uncertain. Moreover, this genus is not so closely related to Mesandrothrips and Xylaplothrips.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD044027F5EC8D5D88EF2F8E0.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 11 – 17) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.4 mm. Body bicolored dark brown and yellow (Fig. 6); head, thorax and tube dark brown, tube a little paler than head, with base somewhat yellowish; abdominal segments I – IX largely yellow. Fore femora dark brown, with apical one-third yellowish, mid femora brown, with apices somewhat paler; hind femora yellow; all tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – III largely yellow, segment I and II scarcely tinged with brown; segment IV pale brown, with basal half yellowish; segments V – VIII brown to dark brown, gradually darkened distally, segment V with basal quarter yellowish. Distal three-fifths of fore wing shaded with brown, basal two-fifths pale. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 11) a little longer than wide, 1.11 times as long as wide, widest across cheeks; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, sculptured with transverse striae laterally. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes normal, 0.35 times as long as head. Posterior pair of ocelli slightly separated from eyes, 24 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 94 µm apart from each other, about 11 – 12 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 17) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII shorter than 0.6 times as long as segment VII; segments III shorter than IV, segment VII a little longer than IV; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary bridge about 0.3 times as wide as head. Pronotum 0.72 times as long as head, 1.59 times as wide as long, almost smooth; prothoracic aa shorter than am. Prospinasternum transversely oblong, 48 µm wide; ferna far apart from each other; mesopresternum reduced medially, scarcely divided (Fig. 14). Mesonotal lateral setae expanded, 16 – 17 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 13) sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, shorter than 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 42 µm apart from each other, 29 – 30 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore wing with 2 – 3 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae rather short, subequal in length, expanded. Pelta weak, hat-shaped, 1.46 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI and VIII expanded, VII sharply pointed, but much shorter than S 2 on IX, 55 µm long. Tergite IX S 1 setae very weakly expanded, shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, longer than tube; intermediate setae almost half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 16) about 0.5 times as long as head, 1.56 times as long as wide; terminal setae 1.5 – 1.6 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1380 (distended). Head length 148, from anterior margin of eyes 136, width across eyes 130, maximum width across cheeks 133, minimum width across base 110; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae? 20. Maxillary bridge width 40. Antenna total length 265, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 33 (22), 38 (26), 34 (23), 37 (21), 40 (18), 23 (13). Pronotum length 107, width 170. Setae on prothorax: am 15 – 17, aa less than 10, ml 12, pa 22 – 23, epim? 20. Fore wing length 480. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 20, S 2 20 – 22, S 3 17 – 20. Pelta length 48, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 52 – 53, S 2 88. Tube length 75, maximum width 48; terminal setae 110 – 120. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD044027F5EC8D5D88EF2F8E0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, Phuket, nr. Tone Sai Waterfall, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD044027F5EC8D5D88EF2F8E0.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Phuket, southern Thailand, based on a unique macropterous female taken from dead leafy branches, and is closely related to H. sulawesianus sp. nov., described below from Sulawesi, Indonesia. These two species are easily distinguished by the sense cone formula as the key above.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD042027A5EC8D4D389EFFCBF.taxon	description	(Figs. 7, 18 – 24) Female (microptera). Distended body length: about 1.4 mm. Body bicolored brown and yellow (Fig. 7). Head and thorax dark brown; abdominal segments largely yellow, segments III – VII with lateral margins brownish, segments VIII and IX brownish yellow; tube pale brown (Fig. 23), with basal half yellowish. Fore femora brown, with anterior one-third yellowish (Fig. 22), mid femora pale brown, with anterior one-third yellow, hind femora yellow; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – III yellowish; segments IV – VIII pale brown to dark brown, gradually darkened distally, segments IV and V with bases yellowish. Major body setae yellowish. Head (Fig. 18) almost as long as wide, 1.03 times as long as wide; dorsal surface sculptured laterally and posteriorly with transverse striae, ocellar triangle weakly reticulate, almost smooth at middle. Cheeks weakly rounded, gradually constricted to base, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli small, almost as large as ommatidium; posterior pair separated from eyes, 32 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; about 100 µm apart from each other, about 8 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 24) about 2.0 times as long as head; segment VIII about 0.6 times as long as VII; segment III shorter than segment IV; segment VII a little longer than III; segments III and IV each with two (1 + 1) stout sense cones. Maxillary bridge narrower than one-third of head width, 0.27 times as wide as head. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as head, about 1.5 times as wide as long; almost smooth; prothoracic am and ml could not be measured in holotype, but possibly about 20 µm long, expanded, pa and epim a little longer than am. Prospinasternum reduced, but wide, about 40 µm; mesopresternum reduced medially, divided into two lateral small triangles (Fig. 20). Mesonotal lateral setae expanded, 17 – 18 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 19) weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, less than 15 µm, 51 µm apart from each other, 25 µm apart from anterior margin. Pelta (Fig. 21) irregularly triangular, sculptured weakly, about 2.1 times as wide as long. Abdominal tergites III – VII each with a pair of wing-retaining setae. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII short and pointed, much shorter than S 2 on IX, VIII blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae bluntly pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, a little longer than tube; intermediate setae longer than half of S 1. Tube 0.54 (Fig. 23) times as long as head, 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1380 (distended). Head length 148, from anterior margin of eyes 137, width across eyes 139, maximum width across cheeks 143, minimum width across base 122; eyes length 46; diameter of posterior ocelli 6 – 9; postocular setae about 25. Maxillary bridge width 38. Antenna total length 295, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 34 (25), 40 (26), 38 (25), 37 (23), 38 (20), 23 (14). Pronotum length 123, width 185. Setae on prothorax: am 20, aa?, ml?, pa 23, epim?. Fore wing length 125. Pelta length 43, width 90. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60 – 62, S 2 85 – 87. Tube length 80, maximum width 40; terminal setae 122. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD042027A5EC8D4D389EFFCBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: micropterous female, Indonesia, Sulawesi, nr. Rantepao, Pedamaran, alt. about 1000 m, on dead leaves and branches, 8. viii. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD042027A5EC8D4D389EFFCBF.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from central Sulawesi, Indonesia, based on a unique micropterous female collected from dead leafy branches. The existence of these two species with very close relationships but completely different sense cone formulae is of considerable systematic significance.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD041027B5EC8D7CE8FB1FD78.taxon	description	Type-species. Leptandrothrips semiflavus (Okajima) comb. nov.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD041027B5EC8D7CE8FB1FD78.taxon	discussion	Comments. This genus may be related to the genus Karnyothrips. The species usually have no fore tarsal tooth (cf. Figs 29 & 37), but often have a very small apical tooth instead of lateral tooth. It can be distinguished by having antennal segments VII and VIII closely joined as a single segment outline (cf. Figs 32 & 40), and the prothoracic anteromarginal setae well developed (cf. Fig. 25). Similar antennal segments are also found in Habrandrothrips gen. nov. and Xyphandrothrips gen. nov., but these two genera have the fore tarsus armed with a distinct lateral tooth. The sense cone formula is variable in this genus, antennal segment III with two or three, and segment IV with two, three or four sense cones (Table 2). Unfortunately, the feeding habitats of the species are uncertain, but most of the specimens were taken from dead plants and are possibly fungivorous. Okajima (2006) described three species from both the temperate and subtropical regions of Japan under the genus Apterygothrips. However, they are not closely related to the genus Haplothrips, though Apterygothrips may be more closely related to Haplothrips rather than to both Mesandrothrips and Xylaplothrips. Moreover, the two terminal antennal segments are closely joined as a single segment, and in this character state they can clearly be distinguished from Mesandrothrips and Xylaplothrips. According to the original description (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish 1967) and to Pitkin (1976), Apterygothrips fungosus, which was originally described under the genus Xylaplothrips from India, is more similar to this genus rather than Apterygothrips, but further study is needed.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD04002655EC8D7158E75FA12.taxon	description	(Figs 8, 25 – 32) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown. Femora pale brown (Fig. 8), with apices yellowish, but often paler; tibiae and tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I and IV – VIII brown; segments II and III yellowish brown, segment III with basal half yellowish, often somewhat paler. Fore wing weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 25) much longer than wide, about 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.37 times in holotype, widest across cheeks at middle, dorsal surface smooth. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrate. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded, 106 µm apart from each other, 15 – 16 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head, 0.31 times in holotype. Posterior ocelli in contact with eyes, 35 µm apart from each other in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 32) about 1.7 times as long as head; segment III widely truncated at apex, about 1.2 times as long as wide, shorter than segment VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and three (1 + 2) sense-cones respectively. Maxillary stylets reaching postocular setae, relatively wider apart, their distance about one-third of head width apart, in holotype 44 µm apart from each other at the level of maxillary bridge; maxillary bridge rather distinct. Pronotum (Fig. 25) about 0.6 times as long as head, about 1.5 times as wide as long, almost smooth; five pairs of major setae expanded; aa and ml subequal in length, epim much longer than pa, the longest, longer than postoculars. Mesopresternum (Fig. 27) transverse, not divided; prospinasternum well developed, inverted triangle, about 40 µm wide in holotype. Metanotum very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation, but invisible even using phase contrast illumination; median pair of setae weak, short and acute, about 25 µm in length, 48 µm apart from each other, 29 – 30 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsus (Fig. 29) often with a very weak apical tooth. Fore wing with 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 28) triangle, sculptured weakly, 1.2 – 1.3 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII and VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 2 setae longer than S 1. Tube (Fig. 30) about 0.5 times as long as head, 0.52 times in holotype, about 1.8 times as long as wide. Terminal setae about 1.8 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype macropterous female in µm). Body length about 1700 (distended). Head length 175, from anterior margin of eyes 160, width across eyes 123, maximum width across cheeks 128, minimum width across base 106; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 12; postocular setae about 40. Maxillary bridge width 40. Antenna total length 300, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 33 (27), 39 (27), 40 (22), 37 (20), 37 (19), 22 (15). Pronotum length 104, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 25 – 27, aa? 25, ml?, pa 35 – 36, epim 50. Fore wing length 590. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 32, S 2 33 – 34, S 3 41 – 42. Pelta length 62, width 77. Tergite IX setae: S 1 108, S 2 150 – 160. Tube length 91, maximum width 51; terminal setae 165. Female (microptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Eyes somewhat smaller; postocular setae almost as long as eyes; fore wings usually longer than metanotum, with well-developed sub-basal setae; abdominal tergites II – VII each with two pairs of short and rather straight wing retaining setae. Measurements (paratype micropterous female in µm). Body length about 1700 (distended). Head length 168, from anterior margin of eyes 150, width across eyes 117, maximum width across cheeks 125, minimum width across base 107; eyes length 45; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 45 – 47. Maxillary bridge width 43. Antenna total length 300, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37, 39, 40, 37, 37, 22. Pronotum length 108, width 160. Setae on prothorax: am 30 – 31, aa 29 – 31, ml 33 – 35, pa 40 – 42, epim 53 – 54. Fore wing length 197. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32 – 34, S 2 38 – 39, S 3 45 – 49. Pelta length 63, width 77. Tergite IX setae: S 1 117 – 118, S 2 160. Tube length 94, maximum width 52; terminal setae?. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.3 – 1.5 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Head a little broader, about 1.3 times as long as wide; maxillary stylets wider apart, about 0.4 times as wide as head; fore wing with 3 – 4 duplicated cilia; terminal tube setae longer, usually longer than 2.0 times as long as tube. Measurements (paratype macropterous male in µm). Body length 1460 (distended). Head length 156, from anterior margin of eyes 142, width across eyes 117, maximum width across cheeks 120, minimum width across base 95; eyes length 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 11; postocular setae 41 – 42. Maxillary bridge width 47. Antenna total length 280, segments III – VIII length as follows: 32, 38, 39, 34, 35, 21. Pronotum length 101, width 135. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 23, aa? 25, ml 30, pa 38 – 40, epim 42 – 48. Fore wing length 550. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 26 – 29, S 2 32 – 33, S 3 33. Pelta length 60, width 65. Tergite IX setae: S 1 110 – 113, S 2 25 – 27. Tube length 75, maximum width 48; terminal setae 165. Male (microptera). Distended body length: about 1.2 – 1.5 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color, and to micropterous female in structure. Measurements (paratype micropterous male in µm). Body length about 1300 (distended). Head length 142, from anterior margin of eyes 127, width across eyes 103, maximum width across cheeks 111, minimum width across base 93; eyes length 40; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 10; postocular setae 30 – 32. Maxillary bridge width 45. Antenna total length 265, segments III – VIII length as follows: 30, 35, 35, 32, 31, 22. Pronotum length 90, width 138. Setae on prothorax: am 26, aa 27, ml 30, pa 31 – 33, epim 40 – 41. Fore wing length 142. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28, S 2 27, S 3 35 – 36. Pelta length 52, width 65. Tergite IX setae: S 1 85 – 95, S 2 23. Tube length 70, maximum width 45; terminal setae 140.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD04002655EC8D7158E75FA12.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, nr. Chiang Rai, on dead leaves and branches, 5. ix. 1992, TN & SO. Paratypes: Thailand, 5 females (mic.) and 7 males (mic.), collected together with holotype; 2 females (mac.), nr. Chiang Rai, Pha Yao, on dead leaves and branches, 5. ix. 1992, SO; 1 male (mac.), nr. Chiang Mai, Phrow, on dead leaves and branches, 22. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 3 females (mic.), nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 male (mac.), nr. Chiang Mai, Lam Pang, on dead leaves and branches, 28. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female (mic.), nr. Chiang Mai, Ka Jan, on dead leaves and branches, 3. ix. 1992, SO; 2 males (mac.), Chiang Dao, on dead leaves, 23. viii. 1992, TN; 1 male (mic.), Saraburi, on dead leaves and branches, TN & SO; 3 females (mic.), 4 males (mac.) and 3 melas (mic.), Bangkok, Bangkhen, Campus of Kasetsart University, NBCRC, on dead branches, 26. xii. 1987, SO; 1 male (mac.), data very similar to above, but on Ficus retusa aerial roots, 14. i. 1989, SO; 1 male (mac.). Thailand, Phuket, nr. Tone Sai Waterfall, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, TN & SO; 3 females (mic.) and 4 males (mic.), Rang Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, SO. Non-paratypic specimens. Peninsular Malaysia, 1 female (mic.), NE 13 km from Tapah, on dead leaves, 27. vii. 1976, SO; 1 female (mac.), Tapah, on dead leaves and branches, 16. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Singapore, Macritchie Res., on dead branches, 1 male (mac.), 7. viii. 1990, 2 females (mac.) and 3 males (mac.), 8. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Indonesia, Bali, 1 male (mac.), Buleleng, Penyabangan, Desa Buah, 31. viii. 2005, SO. Borneo, 1 female (mac.), Sabah, Jl. Kimanis, 15 km from Kimanis, on dead leaves and branches, 9. ix. 1990, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD04002655EC8D7158E75FA12.taxon	discussion	Comments. The sense cone formula of this species is peculiar in the genus: antennal segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and three (1 + 2) respectively. The coloration of antennal segments II and III is somewhat variable even in the type series. Antennal segment II is often darker and almost concolorous with segment I, and segment III is often paler and largely yellowish. Several specimens listed under the non-paratypic specimens may represent this species, but have some small differences in the color of antennae and the length of body setae.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05E02675EC8D1A08E33FEC7.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 33 – 40) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.9 mm. Body brown. Femora brown, with apices yellowish (Fig. 9); tibiae and tarsi yellow, fore tibiae scarcely shaded. Antennal segments I and IV – VIII brown, segment II pale brown, somewhat paler than segment I; segment III pale brown, with basal one-third yellowish. Fore wing very weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 33) much longer than wide, 1.35 times as long as wide, widest across cheeks just behind eyes, dorsal surface very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation at middle, sculptured distinctly at base. Cheeks very weakly rounded, weakly serrate. Postocular setae a little shorter than eyes, expanded, 112 µm apart from each other, 12 – 13 µm apart from eyes. Eyes 0.31 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli scarcely separated from eyes, 33 µm apart from each other. Antennae (Fig. 40) 1.86 times as long as head; segment III (Fig. 38) widely truncated at apex, about 1.3 times as long as wide, shorter than segment VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2) sense-cones respectively. Condition of maxillary stylets uncertain, because they are bringing out from the head, but may be relatively close together and their distance may be about one-third of head width apart; maxillary bridge distinct, about one-third of head width. Pronotum 0.66 times as long as head, 1.41 times as wide as long, almost smooth; five pairs of major setae expanded; aa and ml subequal in length, epim much longer than pa, the longest, longer than postoculars. Mesopresternum (Fig. 35) transverse, but narrow; prospinasternum well developed, almost inverted triangle, about 45 µm wide. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, about 30 µm long, expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 34) very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation, but invisible even using phase contrast illumination; median pair of setae finely pointed, longer than 30 µm in length, 54 µm apart from each other, 32 – 36 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore wing with 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 36) triangle, sculptured weakly, 1.07 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII and VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 2 setae much longer than S 1. Tube (Fig. 39) 0.56 times as long as head, 1.82 times as long as wide. Terminal setae about 1.9 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1900 (distended). Head length 185, from anterior margin of eyes 170, width across eyes 132, maximum width across cheeks 137, minimum width across base 113; eyes length 57; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 13; postocular setae 45 – 50. Maxillary bridge width 45. Antenna total length 345, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 40 (30), 50 (30), 47 (25), 40 (23), 43 (20), 23 (15). Pronotum length 123, width 173. Setae on prothorax: am about 30, aa about 30, ml?, pa 40, epim 55. Fore wing length 710. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 36 – 38, S 2 38 – 40, S 3 53. Pelta length 70, width 75. Tergite IX setae: S 1 135 – 145, S 2 180 – 190. Tube length 104, maximum width 57; terminal setae about 200. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05E02675EC8D1A08E33FEC7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Vietnam, Lao Cai Province, Sa Pa, on dead leaves and branches, 6. viii. 2000, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05E02675EC8D1A08E33FEC7.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from northern Vietnam based on a unique macropterous female. It has antennal segment VIII widely joined to segment VII, antennal segment III widely truncated at apex, the fore tarsus unarmed, and the posteromarginal setae S 1 and S 2 on tergite IX much longer than tube. Because of these features, inexpectus is undoubtedly included in the genus Leptandrothrips. From its congeners, however, it is easily distinguished by the presence on antennal segment IV of four (2 + 2) sense cones.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05C02615EC8D5D68F14FE57.taxon	description	(Figs 10, 41 - 48) Female (microptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 – 1.8 mm. Body brown to dark brown (Fig. 10). Femora brown to dark brown, with apices yellowish; fore and mid tibiae pale brown, paler than femora, with bases and apices yellowish, often largely yellowish; hind tibiae brownish yellow, often largely yellowish; tarsi yellow to brownish yellow. Antennae dark brown, segments II and III somewhat paler, segment III with extreme base yellowish. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 41) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.22 times in holotype, widest across cheeks at middle; dorsal surface almost smooth, weakly sculptured with transverse reticles at base. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes a little shorter than 0.3 times as long as head, 0.27 times in holotype. Ocelli small; posterior pair 35 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular almost as long as eyes, expanded; 108 µm apart from each other, about 17 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 48) about 2.0 times as long as head in holotype; segment VIII about 0.6 times as long as VII, 0.63 times in holotype; segments III and IV each with two (1 + 1) sense cones. Maxillary stylets rather close together, 48 µm apart from each other at a level of maxillary bridge; maxillary bridge rather distinct, about one-third as wide as head. Pronotum about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.69 times in holotype, 1.5 – 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.55 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, am well developed, almost as long as aa, epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 43) inverted triangle, about 38 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum transverse, but narrow. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, expanded, 25 µm long. Metanotum almost smooth at middle; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 30 µm, widely apart from each other, 46 µm apart from each other, about 30 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Pelta (Fig. 44) trapezoid, but with lateral margins rounded, 1.35 times as wide as long in holotype. Abdominal tergites II – VII each with two pairs of minute wing retaining setae. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII and VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 2 setae much longer than S 1; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 47) about 0.6 times as long as head, 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.7 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1770 (distended). Head length 163, from anterior margin of eyes 150, width across eyes 124, maximum width across cheeks 134, minimum width across base 120; eyes length 44; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 10; postocular setae 43 – 48. Maxillary bridge width 46. Antenna total length 332, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 40 (25), 41 (27), 45 (23), 42 (21), 40 (21), 25 (17). Pronotum length 112, width 174. Setae on prothorax: am 27 – 28, aa 30, ml 35 – 37, pa 38 – 42, epim 44 – 48. Fore wing length 87. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 32, S 2 31 – 32, S 3 41 – 43. Pelta length 63, width 85. Tergite IX setae: S 1 125, S 2 170. Tube length 97, maximum width 55; terminal setae 163. Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.65 mm. Very similar to micropterous female in color and structure. Fore wing shaded with brown; head (Fig. 42) 1.29 as long as wide; eyes 0.28 times as long as head; fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia, sub-basal setae S 2 shorter than S 1, S 3 the longest; wing retaining setae normally developed. Measurements (paratype female in µm). Body length 1640 (distended). Head length 159, from anterior margin of eyes 143, width across eyes 112, maximum width across cheeks 123, minimum width across base 104; eyes length 45; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 40 – 45. Maxillary bridge width 47. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37, 40, 39, 35, 39, 25. Pronotum length 100, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 24 – 25, aa 23, ml 30 – 35, pa 38 – 40, epim 45. Fore wing length 530. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 38, S 2 32 – 33, S 3 45. Pelta length 55, width 82. Tergite IX setae: S 1 110 – 117, S 2 155 – 158. Tube length 92, maximum width 49; terminal setae? 170. Male (microptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.4 mm. Very similar to micropterous female in color and structure. Tibiae somewhat paler; maxillary bridge somewhat wider, about 0.4 times as wide as head; tergite IX S 2 setae comparatively longer, about 1 / 2 of tube length. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1350 (distended). Head length 141, from anterior margin of eyes 130, width across eyes 108, maximum width across cheeks 120, minimum width across base 105; eyes length 40; diameter of posterior ocelli 7 – 8; postocular setae 38 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 49. Antenna total length 295, segments III – VIII length as follows: 35, 36, 39, 37, 36, 26. Pronotum length 96, width 154. Setae on prothorax: am 25 – 28, aa 25, ml 35, pa 33 – 37, epim 42. Fore wing length 57. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 24, S 2 27, S 3 28. Pelta length 50, width 75. Tergite IX setae: S 1 103 – 107, S 2 35 – 40. Tube length 82, maximum width 47; terminal setae 155.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05C02615EC8D5D68F14FE57.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: micropterous female, Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead branches, 30. iii. 1984, SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, 1 male (mic.), collected together with holotype; same locality and habitat as holotype, 1 female (mic.) and 1 male (mic.), 24. iii. 1984, 1 male (mic.), 25. iii. 1984, 1 female (mic.), 29. iii. 1984, SO; 1 female (mic.), Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt. Nankao, nr. Wanta, on dead branches, 1. iv. 1984, SO; 2 males (mic.), Taitung Hsien, Chihpen, on dead wood, 10. ix. 1993, TN & SO; 1 female (mac.) and 2 females (mic.), Taoyuan, on dead wood, 24. viii. 1975, SO. Non-paratypic specimen. Taiwan, 1 male (mic.), Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, on dead leaves and branches, 1. ix. 1994, TN & SO. Doubtful specimens. Taiwan, 1 female, Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt. Nankao, nr. Wanta, on dead branches, 1. iv. 1984, SO; 1 female (mic.), Taipei Hsien, Mt. Tatung shan, on dead branches, 4. iv. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05C02615EC8D5D68F14FE57.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was collected mainly from dead branches. It is somewhat similar to L. robustus and L. zelkovae from Japan, but can easily be distinguished from robustus by antennal segment III darker, the maxillary stylets wider apart and the mesopresternum not divided. From zelkovae, it can also be distinguished by the compound eyes somewhat larger and the maxillary stylets wider apart. Moreover, although ocelli are present in the microptera of nigrescens, they are absent in robustus and zelkovae. A non-paratypic female listed above may represent this species, but is much larger than the type series (about 1.8 mm). Two females listed under the doubtful specimens are very similar to this species, but have some differences in coloration and the length of setae.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05A02615EC8D66688E1FCD1.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan, Ogasawara (Chichi-jima Is., and Haha-jima Is.), many females and males including the type series (see Okajima 2006: 161).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05902625EC8D4D38B67FC96.taxon	description	(Figs. 1, 49 – 56)	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05902625EC8D4D38B67FC96.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Izu Islands), many females and males including the type series (see Okajima 2006: 163). Doubtful specimens. Taiwan, 2 males (mic.), Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead branches, 24. iii. 1984, SO; 1 female (mic.), data very similar to above, but 30. iii. 1984. Thailand, Bangkok, Bangkhen, Campus of Kasetsart University, on dead branches of Casuarina, 1 male (mic.), 14. i. 1988, 1 female (mic.), 18. i. 1988, SO; 1 male (mic.), Phuket Is., Rang Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, SO. Indonesia, Sulawesi, Karaenta Forest Res., Maros to Camba, alt. about 400 m, on dead branches, 1 male (mac.), 5. viii. 1984, 2 females (mac.) and 1 male (mac.), 6. viii. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05902625EC8D7258AFFFB11.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan (Honshu), many females and males including the type series (see Okajima 2006: 165).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05902635EC8D0AC8861FCDB.taxon	description	The genus Glenothrips (Priesner 1921) was established for a single species, biuncinatus, taken from leaf galls on Conocephalus and Schefflera in Java, Indonesia. But this genus is very similar to Mesandrothrips, and these two could possibly be treated as a single genus. However, biuncinatus has the fore tibia with a small inner sub-apical tooth in both sexes (see Fig. 112 in Dang et al. 2014: 53). This inner sub-apical tooth on the fore tibia is very similar to the fore tibial sub-apical scale found in Androthrips species, and this is another indication of the close relation between Androthrips and Mesandrothrips. Generic definition. Macroptera (microptera not found so far). Head longer than wide, with a pair of postocular setae. Eyes and ocelli well developed; interocellar and postocellar setae minute. Antenna 8 - segmented; segments VIII and VII well separated; segments III with three (1 + 2), segment IV with four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones. Mouth cone rounded; maxillary stylets reaching postocular setae, wider apart, V-shaped or narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge distinct, situated far from base of head, wider than one-third of head width. Prothoracic four pairs of major setae developed, am reduced; notopleural suture complete. Prosternal basantra and ferna moderately developed, but size of basantra variable; prospinasternum usually rather small; mesopresternum reduced medially, anterior margin arched, narrowly boat-shaped or divided. Metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent. Fore tarsus with an apical tooth. Fore wings weakly narrowed at middle, with duplicated cilia. Abdominal tergites II – VII each with two pairs of sigmoid wing-retaining setae. Tube variable in length, tapering and straight-sided. Terminal setae variable in length, at most 1.5 times as long as tube. Males do not show allometric growth and have no pore plate on sternite VIII. Species included in Mesandrothrips	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD058026C5EC8D7CF8FB1FF4C.taxon	description	Mesandrothrips darci (Girault), from Australia Mesandrothrips eximius sp. nov., from Vietnam Mesandrothrips flavitibia (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish), from India Mesandrothrips ichikaianus sp. nov., from Honshu, Japan Mesandrothrips inquilinus (Priesner), from Java, Indonesia Mesandrothrips inquinatus (Karny), from Java, Indonesia Mesandrothrips subterraneus (Crawford JC), from Europe and eastern Asia	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD057026E5EC8D5598ADDFCBF.taxon	description	(Figs 57, 62 – 69) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.80 – 2.14 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 57). Femora dark brown, fore femora with apices slightly paler; fore tibiae yellowish, shaded with brown, mid and hind tibiae dark brown, with apices slightly paler; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and VII – VIII brown, a little paler than head; segment III largely yellow, scarcely shaded with brown anteriorly, segments IV – VI yellow at basal half, shaded with brown at anterior half. Fore wings very weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 62) longer than wide, a little shorter than 1.2 times as long as wide; dorsal surface very weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half, sculpture somewhat distinct near base, almost smooth between eyes. Cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, finely serrated. Eyes a little longer than one-third of head length. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair in contact with eyes, about 30 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, weakly expanded; 127 µm apart from each other, about 15 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 69) about 2.0 times as long as head, 1.97 times in holotype; segment VIII very weakly constricted at base, 0.78 times as long as segment VII; segments III almost symmetrical, a little shorter than IV, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, sub-parallel at middle; maxillary bridge distinct, narrower than 1 / 2 of head width, 0.42 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 62) more than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.66 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long; almost smooth, median apodeme very weak; four pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, but relatively short; am reduced to discal setae, pa much shorter than postocular setae, epim almost as long as eyes. Prospinasternum (Fig. 63) comparatively small, narrowly fan-shaped, about 25 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum reduced medially, separated into lateral triangle plates. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, weakly expanded, about 25 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 64) sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, shorter than 20 µm, 56 µm apart from each other, 54 – 60 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus (Fig. 66) with a small apical tooth. Fore wing with 8 – 9 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae weakly expanded, S 3 about 1.7 times as long as S 2. Pelta (Fig. 65) trapezoid or triangle, with irregular lateral margins, sculpture weak at middle, 1.43 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae relatively short, bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, a little shorter than tube, S 2 a little longer than S 1; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 68) longer than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.55 times in holotype, 1.75 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.1 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 2140 (distended). Head length 206, from anterior margin of eyes 187, width across eyes 175, maximum width across cheeks 177, minimum width across base 147; eyes length 73; diameter of posterior ocelli 18 – 20; postocular setae 45. Maxillary bridge width 75. Antenna total length 405, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 62 (33), 65 (35), 51 (30), 46 (28), 40 (19), 31 (13). Pronotum length 135, width 230. Setae on prothorax: aa? 20, ml? 25, pa? 35, epim 70 – 73. Fore wing length 860. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 37 – 38, S 2 43 – 45, S 3 75. Pelta length 89, width 127. Tergite IX setae: S 1 98 – 100, S 2 105. Tube length 114, maximum width 65; terminal setae 123. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Head 1.13 times as long as wide; maxillary bridge 0.40 – 0.49 times as wide as head; fore wing with 6 – 7 duplicated cilia; tube 0.61 times as long as head; terminal setae almost as long as tube. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1470 (distended). Head length 160, from anterior margin of eyes 147, width across eyes 137, maximum width across cheeks 141, minimum width across base 119; eyes length 60; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 15; postocular setae 38 – 39. Maxillary bridge width 56. Antenna total length 320, segments III – VIII length as follows: 45, 46, 41, 38, 33, 28. Pronotum length 97, width 184. Setae on prothorax: aa? 20, ml 25, pa 28, epim 48. Fore wing length 600. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32 – 33, S 2 32 – 38, S 3 48 – 52. Pelta length 64, width 90. Tergite IX setae: S 1 82 – 88, S 2 28. Tube length 97, maximum width 53; terminal setae 97.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD057026E5EC8D5598ADDFCBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Japan, Ryukyus, Amami Is., Uken-son, Fureainomori, on Elaeocarpus sylvestris leaves, 23. iii. 1990, SO. Paratypes: Japan, Ryukyus, 1 female, Okinawa-hontou Is., Nahashi, Sueyoshi, Sueyoshi Park, on leaf of Piper kadzura (Piperaceae), 7. ix. 2003, K. Minoura; 1 male, Okinawa-hontou Is., Uruma-shi, Katsuren-haebaru, on Poaceae, 21. i. 2002, T. Tasuoka; 1 female and 1 male, Miyako-jima Is., Gusukube, on dead leaves and branches, 8. iii. 1990, TN. Doubtful specimens. Japan, Ryukyus, Iriomote-jima Is., Nakamagawa-rindou, on Ilex integra (Aquiforiaceae), 12. iii. 1990, TN. Taiwan, 1 male, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves, 31. vii. 1986, SO; 1 female, same locality as above, on grass, 3. iv. 1993, TN & SO; Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, about 2000 m alt., 1 male, habitat uncertain, 2. ix. 1993, 1 male, on dead leaves and branches, 1. ix. 1994, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD057026E5EC8D5598ADDFCBF.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was collected together with Liothrips horutonoki from the leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Elaeocarpaceae), and seems to be a predator. It is somewhat similar to M. inquilinus, but it can be distinguished by the following features (in parentheses are the features of inquilinus): head somewhat broader, about 1.2 times as long as wide (about 1.4 times); maxillary bridge much narrower than half of head width in female, 0.40 – 0.49 times as wide as head in male (wider than half of head width); four pairs of prothoracic setae relatively short (well developed); tergite IX S 2 setae shorter than tube (a little longer than tube); tube 0.55 times as long as head (a little shorter than half of head width). One male from Iriomote Is. listed above under the doubtful specimen is very similar to this species, but has antennal segment III weakly swollen sub-basally. One female and three males collected from Taiwan have the antennal segments and fore tibiae somewhat darker and the ocelli somewhat smaller.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05502685EC8D7CE89BFFE9B.taxon	description	(Figs 58, 70 – 77) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.6 mm. Body bicolored yellow and brown (Fig. 58). Head, prothorax, mesothorax and tube brown; metathorax yellow, abdomen largely yellow, segments III – VII each with a median brown marking, segments VIII and IX pale brown, but yellowish anteriorly. Legs yellow, except for brown fore coxae. Antenna pale brown to brown, segments I – II and VI – VIII brown, segment III pale brown, with basal one-third yellowish. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 70) longer than wide, 1.38 times as long as wide; dorsal surface smooth. Cheeks almost straight, sub-parallel, weakly serrated. Eyes well-developed, a little longer than one-third of head length, 0.37 times as long as head. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair in contact with eyes, about 20 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; about 100 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 77) 1.79 times as long as head; segment VIII slender, weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, about 0.9 times as long as VII; segments III and IV subequal in length, thick, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) stout sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets not reaching postocular setae, wider apart, V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak, wide and slender, wider than half of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 70) 0.65 times as long as head, about 1.45 times as wide as long; almost smooth, median apodeme weak; four pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, am setae reduced; aa almost as long as postocular setae, pa much longer than aa, epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 71) relatively wide, 60 µm wide; mesopresternum reduced medially. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 72) weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae minute and relatively far apart from anterior margin of metanotum, 42 µm apart from each other, 45 – 46 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsus (Fig. 74) with a well-developed apical tooth, similar to that of Karnyothrips species. Fore wing with 4 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 73) trapezoid, with indistinct lateral wings, weakly reticulate, 1.42 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI and VIII expanded, VII finely pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae expanded, shorter than tube, 0.76 – 0.80 times as long as tube, S 2 sharply pointed, a little longer than tube; intermediate setae almost half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 76) about 0.5 times as long as head, 1.88 times as long as wide; terminal setae 1.4 – 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1630 (distended). Head length 183, from anterior margin of eyes 166, width across eyes 132, maximum width across cheeks 133, minimum width across base 117; eyes length 67; diameter of posterior ocelli 15 – 17; postocular setae 25 – 30. Maxillary bridge width 80. Antenna total length 327, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 47 (32), 45 (32), 41 (25), 40 (22), 38 (20), 34 (12). Pronotum length 119, width 172. Setae on prothorax: aa 26 – 28, ml 30 – 32, pa 37 – 38, epim 47 – 48. Fore wing length?. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 31, S 2 25 – 28, S 3 27 – 28. Pelta length 65, width 92. Tergite IX setae: S 1 68 – 72, S 2 95 – 98. Tube length 90, maximum width 48; terminal setae 130 – 136. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.6 mm. Very similar to macropterous female. Antennal segment VIII almost as long as segment VII; pronotum about 0.8 times as long as head; fore leg (Fig. 75) relatively enlarged, fore tarsal hamus stout; fore wing with 5 duplicated cilia; sub-basal wing setae S 1 and S 2 subequal in length, S 3 the longest; tergite IX S 1 setae weakly expanded. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1580 (distended). Head length 171, from anterior margin of eyes 156, width across eyes 124, maximum width across cheeks 126, minimum width across base 113; eyes length 62; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 15; postocular setae? 27. Maxillary bridge width 68. Antenna total length about 320, segments III – VIII length as follows: 46, 42, 37, 35, 35, 35. Pronotum length 135, width 177. Setae on prothorax: aa about 30, ml 35, pa 38, epim 48. Fore wing length 640. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30, S 2 30 – 31, S 3 38 – 39. Pelta length 60, width 87. Tergite IX setae: S 1 63 – 83, S 2 30 – 32. Tube length 87, maximum width 50; terminal setae 130.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05502685EC8D7CE89BFFE9B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Peninsular Malaysia, about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, on dead branches, 11. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Paratype: Peninsular Malaysia, 1 male, collected together with holotype.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05502685EC8D7CE89BFFE9B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is easily discriminated from congeners by a combination of the following features: body bicolored; intermediate antennal segment relatively thick; antennal segment VIII slender, about 0.9 times as long as segment VII in female, almost as long as VII in male; antennal segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) thick sense cones respectively; maxillary bridge wide, more than half of head width; S 2 setae on tergite VIII and S 1 on tergite IX expanded. Moreover, the fore tarsus has a well-developed apical tooth like that of Karnyothrips species. Unfortunately, the feeding habit of this species is uncertain.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05302695EC8D52A8E75F824.taxon	description	(Figs 59, 78 – 85) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 2.2 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 59). Femora dark brown, fore femora with apices yellowish; fore tibiae yellow, mid tibiae brown, with apical one-third yellowish, hind tibiae dark brown, with apical one-fifth yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I and II brown, segment II scarcely paler antero-externally; segments III – VIII yellow, but segments VII and VIII very weakly shaded. Fore wings almost transparent, but brownish at base. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 78) longer than wide, 1.28 times as long as wide; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half, almost smooth between eyes. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, gradually narrowed to base, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, 0.42 times as long as head. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair in contact with eyes, 32 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, weakly expanded; 156 µm apart from each other, 16 – 17 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 85) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII slender, very weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, 0.84 times as long as VII; segments III almost as long as segment IV, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively, these sense cones shorter than the width of the segments (shorter than those of inquilinus). Maxillary stylets probably retracted to postocular setae (the stylets are bringing out in holotype), wider apart; maxillary bridge distinct, 0.45 times as wide as head. Pronotum (Fig. 78) about 0.7 times as long as head, about 1.4 times as wide as long; almost smooth; four pairs of prothoracic setae well developed, expanded; aa and ml subequal in length, pa a little longer than aa, epim much longer than postocular setae. Basantra (Fig. 80) largely developed. Prospinasternum relatively small, about 30 µm wide; mesopresternum reduced medially, separated into two triangle plates. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, 25 µm long. Metanotum distinctly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, distance between them much narrower than distance between these setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 45 µm apart from each other, 67 – 68 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsus (Fig. 82) with a well-developed apical tooth. Fore wing with 7 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 the shortest, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 81) trapezoid, 1.36 times as wide as long, sculptured distinctly. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae probably longer than tube (tips of these setae are missing in holotype), S 2 much longer than tube; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 84) 0.59 times as long as head, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.4 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 2200 (distended). Head length 220, from anterior margin of eyes 203, width across eyes 170, maximum width across cheeks 172, minimum width across base 140; eyes length 92; diameter of posterior ocelli 18 – 20; postocular setae 50 – 56. Maxillary bridge width 77. Antenna total length about 400, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 56 (32), 56 (33), 50 (28), 50 (25), 43 (21), 36 (12). Pronotum length 153, width 214. Setae on prothorax: aa about 40, ml about 40, pa 45, epim 80. Fore wing length 850. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 47 – 48, S 2 60 – 63, S 3 80. Pelta length 83, width 113. Tergite IX setae: S 1 128 – 132 (tips missing), S 2 165. Tube length 129, maximum width 65; terminal setae about 180. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.70 – 1.85 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Antennal segments VII and VIII pale brown, somewhat darker than those of female; fore tibia largely yellow or largely brown with apical half yellowish; head 1.36 times as long as wide; maxillary stylets retracted to eyes; maxillary bridge about half of head width; fore wing with 5 – 8 duplicated cilia; fore tarsal apical tooth (Fig. 83) well developed, similar to those of Karnyothrips species; tergite IX S 1 setae almost as long as tube or a little longer. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1840 (distended). Head length 206, from anterior margin of eyes 190, width across eyes 151, maximum width across cheeks 151, minimum width across base 126; eyes length 87; diameter of posterior ocelli 16 – 18; postocular setae 45 – 50. Maxillary bridge width 75. Antenna total length 380, segments III – VIII length as follows: 52, 55, 49, 49, 42, 35. Pronotum length 142, width 193. Setae on prothorax: aa about 40, ml about 40, pa 48 – 50, epim 55. Fore wing length 750. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 40, S 2 50 – 55, S 3 60 – 64. Pelta length 70, width 101. Tergite IX setae: S 1 125 – 133, S 2 37 – 38. Tube length 125, maximum width 58; terminal setae 172.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05302695EC8D52A8E75F824.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Vietnam, Lam Dong Province, Finom Ward, Don Duong, on leaves of Quercus sp. (Fagaceae), 25. xii. 2001, SO. Paratypes: Vietnam, 2 males, collected together with holotype. Doubtful specimen. Thailand, 1 female, Chiang Mai, Farm of Chiang Mai University, 26. viii. 1992, TN.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD05302695EC8D52A8E75F824.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was collected from Quercus sp. leaves together with undetermined Liothrips species. It is closely related to M. inquilinus, but can be distinguished by the following features: intermediate antennal segments clear yellow; sense cones on the antennal segments III and IV much shorter than width of segment; prosternal basantra larger; fore tarsal apical tooth larger; tergite IX S 1 setae longer, almost as long as tube or longer; tube about 0.6 times as long as tube. It is also very similar to a synonymous species, Xylaplothrips longus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish which was synonymized with X. inquilinus (= M. inquilinus) by Pitkin (1976), in having the intermediate antennal segments entirely yellow. However, there is a possibility that longus is a distinct species (see M. inquilinus). According to the original descriptions (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish 1967), eximius can be distinguished from longus by the antennal segments III and IV broader, the prothoracic major setae shorter, and the major body setae pale. A female collected from Thailand listed under the doubtful specimen is very similar to eximius, but the head is somewhat broader and the mid and hind tibiae largely yellow.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD051026B5EC8D5918E18F835.taxon	description	(Figs 60, 86 – 93) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 2.2 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 60). Femora brown, fore femora with distal half yellowish, mid and hind femora with apical one-third yellowish; fore tibiae yellowish, tinged with pale brown, mid and hind tibiae brown, with extreme bases and apices yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and VII – VIII brown, somewhat paler than head, segment II yellowish antero-externally; segment III yellowish, segments IV – VI yellowish at basal half, weakly shaded with brown at apical half, segment VI scarcely darker than segment V. Fore wings very weakly shaded with brown at basal half. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 86) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.23 times in holotype; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half, almost smooth between eyes. Cheeks very weakly rounded, weakly constricted at base, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, about 0.4 times as long as head, 0.39 times in holotype. Ocelli developed; posterior pair 25 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 131 µm apart from each other, about 18 – 22 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 93) 1.8 – 1.9 times as long as head, 1.86 times in holotype (the right antennae aberrantly 7 - segmented in holotype); segment VIII relatively slender, very weakly constricted at base, about 0.8 times as long as segment VII; segments III and IV subequal in length, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets reaching postocular setae, rather wider apart; maxillary bridge distinct, narrower than 1 / 2 of head width, 0.44 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 86) about 0.7 times as long as head, 1.6 – 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.66 times in holotype; almost smooth; four pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am setae reduced to discal setae, ml and pa subequal in length, epim much longer than pa. Basantra (Fig. 87) relatively small; prospinasternum relatively small, 28 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum reduced medially, very narrowly boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, weakly expanded, 35 µm long in holotype. Metanotum (Fig. 88) weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae blunt or bluntly pointed, 18 – 20 µm long, distance between both median setae narrower than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 55 µm apart from each other, 72 – 80 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore femora (Fig. 90) somewhat enlarged; fore tarsus with a well-developed apical tooth. Fore wing with 7 – 9 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae well developed, expanded, S 1 and S 2 weakly expanded, S 3 blunt or very weakly expanded, the longest. Pelta (Fig. 89) trapezoid, distinctly sculptured, 1.44 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III very weakly expanded, IV and V blunt, VI – VIII pointed or bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, S 1 shorter than tube, S 2 almost as long as tube; intermediate setae much shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 92) longer than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.64 times in holotype, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae almost as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 2230 (distended). Head length 218, from anterior margin of eyes 203, width across eyes 174, maximum width across cheeks 177, minimum width across base 151; eyes length 85; diameter of posterior ocelli 18 – 20; postocular setae 53 – 54. Maxillary bridge width 78. Antenna total length 405, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 65 (30), 65 (32), 55 (29), 50 (26), 43 (22), 35 (12). Pronotum length 153, width 254. Setae on prothorax: aa 35, ml 47, pa 52, epim 75 – 90. Fore wing length 900. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 57, S 2 70 – 72, S 3 105. Pelta length 95, width 137. Tergite IX setae: S 1 130 – 132, S 2 140 – 142. Tube length 140, maximum width 66; terminal setae 140. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.9 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Head 1.24 times as long as wide; maxillary bridge 0.47 times as wide as head; pronotum 0.72 times as long as head, about 1.6 times as wide as long; fore wing with 7 duplicated cilia; tube 0.67 times as long as head. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1900 (distended). Head length 197, from anterior margin of eyes 180, width across eyes 158, maximum width across cheeks 159, minimum width across base 132; eyes length 82; diameter of posterior ocelli 16 – 18; postocular setae 50 – 54. Maxillary bridge width 75. Antenna total length 380, segments III – VIII length as follows: 58, 58, 49, 45, 40, 32. Pronotum length 142, width 225. Setae on prothorax: aa? 35, ml? 35, pa about 50, epim 60 – 65. Fore wing length 790. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 44 – 46, S 2 53 – 55, S 3 82 – 85. Pelta length 79, width 125. Tergite IX setae: S 1 120 – 130, S 2 40. Tube length 132, maximum width 64; terminal setae 115.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD051026B5EC8D5918E18F835.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Japan (Honshu), Tochigi-ken, Ichikai-machi, on Phyllostachys heterocycle (Poaceae), 17. v. 2023, SO. Paratypes: Japan (Honshu), 2 females and 1 male, collected together with holotype.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD051026B5EC8D5918E18F835.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is somewhat similar to M. inquilinus from Java, Indonesia in color and structure. However, it can be distinguished by the following features (in parentheses are the features of inquilinus): head about 1.2 times as long as wide (about 1.4 times); maxillary bridge narrower than half of head with (a little wider than half of head width); prosternal basantra small, inner margin bluntly pointed (normally developed, inner margin broadly rounded); fore femora somewhat enlarged (not enlarged); fore tarsus with a well-developed apical tooth (with a minute apical tooth); tube longer than 0.6 times as long as head (a little shorter than half of head length). This species was taken from a common bamboo species in Japan, Phyllostachys heterocycle, together with Xylaplothrips togashii. The feeding behavior is uncertain, but the species is possibly predaceous.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06F02555EC8D4D3884AFE73.taxon	description	(Figs 61, 94 – 101)	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06F02555EC8D4D3884AFE73.taxon	description	Three species described in this paper, M. brevisetis sp. nov. from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, M. eximius sp. nov. from Vietnam and M. ichikaianus sp. nov. from Honshu, Japan, may be closely related to this species. Among them, two species may be predators of other phlaeothripine species as is inquilinus: brevisetis was taken on Elaeocarpus sylvestris leaves together with Liothrips horutonoki, and eximius was taken from Quercus sp. leaves together with undetermined Liothrips species. However, ichikaianus was collected together with Xylaplothrips togashii from a common bamboo species, Phyllostachys heterocycle, and feeding habit is uncertain but may be predatory. They share some character states with inquilinus as follows: antennal segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively; intermediate antennal segments largely yellowish; maxillary bridge relatively wide; fore tarsus with an apical tooth; mesopresternum reduced medially. These four species are very similar to Xylaplothrips fuliginosus, the type-species of the genus, and its relatives described from Europe in most features other than the sense cone formula. A series of specimens listed below from Java and Bali, Indonesia, are approximately consistent with the original description in color and structure, and are identified here as this species. Most of them were collected on the leaves of Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae) together with Gigantothrips elegans, although it has been known as an invader of the leaf galls of other phlaeothripine species, and it seems to be a predator of G. elegans. One male from Vietnam and one female from Taiwan listed under the specimens examined may also represent this species, but have somewhat darker mid tibiae. Two females (Figs 100 & 101) listed below from Cameron Highland, Peninsular Malaysia, under the doubtful specimens are very similar to this species, but have several differences and likely to be a distinct species. More specimens are needed for a decision. These females have a somewhat longer head (Fig. 100), narrower maxillary bridge, smaller ocelli and larger fore tarsal apical tooth. In addition, their compound eyes are more or less coarsely facetted. Moreover, according to the original description (Karny 1913) and Fig. 132 in Dang et al. (2014, p. 61), these females are very similar to Glenothrips biuncinatus (Karny), but without fore tibial inner sub-apical tooth. Diagnosis. Distended body length: female 1.8 – 2.3 mm, male 1.5 – 1.8. Body largely dark brown (Fig. 61); fore tibia yellowish, mid tibia shaded with brown at basal half, hind tibia largely brown, with base and apex yellowish; antennal segments I – II and VII – VIII brown, segments III – VI yellowish, shaded apically with brown, usually segment V a little paler than IV and VI. Head (Fig. 94) about 1.4 times as long as wide, weakly sculptured with transverse reticles or striae; postocular setae expanded. Ocelli well developed, in contact with eyes. Antennal segment VIII rather slender (Fig. 99), weakly constricted basally, narrowly joined to VII; segment III with three (1 + 2) and IV with four (2 + 2 + 1) long and slender sense cones which are almost as long as width of these segments. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge a little wider than 1 / 2 of head width. Four pairs of prothoracic setae well developed, expanded, but am reduced. Mesopresternum (Fig. 96) transverse, narrow at middle, often divided. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, expanded. Metanotal median pair of setae rather close together and rather far from anterior margin. Fore tarsus (Fig. 97) with a minute apical tooth. Pelta (Fig. 95) trapezoid, distinctly reticulate. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae usually pointed or bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, S 1 a little shorter than tube, S 2 a little longer than tube; intermediate setae shorter than half of S 1. Tube (Fig. 98) a little longer than half of head length in female; terminal setae about 1.2 times as long as tube. Males do not show extreme allometric growth. Specimens examined. Indonesia, Java, 1 female, Yogyakarta, Campus of Gadjah Mada University, on Schefflera sp. leaves, 19. viii. 2005, SO; Indonesia, Bali, Buleleng, Pura Balatung, on Terminalia catappa leaves, 4 females and 4 males, 30. viii. 2005, 12 females and 32 males, 17. viii. 2006, SO. Vietnam, 1 male, Thua Thien Hue Prov., Phu Loc District, Bach Ma National Park, ca 1150 m alt., on bamboo, 14. viii. 2007, SO. Taiwan, 1 female, Pintung Hsien, Kenting Nat. Park, on Ficus gall, 17. iii. 1984, SO. Doubtful specimens. Peninsular Malaysia, Cameron Highland, 1 female, foot of Gnung Brinchang, marginal leaf roll of unknown plant, 26. viii. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female, nr. Brinchang, on leaves of? Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae), 27. viii. 1990, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06D02565EC8D4D38BD3FC06.taxon	description	This species has rather long postocular setae which are longer than the eyes, but other generic futures are shared with congeners. Two females listed below under the doubtful specimens from Tochigi, Japan, were taken from Pinus (Pinaceae) and Glycine (Fabaceae), not Lilium, have somewhat wider maxillary bridges, but are indistinguishable from subterraneus in other structures. Specimens examined. Netherlands, 1 female and 1 male. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), several females and males, Hokkaido, lily bulbs, 7. xii. 1937 (NIAES). Doubtful specimens. Japan, Tochigi, Ichikai-machi, Sugiyama, 1 female, on Pinus thunbergia, 5. xi. 2020, 1 female on Glycine soja, 20. x. 2022, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06D02575EC8D7968E24FD4B.taxon	description	Type-species. Neandrothrips pictipes (Bagnall) comb. nov.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06D02575EC8D7968E24FD4B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This genus can easily be distinguished from Mesandrothrips by the fore tarsus with a lateral tooth (but absent in inermis species-group). The prothoracic anteromarginal setae usually well developed, rarely reduced, though they are always reduced in Mesandrothrips. Moreover, almost all Mesandrothrips species are usually found from leaf galls or leaves association with other thrips species and seem to be predators, though the majority of Neandrothrips species are collected from dead plants (Table 1) and seem to be fungus-feeders. However, the details of their feeding behaviors are uncertain until now, and require further observations. Although, Mesandrothrips is closely related to both Androthrips and Karnyothrips, which also seem to be predators, Neandrothrips is possibly not so closely related to them. Furthermore, Neandrothrips species usually exhibit extreme allometric growth in males, whereas Mesandrothrips do not show this variation, as indicated above. There may be about 40 species in this genus, of which 28 species are known from eastern Asia. Those Asian species can be classified into three species-groups, bamboosae - group, inermis - group and pictipes - group. The bamboosae - group has the mesopresternum reduced medially, maxillary stylets rather close together, maxillary bridge usually situated far from base of head and narrower than one-quarter of head width in female and the fore tarsus with a lateral tooth. The inermis - group has the mesopresternum complete, maxillary stylets rather wider apart, V-shaped, maxillary bridge usually situated around the postoccipital ridge and wider than one-third of head width in female, and the fore tarsus unarmed. The pictipes - group has the mesopresternum complete, maxillary stylets more or less wider apart, V-shaped, maxillary bridge usually situated around the postoccipital ridge and wider than one-third of head width in female, and the fore tarsus with a lateral tooth. The presence of fore tarsal lateral tooth is shared by bamboosae - and pictipes - groups, and the complete mesopresternum and wider maxillary bridge are shared by inermis - and pictipes - groups. Moreover, most species of bamboosae - group have the mesopresternum reduced medially, whereas a species, N. simulans sp. nov., has this slightly thicker at middle (Fig. 268). In this way, it can be divided by a combination of several characteristics, but it is unlikely that it is so different that it can be divided into genera. In addition, some species distributed in India and Australia exhibit intermediate characteristics between these species-groups. For instance, N. lamingtoni comb. nov. from Australia and N. ligs comb. nov. from India are somewhat similar to the species included in the pictipes - group, but has the mesopresternum reduced medially. Species transferred from Mesandrothrips and Xylaplothrips [Most of these nomenclatural changes are based on the published descriptions]	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06C02515EC8D6BF8FB1FCFB.taxon	description	Nesndrothrips bamboosae (Okajima) comb. nov. (Xylaplothrips), Japan Neandrothrips bogoriensis (Karny) comb. nov. (Xylaplothrips), Indonesia Neandrothrips caliginosus (zur Strassen) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Canary Isls. Neandrothrips clavipes (Karny) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips dubius (Okajima) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Japan Neandrothrips debilis (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Xylaplothrips), India Neandrothrips emineus (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India Neandrothrips flavus (Ananthakrishnan) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India Neandrothrips googongi (Mound & Tree) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips kurandae (Mound & Tree) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips lamingtoni (Mound & Tree) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips ligs (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Xylaplothrips), India Neandrothrips mimus (Priesner) comb. nov. (Xylaplothrips), Zaire Neandrothrips montanus (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India Neandrothrips oleariae (Mound & Tree) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips pictipes (Bagnall) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India Neandrothrips pusillu s (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India Neandrothrips reedi (Pitkin) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), Australia Neandrothrips tener (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish) comb. nov. (Mesandrothrips), India	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06A02535EC8D1138B0BF809.taxon	description	(Figs 102, 112 – 118) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 102). Fore femora brown, mid and hind femora brown with extreme apices brown; fore tibia brown, mid and hind tibiae brown with bases and apices yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III somewhat paler with base scarcely paler. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 112) longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide; dorsal surface almost smooth, very weakly sculptured laterally. Cheeks very weakly rounded, constricted at base, weakly bulged at anterior end, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli moderately developed; posterior pair in contact with eyes, 18 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; about 90 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 118) relatively short, shorter than 1.6 times as long as head; segment VIII conical, not constricted at base, but basal width narrower than apical width of segment VII, about 0.6 times as long as VII; segment III formed asymmetrically, almost as long as segment VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, close together, about one-fifth of head width apart; maxillary bridge very weak. Pronotum (Fig. 112) shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.56 times in holotype, about 1.8 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae well developed, expanded; am setae almost as long as aa, or a little longer; pa and epim subequal in length, almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 113) inverted triangle, but weak, about 40 µm wide; mesopresternum reduced to lateral small triangles. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed. expanded, 25 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 114) sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 47 µm apart from each other, 33 – 34 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth small (Fig. 116). Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 115) trapezoid, weak, about 1.4 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. S 1 setae on abdominal tergite IX bluntly pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, almost as long as S 1, or a little shorter; intermediate setae about half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 117) about 0.5 times as long as head, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae longer than 1.3 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1560 (distended). Head length 183, from anterior margin of eyes 170, width across eyes 122, maximum width across cheeks 140, minimum width across base 115; eyes length 58; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae 40 – 42. Maxillary bridge width about 30. Antenna total length about 280, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 36 (23), 40 (26), 37 (23), 37 (22), 37 (21), 22 (11). Pronotum length 102, width 183. Setae on prothorax: am 32 – 34, aa 30, ml 38 – 40, pa 40, epim 42. Fore wing length 640. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 33, S 2 32 – 35, S 3 35 – 40. Pelta length 60, width 85. Tergite IX setae: S 1 77 – 78, S 2 73. Tube length 92, maximum width 46; terminal setae 125. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06A02535EC8D1138B0BF809.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, the Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, Agko, alt. about 1300 m, on dead fern, 30. vii. 1979, SO. Paratypes: the Philippines, Mindanao, 2 females, collected together with holotype; 1 female, data very similar to holotype, but collected from dead leaves.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06A02535EC8D1138B0BF809.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is included in the bamboosae - group and somewhat similar to N. tonesai sp. nov. from Phuket Is., Thailand, described below in having rather long head with the maxillary stylets more or less close together, and the mesopresternum reduced medially. However, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following features: tibiae largely brown; maxillary bridge very weak; antennal segment VIII shorter and conical, not constricted at base; tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae shorter than tube; terminal tube setae shorter than 1.5 times as long as tube.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD067025E5EC8D4D388F4FC93.taxon	description	(Figs 103 – 104, 119 – 129) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.7 – 1.9 mm. Body brown (Fig. 103). All femora brown, concolorous with head; fore tibia scarcely shaded with brown, with apex paler, mid tibia scarcely shaded with brown medially, hind tibia yellow; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III yellowish brown, with extreme base paler, segment IV with extreme base slightly paler. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown, but paler at base and apex. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 119) longer than wide, more than 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.26 times in holotype, widest just behind eyes; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse reticulation. Cheeks very weakly rounded or almost straight, gradually constricted towards base, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, a little longer than 1 / 3 of head length. Ocelli moderately developed; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 22 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 104 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 129) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, a little shorter than 0.7 times as long as segment VII, 0.65 times in holotype; segments III and IV subequal in length, much longer than segment VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets usually not reaching postocular setae, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge about 0.4 times as wide as head, 0.42 times in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 119) 0.62 – 0.66 times as long as head, 0.64 times in holotype, about 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.57 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am setae slender, but almost as long as aa; ml, pa and epim well developed, ml almost as long as postocular setae; epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 122) irregularly shaped, inverted triangle, 25 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, weakly expanded, about 20 µm long (invisible in holotype). Metanotum (Fig. 123) sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, 20 – 25 µm long, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 53 µm apart from each other, 30 – 34 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore femur (Fig. 126) with a sub-basal indistinct swelling on inner-ventral surface, usually scattered with a series of small tubercles from the swelling to middle; fore tibia with a small sub-apical seta-bearing tubercle; fore tarsus (Fig. 125) with a stout tooth. Fore wing with 4 – 7 duplicated cilia, 5 – 6 in holotype; three sub-basal setae well developed, expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 124) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, about 1.5 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III expanded, IV – VIII pointed, but those on V often blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt or bluntly pointed, but often nearly pointed, shorter than S 2, S 2 finely pointed, shorter than tube; intermediate setae longer than half of Sl. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.61 times in holotype, longer than 2.0 times as long as wide, 2.34 times in holotype; terminal setae about 1.3 – 1.4 times as long as tube, 1.37 times in holotype. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1890 (distended). Head length 191, from anterior margin of eyes 177, width across eyes 147, maximum width across cheeks 151, minimum width across base 120; eyes length 69; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 16; postocular setae 40 – 42. Maxillary bridge width 63. Antenna total length 345, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 50 (27), 50 (27), 44 (23), 43 (22), 40 (19), 26 (11). Pronotum length 122, width 192. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 25, aa 26 – 28, ml 42 – 45, pa 48 – 49, epim 50 – 52. Fore wing length 810. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 47 – 48, S 2 53 – 55, S 3 68 – 70. Pelta length 65, width 98. Tergite IX setae: S 1 85 – 86, S 2 92. Tube length 117, maximum width 50; terminal setae 160. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.7 mm. Very similar to macropterous female, and show extreme allometric growth (Fig. 104). Small male very similar to female, but cheeks rounded (Fig. 120); metanotal median pair of setae closer together. Large male: head about 1.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 121); prothorax enlarged, am setae much shorter than aa; fore femur enlarged, usually with a series of small tubercles, often indistinct, arranged in a line on inner-ventral surface (Fig. 127); fore tarsal tooth stout Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1430 – 1650 (distended). Head length 172 – 182, from anterior margin of eyes 153 – 168, width across eyes 130 – 137, maximum width across cheeks 133 – 140, minimum width across base 103 – 107; eyes length 63 – 67; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 17; postocular setae 42 – 42. Maxillary bridge width 65 – 59. Antenna total length 315 – 360, segments III – VIII length as follows: 45 – 50, 45 – 54, 37 – 45, 39 – 47, 39 – 41, 25 – 28. Pronotum length 95 – 118, width 157 – 180. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 22, aa 24 – 35, ml 38 – 43, pa 43 – 48, epim 45 – 53. Fore wing length 640 – 710. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 38 – 46, S 2 40 – 53, S 3 61 – 70. Pelta length 57 – 63, width 67 – 80. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60 – 60, S 2 20 – 23. Tube length 97 – 103, maximum width 40 – 45; terminal setae 140 – 150.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD067025E5EC8D4D388F4FC93.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Peninsular Malaysia, Cameron Highland, nr. Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 25. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Paratypes: Peninsular Malaysia, 13 females and 10 males, collected together with holotype; 3 females and 3 males, data very similar to holotype, but 27. viii. 1990; Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Jasar, on dead leaves and branches, 1 female, 29. viii. 1990, 4 females and 2 males, 19. ix. 1990, TN & SO; Fraser’s Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 2 males, 13. ix. 1990, 1 female, 14. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Doubtful specimens. Peninsular Malaysia, Cameron Highland, nr. Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 5 females, 25. viii. 1990, 3 females, 27. viii. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female, Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 26. viii. 1990, TN & SO; 2 females, Cameron Highland, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1990, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD067025E5EC8D4D388F4FC93.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is collected from mountainous area of Peninsular Malaysia. It may be included in the pictipes - group, and is somewhat similar to N. kadazani sp. nov. described below from Sabah, Borneo. It can be distinguished by the following features: maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae (reaching eyes in kadazani); maxillary bridge wider than 0.4 times as wide as head in female (about one-third of head width in kadazani); fore femur with a series of small tubercles on inner-ventral surface (smooth in kadazani). Eleven females listed under the doubtful specimens were collected together with the type series of andromorphus, but have the fore femora unarmed and the posteromarginal setae S 1 on tergite IX elongate. It is not yet clear whether these morphological differences are simply intraspecific variations or due to different species. The fore femora of this species have a series of small tubercles on inner-ventral surface, and similar structures are also found in Androthrips species. However, Androthrips species has the prothoracic anteromarginal setae reduced, a distinct sub-basal inner tubercle on the fore femur, usually has an apical inner scale on the fore tibia in both sexes, and is not considered so closely related.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06502585EC8D7228F11FE2B.taxon	description	(Figs 105, 130 – 137) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 105). All femora brown; all tibiae shaded with brown, but bases and apices paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III brownish yellow. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 130) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.19 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, weakly sculptured laterally with transverse striae. Cheeks very weakly rounded, constricted at base, weakly cut in at anterior end, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli moderately developed; posterior pair separated from eyes, about 20 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 88 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 137) shorter about 1.9 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, about three-fourths of segment VII; segments III and IV subequal in length, longer than segment VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge very weak, about 0.4 times as wide as head. Pronotum (Fig. 130) 0.63 – 0.68 times as long as head, 0.66 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.74 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am setae almost as long as aa; epim a little longer than pa, much longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 131) irregularly shaped, narrower than 25 µm; mesopresternum complete, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae developed. expanded, about 20 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 132) sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, 20 – 23 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 45 µm apart from each other, 26 – 27 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus (Fig. 134) with a tooth. Fore wing with 3 – 6 duplicated cilia, 4 – 5 in holotype; three sub-basal setae well developed, expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 133) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, sculptured weakly, 1.54 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III and IV weakly expanded, but those on IV often bluntly pointed, V pointed or bluntly pointed, at least not expanded, VI – VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae bluntly pointed, but often nearly pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than S 1, almost as long as tube; intermediate setae about half of Sl. Tube longer than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.63 times in holotype, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as tube, 1.26 times in holotype. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1530 (distended). Head length 155, from anterior margin of eyes 140, width across eyes 123, maximum width across cheeks 130, minimum width across base 115; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 30 – 33. Maxillary bridge width 53. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 39 (25), 40 (28), 36 (25), 36 (22), 33 (19), 25 (10). Pronotum length 102, width 177. Setae on prothorax: am 27 – 29, aa 28, ml 35 – 36, pa 36 – 40, epim 40 – 42. Fore wing length 630. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32 – 35, S 2 37 – 39, S 3 44 – 45. Pelta length 52, width 80. Tergite IX setae: S 1 75, S 2 92 – 100. Tube length 97, maximum width 47; terminal setae 122. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, and shows slight allometric growth. Tip of pseudovirga widely rounded (Fig. 136), 12 – 13 µm wide. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1250 (distended). Head length 155, from anterior margin of eyes 138, width across eyes 113, maximum width across cheeks 123, minimum width across base 103; eyes length 54; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 37 – 38. Maxillary bridge width 60. Antenna total length 270, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37, 38, 32, 35, 34, 26. Pronotum length 90, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 24, aa 26, ml 33 – 35, pa 30 – 33, epim 32 – 35. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 32, S 2 30 – 33, S 3 42 – 43. Pelta length 43, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 65 – 67, S 2 about 20. Tube length 78, maximum width 42; terminal setae 120.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06502585EC8D7228F11FE2B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, the Philippines, Mindanao, Mt. Apo, Agko, on half dead grass, 2. viii. 1979, SO. Paratype: the Philippines, Mindanao, 15 females and 6 males, collected together with holotype; locality and collector as in holotype, 2 females and 5 males, on dead branches, 30. vii. 1979, 12 females and 5 males, on dead fern, 30. vii. 1979, 5 females and 1 male, on dead leaves, 30. vii. 1979, 4 females and 1 male, on half dead grass, 31. vii. 1979, 1 female, on bush with bamboo, 31. vii. 1979, 10 females and 1 male, on dead leaves, 31. vii. 1979, 3 females and 1 male, on half dead grass, 1. viii. 1979, 8 females and 3 males, on dead leaves, 2. viii. 1979, 8 females and 1 male, on dead leaves, 3. viii. 1979, 5 females and 2 males, on dead Palmae fronds, 4. viii. 1979; North Cotabato, Ilomavis, 1 female and 2 males, on dead leaves, 26. vii. 1979, 6 females and 1 male, on dead fern, 27. vii. 1979, 10 females and 3 males, on dead leaves, 28. vii. 1979, 16 females, on dead branches, 29. vii. 1979, 5 females and 1 male, on dead twigs, 29. vii. 1979, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06502585EC8D7228F11FE2B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was taken from the mountainous region of Mindanao, the Philippines, and may be included in the pictipes - group. It is described based on a good series of females and males taken mainly from dead plants, and probably related to N. kundasangi sp. nov. described below from Sabah, Borneo. However, N. apoae has three sense cones on antennal segment III, whereas kundasangi has only two sense cones on that segment.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06302595EC8D5BA8B27F900.taxon	description	(Figs 106, 138 – 143) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 106). All femora brown, almost concolorous with head; fore and mid tibiae yellowish brown, with apices paler, hind tibiae yellow; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and VI – VIII brown; segment III yellow, segment IV pale brown, with basal one-third yellow; segment V yellowish brown, a little darker than segment IV, with bases paler. Fore wing scarcely tinged with pale brown at middle. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 138) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.23 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle. Cheeks subparallel, very weakly rounded, but constricted basally, weakly serrated. Eyes a little longer than one-third of head length, 0.36 times as long as head in holotype. Ocelli normal; posterior pair almost in contact with eyes, 23 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 102 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 143) longer than 1.8 times as long as head, 1.82 times in holotype; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, about 0.8 times as long as segment VII, 0.78 times in holotype; segments III almost as long as segment IV, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to the middle of head capsule, not reaching postocular setae, widely apart from each other, almost V-shaped. Maxillary bridge distinct, a little narrower than half of head width, 0.45 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum about 0.6 times as long as head, about 1.7 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, pa almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 139) fan-shaped, about 30 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, about 19 – 20 µm long in holotype. Metanotum (Fig. 140) sculptured with polygonal reticulation, but weak at middle; median pair of setae pointed, 20 – 27 µm long, distance between both median setae a little narrower than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 46 µm apart from each other, 42 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus (Fig. 138) with a tooth. Fore wing with 5 – 7 duplicated cilia, 7 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 and S 2 subequal in length, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 141) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.5 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 pointed, longer than S 1, but shorter than tube; intermediate setae about two-thirds of Sl. Tube (Fig. 142) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.59 times in holotype, about 2.2 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1620 (distended). Head length 177, from anterior margin of eyes 160, width across eyes 140, maximum width across cheeks 144, minimum width across base 115; eyes length 63; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 65. Antenna total length 322, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 45 (23), 46 (25), 40 (23), 38 (20), 37 (18), 29 (11). Pronotum length 107, width 180. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 25, aa? 20, ml 28, pa 31 – 32, epim more than 30. Fore wing length 655. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 33 – 34, S 2 33, S 3 53 – 56. Pelta length 60, width 90. Tergite IX setae: S 1 72, S 2 93. Tube length 105, maximum width 48; terminal setae 160. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06302595EC8D5BA8B27F900.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Tabanan, Jatiluwih, Peteli Temple, 915 m alt., habitut uncertain, 13. viii. 2006, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Bali, 1 female, Belimbing, alt. about 600 m, on dead leaves and branches, 27. vii. 1984, SO; 1 female, Tabanan, Batu Sesa, 1270 m alt., 14. viii. 2005, SO; 1 female, Tabanan, Muncak Sari, Pura Luhur, 780 m alt., 2. ix. 2005, SO; 1 female, Tabanan, near Wangaya, Pura Jero Sasah, 900 m alt., on bamboo, 4. ix. 2005, SO; 1 female, Tabanan, Bedugul, FIT trap, 14. vii. 2005, T. Ishikawa.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06302595EC8D5BA8B27F900.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is included in the pictipes - group, and can be discriminated from congeners by a combination of the following features: antennal segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively; maxillary stylets wider apart, not reaching postocular setae; maxillary bridge 0.45 times as wide as head; metanotal median pair of setae more than 40 µm apart from anterior margin of metanotum; postero-lateral setae S 2 on tergites III – VI expanded; hind tibia clear yellow. Apparently, it is somewhat similar to N. boninae sp. nov. from the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, but boninae has antennal segment III with three sense cones, the hind tibiae largely brownish, and the prominent body setae very weakly expanded or almost truncated, at least not distinctly expanded.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD062025A5EC8D2938E67FE9B.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan (Honshu), the type series (see Okajima 2006: 599).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD061025B5EC8D7738BC3F969.taxon	description	(Figs 107, 144 – 151) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.5 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 107). Legs dark brown, but apices of tibiae yellowish (Fig. 149); tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and VI – VIII brown; segment III yellow, segment IV brownish yellow; segment V yellowish brown, a little darker than segment IV, with bases paler. Fore wing pale in distal half, scarcely shaded with pale brown in basal half, but paler at base. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 144) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.24 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle. Cheeks subparallel, but distinctly constricted at base. Eyes about one-third as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair slightly separated from eyes, 27 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, very weakly expanded or truncated; 103 µm apart from each other, 12 – 13 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 151) longer than 1.7 times as long as head, 1.75 times in holotype; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, about 0.8 times as long as segment VII, 0.79 times in holotype; segments III almost as long as segment IV, truncated at apex, much longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to the middle of head capsule, not reaching postocular setae. Maxillary bridge moderately developed, a little wider than one-third of head width, 0.37 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 144) relatively short, shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.55 times in holotype, 1.8 – 1.9 times as wide as long, 1.87 times in holotype; almost smooth, median apodeme very weak; am setae reduced (ml invisible in both holotype and paratypes, and there is a possibility that it is also reduced); aa, pa and epim developed, but short and very weakly expanded or truncated. Prospinasternum (Fig. 145) fan-shaped, 33 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae short and finely pointed, about 15 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 146) sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, 22 – 23 µm long, distance between both median setae narrower than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, about 30 µm apart from each other, 37 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a small tooth (Fig. 148). Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae relatively short, expanded, but S 3 often blunt. Pelta (Fig. 147) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.64 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – V very weakly expanded, but V often blunt, VI and VII usually blunt, VIII very weakly expanded or truncated. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae blunt, much shorter than tube, S 2 a little longer than S 1; intermediate setae about two-thirds of Sl. Tube (Fig. 150) longer than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.56 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae a little shorter than tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1700 (distended). Head length 186, from anterior margin of eyes 168, width across eyes 146, maximum width across cheeks 150, minimum width across base 129; eyes length 62; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13; postocular setae 26 – 28. Maxillary bridge width 55. Antenna total length 325, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 46 (27), 45 (28), 39 (25), 39 (23), 38 (20), 30 (13). Pronotum length 103, width 193. Setae on prothorax: am less than 10, aa 15 – 17, ml?, pa 20 – 22, epim 26 – 28. Fore wing length 660. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 27, S 2 22, S 3 35. Pelta length 62, width 102. Tergite IX setae: S 1 64 – 65, S 2 69 – 70. Tube length 105, maximum width 53; terminal setae 97 – 98. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD061025B5EC8D7738BC3F969.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype macropterous female, Japan, Ogasawara, Chichi-jima Is., habitat uncertain, 18. iv. 1997, T. Matsumoto & T. Kishimoto. Paratypes: Japan, Ogasawara, 4 females, collected together with holotype.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD061025B5EC8D7738BC3F969.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is distinct in having a combination of the following features: antennal segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively; postocular setae truncate at apex, very weakly expanded; pronotum rather short, shorter than 0.6 times as long as head; pronotal am setae reduced; mesonotal lateral setae short and pointed; metanotal median pair of setae far apart from anterior margin, closer together; terminal tube setae a little shorter than tube. Unfortunately, the habitat of the type material is uncertain. It may be included in the pictipes - group.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06002445EC8D3048841F85B.taxon	description	(Figs 108, 152 – 158) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 108). All femora brown, fore femora with apices paler; fore tibiae yellowish brown, mid and hind tibiae pale brown, with bases paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III with basal one-third paler, segment IV with extreme base scarcely paler. Fore wing very weakly shaded with pale brown, but basal one-third pale. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 152) a little longer than wide, about 1.1 times as long as wide; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse reticles or striae. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, a little longer than 1 / 3 of head length, 0.38 times as long as head in holotype. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair 25 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 105 µm apart from each other, 7 – 8 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 158) about 1.9 times as long as head, 1.89 times in holotype; segment VIII relatively slender, weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, longer than 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III a little shorter than IV, longer than VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets not reaching postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge wide, wider than 1 / 3 of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 152) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.68 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.69 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae well developed, expanded; am and aa subequal in length, ml and pa elongate, almost as long as postocular setae, epim a little longer than pa. Prospinasternum (Fig. 153) variable in shape, 20 – 30 µm wide; mesopresternum complete, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 154) distinctly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, wider apart from each other and closer from anterior margin of metanotum, 46 µm apart from each other, 32 – 36 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore femur (Figs 156 & 157) with two dentate inner tubercles, posterior one larger and situated at middle; fore tibia with a seta bearing small inner tubercle at anterior one-third; fore tarsus with a well-developed tooth. Fore wing with 6 – 7 duplicated cilia, 6 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 155) trapezoid, with distinctly reticulate, about 1.6 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, but those on tergite V and VI often blunt or very weakly expanded, VII finely pointed, VIII blunt. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, much shorter than tube, 0.65 times as long as tube in paratype (these setae are missing in holotype), S 2 sharply pointed, a little longer than tube; intermediate setae long, longer than two-thirds of Sl. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae 1.6 – 1.7 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1560 (distended). Head length 159, from anterior margin of eyes 149, width across eyes 140, maximum width across cheeks 144, minimum width across base 121; eyes length 60; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae 40 – 43. Maxillary bridge width 60. Antenna total length about 300, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (27), 45 (27), 39 (23), 38 (20), 37 (18), 27 (9). Pronotum length 108, width 182. Setae on prothorax: am 27 – 29, aa 26 – 28, ml 35 – 37, pa 41 – 42, epim 46 – 48. Fore wing length 630. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 35 – 37, S 2 40 – 43, S 3 45 – 48. Pelta length 55, width 88. Tergite IX setae: S 1?, S 2 about 100. Tube length 95, maximum width 46; terminal setae 150 – 160. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 – 1.4 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1270 (distended). Head length 149, from anterior margin of eyes 138, width across eyes 126, maximum width across cheeks 127, minimum width across base 100; eyes length 57; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 14; postocular setae 40. Maxillary bridge width 63. Antenna total length 286, segments III – VIII length as follows: 38, 41, 37, 34, 35, 26. Pronotum length 90, width 148. Setae on prothorax: am 26 – 27, aa? 25, ml 33 – 34, pa 40, epim? 40. Fore wing length 540. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 31 – 32, S 2 38 – 39, S 3 40 – 42. Pelta length 45, width 73. Tergite IX setae: S 1 62 – 63, S 2 25 – 27. Tube length 90, maximum width 38; terminal setae 155 – 156.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06002445EC8D3048841F85B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Kuta (sea level), on dead leaves and branches, 23. vii. 1984, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Bali, 2 female and 3 male, collected together with holotype; 5 females and 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but 30. viii. 1984; 1 male, Buleleng, Pura Belatung, 100 m alt., 30. viii. 2005, SO; Buleleng, Desa Melanting, 135 m alt., 1 male, 30. viii. 2005, 1 female, 31. viii. 2005, SO. Singapore, 1 female, Macritchie Park (= Macritchie Reseervoir), on dead leaves, 22. vii. 1976, SO. Non-paratypic specimens. Indonesia, Flores, 2 males, Ende, Wolosoko, 655 m alt., habitat uncertain, 22. viii. 2006, 1 male, Ngada, Aimere, 200 m alt., on dead branches, 27. viii. 2006, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD06002445EC8D3048841F85B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species may be included in the pictipes - group, and is peculiar in having fore femoral inner dentate tubercles. A small number of specimens were taken from dead leafy branches in lowlands of tropical Southeast Asia, but the feeding-habit is uncertain. Three males from Flores listed under the non-paratypic specimens are indistinguishable from the type series.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07E02455EC8D1068E7AF97B.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan, Ryukyus, the type series (see Okajima, 2006: 601).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07E02405EC8D3088EA8FF7F.taxon	description	(Figs 109 – 110, 159 – 168) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 109). All femora brown; all tibiae pale brown with bases and apices paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III yellowish brown, often brown, with extreme base yellow. Fore wing shaded with pale brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 159) longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.29 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, weakly sculptured laterally with transverse striae. Cheeks very weakly rounded, constricted at base, weakly incut at anterior end, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli moderately developed; posterior pair separated from eyes, 19 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 84 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 168) 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as head, 1.75 times in holotype; segment VIII relatively slender, weakly constricted at base, about three-fouths of segment VII, or a little longer; segments III shorter than IV, almost as long as VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge rather distinct, about 0.4 times as wide as head. Pronotum (Fig. 159) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.61 times in holotype, about 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.61 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am setae almost as long as aa, or longer; epim a little longer than pa and postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 162) irregularly shaped, about 20 µm wide; mesopresternum complete, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, 20 – 25 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 163) sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, 20 – 25 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 48 µm apart from each other, 27 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a small tooth (Fig. 165). Fore wing with 3 – 7 duplicated cilia, 4 in holotype; three sub-basal setae well developed, expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 164) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.35 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII – VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae bluntly pointed, but often nearly pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than S 1, almost as long as tube, or a little longer than tube; intermediate setae about half of Sl. Tube shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.54 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.8 – 1.9 times as long as tube, 1.91 times in holotype. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1460 (distended). Head length 160, from anterior margin of eyes 143, width across eyes 120, maximum width across cheeks 124, minimum width across base 104; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13; postocular setae 38 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 48. Antenna total length 280, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 34 (23), 37 (25), 33 (22), 35 (20), 35 (18), 27 (9). Pronotum length 98, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 29 – 30, aa? 25, ml 35, pa 37 – 38, epim 42 – 43. Fore wing length 560. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32, S 2 35, S 3 40 – 42. Pelta length 52, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 77 – 80, S 2 84 – 85. Tube length 87, maximum width 43; terminal setae 163 – 166. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but showing allometric growth. Large male: prothorax and froe legs enlarged (Fig. 166), fore tarsal tooth stout; terminal tube setae longer than 2.0 times as long as tube. Tip of pseudovirga slender (Fig. 167), less than 5 µm wide. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1100 – 1300 (distended). Head length 123 – 152, from anterior margin of eyes 115 – 137, width across eyes 108 – 121, maximum width across cheeks 111 – 123, minimum width across base 92 – 102; eyes length 42 – 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 13; postocular setae 35 – 38. Maxillary bridge width 53 – 55. Antenna total length 250 – 275, segments III – VIII length as follows: 30 – 33, 34 – 38, 30 – 33, 32 – 36, 30 – 35, 25 – 26. Pronotum length 78 – 108, width 135 – 154. Setae on prothorax: am 20 – 28, aa 25 – 25, ml 28 – 35, pa 32 – 38, epim 33 – 38. Fore wing length 470 – 530. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28 – 30, S 2 31 – 33, S 3 33 – 37. Pelta length 42 – 50, width 55 – 69. Tergite IX setae: S 1 50 – 55, S 2 20 – 20. Tube length 61 –	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07E02405EC8D3088EA8FF7F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, the Philippines, Mindanao, North Cotabato, Ilomavis, on dead leaves, 26. vii. 1979, SO. Paratypes: the Philippines, Mindanao, 4 females and 8 males, collected together with holotype; locality and collector as in holotype, 1 female, on grass, 26. vii. 1979, 17 females and 8 males, on dead fern, 27. vii. 1979, 1 male, on grass, 27. vii. 1979, 8 females and 10 males, on dead leaves, 28. vii. 1979. Doubtful specimens. Peninsular Malaysia, 1 female, Tanah Rata, on dead leaves, 24. vii. 1976, SO; Tapah, on dead leaves, 5 females, 28. vii. 1976, 3 females and 3 males, 30. vii. 1976, SO; 5 females, NE 13 km from Tapah, on dead leaves, 27. vii. 1976, SO; 1 male, about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, Templer Park, on dead leaves, 13. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Vietnam, 1 female and 1 male, Lam Dong Prov., Da Lat, Ward 5, Van Thanh, 23. xii. 2001, SO; 1 female, Lam Dong Prov., Finom Ward, Don Duong, on bamboo, 25. xii. 2001, SO; Lam Dong Prov., Bao Loc, Dam Bri, 1 female, habitat uncertain, 1 female, on bamboo, 27. xii. 2001, 5 females and 1 male, on grass, 22. viii. 2007, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07E02405EC8D3088EA8FF7F.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was described from Mindanao, the Philippines, based on a good series of females and males taken mainly from dead plants, and seems likely to be a fungus-feeder. It may be included in the pictipes - group. It is apparently very similar to N. apoae sp. nov. described above, but can be distinguished by the following features (in parentheses are the features of apoae): antennal segment III shorter than segment IV (III almost as long as IV); postero-lateral setae S 2 on abdominal tergites V and VI expanded (S 2 on V pointed or bluntly pointed, at least not expanded, those on VI pointed); tube shorter than 0.6 times as long as head (tube about 0.6 times as long as head, or a little longer); terminal tube setae longer than 1.8 times as long as tube in female, longer than 2.0 times in male (1.2 – 1.3 times as long as head in female, about 1.5 times in male); male pseudovirga narrower, less than 5 µm wide (wider and rounded, 12 – 13 µm wide). Some females and males from Peninsular Malaysia and Vietnam listed under the doubtful specimens may represent this species but have some small differences.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07B02415EC8D50E88C7F80B.taxon	description	(Figs 111, 169 – 176) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 111). Femora brown, with apices yellowish; tibiae shaded with brown, with base paler, mid and hind tibiae shaded with brown, with bases and apices yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and VII – VIII brown; segments III – VI pale brown to brown, gradually darkened distally. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 169) longer than wide, 1.25 – 1.36 times as long as wide, 1.35 times in holotype, widest across cheeks at middle, dorsal surface almost smooth at anterior half, very weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half, but sculptured distinctly with transverse reticulation at base. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrate. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded, 97 µm apart from each other, 14 – 15 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Eyes about 1 / 3 of head length, 0.36 times as long as head in holotype. Ocelli normal; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 25 µm apart from each other. Antennae (Fig. 176) 1.74 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at extreme base, narrowly joined to segment VII, 0.74 times as long as VII in holotype; segment III a little shorter than segment IV, longer than segment VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and three (1 + 2 + 1) sense-cones respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, wider apart, V-shaped; maxillary bridge very wide, much wider than 1 / 2 of head width, 0.57 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 169) about 0.6 times as long as head, or a little longer, 0.64 times as long as head in holotype, about 1.5 times as wide as long, almost smooth; five pairs of major setae expanded; aa and am subequal in length, epim much longer than pa, the longest, longer than postoculars. Mesopresternum (Fig. 170) complete; prospinasternum well developed, almost inverted triangle, about 35 µm wide in holotype. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, about 20 µm long, expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 171) very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, shorter than 25 µm in length, 47 µm apart from each other, 24 – 28 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus unarmed (Fig. 173). Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 2 longer than S 1, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 172) triangle or trapezoid, with irregular lateral margins, sculptured weakly, 1.26 times as wide as long in holotype. S 1 setae on intermediate abdominal tergites elongate, those on tergite VI and VII almost as long as S 1 on tergite IX or longer. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, but those on tergites VI often very weakly expanded, VII pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, S 1 shorter than tube, S 2 a little longer than tube; intermediate setae about half of S 1. Tube (Fig. 175) about 0.5 times as long as head, about 1.8 times as long as wide. Terminal setae about 1.2 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1700 (distended). Head length 176, from anterior margin of eyes 157, width across eyes 126, maximum width across cheeks 130, minimum width across base 111; eyes length 63; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 14; postocular setae 38 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 74. Antenna total length 307, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (24), 44 (26), 40 (23), 38 (21), 38 (20), 28 (11). Pronotum length 113, width 173. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 25, aa 23, ml? 30, pa 33 – 34, epim about 50. Fore wing length 650. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30, S 2 40, S 3 48 – 50. Pelta length 68, width 86. Setae on tergite VIII: S 1 85 – 86. Tergite IX setae: S 1 80, S 2 96 – 106. Tube length 90, maximum width 50; terminal setae 110 – 112. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.05 – 1.25 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but much smaller; does not show allometric growth. Head about 1.2 times as long as wide. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1180 (distended). Head length 137, from anterior margin of eyes 128, width across eyes 110, maximum width across cheeks 113, minimum width across base 97; eyes length 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 28 – 30. Maxillary bridge width 65. Antenna total length 267, segments III – VIII length as follows: 34, 35, 36, 34, 33, 25. Pronotum length 92, width 142. Setae on prothorax: am 23, aa about 20, ml 25, pa 28, epim 38 – 40. Fore wing length 470. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23 – 24, S 2 30, S 3 36. Pelta length 47, width 60. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60 – 65, S 2 28. Tube length 70, maximum width 41; terminal setae 97.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07B02415EC8D50E88C7F80B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Flores, Ngada, Wolobobo, 1440 m alt., habitat uncertain, 28. viii. 2006, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Flores, 2 females and 2 males, collected together with holotype; 1 female, same locality as holotype, on grass, 29. viii. 2006, SO; 8 females and 4 males, Ngada, Bajawa, Donatana, 386 m alt., on dead branches, 29. viii. 2006, SO; 1 female and 1 male, Ngada, Bajawa, Wolomeli, 720 m alt., 28. viii. 2006, SO; 5 females and 2 males, Nduaria, on dead branches, 22. viii. 2006, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Ende, Wolosoko, 655 m alt., 22. viii. 2006, SO; 6 females and 6 males, Ende, Komandaru, on dead branches, 23. viii. 2006, SO; 1 male, Manggarai, Mano, 1265 m alt., coffee leaves, 25. viii. 2006, SO; 1 female, Manggarai, Gololoni, 1225 m alt., 26. viii. 2006, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07B02415EC8D50E88C7F80B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Flores Is., Indonesia, based on a good series of females and males, and seems likely to be a fungus-feeder, because most specimens were taken from dead branches. It is very similar to two species, N. ommatocellus sp. nov. from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia and N. subinermis sp. nov. from Bali, Indonesia in having the fore tarsi unarmed, and these three species are included in the inermis - group. They cannot be distinguished satisfactorily from the pictipes - group by most structures other than the absence of the fore tarsal tooth. N. inermis is most similar to ommatocellus in having three major sense cones on antennal segment IV, and these two can be distinguished by the key above.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD079024C5EC8D2E38B95FD03.taxon	description	(Figs 177, 187 – 193) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.8 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 177). Femora dark brown; tibiae brown, mid and hind tibiae with bases and apices slightly paler; tarsi yellowish. Antennae largely brown, segment III pale brown, with basal one-third yellowish, segment IV with extreme base paler. Fore wings and major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 187) longer than wide, 1.37 times as long as wide; dorsal surface almost smooth, distinctly sculptured with transverse striae near base. Cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, anterior end shortly overlapping with eyes, very weakly serrated. Eyes 0.26 times as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 32 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae almost as long as eyes, pointed; 97 µm apart from each other, 8 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 193) about 1.7 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segments III, IV and V subequal in length, longer than VII; segments III with two (1 + 1) sense cones, segment IV with two major and two small (1 ++ 11 + 1) sense cones, one small sense cone situated usual position of outer margin of the segment, the other situated inside of outer major sense cone on dorsal surface near anterior margin. Maxillary stylets scarcely retracted to postocular setae, sub-parallel at middle, their distance about one-quarter of head width; maxillary bridge distinct. Pronotum (Fig. 187) 0.64 times as long as head, 1.43 times as wide as long; almost smooth; four pairs of prothoracic setae relatively short, pointed; epim expanded, a little shorter than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 188) largely developed, rhombus, 45 µm wide; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae pointed. Metanotum (Fig. 189) very weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, shorter than 20 µm, 48 µm apart from each other, 35 – 38 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsal tooth small (Fig. 191). Fore wing with 3 – 5 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae S 1 expanded, S 2 blunt or bluntly pointed, S 3 pointed. Pelta (Fig. 190) trapezoid, with irregular lateral margins, 1.45 times as wide as long. Tergites II – VIII S 1 setae blunt or bluntly pointed. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae sharply pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae sharply pointed, S 1 a little longer than tube, S 2 longer than S 1; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 192) 0.54 times as long as head, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.6 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1780 (distended). Head length 190, from anterior margin of eyes 175, width across eyes 130, maximum width across cheeks 139, minimum width across base 113; eyes length 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 13; postocular setae about 50. Maxillary bridge width 40. Antenna total length 320, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (26), 42 (27), 42 (26), 38 (22), 38 (22), 26 (10). Pronotum length 121, width 173. Setae on prothorax: am 17 – 23, aa?, ml? 25, pa 35 – 37, epim 43 – 45. Fore wing length 630. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 32, S 2 37 – 38, S 3 32 – 35. Pelta length 58, width 84. Tergite IX setae: S 1 108 – 113, S 2 122 – 123. Tube length 102, maximum width 50; terminal setae 165. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD079024C5EC8D2E38B95FD03.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Japan, Honshu, Daibosatsu-toge, Hikawa Rindou, on dead branches, 28. v. 1983, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD079024C5EC8D2E38B95FD03.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from the cool temperate region of Honshu, Japan, based on a unique holotype female taken from dead branches of a deciduous broad leaf tree. It is included in the bamboosae - group and may be closely related to N. bamboosae also from Japan and N. simulans from a somewhat wider range of Southeast Asia. These three species have one small sense cone in addition to two major sense cones on the antennal segment IV, which is situated inside of the outer major sense cone on dorsal surface near anterior margin of the segment. However, japonicus has an additional small sense cone at outer margin of the segment, though this is absent in bamboosae and simulans.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD077024E5EC8D6928E6DFC93.taxon	description	(Figs 178 – 179, 194 – 203) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.8 mm. Body brown to dark brown (Fig. 178). All femora brown to dark brown, fore femora brown with apices scarcely paler; fore tibia brown, mid and hind tibiae brown with bases and apices yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III pale brown, with base yellowish, but sometimes paler, largely brownish yellow. Fore wing shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 194) longer than wide, 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.26 times in holotype; dorsal surface entirely sculptured with transverse striae, but they are somewhat weaker between eyes. Cheeks very weakly rounded, constricted at base, weakly bulged at anterior end, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli relatively small; posterior scarcely separated from eyes, about 20 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 93 µm apart from each other, 7 – 8 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 203) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III formed asymmetrically, almost as long as segment IV, longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge very weak, about one-third of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 194) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.62 times in holotype, 1.6 – 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.65 times in holotype; almost smooth, weakly sculptured posteriorly; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am setae almost as long as aa, or a little shorter; epim a little longer than pa, longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 197) irregularly shaped, narrower than 25 µm; mesopresternum complete, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed. expanded, 20 – 25 µm long. Metanotum sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 20 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between those setae and anterior margin of metanotum, 48 µm apart from each other, 33 – 34 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a tooth (Fig. 200). Fore wing with 6 – 7 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 199) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, about 1.4 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III expanded, IV – VIII pointed, but those on tergite IV often blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, or very weakly expanded, but often nearly pointed, much shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than S 1, a little shorter than tube; intermediate setae relatively long, about two-thirds of Sl. Tube longer than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.57 times in holotype, about 2.2 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.4 times as long as tube, or a little longer. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1730 (distended). Head length 182, from anterior margin of eyes 170, width across eyes 138, maximum width across cheeks 145, minimum width across base 115; eyes length 61; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13; postocular setae 40 – 42. Maxillary bridge width 51. Antenna total length 333, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 47 (26), 47 (27), 43 (23), 42 (21), 40 (20), 27 (11). Pronotum length 112, width 185. Setae on prothorax: am 27 – 30, aa 30 – 33, ml 42, pa 45, epim 48. Fore wing length 780. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 37 – 38, S 2 42 – 43, S 3 50 – 52. Pelta length 62, width 87. Tergite IX setae: S 1 70, S 2 90 – 93. Tube length 103, maximum width 47; terminal setae 145 – 153. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 – 1.6 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but show allometric growth. Postero-lateral setae S 2 on tergite IV and V variable in shape, pointed, blunt or weakly expanded. Large male: head distinctly narrowed to base; prothorax and froe legs enlarged (Fig. 201); fore femur enlarged; fore tarsal tooth stout; prothoracic aa, am and pa elongate. Tip of aedeagus rounded (Fig. 202), 11 µm wide. Measurements (paratype small-large males in µm). Body length 1360 – 1570 (distended). Head length 152 – 169, from anterior margin of eyes 143 – 157, width across eyes 129 – 132, maximum width across cheeks 132 – 134, minimum width across base 101 – 100; eyes length 53 – 61; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 16; postocular setae 38 – 45. Maxillary bridge width 58 – 53. Antenna total length 310 – 330, segments III – VIII length as follows: 44 – 46, 45 – 49, 41 – 42, 40 – 43, 37 – 40, 26 – 29. Pronotum length 93 – 112, width 165 – 188. Setae on prothorax: am 25 – 30, aa 25 – 42, ml 35 – 48, pa 40 – 48, epim 35 – 45. Fore wing length 620 – 740. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 35 – 40, S 2 42 – 47, S 3 55 – 58. Pelta length 50 – 59, width 70 – 83. Tergite IX setae: S 1 58 – 55, S 2 18 – 26. Tube length 85 – 97, maximum width 41 – 42; terminal setae 135 – 142.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD077024E5EC8D6928E6DFC93.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Borneo, Sabah, about 3 km N from Kundasang, on dead leaves and branches, 6. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Paratypes: 17 females and 9 males, collected together with holotype; 1 female, Sabah, nr. Kundasang, foot of Mt. Kinabaru, on dead leaves and branches, 10. ix. 1990, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD077024E5EC8D6928E6DFC93.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Sabah, Borneo, based on a good number of females and males collected from dead leafy branches, and seems to be a fungus-feeder. It may be included in the pictipes - group. It is somewhat similar to N. apoae sp. nov. described above, but can be distinguished by the head distinctly sculptured with transverse reticles or striae on the dorsal surface. From N. pictipes, that is also similar in appearance, kadazani is distinguished by the metanotal median pair of setae wider apart from one another and situated closer to the metanotum anterior margin. The specific name is derived from one of the native tribes in Sabah, ‘ Kadazan’.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07502485EC8D7228E21FF7F.taxon	description	(Figs 180 – 181, 204 – 210) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown to dark brown (Fig. 180). All femora entirely brown to dark brown, concolorous with head; all tibiae brown, with bases and apices scarcely paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown to dark brown, but segment III clear yellow. Fore wing shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 204) longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.29 times in holotype, widest across cheeks at middle; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, sculptured with transverse striae laterally. Cheeks weakly rounded, sub-parallel, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior separated from eyes, 22 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 81 µm apart from each other, 12 – 13 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 210) about 1.9 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, about three-fourths of VII; segments III and IV subequal in length, longer than VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively, but segment III often with three (1 + 2) (e. g. holotype female has one large outer sense cones on right antennal segment III, but has two rather small outer sense cones on the left). Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak, about two-fifths of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 204) about 0.7 times as long as head, about 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.59 times in holotype; almost smooth, very weakly sculptured posteriorly; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; ml and pa subequal in length, longer than aa; epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 205) irregularly shaped, about 25 µm wide; mesopresternum complete, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, expanded, usually about 20 µm long, but right one reduced in holotype. Metanotum (Fig. 206) sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 43 µm apart from each other, 28 – 30 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a tooth (Fig. 208). Fore wing with 1 – 4 duplicated cilia, with 1 cilium in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 2 longer than S 1, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 207) triangular or trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.4 – 1.5 times as wide as long, 1.46 times in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, or very weakly expanded, shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, longer than S 1, almost as long as tube; intermediate setae about half of Sl. Tube longer than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.63 times in holotype, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.2 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1650 (distended). Head length 165, from anterior margin of eyes 151, width across eyes 120, maximum width across cheeks 128, minimum width across base 116; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 11; postocular setae 40. Maxillary bridge width 53. Antenna total length 310, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (25), 42 (28), 38 (23), 38 (22), 36 (19), 27 (11). Pronotum length 115, width 183. Setae on prothorax: am 18, aa 22, ml 32 – 35, pa 35, epim 33 – 38. Fore wing length 600. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 27 – 28, S 2 33 – 35, S 3 42 – 43. Pelta length 57, width 83. Tergite IX setae: S 1 80 – 81, S 2 105 – 107. Tube length 104, maximum width 50; terminal setae 125 – 127. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Fore wing with 0 – 3 duplicated cilia. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1260 (distended). Head length 150, from anterior margin of eyes 135, width across eyes 111, maximum width across cheeks 116, minimum width across base 100; eyes length 46; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 10; postocular setae 35 – 37. Maxillary bridge width 53. Antenna total length 280, segments III – VIII length as follows: 38, 40, 35, 35, 32, 26. Pronotum length 98, width 150. Setae on prothorax: am 15 – 17, aa about 20, ml 30, pa 30 – 32, epim 30 – 32. Fore wing length 500. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 28, S 2 30 – 32, S 3 37 – 38. Pelta length 42, width 69. Tergite IX setae: S 1 56 – 60, S 2 20. Tube length 80, maximum width 41; terminal setae 125.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07502485EC8D7228E21FF7F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Borneo, Sabah, about 3 km N from Kundasang, on dead leaves and branches, 6. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Paratypes: Borneo, 4 females and 3 males, collected together with holotype; 3 females and 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but collected from moss, 7. ix. 1990.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07502485EC8D7228E21FF7F.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Sabah, Borneo, based on eight females and four males collected from dead leafy branches or mosses, and the feeding-habit is uncertain. It is included in the pictipes - group, and somewhat similar to N. apoae sp. nov. from Mindanao, the Philippines. However, these two species can be distinguished by the key above. The antennal segment III of kundasangi is wholly yellow in contrast to the remaining segments that are brown, and is somewhat similar to N. kurandae comb. nov. from Australia.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07302495EC8D50E8E30F93E.taxon	description	(Figs 182, 211 – 218) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 182). All femora brown, almost concolorous with head, with apices scarcely paler; all tibiae shaded with brown, with bases and apices paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III pale brown. Fore wing pale, scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 211) a little longer than wide, about 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.11 times in holotype, widest across cheeks; dorsal surface very weakly sculptured with transverse reticulation or striae (the sculptures are visible under the phase contrast illumination). Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli normal; posterior pair slightly separated from eyes, 25 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 96 µm apart from each other, about 8 – 9 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 218) 1.85 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III widely truncated at apex, almost as long as IV, longer than VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, narrowly V-shaped; maxillary bridge rather distinct, about 0.4 times as wide as head. Pronotum (Fig. 211) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.68 times in holotype, 1.67 times as wide as long in holotype; almost smooth, but sculptured at near posterior margin; five pairs of prothoracic setae developed, expanded; pa and epim longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 212) inverted triangle, about 25 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, expanded, more than 20 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 213) weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 20 µm, distance between both median setae narrower than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 33 µm apart from each other, 38 – 40 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a tooth (Fig. 215). Fore wing with 4 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest, much longer than S 2. Pelta (Fig. 214) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.35 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – V expanded, VI variable in shape, pointed, blunt or very weakly expanded, at least not distinctly expanded, VII finely pointed, VIII pointed or bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 pointed, S 1 almost as long as tube, or a little shorter, S 2 longer than tube; intermediate setae short, shorter than half of Sl. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.61 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.7 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1580 (distended). Head length 146, from anterior margin of eyes 136, width across eyes 128, maximum width across cheeks 131, minimum width across base 113; eyes length 47; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 13; postocular setae 33 – 34. Maxillary bridge width 52. Antenna total length 270, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows:? 35 (23), 40 (25), 38 (22), 37 (20), 33 (18), 24 (9). Pronotum length 99, width 165. Setae on prothorax: am 25 – 26, aa 25, ml 30 – 33, pa 37, epim 43. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 33, S 2 34 – 36, S 3 50 – 54. Pelta length 55, width 74. Tergite IX setae: S 1 83 – 87, S 2 95 – 96. Tube length 89, maximum width 45; terminal setae 155. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 – 1.4 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but shows allometric growth. Fore femora of large male unarmed (Fig. 217); fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; S 1 setae on abdominal tergite IX bluntly pointed, S 2 relatively long, longer than 1 / 3 of S 1. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1310 – 1410 (distended). Head length 141 – 145, from anterior margin of eyes 132 – 133, width across eyes 120 – 121, maximum width across cheeks 125 – 128, minimum width across base 102 – 107; eyes length 48 – 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 30 – 37. Maxillary bridge width 52 – 53. Antenna total length 270 – 284, segments III – VIII length as follows: 34 – 37, 40 – 40, 38 – 39, 37 – 37, 33 – 34, 25 – 23. Pronotum length 97 – 108, width 153 – 169. Setae on prothorax: am 24 – 30, aa 23 – 32, ml 27 – 37, pa 34 – 42, epim 35 – 50. Fore wing length 530 – 575. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 33, S 2 28 – 40, S 3 42 – 51. Pelta length 47 – 57, width 70 – 74. Tergite IX setae: S 1 78 – 78, S 2 30 – 32. Tube length 80 – 89, maximum width 41 – 43; terminal setae 150 – 160.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07302495EC8D50E8E30F93E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Kuta (sea level), on dead leaves and branches, 21. vii. 1984, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Bali, 1 male, collected together with holotype; 2 females and 2 males, data very similar to holotype, but 30. viii. 1984.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07302495EC8D50E8E30F93E.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from lowlands of Bali, Indonesia, based on three females and three males taken from dead leafy branches, and may be included in the pictipes - group. The structures of this species are apparently very similar to those of the widespread species, N. pictipes, and they are possibly closely related. Although pictipes has antennal segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively, this species has these antennal segments with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2) sense cones. N. rangi sp. nov. described below from Phuket Is., southern Thailand, also has two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2) sense cones, but it is distinct in having the body bicolored and the metanotal median setae arising far apart from each other.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD072024A5EC8D34D89F6F85B.taxon	description	(Figs 183, 219 – 226) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.50 – 1.65 mm. Body brown (Fig. 183). Femor brown, fore femora with apices somewhat paler; fore and mid tibiae brown, a little paler than femora, with bases and apices paler, hind femora weakly shaded with brown, with bases and apices paler; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and IV – VIII brown, segment IV a little paler than segment V, with base somewhat paler; segment III largely yellowish, scarcely shaded at distal half. Fore wing and major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 219) much longer than wide, about times as long as wide, 1.33 times in holotype, widest across cheeks; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half. Cheeks very weakly rounded or subparallel, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length, 0.33 times as long as head in holotype; ommatidia scarcely spaced from each other. Ocelli normal; posterior pair in contact with eyes, 23 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 82 µm apart from each other, 9 – 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 226) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and three (1 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to the middle of head capsule, usually not reaching postocular setae, widely apart and almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge distinct, a little wider than half of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 219) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.67 times in holotype, about 1.5 times as wide as long; almost smooth, but sculptured at near posterior margin; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, am, aa and ml subequal in length; epim longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 220) relatively large, widely fan-shaped, about 35 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae expanded, shorter than 20 µm. Metanotum (Fig. 221) weakly sculptured with reticulation, but very weak at middle; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, 38 µm apart from each other, 32 – 33 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth absent (Fig. 224), but with very small apical tooth. Fore wing with 3 – 4 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded; S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 222) triangle, with irregular lateral margins, about 1.3 times as wide as long. Tergite VI and VII S 1 setae much shorter than S 1 on tergite IX. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae almost pointed, a little longer than tube, S 2 on IX sharply pointed, longer than S 1; intermediate setae about half of S 1, or a little shorter. Tube longer than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.54 times in holotype, 1.8 – 1.9 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.3 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1600 (distended). Head length 160, from anterior margin of eyes 146, width across eyes 115, maximum width across cheeks 120, minimum width across base 103; eyes length 53; diameter of posterior ocelli 9 – 13; postocular setae 33 – 35. Maxillary bridge width 63. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 37 (23), 37 (25), 39 (21), 37 (20), 35 (18), 25 (12). Pronotum length 107, width 160. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 24, aa? 20, ml 22, pa 29 – 30, epim 42. Fore wing length 550. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23 – 24, S 2 23 – 25, S 3 32 – 34. Pelta length 57, width 75. Setae on tergite VIII: S 1 about 60. Tergite IX setae: S 1 92, S 2 110 – 113. Tube length 87, maximum width 47; terminal setae 115. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, not shows allometric growth. Head often longer than 1.4 times as long as wide; fore wing with 2 – 4 duplicates cilia. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1270 (distended). Head length 159, from anterior margin of eyes 142, width across eyes 107, maximum width across cheeks 109, minimum width across base 95; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 22 – 24. Maxillary bridge width 53. Antenna total length 265, segments III – VIII length as follows: 35, 34, 33, 33, 33, 25. Pronotum length 98, width 138. Setae on prothorax: am 15 – 17, aa?, ml about 20, pa 22, epim 32. Fore wing length 500. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23 – 25, S 2 23 – 25, S 3 32 – 34. Pelta length 50, width 62. Tergite IX setae: S 1 70, S 2 30. Tube length 73, maximum width 42; terminal setae 93.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD072024A5EC8D34D89F6F85B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, Phuket, on dead branches, 19. viii. 1976, SO. Paratypes: Thailand, Phuket, 1 female, collected together with holotype; same locality as holotype, 1 male, on dead banana leaf, 17. viii. 1976, 1 male, on dead twigs, 18. viii. 1976, SO; 2 males, Rang Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, SO. Thailand, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Hean, 3. ix. 1992, 2 females and 3 males, TN, 1 female and 2 males, SO; 1 male, nr. Chiang Rai, Pha Yao, on grass, 5. ix. 1992, SO. Peninsular Malaysia, 1 male, Tapah, on dead leaves, 26. vii. 1976, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD072024A5EC8D34D89F6F85B.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is included in the inermis - group, and closely related to two Indonesian species, N. inermis sp. nov. from Flores Is. and N. subinermis sp. nov. from Bali Is. That are also in this group. However, it can be distinguished from inermis by the following features: antennal segment IV darker; maxillary stylets not reaching postocular setae; ommatidia scarcely spaced from each other; postero-lateral setae S 1 on tergite VI short, shorter than S 1 on tergite IX; S 1 on tergite IX a little longer than tube. From subinermis, it is easily distinguished by the antennal segment IV with three (1 + 2 + 1) sense cones instead of two (1 + 1 + 1).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07002345EC8D1388851F8F7.taxon	description	(Figs 184 – 186, 227 – 235) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.50 – 1.85 mm. Body brown to dark brown (Figs 184 & 185). Legs brown to dark brown; fore tibiae brown, a little paler than femora; mid and hind tibiae dark brown, but bases of hind tibiae yellowish; tarsi brownish yellow. Antennae dark brown, segment III with extreme base yellowish. Fore wing weakly shaded with brown, with bases darker. Major body setae pale. Head (Figs 227 & 228) much longer than wide, 1.3 – 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.32 times in holotype, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae or reticles. Cheeks almost straight or very weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base, weakly serrated, anterior end bulged and overlapping with eyes. Eyes a little shorter than 0.3 times as long as head, 0.28 times in holotype. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair in contact with eyes, 23 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 97 µm apart from each other, 7 – 9 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 235) 1.64 times as long as head in holotype; segment VIII slender, weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, 0.7 – 0.8 times as long as VII, 0.73 times in holotype; segments III and IV each with three sense cones, (1 + 2) and (1 + 2 + 1) respectively. Maxillary stylets long, retracted to eyes, close together, 13 µm apart from each other in holotype; maxillary bridge invisible even if using the phase contrast illumination. Pronotum (Figs 227 & 228) enlarged in large female, about 0.6 times as long as head in small female, more than 0.7 times in large female, 0.74 times in holotype, more than 1.6 times as wide as long in small female, less than 1.5 times in large female, 1.43 times in holotype; almost smooth, but sculptured at near posterior margin; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, but am short and slender. Prospinasternum (Fig. 231) inverted triangle, about 35 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped, but swollen medially. Mesonotal lateral setae short, expanded, shorter than 15 µm. Metanotum sculptured with longitudinal reticulation, but weak at middle; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 20 µm, widely apart from each other, 77 µm apart from each other, 30 – 32 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore legs enlarged in large female; tarsal tooth wide based, stout in large female. Fore wing with 5 – 7 duplicated cilia, 5 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded; S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 233) relatively wide, trapezoid, 2.0 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 on IX sharply pointed, almost as long as tube or a little shorter; intermediate setae longer than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 234) shorter than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.45 times in holotype, 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.6 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female (small – large paratype females) in µm). Body length 1740 (1540 – 1820) (distended). Head length 198 (188 – 212), from anterior margin of eyes 186 (176 – 198), width across eyes 141 (127 – 141), maximum width across cheeks 150 (139 – 150), minimum width across base 117 (111 – 120); eyes length 55 (52 – 55); diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13 (10 – 13); postocular setae 22 – 23 (28 – 30). Antenna total length 325 (280 – 325), segments III – VIII length as follows: 45 (37 – 43), 41 (37 – 42), 41 (36 – 41), 40 (35 – 41), 40 (34 – 38), 29 (25 – 30). Pronotum length 147 (110 – 148), width 210 (183 – 222). Setae on prothorax: am? (13 – 15), aa about 20 (22 – 23), ml about 20 (23 – 25), pa 35 (25 –?), epim? 35 (28 – 30). Fore wing length 650 (530 –, 35650). Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 37 (28 –?), S 2 42 (30 – 34), S 3 41 (35 – 43). Pelta length 60 (55 – 65), width 120 (100 – 123). Tergite IX setae: S 1 78 (60 – 80), S 2 83 – 90 (80 – 90). Tube length 90 (82 – 90), maximum width 52 (45 – 52); terminal setae 145 (130 – 145). Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.5 mm. Very similar to female in color and structure. Small male: head (Fig. 230) about 1.2 times as long as wide; maxillary stylets wider apart from each other, maxillary bridge relatively distinct, about 0.3 times as wide as head; pronotum shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, about 1.7 times as wide as long; fore tarsal tooth small. Large male: head (Fig. 229) about 1.4 times as long as wide; maxillary stylets closer together, maxillary bridge very weak, about 0.2 times as wide as head; pronotum enlarged, much longer than 0.6 times as long as head, less than 1.5 times as wide as long; fore leg enlarged, fore tarsal tooth stout; basantra a little longer than wide. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1230 – 1510 (distended). Head length 158 – 202, from anterior margin of eyes 150 – 187, width across eyes 125 – 135, maximum width across cheeks 130 – 142, minimum width across base 100 – 106; eyes length 49 – 56; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 16; postocular setae 25 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 38 – 28. Antenna total length 270 – 315, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37 – 44, 35 – 40, 35 – 40, 35 – 41, 33 – 37, 25 – 27. Pronotum length 89 – 136, width 153 – 200. Setae on prothorax: am 15 – 20, aa 18 – 26, ml? – 32, pa 22 – 35, epim 27 – 35. Fore wing length 470 – 630. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 42, S 2 35 – 37, S 3 35 – 45. Pelta length 49 – 61, width 82 – 105. Tergite IX setae: S 1 62 – 65, S 2 20 – 18. Tube length 78 – 85, maximum width 40 – 45; terminal setae 120 – 133.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07002345EC8D1388851F8F7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Endau-Rompin Park, fogging, Trees: K oompassia excelsa, Shoea leprosula, etc., 8. vii. 2003, H. Kojima. Paratypes: Peninsular Malaysia, 17 females and 8 males, collected together with holotype.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD07002345EC8D1388851F8F7.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species may be included in the bamboosae - group, and peculiar in showing extreme allometric growth in both sexes. Allometric growth is commonly found in males in this genus, but it is not found in females in the other species. The large female has the prothorax and fore legs enlarged and the maxillary stylets close together at middle of the head capsule. Among small individuals, both females and males, pahangi is very similar to N. simulans sp. nov. from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia and N. tonesai sp. nov. from Thailand described below. These species have the head somewhat long, the maxillary stylets long and relatively close together, and the tube relatively short. However, these three species can be distinguished by the sense cone formula. Antennal segments III and IV each have three sense cones, (1 + 2) and (1 + 2 + 1), in pahamgi; each have two, (1 + 1) and (1 ++ 11), in simulans; and three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) in tonesai.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00E02315EC8D18B8871FDBB.taxon	description	(Figs 236 – 237, 246 – 256)	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00E02315EC8D18B8871FDBB.taxon	description	More than 500 specimens have been studied, and these show somewhat conjoined intraspecific variation in color and structure between local populations as well as even within the same population. The tibiae are variable in color, largely yellowish to largely brownish. The lateral pair of setae on the mesonotum are variable in form and length, short and acute to long and expanded. The postero-lateral setae S 2 on abdominal tergite VI are usually expanded, but sometimes pointed. Large males usually have an inner small spherical tubercle at the extreme base of enlarged fore femur (Fig. 256), but large males from Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia do not have this tubercle. Moreover, the male pseudovirgae are different in shape between local populations. At this time, it is difficult to know whether or not these local populations contain additional distinct species. However, the position of the median pair of setae on the metanotum and the length of the posteromarginal setae S 1 and S 2, as well as the intermediate setae between them, on abdominal tergite IX are rather stable. The distance between each of the metanotal median setae is less than the distance between these setae and the metanotum anterior margin, although these setae are much wider apart in most other species at least in Asia. The S 1 setae on tergite IX are usually much shorter than the tube, and the intermediate setae are usually much longer than half of S 1. Finally, three females and four males collected from Queensland, Australia, listed below have antennal segment III with two (1 + 1) sense cones instead of three (1 + 2). However, most of other structures are indistinguishable from pictipes. Diagnosis. Distended body length: female 1.4 – 1.6 mm, males 1.0 – 1.4. Body largely brown (Figs 236 & 237); antennae brown, segment III somewhat paler, with base yellowish, segment IV often with base paler. Head (Figs 246 – 248) 1.1 – 1.2 times as long as wide, weakly sculptured with transverse reticles or striae; postocular setae expanded. Antennal segment VIII rather slender (Figs 252 – 254), weakly constricted basally, narrowly joined to VII; segments III and IV usually with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets usually not reaching postocular setae, often scarcely reaching them, wider apart, almost V-shaped. Five pairs of prothoracic setae well-developed, expanded. Mesopresternum complete (Fig. 249). Mesonotal lateral setae variable, short and acute to long and expanded. Metanotal median pair of setae rather close together and rather far from anterior margin (Fig. 250). Fore tarsus with a tooth. Tergites III – VI S 2 setae: III – VI usually expanded, but those on VI often pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae much shorter than tube; intermediate setae much longer than half of S 1. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head in female; terminal setae 1.5 – 1.6 times as long as tube. Large male: fore femur with an inner rounded tubercle at extreme base (Fig. 256). Specimens examined. India, 1 female and 1 male, Dehra Dun, on dry twigs, 12. x. 1971, T. N. Ananthakrishnan. Singapore, Macritchie Park (= Macritchie Res.), on dead leaves, 1 female and 5 males, 22. vii. 1976, 7 females and 4 males, 23. vii. 1976, SO, 1 female, 8. viii. 1990, TN & SO, 1 male, on dead Palmae frond, 7. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Peninsular Malaysia, Tapah, on dead leaves, 16 females and 7 males, 26. vii. 1976, 2 males, 28. vii. 1976, 6 females, 30. vii. 1976, SO, 1 female 6 males, on dead leaves and branches, 16. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 1 male, NE 13 km from Tapah, on dead leaves, 27. vii. 1976, SO; about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, Templer Park, 6 females and 2 males, on dead branches, 11. viii. 1990, 8 females and 2 males, on dead leaves, 12. viii. 1990, 8 females and 4 males, on dead leaves, 13. viii. 1990, 5 females and 5 males, on dead leaves, 15. viii. 1990, 1 female, on grass, 15. viii. 1990, 2 females and 1 male, on dead leaves and branches, 12. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female, Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Jasar, on dead leaves and branches, 19. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female, Pahang, Endau-Rompin Park, Fogging, 8. vii. 2003, H. Kojima. Borneo, 2 males, Sabah, nr. Keningaw, Taman Bunsit, on dead leaves and branches, 2. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 5 females and 4 males, Jl. Kimanis, 18 km from Keningaw, on dead leaves and branches, 3. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 2 females, Sabah, Tambnan to Ranau, on dead leaves and branches, 4. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Indonesia, Java, 1 male, Malang, Wono-koyo, 1150 m alt., on grass, 23. viii. 2005, SO; 2 females, Malang, Singo Sari, 570 m alt., 23. viii. 2005, SO; 1 male, Banyuwangi, Glemor, Tulung Rejo, Sumber Gondo, on dead branches, 27. viii. 2005, SO. Indonesia, Bali, Tabanan, Jatiluwih (Peteli Temple), on dead branches, 1 male, 14. iii. 2005, 1 male, 13. viii. 2005, SO; 4 females and 2 males, Tabanan, Jatiluwih (Batu Lumbang Temple), on dead branches, 14. iii. 2005, SO; 3 females and 3 males, Tabanan, Mayunganlet, 1100 m alt., 11. viii. 2005, SO; Tabanan, Muncak Sari, Pura Luhur, 1 female, 2. ix. 2005, 1 female, 11. viii. 2006, 3 females, 3. ix. 2006, SO; Tabanan, Bengkel, Pura Batu Salahan, 1 female and 2 males, 3. ix. 2005, 2 females, 12. viii. 2006, SO; Buleleng, Melanting, 1 female, unknown tree flower, 15. viii. 2006, 4 females and 4 males, on dead branches, 16. viii. 2006, 6 females and 1 male, 17. viii. 2006, SO; Buleleng, Belatung, 1 male, 15. viii. 2006, 1 female, on flowers of unknown plant, 17. viii. 2006, 1 female, habitat uncertain, 17. viii. 2006, SO. Indonesia, Flores, 9 females and 10 males, Ende, Wolosoko, 655 m alt., 22. viii. 2006, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Ende, Nualise, 580 m alt., 22. viii. 2006, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Manggarai, Mano, on coffee leaves, 25. viii. 2006, SO; 1 female, Ende, Komandaru, on dead branches, 23. viii. 2006, SO; 2 females and 2 males, Ende, Nuabosi, 30. viii. 2006, SO; Ngada, Aimere, 7 females and 4 males, on dead branches, 27. viii. 2006, 1 male, on grass, 27. viii. 2006, SO; 4 females and 1 male, Ngada, Bajawa, Wolomeli, 28. viii. 2006, SO. Indonesia, Sulawesi, 2 females, Malino, alt. about 900 m., 31. vii. 1984, SO; 1 female and 1 male, 11 km E from Malino, kanreapia, alt. about 1500 m, on dead branches, 2. viii. 1984, SO; 1 female, 15 km W from Palopo, Battang, alt. about 450 m, on dead branches, 19. viii. 1984, SO; 1 female, nr. Rantepao, Pedamaran, alt. about 1000 m, on Quercus sp., 13. viii. 1984, SO. Thailand, 2 females, nr. Chiang Mai, foot of Doi Saket, 25. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Sang, on flower, 31. viii. 1992, TN; 3 females, nr. Chiang Mai, Huaw Kom, on Pueraria Thunbergiana leaf, 4. ix. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female, nr. Chiang Mai, Ka Jan, on bamboo, 3. ix. 1992, SO; 3 females and 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Hean, 3. ix. 1992, SO; 2 females and 7 males, Chiang Rai, on dead leaves and branches, 4. ix. 1992, SO. Thailand, Phuket, 1 female, sweeping, 17. viii. 1976, 1 male, on dead branches, 19. viii. 1976, SO. Vietnam, 8 females and 3 males, Ha Tay Prov., Mt. Ba vi, on dead leaves and branches, 8. iii. 2000, SO; Bac Can Prov., Ba Be Nat. Park, 1 male, on dead branches, 1 male on bamboo, 2. viii. 2000, SO; 1 female, Son La Prov., Truong Yen, on dead leaves and branches, 12. viii. 2000, SO; 1 female, Lai Chau Prov., Muong Phang Nat. Park, on dead leaves and branches, 14. viii. 2000, SO; 8 females and 4 males, Lam Dong Prov., Da Lat, Ward 5, Van Thanh, 23. xii. 2001, SO; Lam Dong Prov., Dam Bri, 2 males, on bamboo, 1 male, on grass, 26. xii. 2001, 1 female, habitat uncertain, 1 female and 1 male, on bamboo, 27. Xii. 2001, 1 male, on dead leaves, 1 female and 3 males, on bamboo, 28. xii. 2001, SO; 1 male, Quang Binh Prov., Bo Trach Dist., Son Trach, nr. Phong Nha, 14. viii. 2007, SO; 3 females and 1 male, Nghe An Prov., Thanh Chuong Dist., Thanh An, Cau Cau, 9. viii. 2007, SO. The Philippines, Luzon, 1 female, Quezon National Forest Park, on dead leaves, 16. vii. 1979, SO; 2 females, Bicol National Park, on dead leaves, 16. vii. 1979, SO. The Philippines, Mindanao, North Cotabato, Ilomavis, 18 females and 4 males, on dead leaves, 26. vii. 1979, 6 females and 3 males, on dead fern, 26. vii. 1979, 1 female and 1 male, on grass, 26. vii. 1979, 14 females and 9 males, on dead fern, 27. vii. 1979, 3 females and 8 males, on dead leaves, 28. vii. 1979, 9 females and 5 males, on dead leaves, 29. vii. 1979, 2 females and 9 males, on dead twigs, 29. vii. 1979, SO; Mt. Apo, Agko, alt. about 1300 m, 3 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 30. vii. 1979, 6 females and 4 males, on dead fern, 30. vii. 1979, 3 females, on dead leaves, 30. vii. 1979, 5 females, on half dead grass, 31. vii. 1979, 5 females, on bush with bamboo, 31. vii. 1979, 6 females and 2 males, on dead leaves, 31. vii. 1979, 2 females, on half dead grass, 1. viii. 1979, 6 females and 2 males, on half dead grass, 2. viii. 1979, 42 females and 32 males, on dead leaves, 2. viii. 1979, 11 females and 6 males, on dead leaves, 3. viii. 1979, 1 female and 1 male, on dead Palmae fronds, 4. viii. 1979. Taiwan, Chiai Hsien, Kuantzulin, on grass, 6 females and 3 males, on grass, 1. iv. 1993, 5 females and 2 males, on dead leaves and branches, 1. iv. 1993, 3 females and 1 male, habitat uncertain, 2. iv. 1993, TN & SO; 2 males, Kaohsiung Hsien, Liukuei, on dead leaves and branches, 4. ix. 1993, TN; Taitung Hsien, Chihpen, 1 female and 3 males, habitat uncertain, 9. ix. 1993, 2 females and 1 male, on dead wood, 10. ix. 1993, 1 female, on bamboo, 10. ix. 1993, TN & SO. Australia, 1 male, Queensland, Brisbane, Indooroopilly, on dead branches, 7. iii. 2006, SO; 3 females and 3 males, Queensland, Brisbane, Mt. Coottha, 230 m alt., on grass, 10. iii. 2006, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00A02325EC8D6CA8972F87D.taxon	description	(Figs 238 – 239, 257 – 264) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.30 – 1.55 mm. Body bicolored yellow and brown (Fig. 238); head, thorax and tube brown, tube with extreme base yellowish; abdominal segments I – IX largely yellow, without any markings, but segments VII – IX often somewhat darker, brownish yellow to yellowish brown, gradually darkened posteriorly. Fore femora pale brown, with apices yellowish, mid femora scarcely shaded with brown, with apices paler, hind femora yellow; fore and mid tibiae almost yellow, but scarcely shaded, hind tibiae yellow; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and V – VIII pale brown to brown, segment II paler antero-externally; segments III and IV largely yellow, but IV scarcely shaded. Fore wing pale, scarcely shaded with brown at middle. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 257) a little longer than wide, about 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.10 times in holotype, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, weakly sculptured laterally with transverse striae. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated, anterior end weakly bulged. Eyes normal, about one-third of head length. Posterior ocelli slightly separated from eyes, about 27 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 102 µm apart from each other, about 12 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 264) longer than 1.8 times as long as head, 1.84 times in holotype; segment VIII very weakly constricted at base, relatively short, about 0.7 times as long as segment VII; segments III and IV subequal in length, longer than VII; segment IV rather straight-sided; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge distinct, relatively wide, about two-fifths of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 257) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.67 times in holotype, 1.63 times as wide as long in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded. Prospinasternum (Fig. 258) rather small, irregularly fan-shaped, about 20 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum entire, boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, expanded, about 20 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 259) weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, less than 20 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 52 µm apart from each other, 27 – 33 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a tooth (Fig. 261). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia, 5 – 6 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 2 usually a little shorter than S 1; S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 260) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, about 1.5 times as wide as long, sculptured weakly. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, much shorter than tube; S 2 longer than S 1, but shorter than tube; intermediate setae longer than half of Sl. Tube a little shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.58 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1530 (distended). Head length 158, from anterior margin of eyes 146, width across eyes 136, maximum width across cheeks 143, minimum width across base 118; eyes length 53; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 14; postocular setae? 25. Maxillary bridge width 60. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 39 (23), 40 (24), 37 (21), 37 (18), 32 (16), 23 (10). Pronotum length 106, width 173. Setae on prothorax: am? 20, aa? 20, ml? 25, pa? 25, epim 32. Fore wing length 530. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25, S 2? 20, S 3 50 – 53. Pelta length 57, width 85. Tergite IX setae: S 1 64 – 65, S 2 80 – 84. Tube length 92, maximum width 46; terminal setae 140 – 142. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but show allometric growth. Large male: prothorax and fore leg enlarged, fore trochanter with an inner tubercle, fore tibia with a well-developed sub-apical seta-bearing tubercle, fore tarsal tooth stout (Fig. 263). Tip of pseudovirga slender, 6 µm wide. Measurements (paratype small-large males in µm). Body length 1100 – 1280 (distended). Head length 144 – 149, from anterior margin of eyes 131 – 137, width across eyes 118 – 126, maximum width across cheeks 123 – 128, minimum width across base 97 – 102; eyes length 53 – 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 13; postocular setae 24 – 25. Maxillary bridge width 57 – 58. Antenna total length 255 – 284, segments III – VIII length as follows: 30 – 40, 34 – 40, 34 – 38, 34 – 38, 33 – 35, 22 – 22. Pronotum length 82 – 108, width 137 – 162. Setae on prothorax: am 17 – 20, aa 17 – 20, ml 17 – 20, pa 20 – 27, epim 25 – 37. Fore wing length 440 – 500. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 28, S 2 22 – 27, S 3 43 – 55. Pelta length 42 – 52, width 59 – 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 45 – 64, S 2 24 – 28. Tube length 65 – 82, maximum width 37 – 42; terminal setae 120 – 140.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00A02325EC8D6CA8972F87D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, Phuket, Rang Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, SO. Paratypes: Thailand, Phuket, 24 females and 15 males, collected together with holotype; 3 females and 1 male, on wild beans, 3 females and 3 males, on dead banana leaf, 17. viii. 1976, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00A02325EC8D6CA8972F87D.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Phuket, southern Thailand, based on a good number of females and males taken from dead leafy branches. Although this species has only two sense cones on antennal segment III, it may be included in the pictipes - group. It is very similar to N. spinipes sp. nov. from Bali Is., Indonesia, described below, and their difference is discussed under the latter species.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD008023D5EC8D4D38BA0FC07.taxon	description	(Figs 240 – 241, 265 – 274) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.8 mm. Body brown (Fig. 240). All femora brown; fore tibia pale brown, mid and hind tibiae yellow, scarcely tinged with brown; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown to brown, segment III a little paler than IV, with basal one-third yellowish. Fore wing and major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 265) much longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.28 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth. Cheeks very weakly rounded or rather straight, gradually narrowed to base, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 27 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 93 µm apart from each other, about 5 – 7 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 274) 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as head, 1.75 times in holotype; segment VIII constricted at base, narrowly joined to segment VII, about 0.6 times as long as VII; segment III widely truncated at apex, almost as long as segment VII; segment IV a little longer than III, the largest; segments III and IV each with two sense cones, (1 + 1) and (1 ++ 11) respectively; a small sense cone on segment IV situated inside of outer large sense c one on dorsal surface near anterior margin. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, sub-parallel at base, their distance 0.25 – 0.30 times as wide as head; maxillary bridge distinct. Pronotum (Fig. 265) shorter than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.66 times in holotype, about 1.5 times as wide as long, 1.48 times in holotype; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am and aa subequal in length; ml a little longer than am; pa almost as long as postoculars; epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 268) irregularly fan-shaped, 33 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped, but somewhat swollen medially. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, a little more than 20 µm in length. Metanotum (Fig. 269) sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, their distance a little wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of mesonotum, 38 µm apart from each other, 32 – 35 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth small (Fig. 271). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia, 5 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, subequal in length. Pelta (Fig. 270) trapezoid, 1.3 – 1.4 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII and VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, S 1 almost as long as tube, S 2 longer than tube; intermediate setae about half of S 1. Tube (Fig. 273) about 0.5 times as long as head, 1.8 – 1.9 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 2.0 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1550 (distended). Head length 163, from anterior margin of eyes 150, width across eyes 120, maximum width across cheeks 127, minimum width across base 104; eyes length 48; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 30 – 31. Maxillary bridge width 39. Antenna total length 285, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 37 (23), 39 (25), 37 (23), 35 (21), 37 (20), 23 (10). Pronotum length 108, width 160. Setae on prothorax: am 17 – 18, aa? 20, ml? 25, pa 32 – 33, epim 42. Fore wing length 550. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23 – 26, S 2 24 – 26, S 3 25 – 26. Pelta length 55, width 74. Tergite IX setae: S 1 81 – 84, S 2 91 – 96. Tube length 82, maximum width 44; terminal setae 168. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.4 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but show allometric growth. Postero-lateral setae S 2 on tergite VIII blunt. Large male: prothorax and fore legs enlarged (Fig. 272); fore tarsal tooth stout; antennal segment somewhat slender. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1400 (distended). Head length 155, from anterior margin of eyes 145, width across eyes 122, maximum width across cheeks 127, minimum width across base 99; eyes length 48; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 12; postocular setae 30. Maxillary bridge width 38. Antenna total length 288, segments III – VIII length as follows: 41, 42, 40, 38, 37, 21. Pronotum length 116, width 162. Setae on prothorax: am 25, aa 23 – 25, ml 30 – 33, pa 35 – 40, epim 40. Fore wing length 530. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 30, S 2 30, S 3 33. Pelta length 50, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 74 – 75, S 2 25. Tube length 81, maximum width 45; terminal setae 163.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD008023D5EC8D4D38BA0FC07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, Fang, on dead leaves and branches, 23. viii. 1992, TN & SO. Paratypes: Thailand, 1 male, collected together with holotype; 1 female, nr. Chiang Mai, foot of Doi Pui, on dead leaves and branches, 24. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 male, nr. Chiang Mai, foot of Doi Saket, 25. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 9 females and 11 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 4 females and 1 male, nr. Chiang Mai, Lam Pang, on dead leaves and branches, 28. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female, Farm of Chiang Mai University, on dead leaves and branches, 26. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female, Nr. Chiang Mai, foot of Doi Saket, on dry grass, 27. viii. 1992, SO; 1 female, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, on dead branches, 2. ix. 1992, SO; 1 female, nr. Chiang Mai, Ka Jan, on dead leaves and branches, 3. ix. 1992, SO; 1 female, on dead branches, 31. viii. 1992, SO; 3 females and 1 male, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Yao, on dead leaves and branches, 5. ix. 1992, SO; 1 female and 2 males, Chiang Dao, on dead leaves, 23. viii. 1992, TN; 1 female and 4 males, Nakprnprathom, Puttamonton, on dead branches, 18. ix. 1991, Pornthip J.; 2 females, Hadyai (= Hatyai), on dead leaves and branches, 28. viii. 1991, TN & SO. Thailand, Phuket, 1 female, Phuket Hill, on bamboo, 22. viii. 1991, TN & SO; 2 females and 1 male, Rang Hill, on dead leaves and branches, 14. ix. 1992, SO. Peninsular Malaysia, Tapah, 3 females and 1 males, on dead leaves, 26. vii. 1976, 8 females and 3 males, on dead leaves, 28. vii. 1976, 4 females and 2 males, on dead leaves, 30. vii. 1976, SO; 2 females and 1 male, same locality as above, on dead leaves and branches, 16. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female and 2 males, Cameron Highland, 22 km NE from Tapah, on dead leaves and branches, 16. ix. 1990, TN & SO; 1 male, Cameron Highland, foot of Gnung Brinchang, on dead leaves and branches, 26. viii. 1990, TN & SO; 1 female, about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, Templer Park, on dead leaves, 12. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Singapore, Macritchie Park, on dead leaves, 1 female, 22. vii. 1976, 1 male, 23. vii. 1976, 1 female, 3. viii. 1976, SO. Non-paratypic specimens. Borneo, 1 female and 1 male, Sabah, Jl. Kimanis, 15 km from Kimanis, on dead leaves and branches, 9. ix. 1990, TN & SO. Indonesia, Java, 1 male, Banyuwangi, Glemor, Tulung Rejo, Sumber Gondo, 300 m alt., on dead branches, 27. viii. 2005, SO. Indonesia, Flores, 1 male, Ende, Komandaru, 247 alt., on dead branches, 23. viii. 2006, SO. Indonesia, Sulawesi, 1 female, near Rantepao, Pedamaran, alt. About 1000 m, marginal roll gall with Thlibothrips sp., 10. viii. 1984, on dead leaves and branches, 2 males, 8. viii. 1984, 2 males, 10. viii. 1984, 1 female, 11. viii. 1984, 3 males, 12. viii. 1984, SO. Vietnam, 1 female, Dong Nai Province, Tan Phu, Phu An, on dead leaves, 29. xii. 2001, SO; 1 female, Nghe An Prov., Thanh Chuong District, Thanh An, Cau Cau, 9. viii. 2007, SO. Japan, Ryukyu, 10 females and 9 males, Amami-ohshima Is., Hatsuno, on dead leaves, 6. vii. 1972, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD008023D5EC8D4D38BA0FC07.taxon	discussion	Comments. This somewhat widely distributed species is included in the bamboosae - group. It may be closely related to N. tonesai sp. nov. described below from Phuket Is., Thailand, although tonesai has antennal segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively, simulans has these segments each with two sense cones, (1 + 1) and (1 ++ 11). N. bamboosae from the temperate area of Japan has similar sense cone formula and may be most closely related to this species. However, bamboosae can easily be distinguished by having the intermediate antennal segment paler and the major body setae scarcely expanded, not distinctly expanded. N. agkoae sp. nov., described above from Mindanao Is., the Philippines, is also related to sumulans, and the differences between these two species are discussed under agkoae. Several females and males listed under the non-paratypic specimens may represent this species.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD006023F5EC8D7968E88FD9E.taxon	description	(Figs 242 – 243, 275 – 281) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 mm. Body bicolored pale brown and yellow (Fig. 242). Head, thorax and tube pale brown; abdominal segments I – VII yellow, segments III – VII each with a median pale brown marking along antecostal suture; segments VIII and IX scarcely shaded with pale brown, segment VIII paler anteriorly. Fore and mid femora largely pale brown, fore femora with anterior half paler, hind femora scarcely tinged with pale brown; all tibiae and tarsi clear yellow. Antennal segments I, II and VI – VIII pale brown; segment III yellow; segments IV and VI yellow to pale brown, gradually darkened distally. Fore wing and major setae pale. Head (Fig. 275) longer than wide, 1.24 times as long as wide, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface almost smooth, very weakly sculptured with transverse striae. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes 0.36 times as long as head. Ocelli normal; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 21 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; about 100 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 280) 1.76 times as long as head; segment VIII very weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, 0.8 times as long as VII; segment III a little shorter than segment IV, longer than segment VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching the middle of head capsule, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak, about half of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 275) 0.55 times as long as head, 1.78 times as wide as long; almost smooth, median apodeme weak; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded. Prospinasternum (Fig. 277) circular, 25 µm wide; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae, 17 – 18 µm long. Metanotum very weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, 22 – 24 µm, their distance a little narrower than the distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 38 µm apart from each other, about 40 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsus with a small tooth. Fore wing with 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta very weak, trapezoid, 1.58 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than S 1, a little shorter than tube; intermediate setae longer than two-thirds of S 1. Tube about 0.56 times as long as head, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1470 (distended). Head length 170, from anterior margin of eyes 155, width across eyes 132, maximum width across cheeks 137, minimum width across base 110; eyes length 61; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae 25. Maxillary bridge width 70. Antenna total length 300, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 38 (23), 42 (28), 37 (23), 37 (20), 35 (18), 28 (10). Pronotum length 93, width 166. Setae on prothorax: am about 20, aa about 20, ml? 25, pa 28 – 30, epim 33 – 35. Fore wing length 560. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28 – 30, S 2 25 – 27, S 3 52 – 57. Pelta length 53, width 84. Tergite IX setae: S 1 65 – 67, S 2 80 – 90. Tube length 95, maximum width 45; terminal setae 140. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female. Color somewhat darker, bicolored brown and yellow (Fig. 243); head, thorax, abdominal segments VIII – IX and tube brown; all femora brown, fore tibia scarcely tinged with pale brown; intermediate abdominal segments without median markings. Intermediate antennal segments somewhat slender; fore femur (Fig. 279) with an indistinct median hamp on inner-ventral surface; fore tibia (Fig. 278) with several well-developed inner seta-bearing tubercles. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1300 (distended). Head length 155, from anterior margin of eyes 143, width across eyes 128, maximum width across cheeks 132, minimum width across base 101; eyes length 53; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 13; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 60. Antenna total length 310, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 43 (21), 43 (23), 43 (20), 39 (18), 38 (17), 30 (10). Pronotum length 86, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 17 – 18, aa 20, ml?, pa 27 – 26, epim 33. Fore wing length 550. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30, S 2 32 – 33, S 3 60 – 64. Pelta length 48, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60, S 2 25 – 26. Tube length 82, maximum width 42; terminal setae 135.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD006023F5EC8D7968E88FD9E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Tabanan, Muncak Sari, Pura Luhur, 755 m alt., habitat uncertain, 3. ix. 2006, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Bali, 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but 2. ix. 2006; 1 male, Tabanan, Pakaranean, 1067 m alt., 1. ix. 2006, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD006023F5EC8D7968E88FD9E.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Bali, Indonesia based on one female and two males, but the habitat is uncertain. It may be included in the pictipes - group and is very similar in appearance to N. rangi sp. nov. from Phuket Is., southern Thailand, described above. These two species have the body bicolored brown and yellow, antennal segments III and IV with two and four sense cones respectively. However, spinipes can be distinguished from rangi by the following features: head about 1.2 times as long as wide; antennal segment IV with an additional small sense cone, (2 + 2 + 1); maxillary bridge wider, about half of head width; metanotal median setae closer together and far from anterior margin of metanotum; pelta very weak; male fore femora with indistinct median hump on inner-ventral surface; male fore tibia with four or five seta-bearing well developed tubercles.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00402395EC8D62E8B4AFBFB.taxon	description	(Figs 244, 282 – 289) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 244). Femora brown, with apices yellowish; fore and mid tibiae largely shaded with brown, with bases and apices paler, hind tibiae pale brown, with basal one-third yellowish. Antennal segments I and II brown; segments III – VIII pale brown to brown, gradually darkened distally. Fore wing pale, with base brownish. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 282) longer than wide, 1.30 – 1.38 times as long as wide, 1.36 times in holotype; dorsal surface very weakly sculptured with transverse striae at posterior half, but distinctly sculptured with transverse reticulation at near base, smooth at anterior half. Cheeks rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, about one-third of head length. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 21 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 90 µm apart from each other, 12 – 13 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 289) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII very weakly constricted at base, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III almost as long as segment IV, a little longer than VII; segments III and IV each with two sense cones, (1 + 1) and (1 + 1 + 1) respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, wider apart, V-shaped; maxillary bridge rather distinct, a little wider than half of head width. Pronotum (Fig. 282) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.62 times in holotype, 1.5 – 1.6 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, am almost as long as aa; epim well developed, much longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 283) largely developed, widely fan-shaped, 38 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae expanded, 22 µm long in holotype. Metanotum (Fig. 284) very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, a little more than 20 µm, their distance wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of mesonotum, 45 µm apart from each other, about 30 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus unarmed (Fig. 286). Fore wing with 3 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 285) trapezoid, with irregular lateral margins, sculptured weakly, about 1.4 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites VI and VII S 1 setae elongate, almost as long as S 1 on tergite IX or longer. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: VI expanded, VII finely pointed, VIII blunt or bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt or bluntly pointed, much shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, a little shorter than tube; intermediate setae about half of S 1. Tube (Fig. 288) 0.53 times as long as head in holotype, 1.9 times as long as wide; terminal setae almost as long as tube or a little longer. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1630 (distended). Head length 170, from anterior margin of eyes 151, width across eyes 118, maximum width across cheeks 125, minimum width across base 108; eyes length 56; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 13; postocular setae 35. Maxillary bridge width 66. Antenna total length 307, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 40 (24), 41 (26), 39 (23), 37 (21), 38 (19), 27 (11). Pronotum length 106, width 167. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 24, aa? 25, ml?, pa 30 – 33, epim 47 – 48. Fore wing length 620. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28, S 2?, S 3 45. Pelta length 62, width 87. Tergite VIII setae: S 1 about 80. Tergite IX setae: S 1 68 – 73, S 2 78 – 85. Tube length 90, maximum width 47; terminal setae 96. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, does not show allometric growth. Head 1.25 – 1.30 times as long as wide; eyes 0.34 – 0.38 times as long as head; maxillary bridge much wider than 1 / 2 of head width. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1270 (distended). Head length 149, from anterior margin of eyes 135, width across eyes 113, maximum width across cheeks 117, minimum width across base 101; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 26 – 29. Maxillary bridge width 67. Antenna total length 287, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37, 38, 37, 35, 37, 27. Pronotum length 94, width 147. Setae on prothorax: am? 15, aa? 20, ml? 20, pa 25, epim 40. Fore wing length 510. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 24 – 28, S 2 28 – 29, S 3 36 – 38. Pelta length 54, width 64. Tergite IX setae: S 1 55 – 60, S 2 22 – 23. Tube length 70, maximum width 46; terminal setae 90.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00402395EC8D62E8B4AFBFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Tabanan, Bukit Catu, Mt. Pohen, 1430 m alt., on dead leaves and branches, 10. iii. 2005, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Bali, 26 females and 11 males, collected together with holotype; 20 km NE from Gilimanuk, Banyu wedan (sea level), on dead branches, 2 females, 28. viii. 1984, 3 females and 2 males, 29. viii. 1984, SO; Kuta, (sea level) on dead leaves and branches, 7 females and 16 males, 23. viii. 1984, 12 females and 7 males, 30. viii. 1984, SO; 2 females, Belimbing, gall on Ficus with Gynaikothrips, 27. vii. 1984, SO; 1 female, Candi Kuning, alt. about 1200 m, on grass, 26. vii. 1984, SO; 3 females and 1 male, Tabanan, Bedugul, 1250 m alt., 7. iii. 2005, 2 females and 1 male, SO, 1 female, T. Ishikawa; 5 females and 2 males, Buleleng, Yehketipat, 1410 – 1550 m alt., 8. iii. 2005, SO; 1 male, Tabanan, Bedugul, on dead branches, 9. iii. 2005, SO; Tabanan, Bukit Catu, Mt. Pohen, 1430 m alt., 4 females and 2 males, on Hibiscus sp. (Malvaceae), 1 male, habitat uncertain, 10. iii. 2005, SO; 20 females and 6 males, Buleleng, Pancasari, (Lake Buyan), 1230 m alt., on dead leaves and branches, 12. iii. 2005, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Tabanan, Jatiluwih (Peteli Temple), 867 – 915 m alt., on dead branches, 14. iii. 2005, SO; 2 females and 3 males, Tabanan, Mayunganlet, 1100 alt., 11 viii. 2005, SO; 1 female and 6 males, Tabanan, Pakaranean, 1100 m alt., 11. viii. 2005, SO; 2 females and 3 males, Buleleng, Yehketipat, 1470 m alt., 12. viii. 2005, SO; 1 female and 1 male, Tabanan, Soka, 730 m alt., on dead branches, 13. viii. 2005, SO; Buleleng, Desa Melanting, 135 m alt., 1 male, 30. viii. 2005, 1 female and 3 males, 31. viii. 2005, 1 female, on dead wood, 31. viii. 2005, SO; 1 female and 2 males, Buleleng, Pura Belatung, 100 m alt., 30. viii. 2005, SO; 5 females and 5 males, Buleleng, Penyabangan, Desa Buah, 190 m alt., 31. viii. 2005, SO; Buleleng, Belatung, 130 m alt., 1 male, 15. viii. 2006, 1 female, 17. viii. 2006, 5 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 16. viii. 2006, SO; Buleleng, Melanting, 150 m alt., 1 female, 17. viii. 2006, 7 females and 1 male, on dead branches, 16. viii. 2006, SO. Non-paratypic specimens. Indonesia, Java, 3 females and 1 male, Yogyakarta, Sleman, Margoluwh, Seyegan, 140 m alt., 17. viii. 2005, SO; 2 females and 1 male, Yogyakarta, Gunung Kidul, Alas Bunder, 20. viii. 2005, SO; 2 females, Melang, Batu, Pujon, 975 m alt., 22. viii. 2005, SO; 2 males, Malang, Tumpang, 690 m alt., on dead leaves, 22. viii. 2005, SO; Malang, Wono-koyo, 1150 m alt., 12 females and 2 males, on grass, 13 females and 2 males, habitat uncertain, 23. viii. 2005, SO; 3 females and 2 males, Malang, Singo Sari, 570 m alt., 23. viii. 2005, SO; Malang, Sundeng, Sawo Sajar, 450 m alt., 2 females and 3 males, on bamboo, 1 female and 2 males, habitat uncertain, 24. viii. 2005, SO; 1 male, Malang, Buring, 515 m alt., on bamboo, 24. viii. 2005, SO; Banyuwangi, Kalibaru, 470 m alt., 5 females and 3 males, on bamboo, 8 females and 3 males, habitat uncertain, 26. viii. 2005, SO; 8 females and 4 males, Banyuwangi, Malan Sari, 410 m alt., on bamboo, 27. viii. 2005, SO; 5 females and 1 male, Banyuwangi, Glemor, Tulung Rejo, Sumber Gondo, 300 m alt., on dead branches, 27. viii. 2005, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00402395EC8D62E8B4AFBFB.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Bali, Indonesia, based on a long series of females and males, and included in the inermis - group together with N. inermis sp. nov. from Flores Is., Indonesia, and N. ommatoides sp. nov. from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. However, subinermis has two (1 + 1 + 1) major sense cones on antennal segment IV, whereas inermis and ommatocellus have three (1 + 2 + 1) major sense cones on that segment. The non-paratypic specimens listed above from Java may represent this species but have somewhat smaller bodies (1.3 – 1.5 mm). Most of the specimens were taken from dead branches or bamboo, and two paratype females were collected from the leaf gall on a Ficus tree together with Gynaikothrips species. The feeding habit of this species remains uncertain.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD002023B5EC8D08A893FFE0F.taxon	description	(Figs 245, 290 – 296) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.6 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 245). All femora brown; fore tibia brown, with base yellowish; mid and hind tibiae brown with bases yellowish, with extreme apices somewhat paler; tarsi yellow. Antennae brown, segment III scarcely paler than segment IV, with extreme base yellowish. Fore wing weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 290) longer than 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.26 times in holotype; dorsal surface sculptured laterally and posteriorly with transverse striae, almost smooth at middle. Cheeks rounded, constricted at base, weakly serrated. Eyes well developed, about 0.4 times as long as head. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 25 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 105 µm apart from each other, 8 – 9 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 296) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII relatively slender, weakly constricted basally, narrowly joined to segment VII, about 0.8 times as long as VII; segment III almost as long as segment IV, much longer than VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets not reaching postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 290) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.63 times in holotype, about 1.5 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded, am almost as long as aa, or a little longer; pa well developed, almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 291) irregularly fan-shaped, 34 µm wide in holotype; ferna and basantra largely developed; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae weakly expanded, 18 µm long in holotype. Metanotum (Fig. 292) weakly sculptured with longitudinal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, more than 20 µm, their distance wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of mesonotum, 42 µm apart from each other, 33 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore femur (Fig. 295) with about 5 small tubercles on inner-ventral surface at middle; fore tibia (Fig. 294) with a sub-apical dentate seta-bearing tubercle; fore tarsus with a distinct tooth (Fig. 294). Fore wing with 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 shorter than S 2, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 293) trapezoid, sculptured weakly, about 1.6 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III and IV expanded, V blunt or bluntly pointed, VI – VIII pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, much shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, longer than S 1, almost as long as tube or a little shorter; intermediate setae longer than half of S 1. Tube 0.55 times as long as head in holotype, 2.3 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.9 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1680 (distended). Head length 187, from anterior margin of eyes 175, width across eyes 145, maximum width across cheeks 148, minimum width across base 118; eyes length 75; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 17; postocular setae 45 – 47. Maxillary bridge width 71. Antenna total length 335, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 46 (28), 47 (28), 42 (25), 41 (19), 38 (18), 30 (10). Pronotum length 118, width 179. Setae on prothorax: am 20 – 25, aa? 20, ml 35, pa 43 – 46, epim about 50. Fore wing length 700. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 40 – 42, S 2 44 – 45, S 3 57. Pelta length 63, width 100. Tergite IX setae: S 1 62 – 68, S 2 90 – 100. Tube length 103, maximum width 45; terminal setae 195. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD002023B5EC8D08A893FFE0F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Bali, Tabanan, Jatiluwih (Peteli Temple), 867 – 915 m alt., on dead branches, 14. iii. 2005, SO. Paratype: Indonesia, Bali, 1 female, Tabanan, Batu Sesa, ca 1250 m alt., habitat uncertain, 14. viii. 2006, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD002023B5EC8D08A893FFE0F.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Bali, Indonesia, based on two females, but the habitat is uncertain. It may be included in the pictipes - group and may be closely related to N. andromorphus sp. nov. described above from Peninsular Malaysia. These two species have the fore femora with a series of small tubercles on the inner-ventral surface, and the ferna are somewhat well developed. However, tabananensia can be discriminated from andromorphus by the following features: dorsal surface of head almost smooth at middle; antennal segment III largely brown; antennal segment VIII more slender, about 0.8 times as long as segment VII; tube shorter, shorter than 0.6 times as long as head; terminal tube setae longer, much longer than 1.5 times as long as tube. It may also be related to N. dentipes sp. nov. from Indonesia and Singapore described above, but dentipes has the fore femur with two inner distinct tooth-like tubercles on ventral surface.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00002245EC8D59E8B3CF866.taxon	description	(Figs 297, 307 – 314) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 297). All femora brown, with apices yellowish; fore tibia pale brown, mid and hind tibiae brown with apices scarcely paler; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – III pale brown, segments IV – VIII pale brown to brown, gradually darkened distally, segment IV with basal one-third yellowish. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 307) almost as long as wide; dorsal surface sculptured laterally and posteriorly with transverse striae, very weakly sculptured medially, but smooth between eyes. Cheeks rounded, constricted at base, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third as long as head. Ocelli moderately developed; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 25 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, blunt or very weakly expanded, at least not pointed; 107 µm apart from each other, about 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 314) about 2.0 times as long as head; segment VIII constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, about 0.8 times as long as VII; segment III formed asymmetrically; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped. Pronotum (Fig. 307) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.68 times in holotype, 1.8 – 1.9 times as wide as long; almost smooth, but very weakly sculptured posteriorly; am setae short and pointed, shorter than aa and ml; aa, ml, pa and epim weakly expanded or blunt, pa almost as long as postoculars. Prospinasternum (Fig. 308) fan-shaped, 32 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae minute, less than 10 µm in length. Metanotum (Fig. 309) sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, their distance almost as wide as distance between that seta and anterior margin of mesonotum, 42 µm apart from each other, 42 – 47 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a small tooth (Fig. 311). Fore wing with 5 – 6 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 weakly expanded, S 3 blunt. Pelta (Fig. 310) trapezoid, about 1.7 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites II – VIII S 1 setae: II – V weakly expanded, VI – VIII blunt. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, much shorter than tube, S 2 longer than S 1; intermediate setae about two-thirds of S 1. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.62 times in holotype, about 1.8 times as long as wide; terminal setae almost as long as tube, or a little shorter. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1560 (distended). Head length 153, from anterior margin of eyes 140, width across eyes 144, maximum width across cheeks 152, minimum width across base 128; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13; postocular setae 27. Maxillary bridge width 63. Antenna total length 314, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 45 (26), 43 (28), 38 (23), 40 (23), 35 (21), 28 (12). Pronotum length 104, width 195. Setae on prothorax: am 13 – 15, aa? 20, ml? 20, pa 25 – 28, epim 40 – 42. Fore wing length 615. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 33, S 2 30, S 3 45 – 53. Pelta length 58, width 98. Tergite IX setae: S 1 57 – 59, S 2 72. Tube length 95, maximum width 52; terminal setae 90 – 94. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar in color and structure to macropterous female. Pronotal pa often reduced. Short and pointed. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1300 (distended). Head length 140, from anterior margin of eyes 128, width across eyes 133, maximum width across cheeks 138, minimum width across base 117; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 30. Maxillary bridge width 60. Antenna total length 305, segments III – VIII length as follows: 43, 44, 37, 38, 34, 29. Pronotum length 97, width 180. Setae on prothorax: am 12 – 13, aa? 20, ml? 20, pa 22 – 23, epim 38 – 40. Fore wing length 530. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32, S 2 30 – 32, S 3 50. Pelta length 50, width 80. Tergite IX setae: S 1 47 – 48, S 2 20. Tube length 82, maximum width 47; terminal setae 82.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00002245EC8D59E8B3CF866.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Taiwan, Taoyuan Hsien, Mt. Lala-shan, on dead leaves and branches, 19. viii. 1993, TN & SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, 8 females and 8 males, collected together with holotype; Pintung Hsien, Kenting Nat. Park, 1 male, on dead leaves, 18. iii. 1984, SO; Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead leaves, 1 female and 1 male, 24. iii. 1984, 1 female, 25. iii. 1984, SO; 1 female, Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt. Nankao, nr. Wanta, on dead branches, 1. iv. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD00002245EC8D59E8B3CF866.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Taiwan based on several females and males taken from dead branches, and it seems likely to be a fungus-feeder. It may be included in the pictipes - group and is somewhat similar to N. boninae sp. nov. from the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. However, these two species can be distinguished by the key above.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01E02275EC8D11888FCFD77.taxon	description	(Figs 298, 315 – 322) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 298). All femora brown, with apices paler; all tibiae yellowish, scarcely tinged with pale brown; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III somewhat paler, with base yellowish. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown, but basal 1 / 3 and extreme apex pale. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 315) much longer than wide, 1.36 times as long as wide, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface almost smooth, weakly sculptured laterally and posteriorly. Cheeks rather straight, gradually constricted to base, anterior end overlapping with eyes, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli normal; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 27 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 95 µm apart from each other, 6 – 8 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 322) about 1.6 times as long as head; segment VIII relatively slender, weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III a little longer than segment VII; segment IV a little longer than III, the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching eyes, sub-parallel at base, each stylet about 1 / 4 of head width apart; maxillary bridge distinct, about 0.3 times as wide as head. Pronotum (Fig. 315) 0.62 times as long as head, 1.41 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae developed, expanded, am longer than aa, almost as long as ml; epim a little longer than pa, longer than postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 316) fan-shaped, 32 µm wide; mesopresternum divided into two lateral triangle plates. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, 22 µm in length. Metanotum (Fig. 317) sculptured medially with reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, about 30 µm, their distance wider than the distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 42 µm apart from each other, 32 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsal tooth small (Fig. 319). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 3 a little longer than S 2. Pelta (Fig. 318) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, sculptured distinctly, 1.37 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, longer than tube, S 2 longer than S 1; intermediate setae a little shorter than 1 / 2 of S 1. Tube (Fig. 321) about 0.45 times as long as head, 1.67 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 2.0 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1600 (distended). Head length 178, from anterior margin of eyes 162, width across eyes 123, maximum width across cheeks 131, minimum width across base 105; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 15; postocular setae 32 – 33. Maxillary bridge width 38. Antenna total length 285, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 37 (23), 40 (25), 39 (22), 37 (18), 35 (18), 25 (9). Pronotum length 111, width 156. Setae on prothorax: am 27 – 28, aa? 20, ml 25 – 27, pa 35 – 37, epim about 40. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 27, S 2 30, S 3 30 – 35. Pelta length 57, width 78. Tergite IX setae: S 1 90 – 97, S 2 117 – 119. Tube length 80, maximum width 48; terminal setae 162 – 165. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Head about 1.3 times as long as wide; pronotum about 0.7 times as long as head, 1.34 times as wide as long; fore legs rather enlarged (Fig. 320), fore tarsal tooth stout; fore wing with 5 – 5 duplicated cilia; S 2 setae on tergite VIII blunt. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1300 (distended). Head length 153, from anterior margin of eyes 138, width across eyes 115, maximum width across cheeks 118, minimum width across base 92; eyes length 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 11; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 42. Antenna total length 260, segments III – VIII length as follows: 37, 38, 35, 32, 33, 22. Pronotum length 107, width 143. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 25, aa? 20, ml 25 – 28, pa 33 – 34, epim 35 – 40. Fore wing length 510. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 27 – 28, S 2 27 – 28, S 3 31 – 33. Pelta length 49, width 60. Tergite IX setae: S 1 65, S 2 25. Tube length 70, maximum width 41; terminal setae 150.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01E02275EC8D11888FCFD77.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, Phuket, nr. Tone Sai Waterfall, on dead leaves and branches, 12. ix. 1992, TN & SO. Paratype: Thailand, Phuket, 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but 11. ix. 1992. Doubtful specimen. Peninsular Malaysia, 1 female, Pahang, Endau-Rompin Park, figging, 8. vii. 2003, H. Kojima.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01E02275EC8D11888FCFD77.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is included in the bamboosae - group and may be related to N. agkoae sp. nov. from the Philippines, the differences between them being discussed under agkoae. N. simulans sp. nov. from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia may also be related, but these two species have different a sense cone formula as discussed under simulans. A female listed as doubtful specimen is very similar to this species, but it could not be confirmed the sense cone number of the antennal segment III.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01C02215EC8D70688DDFDBB.taxon	description	(Figs 299 – 301, 323 – 330) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.7 mm. Body brown (Fig. 299). Femora largely pale brown to brown, with apices yellowish; tibiae tinged with brown; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III yellow to brownish yellow. Fore wing and major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 323) much longer than wide, about 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.44 times in holotype, widest across cheeks at middle, dorsal surface smooth, but sculptured posteriorly. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrate. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded, 94 µm apart from each other, 7 – 8 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head, 0.30 times in holotype. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair scarcely apart from eyes, about 30 µm apart from each other in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 330) about 1.6 times as long as head; segment VIII conical, slightly constricted at extreme base; segments III relatively slender, widely truncated at apex, about 1.6 times as long as wide, almost as long as segment VII; segments III and IV with one (0 + 1) and three (1 + 2) sense-cones respectively. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, relatively wider apart, their distance a little wider than 1 / 3 of head width apart, 45 µm apart from each other at the level of maxillary bridge in holotype; maxillary bridge rather distinct. Pronotum (Fig. 323) about 0.65 times as long as head, about 1.4 times as wide as long, almost smooth; five pairs of major setae expanded; aa and ml subequal in length, epim much longer than pa, the longest, a little longer than postoculars. Mesopresternum (Fig. 325) narrowly boat-shaped; prospinasternum well developed, inverted triangle, 35 µm wide in holotype. Metanotum very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation, but invisible even using phase contrast illumination; median pair of setae weak, short and acute, about 25 µm in length, 40 µm apart from each other, 32 – 33 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsal tooth small (Fig. 327). Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, subequal in length. Pelta (Fig. 326) triangle, sculptured weakly, 1.2 – 1.3 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI and VIII expanded, VII finely pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, longer than tube. Tube about 0.5 times as long as head, 0.49 times in holotype, about 1.9 times as long as wide. Terminal setae about 2.0 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1700 (distended). Head length 173, from anterior margin of eyes 160, width across eyes 115, maximum width across cheeks 120, minimum width across base 100; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 12; postocular setae 35 – 37. Maxillary bridge width 44. Antenna total length 278, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 35 (21), 38 (25), 34 (22), 32 (19), 35 (18), 20 (10). Pronotum length 112, width 158. Setae on prothorax: am 22, aa 21 – 22, ml 25, pa 28 – 30, epim 40 – 42. Fore wing length 590. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30 – 32, S 2 32 – 33, S 3 33. Pelta length 62, width 78. Tergite IX setae: S 1 70 – 75, S 2 100. Tube length 84, maximum width 45; terminal setae 170 – 175. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.20 – 1.55 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure but showing allometric growth. Fore wing with 3 – 5 duplicated cilia; terminal tube setae much longer than 2.0 times as long as tube. Large male: prothorax and fore leg enlarged (Fig. 329); fore tarsal tooth stout. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1200 – 1540 (distended). Head length 141 – 153, from anterior margin of eyes 128 – 141, width across eyes 100 – 114, maximum width across cheeks 107 – 115, minimum width across base 84 – 95; eyes length 48 – 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 6 – 12; postocular setae 47 – 35. Maxillary bridge width 42 – 41. Antenna total length 240 – 280, segments III – VIII length as follows: 30 – 32, 37 – 40, 32 – 37, 28 – 34, 30 – 35, 18 – 22. Pronotum length 83 – 116, width 118 – 163. Setae on prothorax: am 20 – 25, aa? – 25, ml 25 – 28, pa 28 – 33, epim 31 – 40. Fore wing length 420 – 580. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 31, S 2 25 – 32, S 3 30 – 35. Pelta length 45 – 60, width 63 – 73. Tergite IX setae: S 1 55 – 65, S 2 28 – 31. Tube length 68 – 73, maximum width 38 – 45; terminal setae 150 – 180.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01C02215EC8D70688DDFDBB.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Thailand, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Hean, habitat uncertain, 3. ix. 1992, SO. Paratypes: Thailand, 1 female, collected together with holotype; 1 male, Bangkok, Bangkhen, Campus of Kasetsart University, NBCRC, on dead branches, 26. xii. 1987, SO; 1 female, Saraburi, on dead leaves and branches, 10. ix. 1991, TN & SO; 1 female, Fang, on dead leaves and branches, 26. iii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 male, nr. Chiang Mai, Mae-sa, on bamboo, 3. ix. 1991, TN & SO; 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Phrow, on bamboo, 22. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, foot of Doi Saket, 25. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 7 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Lam Pang, on dead leaves and branches, 28. viii. 1992, TN & SO; 1 female and 4 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Ka Jan, on dead leaves and branches, 3. ix. 1992, SO; 3 females and 2 males, nr. Chiang Mai, Pha Sang, on dead branches, 31. viii. 1992, SO; 1 female, Chiang Rai, on dead leaves and branches, 4. ix. 1992, SO; 1 female and 1 male, nr. Chiang Rai, Pha Yao, on dead leaves and branches, 5. ix. 1992, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01C02215EC8D70688DDFDBB.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species has the head somewhat longer, the maxillary stylets rather close together as well as subparallel at basal portion of the head capsule, and the mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped. Because of these features, uniconus is included in the bamboosae - group. It is peculiar in the genus in having one (0 + 1) and three (1 + 2) sense cones on antennal segments III and IV respectively. It is also somewhat similar to the genus Leptandrothrips in having antennal segment III widely truncated at apex. However, uniconus may be not closely related to Leptandrothrips in having antennal segment VIII well separated from segment VII, the fore tarsus armed with a distinct tooth, and the posteromarginal setae S 1 shorter than tube. Moreover, the species included in Leptandrothrips do not show male allometric growth.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01A02225EC8D6CA88E0F87D.taxon	description	(Figs 302 – 303, 331 – 338) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.5 mm. Body brown (Fig. 302). All femora brown; fore and mid tibiae brownish, with extreme bases paler; hind tibiae brownish, a little paler than mid tibiae, with basal one-third and extreme apices pale; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III a little paler than segment IV, with base paler. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 331) longer than wide, 1.1 – 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.17 times in holotype, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface very weakly sculptured with transverse striae or reticulation. Cheeks very weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair separated from eyes, 23 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 88 µm apart from each other, 8 – 10 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 338) about 1.9 times as long as head, 1.94 times in holotype; segment VIII slender, weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, usually longer than 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III a little longer than segment IV, longer than segment VII; segments III and IV each with three sense cones, (1 + 2) and (1 + 2 + 1) respectively, but segment III rarely with two (1 + 1) sense cones. Maxillary stylets scarcely reaching postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak, 0.44 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 331) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.72 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae developed, expanded, am and aa subequal in length, shorter than ml; pa and epim subequal in length, longer than ml, almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 332) irregularly fan-shaped, 28 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, about 20 µm in length. Metanotum (Fig. 333) sculptured with reticulation, but weak at middle; median pair of setae pointed, 20 – 25 µm, their distance wider than the distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 53 µm apart from each other, 26 – 27 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a distinct tooth (Fig. 335). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 shorter than S 2, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 334) shaped irregularly trpezoid, sculptured distinctly, about 1.7 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae almost pointed, a little shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, a little longer than tube; intermediate setae about half of S 1. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.59 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae 1.6 – 1.7 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1420 (distended incompletely. If fully distended, it can be inferred about 1500). Head length 155, from anterior margin of eyes 143, width across eyes 129, maximum width across cheeks 133, minimum width across base 116; eyes length 52; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 35 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 59. Antenna total length about 300, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (23), 40 (24), 40 (21), 38 (19), 37 (17), 29 (9). Pronotum length 112, width 187. Setae on prothorax: am 26 – 27, aa 26 – 27, ml 35 – 39, pa 40, epim 40. Fore wing length 580. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 33, S 2 42, S 3 47 – 48. Pelta length 52, width 88. Tergite IX setae: S 1 88, S 2 95 – 100. Tube length 92, maximum width 47; terminal setae 153 – 155. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female, but show allometric growth. Large male: prothorax enlarged, 0.72 times as long as head, about 1.5 times as wide as long; fore femora enlarged (Fig. 336), fore tarsal tooth stout; tergite IX S 1 setae blunt or very weakly expanded. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1150 – 1290 (distended). Head length 145 – 150, from anterior margin of eyes 133 – 142, width across eyes 112 – 119, maximum width across cheeks 115 – 123, minimum width across base 97 – 102; eyes length 51 – 51; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 13; postocular setae 32 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 52 – 60. Antenna total length 260 – 285, segments III – VIII length as follows: 36 – 40, 35 – 37, 33 – 34, 33 – 34, 33 – 34, 25 – 27. Pronotum length 87 – 109, width 143 – 164. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 23, aa 20 – 23, ml 28 – 36, pa 30 – 37, epim 32 – 36. Fore wing length 470 – 520. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28 – 32, S 2 32 – 37, S 3 33 – 45. Pelta length 45 – 49, width 70 – 76. Tergite IX setae: S 1 69 – 78, S 2 13 – 19. Tube length 79 – 82, maximum width 38 – 41; terminal setae 133 – 140.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01A02225EC8D6CA88E0F87D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Peninsular Malaysia, NE 13 km from Tapah, on dead leaves, 27. vii. 1976, SO. Paratypes: Peninsular Malaysia, 1 female, collected together with holotype; 2 females and 1 male, NE 30 km from Tapah, on dead leaves, 3. iii. 1976, W. Suzuki; Tapah, on dead leaves, 8 females and 6 males, 26. vii. 1976, 2 females and 1 male, 28. vii. 1976, 2 females, 30. vii. 1976, SO; 1 female, about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, Templer Park, on dead leaves, 15. viii. 1990, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01A02225EC8D6CA88E0F87D.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Peninsular Malaysia based on several females and males taken from dead leaves, and it seems to be a fungus-feeder. It may be included in the pictipes - group, and closely related to N. yangmingshanae sp. nov. described below from Taiwan. However, uniformis has three major sense cones on antennal segment IV, although yangmingshanae has four major sense cones. One paratype female has only two (1 + 1) sense cones on the left antennal segment III.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD018022C5EC8D4D38E27FE0F.taxon	description	(Figs 304 – 306, 339 – 348) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 304). All femora brown; all tibiae brown, with bases and apices paler; tarsi yellow. Antenna brown, segment III pale brown, with base paler. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 339) a little longer than wide, about 1.1 times as long as wide in holotype, widest across cheeks just behind eyes; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae, very weakly sculptured medially, but smooth between eyes. Cheeks rounded, constricted at base, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 26 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; 97 µm apart from each other, 7 – 9 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 348) about 1.9 times as long as head; segment VIII weakly constricted at base, narrowly joined to VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III longer than segment VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively, but segment III rarely with two (1 + 1) sense cones. Maxillary stylets retracted to postocular setae, wider apart, almost V-shaped; maxillary bridge weak, 0.45 times as wide as head in holotype. Pronotum (Fig. 339) 0.6 – 0.7 times as long as head, 0.66 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae developed, expanded, am and aa subequal in length, a little shorter than ml; pa and epim subequal in length, longer than ml, almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 342) irregularly fan-shaped, 23 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum complete. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded, usually more than 20 µm in length. Metanotum (Fig. 343) sculptured medially with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, their distance wider than the distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 45 µm apart from each other, 28 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsus with a tooth (Fig. 345). Fore wing with 3 – 6 duplicated cilia, 3 – 5 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded, S 1 shorter than S 2, S 3 the longest. Pelta (Fig. 344) shaped irregularly, almost trapezoid or triangular, sculptured distinctly, about 1.5 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – V expanded, VI blunt or very weakly expanded, at least not sharply pointed, VII and VIII sharply pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae almost pointed, shorter than tube, S 2 finely pointed, almost as long as tube, or a little shorter; intermediate setae a little longer than half of S 1. Tube about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.62 times in holotype, about 2.0 times as long as wide; terminal setae 1.5 – 1.6 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1600 (distended). Head length 157, from anterior margin of eyes 144, width across eyes 133, maximum width across cheeks 143, minimum width across base 125; eyes length 51; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 13; postocular setae 35 – 40. Maxillary bridge width 65. Antenna total length about 300, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 42 (25), 43 (25), 40 (23), 38 (21), 38 (19), 27 (10). Pronotum length 104, width 180. Setae on prothorax: am 25 – 26, aa 25 – 28, ml 30 – 34, pa 36 – 37, epim 38 – 39. Fore wing length 610. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 32, S 2 35 – 36, S 3 46 – 48. Pelta length 58, width 85. Tergite IX setae: S 1 80 – 81, S 2 93 – 96. Tube length 97, maximum width 48; terminal setae 150 – 155. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.1 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but show allometric growth. Small male: head almost as long as wide, cheeks convex; fore tarsal tooth small. Large male: head longer than wide, cheeks weakly rounded; prothorax well developed; fore femora enlarged (Fig. 346), unarmed, fore tarsal tooth stout. Tip of pseudovirga two-humped (Fig. 347), about 10 µm wide. Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1120 – 1320 (distended). Head length 126 – 145, from anterior margin of eyes 117 – 133, width across eyes 118 – 122, maximum width across cheeks 126 – 126, minimum width across base 103 – 133; eyes length 45 – 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 13; postocular setae 27 – 36. Maxillary bridge 53 – 56. Antenna total length 262 – 290, segments III – VIII length as follows: 34 – 37, 34 – 42, 30 – 37, 32 – 37, 30 – 36, 25 – 26. Pronotum length 80 – 105, width 144 – 170. Setae on prothorax: am 18 – 28, aa? – 30, ml 22 – 35, pa 27 – 36, epim 27 – 42. Fore wing length 480 – 580. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23 – 32, S 2 27 – 35, S 3 33 – 42. Pelta length 41 – 53, width 65 – 72. Tergite IX setae: S 1 57 – 72, S 2 18 – 23. Tube length 68 – 79, maximum width 38 – 40; terminal setae? – 147.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD018022C5EC8D4D38E27FE0F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Taiwan, nr. Taipei, Yangmingshan, 27. iii. 1993, TN & SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, 42 females and 18 males, collected together with holotype; Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, 1 female, on dead leaves, 30. iii. 1984, SO, 7 females and 9 males, on dead leaves and branches, 29. viii. 1993, TN & SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD018022C5EC8D4D38E27FE0F.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Taiwan based on a long series of females and males, and is included in the pictipes - group. It is very similar to M. apoae and M. ilomavisae from the Mindanao Is., the Philippines. From apoae, however, it can be distinguished by having the head somewhat wider, the postero-marginal setae S 2 on the tergites V and VI expanded or very weakly expanded, and the terminal tube setae somewhat longer. From ilomavisae, it can be distinguished by having the head wider, the antennal segment III almost as long as IV, the tube about 0.6 times as long as head, and the terminal tube setae shorter than 1.7 times as long as tube. Moreover, these three species can easily be distinguished by the shape of the male pseudovirga.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD016022D5EC8D1E68831F9F6.taxon	description	Xylaplothrips anarsius Mound & Tree Xylaplothrips collyerae (Mound & Walker) Xylaplothrips gahniae (Mound & Minaei) Xylaplothrips trinervoidis Hartwig	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD016022D5EC8D7B6894BFAF2.taxon	description	Xylaplothrips togashii Okajima Xylaplothrips ulmi Priesner Xylaplothrips zawirskae Kucharczyk Species incertae sedis The following six species are still listed in this genus but they are possibly not congeners. The generic position of these species requires the original specimens to be re-examined.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD016022D5EC8D4D38802FC42.taxon	description	Xylaplothrips has only two sense cones on each of antennal segments III and IV, though Mesandrothrips has three sense cones on segment III and four on IV. However, these two are indistinguishable in characters states other than this sense cone formula. Moreover, both genera are possibly very closely related to the genus Karnyothrips which shows interspecific variations in the sense cone number of the antennal segments III and IV (Okajima & Masumoto 2025): one to three sense cones on segment III, and two to four on IV. Considering this and the variations found in other genera classified into the Haplothripini (see introduction), Mesandrothrip s and Xylaplothrips appear to be more closely related than previously considered. Only one species, X. togashii, is recorded from Japan, in the target area. Species included in Xylaplothrips	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD016022E5EC8D2858B04FF7F.taxon	description	Specimens examined. Japan (Honshu), the type series (see Okajima 2006); 31 females, Tochigi, Ichikai-machi, Sugiyama, on Phyllostachys heterocycle (Poaceae), 17. v. 2023, SO (these females were collected together with M. ichikaianus).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD015022F5EC8D50E8FB1FEA4.taxon	description	Type-species. Xyphandrothrips conjunctus sp. nov.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD015022F5EC8D50E8FB1FEA4.taxon	discussion	Comments. This genus is established for nine species: amamianus sp. nov., cinctus sp. nov., conjunctus sp. nov., formosae sp. nov., karaentae sp. nov., megacephalus sp. nov., pallens sp. nov., septemfidus sp. nov. and vietnamicus sp. nov. It may be closely related to Neandrothrips gen. nov. described above. However, Xyphandrothrips has the two terminal antennal segments widely and closely joined. This is similar to the condition in Hadrandrothrips and Leptandrothrips, with these segments rarely completely fused with an incomplete suture between them. In contrast, Neandrothrips species have these segments distinctly separated. Moreover, the long lateral tooth on the fore tarsus in this genus is peculiar in the ‘ Xylaplothrips - complex’. The sense cone formula is also variable in this genus (Table 2). Most species of this genus have been collected from dead plants, therefore they seem to be fungus-feeders.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01402295EC8D5318E8CFD77.taxon	description	(Figs 349, 359 – 365) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 349). Femora brown to dark brown; tibiae brown, mid and hind tibiae with apices scarcely paler; tarsi yellowish. Antennal segments I and II brown, slightly paler than head; segments V – VIII dark brown, almost concolorous with head; segment III yellow; segment IV brown, with basal one-third somewhat paler. Fore wings scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 359) almost as long as wide, 1.04 times as long as wide, widest just behind eyes; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with reticulation, but almost smooth at middle. Cheeks rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli scarcely separated from eyes, 27 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, pointed; 107 µm apart from each other, about 9 – 10 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 365) about 1.8 times as long as head; segment VIII conical, widely and closely joined to segment VII, a little longer than 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III shorter than IV, longer than VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets reaching postocular setae, 30 µm apart from each other at a level of maxillary bridge; maxillary bridge very weak. Pronotum (Fig. 359) 0.67 times as long as head, 1.66 times as wide as long, almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae developed, am pointed, but remaining four pairs expanded. Prospinasternum (Fig. 360) irregularly fan-shaped, 27 µm wide; mesopresternum divided. Mesonotal lateral setae about 20 µm long, pointed. Metanotum (Fig. 361) very weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, longer than 20 µm, 52 µm apart from each other, 33 – 35 µm apart from anterior margin of metanotum. Fore tarsal tooth long and slender (Fig. 363). Fore wing with 2 – 3 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae relatively short, S 1 and S 2 expanded, S 3 sharply pointed, the longest. Pelta (Fig. 362) trapezoid with rounded anterior margin, 1.6 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, a little shorter than S 2, S 2 finely pointed, shorter than tube; intermediate setae a little longer than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 364) 0.51 times as long as head, 1.84 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.1 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1480 (distended). Head length 163, from anterior margin of eyes 155, width across eyes 143, maximum width across cheeks 157, minimum width across base 125; eyes length 48; diameter of posterior ocelli 11 – 12; postocular setae 30 – 37. Maxillary bridge width?. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 35 (24), 40 (27), 37 (25), 35 (25), 30 (22), 22 (14). Pronotum length 110, width 183. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 25, aa? 25, ml 27, pa 33, epim 30. Fore wing length 610. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 22 – 25, S 2 27 – 28, S 3 31 – 33. Pelta length 55, width 88. Tergite IX setae: S 1 57 – 58, S 2 60 – 63. Tube length 83, maximum width 45; terminal setae 92. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01402295EC8D5318E8CFD77.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Japan, Ryukyus, Amami Is, Sumiyou-son, Amami-chuourindou, on dead leaves and branches, 26. iii. 1990, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01402295EC8D5318E8CFD77.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Amami-ohshima Is., the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, based on a unique macropterous female and is very similar to X. conjunctus sp. nov. described below from Taiwan. However, it is easily distinguished from the latter by the following features: head somewhat broader; antennal segment VII much shorter than segment III; postocular setae, prothoracic am setae and postero-lateral setae S 2 on tergites III – VI pointed; tube about 0.5 times as long as head; terminal setae about 1.1 times as long as tube.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD012022B5EC8D7068EA3FE01.taxon	description	(Figs 350, 366 – 373) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.4 mm. Body bicolored (Fig. 350). Head, thorax yellowish brown, tube pale brown; abdominal segment I yellowish at middle, brownish laterally, segment II yellow, segments II – VI largely yellow to brownish yellow, with anterolateral portions brownish, segments VIII and IX brownish yellow. Fore femora brown, scarcely paler than head, with apical one-third yellowish, mid femora pale brown, with apical two-fifths yellow, hind femora yellow; fore tibiae yellowish brown, a little paler than femora, mid and hind tibiae weakly shaded with brown, with bases and apices yellow; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I and IV – VIII brown, I and IV a little paler, segment IV with base yellowish, segments II and III yellow, but segment II scarcely shaded. Fore wings very weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 366) a little longer than wide, 1.17 times as long as wide; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, very weakly sculptured with transverse striae between eyes. Cheeks rounded, gradually narrowed to base, anterior end bulged and shortly overlapping with eyes, weakly serrated. Eyes 0.28 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli almost in contact with eyes, about 27 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; about 90 µm apart from each other, 7 – 8 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 373) short, 1.75 times as long as head; segment VIII conical, not constricted at base, widely and closely joined to segment VII; segment III truncated at apex, shorter than IV, almost as long as VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance narrower than one-fifth of head width; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 366) 0.68 times as long as head, about 1.5 times as wide as long; almost smooth, median apodeme very weak; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am and aa subequal in length, ml and pa subequal, almost as long as postocular setae, epim a little longer than pa. Prospinasternum (Fig. 367) largely developed, irregularly shaped, 38 µm wide; mesopresternum divided into lateral triangles. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, 22 – 25 µm long, distance between both median setae wider than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 45 µm apart from each other, 30 – 35 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsal tooth long (Fig. 370). Fore wing with 4 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae relatively short, expanded. Pelta (Fig. 368) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.53 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII pointed, VIII blunt. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, much shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, almost as long as tube; intermediate setae longer than three-quarters of Sl. Tube (Fig. 372) 0.5 times as long as head, about 1.9 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.4 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1400 (distended). Head length 160, from anterior margin of eyes 150, width across eyes 128, maximum width across cheeks 137, minimum width across base 106; eyes length 45; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 11; postocular setae 23 – 24. Maxillary bridge width 25. Antenna total length 280, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 33 (22), 40 (26), 37 (22), 36 (20), 33 (20), 20 (12). Pronotum length 108, width 163. Setae on prothorax: am 18 – 20, aa? 20, ml 25, pa 25, epim 29. Fore wing length 540. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 23, S 2 20, S 3 20. Pelta length 51, width 78. Tergite IX setae: S 1 52 – 53, S 2 80. Tube length 80, maximum width 42; terminal setae? 110. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.33 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in structure. Abdominal segments II and IV yellow, segments V – IX yellow, but very weakly shaded with brown; mid and hind tibiae yellow. Maxillary bridge wider, 0.29 times as wide as head; prothorax (Fig. 369) and fore legs enlarged (Fig. 371), fore tarsal tooth stout. Fore wing with 3 – 4 duplicated cilia. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1330 (distended). Head length 165, from anterior margin of eyes 153, width across eyes 127, maximum width across cheeks 130, minimum width across base 99; eyes length 53; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 25. Maxillary bridge width 38. Antenna total length 280, segments III – VIII length as follows: 33, 42, 39, 37, 34, 22. Pronotum length 118, width 167. Setae on prothorax: am 20, aa 25, ml 30, pa 30, epim 30. Fore wing length 540. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 28, S 2 25, S 3 27. Pelta length 49, width 70. Tergite IX setae: S 1? 40, S 2 20. Tube length 68, maximum width 41; terminal setae 107.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD012022B5EC8D7068EA3FE01.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Vietnam, Ninh Thuan Prov., Lam Son District, Root 27 (Pass 1), 900 m alt., 23. viii. 2007, SO. Paratype: Vietnam, 1 male, collected together with holotype.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD012022B5EC8D7068EA3FE01.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Vietnam based on one female and one large male, and it may be related to X. conjunctus from Taiwan. These two species have antennal segments III and IV with three and four major sense cones respectively, the terminal two antennal segments closely and widely joined, and the sub-basal setae S 3 expanded. However, in contrast to conjunctus that has a uniformly brown body, cinctus has the body bicolored brown and yellow. Unfortunately, the feeding habitat of this species is uncertain.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01002145EC8D59C8828FD91.taxon	description	(Figs 351, 374 – 381) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.5 mm. Body brown (Fig. 351), but abdomen somewhat paler. Fore femora brown, mid femora brown with apex paler, hind femora pale brown with base paler; tibiae pale brown, mid and hind tibiae with apices yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I and IV – VIII brown, but IV with extreme base yellowish; segment II brownish yellow, segment III yellow. Fore wings scarcely shaded with pale brown, but basal one-third pale. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 374) a little longer than wide, about 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.13 times in holotype; dorsal surface weakly sculptured with transverse striae, sculpture somewhat distinct between postocular setae. Cheeks very weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, serrated. Eyes about 0.3 times as long as head. Posterior ocelli slightly separated from eyes, about 30 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; about 100 µm apart from each other, 8 – 9 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 381) short, about 1.7 times as long as head, 1.69 times in holotype; segment VIII conical, not constricted at base, widely and closely joined to segment VII; segment III almost symmetrical, truncated at apex, shorter than IV, almost as long as VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance about one-fifth of head width, or a little narrower; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 374) more than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.66 times in holotype, 1.6 – 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.65 times in holotype; almost smooth, median apodeme very weak; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am and aa subequal in length, ml and pa subequal, epim a little longer than pa and postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 376) largely developed, widely fan-shaped, about 45 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped or almost separated into lateral triangle plates. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 40 µm apart from each other, 28 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long and slender (Fig. 378); fore tibia with a sub-apical seta-bearing inner small tubercle. Fore wing with 3 – 5 duplicated cilia, 4 in holotype; three sub-basal setae relatively short, subequal in length, expanded, S 3 slender. Pelta (Fig. 377) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.47 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII pointed, VIII blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt or very weakly expanded, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than S 1, almost as long as tube, or longer; intermediate setae longer than half of Sl. Tube much shorter than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.44 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.4 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1450 (distended). Head length 167, from anterior margin of eyes 157, width across eyes 136, maximum width across cheeks 148, minimum width across base 120; eyes length 50; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 12; postocular setae 25. Maxillary bridge width 28. Antenna total length 283, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 35 (23), 41 (27), 38 (24), 37 (22), 35 (20), 19 (13). Pronotum length 110, width 182. Setae on prothorax: am 22 – 23, aa 23 – 24, ml 28 – 30, pa 30, epim 33 – 34. Fore wing length 560. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 24 – 25, S 2 23 – 25, S 3 25. Pelta length 53, width 78. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60 – 62, S 2 76 – 80. Tube length 74, maximum width 43; terminal setae 105. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in structure, but showing allometric growth. Abdomen usually paler, often largely yellowish. Large male: prothorax and fore legs enlarged (Fig. 375). Tip of pseudovirga rounded, 12 µm wide. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length 1330 (distended). Head length 178, from anterior margin of eyes 164, width across eyes 132, maximum width across cheeks 142, minimum width across base 108; eyes length 55; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 12; postocular setae 30 – 32. Maxillary bridge width 35. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length as follows: 34, 42, 39, 37, 37, 20. Pronotum length 122, width 175. Setae on prothorax: am 17 – 20, aa 24 – 28, ml 30 – 32, pa 25 – 30, epim 32 – 35. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 27, S 2 22 – 23, S 3 23 – 25. Pelta length 52, width 67. Tergite IX setae: S 1 45 – 47, S 2 20 – 23. Tube length 68, maximum width 41; terminal setae 100.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01002145EC8D59C8828FD91.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Nanshanchi, on dead branches, 27. iii. 1984, SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, same locality and habitat as in holotype, 2 females and 1 male, 24. iii. 1984, 1 male, 25. iii. 1984, 1 male, 29. iii. 1984, 2 females, 30. iii. 1984, SO; Pintung Hsien, Kenting Nat. Park, 18. iii. 1984, 1 male, on dead leaves, 3 females and 2 males, on dead branches, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD01002145EC8D59C8828FD91.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is somewhat similar to X. amamianus and X. formosae in having antennal segments III and IV with two and four major sense cones respectively. The differences between these species are discussed under amamianus and formosae.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02F02165EC8D2848891FCBF.taxon	description	(Figs 352, 382 – 389) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.6 mm. Body dark brown (Fig. 352). Fore femora dark brown, mid and hind femora brown; tibiae pale brown, mid and hind tibiae with apical one-third yellowish; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and IV – VIII brown to dark brown, but segment II somewhat paler antero-externally, segment IV with extreme base yellowish, with apical one-third scarcely paler; segment III yellow, scarcely tinged with pale brown. Fore wing very weakly shaded with pale brown, but basal one-third pale. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 382) a little longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.18 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth. Cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, very weakly serrated. Eyes a little shorter than 0.3 times as long as head. Ocelli relatively small; posterior pair separated from eyes, about 30 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, weakly expanded; 94 µm apart from each other, 6 – 7 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 389) about 1.7 times as long as head, 1.68 times in holotype; segment VIII short and conical, closely joined to segment VII, but basal width often somewhat narrower than apical width of VII (Figs 387 & 388); segments III almost symmetrical, truncated at apex, shorter than IV, almost as long as VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance about one-fifth of head width, or a little narrower; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 382) more than 0.6 times as long as head, 0.64 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as wide as long, 1.71 times in holotype; almost smooth, median apodeme very weak; five pairs of prothoracic setae weakly expanded; am and aa subequal in length, ml and pa subequal, epim a little longer than pa and almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 383) largely developed, irregularly fan-shaped, about 35 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped or separated into lateral triangle plates. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, weakly expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 384) weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 45 µm apart from each other, 28 – 30 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long and slender (Fig. 386). Fore wing with 2 – 5 duplicated cilia, 3 – 5 in holotype; sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 expanded, S 3 finely pointed and the longest. Pelta (Fig. 385) trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.57 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III expanded, IV – VI and VIII bluntly pointed, VII finely pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae bluntly pointed or almost pointed, almost as long as tube, S 2 sharply pointed, a little shorter than S 1; intermediate setae about half of Sl. Tube much shorter than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.45 times in holotype, about 1.6 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.3 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1500 (distended). Head length 173, from anterior margin of eyes 163, width across eyes 130, maximum width across cheeks 146, minimum width across base 123; eyes length 47; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 11; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 28. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 37 (26), 41 (28), 40 (26), 37 (23), 37 (22), 20 (11). Pronotum length 110, width 188. Setae on prothorax: am 20, aa? 20, ml 28 – 30, pa 32, epim 35. Fore wing length 600. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 28, S 2 28 – 30, S 3 37. Pelta length 53, width 83. Tergite IX setae: S 1 80, S 2 72 – 75. Tube length 78, maximum width 48; terminal setae 100. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02F02165EC8D2848891FCBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Taiwan, Taoyuan Hsien, Mt. Lala-shan, on dead leaves and branches, 19. viii. 1993, TN & SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, 1 female, Nantou Hsien, foot of Mt. Nankao, nr. Wanta, on dead branches, 4. iv. 1984, SO; 1 female, Taipei Hsien, Mt. Tatung shan, on dead branches, 4. iv. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02F02165EC8D2848891FCBF.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is very similar to X. conjunctus sp. nov. described above also from Taiwan. However, it is distinct in the following features (in parentheses are the features of conjunctus): antennal segments VII and VIII not forming a single segment (closely joined and forming a single segment); antennal segment II largely brown (brownish yellow); dorsal surface of head almost smooth (sculptured with transverse striae especially between postocular setae); sub-basal setae S 3 finely pointed (expanded); posteromarginal setae S 1 on the abdominal tergite IX a little longer than S 2 (much shorter than S 2).	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02D02105EC8D7CE896BFCBF.taxon	description	(Figs 353, 390 – 399) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.3 – 1.5 mm. Body bicolored yellow and brown (Fig. 353). Head, thorax and tube brown, base of tube somewhat paler; abdomen largely yellowish with partly brown shadings, segments I, VIII and IX shaded with brown, segments II – VII shaded with brown antero-laterally. Fore femora brown, a little paler than head, with apices yellowish; mid and hind femora pale brown, with apices yellow; fore tibiae tinged with brown, mid tibiae scarcely shaded with brown medially, hind tibiae yellow; tarsi yellow. Antennal segment I pale brown, segments IV – VIII brown, segment IV with base yellowish; segments II and III largely yellowish, but segment II scarcely tinged with brown basally. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 390) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide; dorsal surface almost smooth, very weakly sculptured with transverse striae between postocular setae. Cheeks weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli normal; posterior pair scarcely separated from eyes, 22 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, expanded; about 100 µm apart from each other, 7 – 8 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 399) about 1.7 times as long as head, 1.74 times in holotype; segment VIII conical (Fig. 398), widely and closely joined to segment VII, about 0.7 times as long as VII; segment III shorter than segment IV, longer than VII; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance about one-fifth of head width; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 390) about 0.7 times as long as head, 0.67 times in holotype, about 1.6 times as wide as long, 1.56 times in holotype; almost smooth, but sculptured with transverse reticulation at near posterior margin; five pairs of prothoracic setae relatively short, expanded. Prospinasternum (Fig. 393) irregularly shaped, narrower than 30 µm; mesopresternum reduced medially, divided or very narrowly boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed. expanded, usually about 20 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 394) very weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae finely pointed, 25 µm long, distance between both median setae wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 46 µm apart from each other, 30 – 32 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long (Fig. 396). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae subequal in length, expanded. Pelta (Fig. 395) triangular or trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, about 1.6 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII sharply pointed, VIII blunt or very weakly expanded. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than tube; intermediate setae about two-thirds of Sl. Tube longer than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.44 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1470 (distended). Head length 170, from anterior margin of eyes 158, width across eyes 134, maximum width across cheeks 142, minimum width across base 111; eyes length 56; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 13; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 35. Antenna total length 295, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 40 (24), 44 (26), 36 (23), 35 (21), 32 (18), 23 (12). Pronotum length 114, width 178. Setae on prothorax: am about 20, aa about 20, ml about 20, pa 32 – 33, epim 32 – 33. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25, S 2 25, S 3 25. Pelta length 52, width 83. Tergite IX setae: S 1 62 – 64, S 2 80. Tube length 75, maximum width 44; terminal setae 112 – 117. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.2 – 1.3 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in structure, but showing allometric growth. Body color usually somewhat paler than female; abdomen largely yellow, mid and hind femora yellowish, slightly tinged with brown, fore tibia brownish yellow, mid and hind tibia yellow. Large male: prothorax and fore leg enlarged; fore tarsal tooth stout (Fig. 397). Measurements (paratype small – large males in µm). Body length 1200 – 1300 (distended). Head length 150 – 173, from anterior margin of eyes 140 – 157, width across eyes 120 – 123, maximum width across cheeks 123 – 128, minimum width across base 99 – 102; eyes length 53 – 65; diameter of posterior ocelli 10 – 15; postocular setae 27 – 33. Maxillary bridge width 48 – 47. Antenna total length 265 – 275, segments III – VIII length as follows: 35 – 38, 37 – 42, 35 – 37, 35 – 37, 32 – 30, 21 – 22. Pronotum length 93 – 113, width 154 – 166. Setae on prothorax: am 21 – 24, aa? 20 – 23, ml 22 – 28, pa 30 – 30, epim 35 – 30. Fore wing length 510 – 560. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 24 – 26, S 2 26 – 26, S 3 25 – 25. Pelta length 48 – 53, width 71 – 73. Tergite IX setae: S 1 45 –?, S 2 22 – 21. Tube length 60 – 62, maximum width 37 – 40; terminal setae 105 – 115.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02D02105EC8D7CE896BFCBF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Karaenta Forest res., Maros to Camba, alt. about 400 m, on dead branches, 5. viii. 1984, SO. Paratypes: Indonesia, Sulawesi, 3 males, collected together with holotype; 7 females and 4 males, data very similar to holotype, but 6. viii. 1984.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02D02105EC8D7CE896BFCBF.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species may be related to X. pallens sp. nov. from Taiwan described below. However, it can be distinguished by the key above. This species may also be related to X. cinctus sp. nov. also from Taiwan, and the color pattern of these two species is very similar. However, karaentae has three sense cones on antennal segment III, though cinctus has only two sense cones on that segment.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02B02115EC8D7CE898CF867.taxon	description	(Figs 354 – 355, 400 – 407) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.8 mm. Body brown to dark brown (holotype female is somewhat paler than paratype female) (Fig. 354). All femora entirely brown to dark brown, concolorous with head; all tibiae brown, mid and hind tibiae with apices scarcely paler; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I – II and IV – VIII brown to dark brown, segment IV with base yellowish; segment III largely yellow, with distal half scarcely shaded with brown. Fore wing pale, scarcely shaded with brown at middle. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 400) much longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.31 times in holotype, widest across cheeks; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle, sculptured with transverse striae laterally. Cheeks weakly rounded, weakly serrated. Eyes relatively small, about one-fifth of head length. Posterior ocelli slightly separated from eyes, 44 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae a little longer than eyes, pointed; 103 µm apart from each other, about 12 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 407) 1.65 times as long as head; segment VIII conical, narrowly but closely joined to segment VII, about three-fifths of VII in length; segments III and IV subequal in length, longer than VII; segments III and IV with two (1 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, close together, sub-parallel, 17 – 18 µm apart from each other; maxillary bridge invisible even if using the phase contrast microscope. Pronotum (Fig. 400) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.63 times in holotype, 1.63 times as wide as long in holotype; almost smooth, but sculptured at near posterior margin; four pairs of pronotal setae pointed or blunt, am, aa and pa pointed, ml blunt; epim blunt or very weakly expanded. Prospinasternum (Fig. 402) irregularly fan-shaped, about 35 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae well developed, pointed, 20 – 23 µm long. Metanotum (Fig. 403) weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, longer than 20 µm, distance between both median setae much wider than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 58 µm apart from each other, 28 – 33 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long (Fig. 404). Fore wing with 2 – 4 duplicated cilia; sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 expanded, S 3 pointed; S 3 the longest. Pelta trapezoid with irregular lateral margins, 1.53 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 1 and S 2 setae sharply pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, subequal in length, shorter than tube; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube shorter than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.46 times in holotype, about 1.8 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.2 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1800 (distended). Head length 207, from anterior margin of eyes 197, width across eyes 136, maximum width across cheeks 158, minimum width across base 130; eyes length 42; diameter of posterior ocelli 8 – 13; postocular setae 46. Antenna total length 340, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 47 (27), 47 (29), 43 (27), 43 (23), 40 (23), 23 (12). Pronotum length 130, width 212. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 25, aa? 25, ml 40, pa 40, epim? 40. Fore wing length 630. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 30, S 2 30 – 32, S 3 45 – 47. Pelta length 59, width 90. Tergite IX setae: S 1 83 – 85, S 2 84 – 85. Tube length 95, maximum width 53; terminal setae 110 – 115. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.5 – 1.6 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure, but show allometric growth. Large male: prothorax and fore legs enlarged; fore trochanter with a triangular inner tubercle (Fig. 405); pronotal am setae reduced. Tip of pseudovirga rounded (Fig. 406), about 15 µm wide. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1600 (distended). Head length 196, from anterior margin of eyes 184, width across eyes 130, maximum width across cheeks 139, minimum width across base 112; eyes length 46; diameter of posterior ocelli 810; postocular setae 40. Antenna total length 335, segments III – VIII length as follows: 45, 47, 45, 40, 41, 24. Pronotum length 135, width 200. Setae on prothorax: am 10 – 15, aa 25, ml 35, pa 44, epim 40. Fore wing length 640. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 27 – 28, S 2 33 – 35, S 3 38 – 40. Pelta length 54, width 87. Tergite IX setae: S 1 80, S 2 35. Tube length 89, maximum width 48; terminal setae 116.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02B02115EC8D7CE898CF867.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Taiwan, Nantou Hsien, Meifeng, on dead leaves and branches, 1. ix. 1994, TN & SO. Paratypes: Taiwan, 1 female and 1 male, collected together with holotype; 1 male, same locality as holotype, alt. about 2000 m, habitat uncertain, 28. iii. 1984, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02B02115EC8D7CE898CF867.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from the mountainous area of central Taiwan based on two females and two males. It is peculiar in the genus in having the following features: eyes small, about one-fifth of head length; postocular setae pointed and a little longer than eyes; maxillary stylets close together, much narrower than one-fifth of the head width; four pairs of pronotal major setae pointed or blunt.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02902135EC8D4D3886FFB8C.taxon	description	(Figs 356, 408 – 414) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.5 mm. Body bicolored (Fig. 356). Head, prothorax and mesothorax scarcely shaded with brown; tube pale brown, a little darker than head, with basal quarter yellow; metathorax and abdominal segments I – IX yellow. Legs largely yellow, femora very weakly shaded. Antennal segment I pale brown, almost as dark as head; segment II weakly shaded with brown, paler than segment I; segment III yellow; segments IV – VIII brown, almost concolorous with tube, pedicel of segment IV yellowish. Fore wings weakly shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 308) longer than wide, 1.33 times as long as wide in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth, but very weakly sculptured with transverse striae. Cheeks very weakly rounded, or almost straight, gradually narrowed to base, serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length, 0.32 times as long as head in holotype. Posterior ocelli in contact with eyes, about 20 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae situated relatively far from cheeks, shorter than eyes, expanded; 92 µm apart from each other, about 8 µm apart from eyes, 23 µm from cheeks in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 414) short, 1.55 times as long as head in holotype; segment VIII conical, not constricted at base, widely and closely joined to segment VII; segment III almost as long as segment IV, longer than VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance narrower than one-fifth of head width, 23 µm in holotype; maxillary bridge relatively distinct. Pronotum (Fig. 408) about 0.6 times as long as head, about 1.5 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am and aa subequal in length, ml and pa subequal, almost as long as postocular setae. Prospinasternum (Fig. 409) largely developed, about 40 µm wide in holotype; mesopresternum narrowly boat-shaped. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum (Fig. 410) weakly sculptured with reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, about 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 48 µm apart from each other, 28 – 30 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long (Fig. 412). Fore wing with 4 – 6 duplicated cilia, 5 – 6 in holotype; three sub-basal setae expanded. Pelta (Fig. 411) very weak, almost trapezoid (uncertain in holotype), about 1.7 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, longer than tube; intermediate setae much longer than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 413) much shorter than 0.5 times as long as head, 0.41 times in holotype, about 1.7 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.5 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1500 (distended). Head length 190, from anterior margin of eyes 175, width across eyes 131, maximum width across cheeks 143, minimum width across base 115; eyes length 60; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 16; postocular setae about 30. Maxillary bridge width 30. Antenna total length 295, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 41 (24), 41 (28), 38 (25), 37 (23), 30 (20), 23 (15). Pronotum length 115, width 171. Setae on prothorax: am? 25, aa? 30, ml? 30, pa 33 – 36, epim 40. Fore wing length 570. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25, S 2 30, S 3 33. Pelta length 53, width 90. Tergite IX setae: S 1 65 – 68, S 2 95. Tube length 77, maximum width 46; terminal setae 118. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02902135EC8D4D3886FFB8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Vietnam, Bac Can Province, Ba Be National Park, on dead branches, 2. viii. 2000, SO. Paratype: Vietnam, 1 female, Quang Binh Prov., Bo Trach District, Son Trach, nr. Phone Nha, 20 m alt., 14. viii. 2007, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD02902135EC8D4D3886FFB8C.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Vietnam based on two females. It can easily be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following features: body bicolored pale brown and yellow; antennal segment III with three sense cones; sub-basal wing setae S 3 expanded; S 2 setae on tergite VIII bluntly pointed; tube short, 0.41 times as long as head. This species is somewhat similar to X. vietnamensis sp. nov. also from Vietnam in having antennal segment III with three sense cones and the sub-basal wing setae S 3 expanded. These two species can be distinguished easily by the key above.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD028021D5EC8D01F8FBFFEE3.taxon	description	(Figs 357, 415 – 422) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: about 1.8 mm. Body bicolored brown and yellow (Fig. 357). Head and tube brown, head scarcely paler at base, basal one-third of tube yellowish; the rest of body yellow. Legs yellow. Antennal segments VI – VIII brown, extreme base of segment VI yellowish; segment V pale brown, with basal quarter yellow; the remaining segments largely yellow, but segment I and IV scarcely shaded. Fore wings and major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 415) longer than wide, about 1.2 times as long as wide, widest across cheeks; dorsal surface almost smooth. Cheeks very weakly rounded, gradually narrowed towards base, very weakly serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Posterior ocelli slightly separated from eyes, 25 µm apart from each other. Postocular setae shorter than eyes, weakly expanded; 128 µm apart from each other, about 21 – 22 µm apart from eyes. Antennae (Fig. 422) about 1.7 times as long as head; 7 - segmented, morphological segments VII and VIII completely fused, but with incomplete suture between them; segments III a little short er than IV; segments III and IV with one (0 + 1) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, close together at middle, 22 µm apart from each other; maxillary bridge invisible even if using the phase contrast microscope. Pronotum (Fig. 415) 0.75 times as long as head, about 1.4 times as wide as long; almost smooth; four pairs of prothoracic setae developed and expanded, but am reduced to discal setae; ml and pa subequal in length, epim the longest. Prospinasternum (Fig. 416) widely fan-shaped, 33 µm wide; mesopresternum divided. Mesonotal lateral setae reduced. Metanotum (Fig. 417) weakly sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, shorter than 20 µm, distance between both median setae narrower than distance between that seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 41 µm apart from each other, 48 – 50 µm apart from anterior margin. Fore tarsal tooth long and slender (Fig. 419). Fore wing with 5 – 6 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae relatively short, S 1 and S 2 expanded, S 3 pointed. Pelta (Fig. 418) weak, trapezoid, about 1.4 times as wide as long. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI and VIII expanded, VII sharply pointed. Tergite IX S 1 and S 2 setae pointed, S 1 shorter than tube, S 2 a little shorter than tube or almost as long as tube; intermediate setae shorter than half of Sl. Tube (Fig. 421) shorter than 0.55 times as long as head, about 2.1 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.2 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length about 1800 (distended). Head length 193, from anterior margin of eyes 178, width across eyes 152, maximum width across cheeks 162, minimum width across base 132; eyes length 66; diameter of posterior ocelli 13 – 16; postocular setae 50 – 54. Antenna total length 330, segments III – VII (= morphological VII + VIII) length (width) as follows: 45 (26), 48 (30), 43 (25), 38 (22), 60 (22). Pronotum length 144, width 200. Setae on prothorax: aa about 20, ml 35, pa 34, epim 45 – 48. Fore wing length 650. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 27, S 2 25 – 26, S 3 28 – 31. Pelta length 68, width 96. Tergite IX setae: S 1 85 – 90, S 2 100 – 110. Tube length 107, maximum width 52; terminal setae 120 – 125. Male (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.45 mm. Very similar to macropterous female in color and structure. Fore wing with 5 – 6 duplicated cilia. Measurements (paratype male in µm). Body length about 1450 (distended). Head length 172, from anterior margin of eyes 157, width across eyes 134, maximum width across cheeks 141, minimum width across base 111; eyes length 57; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae 40 – 43. Antenna total length 290, segments III – VII (= morphological VII + VIII) length as follows: 39, 40, 38, 35, 54. Pronotum length 125, width 180. Setae on prothorax: aa shorter than 20, ml about 30, pa 30, epim 40. Fore wing length 600. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 22 – 25, S 2 22, S 3 20 – 30. Pelta length 58, width 82. Tergite IX setae: S 1 60 – 65, S 2 34 – 35. Tube length 88, maximum width 47; terminal setae 100 – 110.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD028021D5EC8D01F8FBFFEE3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Peninsular Malaysia, about 20 km N from Kuala Lumpur, on dead leaves of bamboo, 13. viii. 1990, TN & SO. Paratype: Peninsular Malaysia, 1 male, data very similar to holotype, but 12. viii. 1990. Doubtful specimens. Indonesia, Bali, 2 males, Tabanan, Jatiluwih (Peteli Temple), 867 – 915 m alt., on dead branches, 14. iii. 2005, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD028021D5EC8D01F8FBFFEE3.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species is described from Peninsular Malaysia based on one female and one male taken from dead bamboo leaves, and is peculiar within the genus in having the antennae 7 - segmented. Morphological antennal segments VII and VIII are completely fused, except for an incomplete suture between them. Two males listed under doubtful specimens taken from Bali, Indonesia, are very similar to septemfidus, but have the head largely yellowish.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD026021E5EC8D5F2896FFF7F.taxon	description	(Figs 358, 423 – 430) Female (macroptera). Distended body length: 1.4 – 1.6 mm. Body brown (Fig. 358). Abdomen somewhat paler than head and thorax, tube with basal one-third yellowish. Fore femora brown, with apical one-third paler, mid and hind femora pale brown, with apices paler; fore tibiae pale brown, mid and hind tibiae largely yellowish, but very weakly shaded; tarsi yellow. Antennal segments I and IV – VIII brown, but IV with extreme base yellowish; segment II pale brown, segment III yellowish. Fore wing scarcely shaded with brown. Major body setae pale. Head (Fig. 423) longer than wide, about 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.34 times in holotype; dorsal surface almost smooth at middle. Cheeks very weakly rounded, gradually narrowed to base, anterior end shortly overlapping with eyes, serrated. Eyes about one-third of head length. Ocelli well developed; posterior pair in contact with eyes, 22 µm apart from each other in holotype. Postocular setae much shorter than eyes, expanded; 89 µm apart from each other, 8 µm apart from eyes in holotype. Antennae (Fig. 430) short, 1.55 times as long as head in holotype; segment VIII conical, not constricted at base, widely and closely joined to segment VII; segment III almost symmetrical, truncated at apex, shorter than IV, almost as long as VII; segment IV the largest; segments III and IV with three (1 + 2) and four (2 + 2 + 1) sense cones respectively. Maxillary stylets retracted to eyes, sub-parallel at middle, their distance about one-fifth of head width; maxillary bridge weak. Pronotum (Fig. 423) about 0.6 times as long as head, 0.57 times in holotype, about 1.6 times as wide as long; almost smooth; five pairs of prothoracic setae expanded; am and aa subequal in length, pa longer than ml, almost as long as postocular setae, epim a little longer than pa. Prospinasternum (Fig. 424) largely developed, about 40 µm wide; mesopresternum divided into lateral triangles. Mesonotal lateral setae developed, expanded. Metanotum sculptured with polygonal reticulation; median pair of setae pointed, less than 20 µm, distance between both median setae wider than distance between each seta and anterior margin of metanotum, 40 µm apart from each other, 29 – 31 µm apart from anterior margin in holotype. Fore tarsal tooth long (Fig. 427). Fore wing with 4 – 5 duplicated cilia; three sub-basal setae relatively short, expanded. Pelta (Fig. 425) trapezoid, sculptured weakly, 1.55 times as wide as long in holotype. Tergites III – VIII S 2 setae: III – VI expanded, VII pointed, VIII bluntly pointed. Tergite IX S 1 setae blunt, shorter than tube, S 2 sharply pointed, a little longer than tube; intermediate setae about two-thirds of Sl. Tube (Fig. 429) 0.45 times as long as head, 1.84 times as long as wide; terminal setae about 1.4 times as long as tube. Measurements (holotype female in µm). Body length 1430 (distended). Head length 184, from anterior margin of eyes 169, width across eyes 127, maximum width across cheeks 137, minimum width across base 113; eyes length 61; diameter of posterior ocelli 12 – 15; postocular setae 30 – 32. Maxillary bridge width 32. Antenna total length 285, segments III – VIII length (width) as follows: 33 (25), 40 (28), 37 (24), 35 (21), 33 (20), 22 (14). Pronotum length 105, width 168. Setae on prothorax: am 23 – 24, aa? 25, ml? 25, pa 30 – 32, epim 35. Fore wing length 550. Sub-basal wing setae: S 1 25 – 26, S 2 28, S 3 28. Pelta length 53, width 82. Tergite IX setae: S 1 62 – 63, S 2 90. Tube length 83, maximum width 45; terminal setae 115. Male. Unknown.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD026021E5EC8D5F2896FFF7F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: macropterous female, Vietnam, Hoa Binh Province, Mai Chau, on dead leaves and branches, 11. viii. 2000, SO. Paratype: Vietnam, 1 female, collected together with holotype. Doubtful specimens. Vietnam, 1 male, Bac Can Province, Ba Be National Park, on dead branches, 2. viii. 2000, SO; 1 male, Lam Dong Province, Bao Loc, Dam Bri, on bamboo, 26. xii. 2001, SO.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
0A01879CD026021E5EC8D5F2896FFF7F.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species may be related to X. pallens sp. nov. described above also from Vietnam. These two species share the terminal two antennal segments closely joined, antennal segments III and IV with three and four major sense cones respectively, and the sub-basal setae S 3 expanded. The unique paratype female was collected together with the holotype but is somewhat dissimilar in coloration. The abdomen of the holotype is slightly paler than the thorax, whereas it is darker and almost as dark as thorax in the paratype. However, these two females are indistinguishable in most structures other than body color, and it is presumed that the holotype female is probably a teneral individual. Two males listed under doubtful specimens are very similar to the type series in structure, and may represent vietnamicus, but have the yellowish abdomen.	en	Okajima, Shûji, Masumoto, Masami (2025): Review of the ‘ Xylaplothrips-complex’ (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from East Asia. Zootaxa 5608 (1): 1-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5608.1.1
