taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
03B2627DFF9B2E29FF4EFCC25F53F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9B2E29FF4EFCC25F53F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF982E2AFF5AFE425CFCF9B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF982E2AFF5AFE425CFCF9B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466934	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF992E2BFF4EFD4C5A03FC1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF992E2CFC83FA675E84FD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466934	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9E2E2CFF5AFBFA5BE1FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9E2E2CFF5AFBFA5BE1FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9E2E2CFF5AFBFA5BE1FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466934	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9F2E2DFF4EFF755BE5FD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9F2E2DFF4EFF755BE5FD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466934/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466934	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 2. Representative staminate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments.B.P.sect.Fragariopsis:P.serrata(Davidse etal.10480 MO),anthers sessileand looselypackedon alarge globosereceptacle.C–E.P.sect.Penninerviae: C.P.loretensis (Freitas et al.155 MO),anthers sessile and densely packed on a small globose receptacle;D.P.penninervia (vander Werff et al.3173 MO),and E.P.supraglandulosa (Granville 3626CAY,US),mostanthers sessile and densely packedon a smallglobose receptacle,witha dimorphicouter whorl of;4 stamenswith filaments,and often witha 4-lobed annular nectary. F–I. P. sect.Plukenetia: F. P. polyadenia (Croat et al.20285 MO), stamens with slender-cylindrical filaments and ligulate interstaminal nectaries; G. P. stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),stamens withslender-cylindrical filaments and small irregularlyshaped interstaminal nectary segments;H.P.sylvestris (Woytkowski 6670 MO), stamens with slender filaments and large irregularly shaped interstaminal nectary segments;I. P. volubilis (Wurdack s.n.US), stamens with short-conical filaments.J.P. sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora (Avio et al.1621 MO), stamens with short-conical filaments and slender-cylindrical interstaminal nectaries (in pink). K. P.sect.Hedraiostylus: P.corniculata(ChinSee Chung 2712L),stamenswith short-conicalfilaments (sometimes appearingsessile).L.P.sect.Madagascarienses:P.madagascariensis(Villiers et al.4889 MO), anthers more or less sessile,denselyto somewhatloosely packedon an elongatereceptacle.PhotosA–D,F–H,J,Lby W.Cardinal-McTeague;IbyK.Wurdack.Line drawings: E by Alice Tangerini,K byAnitaWalsmit Sachs,used with permissionfrom the NaturalisBiodiversity Center,Leiden,Netherlands.(Abbreviations:an =annularnectary;d= dimorphic filamentous stamens; in = interstaminal nectaries; r = receptacle. Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9C2E2FFF5AFF755A9EF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466940/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466940	FIG. 5. Plukenetia brevistyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves, inflorescences, and fruit. B. Capsule. C. Pistillate flower. D. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.E.Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of inflorescences.G.Close-up of staminate cymules. H. Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, C, F–G. Lowrie et al. 30 (MO, NY); B. Silva et al. 1150 (NY); D–E, H. Oliveira 4513 (NY). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–H = 1 mm).	FIG. 5. Plukenetia brevistyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves, inflorescences, and fruit. B. Capsule. C. Pistillate flower. D. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.E.Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of inflorescences.G.Close-up of staminate cymules. H. Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, C, F–G. Lowrie et al. 30 (MO, NY); B. Silva et al. 1150 (NY); D–E, H. Oliveira 4513 (NY). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–H = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9C2E2FFF5AFF755A9EF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9C2E2FFF5AFF755A9EF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466938/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466938	FIG.4. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on an 84 accession nrDNA ETS dataset for Plukenetia and Plukenetiinae outgroups. Maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage (MLBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 80 MLBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclades P1–P5 were defined in Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes, sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold.	FIG.4. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on an 84 accession nrDNA ETS dataset for Plukenetia and Plukenetiinae outgroups. Maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage (MLBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 80 MLBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclades P1–P5 were defined in Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes, sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9C2E2FFF5AFF755A9EF8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9D2E31FC83F8EB5BDAF88B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466944/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466944	FIG.7. Plukenetia chocoensis sp. nov.A. Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences. B. Capsule fragments. C. Pistillate flower.D. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.E. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of staminate cymules.G.Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source:A, C–G. Gentry et al.47799 (MO); B. Cuatracasas 14006 (US). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–G = 1 mm).	FIG.7. Plukenetia chocoensis sp. nov.A. Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences. B. Capsule fragments. C. Pistillate flower.D. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.E. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of staminate cymules.G.Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source:A, C–G. Gentry et al.47799 (MO); B. Cuatracasas 14006 (US). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–G = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9D2E31FC83F8EB5BDAF88B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF9D2E31FC83F8EB5BDAF88B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466948/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466948	FIG.8. Plukenetia megastyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences.B.Capsule.C.Capsule segment with seed.D.Columella.E.Seed, lateral view (left), ventral view (right). F. Close-up of staminate cymules. G. Staminate flower. H. Pistillate flower. I. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries. J. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries. K. Close-up of inflorescence. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, G.Silva et al.6161 (NY); B,I–J.Plowman 8741 (NY);C–E.Ledezma et al.921 (CAN); F, H, K. Nee 38682 (NY).(Abbreviations:an = annular nectary;o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–K = 1 mm).	FIG.8. Plukenetia megastyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences.B.Capsule.C.Capsule segment with seed.D.Columella.E.Seed, lateral view (left), ventral view (right). F. Close-up of staminate cymules. G. Staminate flower. H. Pistillate flower. I. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries. J. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries. K. Close-up of inflorescence. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, G.Silva et al.6161 (NY); B,I–J.Plowman 8741 (NY);C–E.Ledezma et al.921 (CAN); F, H, K. Nee 38682 (NY).(Abbreviations:an = annular nectary;o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–K = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466940/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466940	FIG. 5. Plukenetia brevistyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves, inflorescences, and fruit. B. Capsule. C. Pistillate flower. D. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.E.Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of inflorescences.G.Close-up of staminate cymules. H. Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, C, F–G. Lowrie et al. 30 (MO, NY); B. Silva et al. 1150 (NY); D–E, H. Oliveira 4513 (NY). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–H = 1 mm).	FIG. 5. Plukenetia brevistyla sp. nov. A. Branch with mature leaves, inflorescences, and fruit. B. Capsule. C. Pistillate flower. D. Abaxial leaf blade margin with laminar extrafloral nectaries.E.Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries.F. Close-up of inflorescences.G.Close-up of staminate cymules. H. Staminate flower. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A, C, F–G. Lowrie et al. 30 (MO, NY); B. Silva et al. 1150 (NY); D–E, H. Oliveira 4513 (NY). (Abbreviations: an = annular nectary; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–H = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466938/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466938	FIG.4. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on an 84 accession nrDNA ETS dataset for Plukenetia and Plukenetiinae outgroups. Maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage (MLBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 80 MLBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclades P1–P5 were defined in Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes, sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold.	FIG.4. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on an 84 accession nrDNA ETS dataset for Plukenetia and Plukenetiinae outgroups. Maximum likelihood bootstrap percentage (MLBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 80 MLBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclades P1–P5 were defined in Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes, sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF812E35FF4EFCC65F9FFC19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF872E35FF4EFAD35BE8F950.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF842E36FF5AFB045BE8FAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF842E36FF5AFB045BE8FAF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF842E36FF5AFF3F5D6BFB48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF852E37FF4EFD6E5DA7FB41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF852E37FF4EFD6E5DA7FB41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF852E38FC83FB1C5F2BFB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF852E38FC83FB1C5F2BFB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF852E38FC83FB1C5F2BFB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF8A2E3BFCEFFA3E5C8DFDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466950/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466950	FIG.9. Plukenetia sylvestris sp. nov.A. Branch with mature dehiscing fruit.B.Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences.C.Capsule.D. Seed,lateral view (left), dorsal view (right). E. Close-up of staminate cymules. F. Staminate flower. G. Pistillate flowers. H. Abaxial leaf blade with minutely serrulate margins with small glandular teeth. I. Pair of thick stipels. J. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries and pair of thick stipels. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A. Valenzuela et al. 10453 (CAN); B, E–J. Woytkowski 6670 (MO); C. Farfán et al. 1820 (CAN); D. Ortiz et al. 191 (CAN). (Abbreviations: in = interstaminal nectaries; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–I = 1 mm).	FIG.9. Plukenetia sylvestris sp. nov.A. Branch with mature dehiscing fruit.B.Branch with mature leaves and inflorescences.C.Capsule.D. Seed,lateral view (left), dorsal view (right). E. Close-up of staminate cymules. F. Staminate flower. G. Pistillate flowers. H. Abaxial leaf blade with minutely serrulate margins with small glandular teeth. I. Pair of thick stipels. J. Adaxial leaf blade with basilaminar extrafloral nectaries and pair of thick stipels. Photos by W. Cardinal-McTeague. Source: A. Valenzuela et al. 10453 (CAN); B, E–J. Woytkowski 6670 (MO); C. Farfán et al. 1820 (CAN); D. Ortiz et al. 191 (CAN). (Abbreviations: in = interstaminal nectaries; o = ovary; s = style. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–I = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF8A2E3BFCEFFA3E5C8DFDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466942/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466942	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	FIG. 6. Distribution map of our new species in sect. Penninerviae, P. brevistyla, P. chocoensis, and P. megastyla, and members of the high elevation species complex in sect. Plukenetia, P. carolis-vegae, P. ˟huayllabambana, and P. sylvestris. (Map data ©2019 Google, Imagery ©2019 NASA, TerraMetrics).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF8A2E3BFCEFFA3E5C8DFDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466932/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466932	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	FIG.1. Summary cladogram of the relationships recovered by Bayesian analysis of combined and partitioned ETS,ITS, KEA1 introns 11 and 17, TEB exon 17, matK, and ndhF DNA sequence data of Plukenetia and Romanoa (modified from Cardinal-McTeague et al. 2019a), highlighting our revised sectional classification of Plukenetia. Maximum parsimony bootstrap percentage (MPBP) and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) support values> 50% are indicated on each branch. Branches in bold indicate strong support ($ 85 MPBP and $ 0.95 BPP). Subclade numbering system (P1–P5) follows Cardinal-McTeague and Gillespie (2016). Sections in the pinnately veined clade (P1 + P2) are indicated by light grey boxes,sections in the palmately veined clade (P3–P5) by dark grey boxes; new species are indicated in bold. A–B. Leaf clearings demonstrating leaf architecture (images from Gillespie 1993). A. P. stipellata, Gillespie 413 US. B.P. supraglandulosa, Granville 3626 CAY.C–D. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrating pollen tectum morphology (images from Gillespie 1994). C. P. stipellata, Gillespie 418 DAV. D. P. loretensis, Maguire & Politi 27371 US.	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
03B2627DFF8A2E3BFCEFFA3E5C8DFDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15466936/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15466936	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	FIG. 3. Representative pistillate flower diversity of Plukenetia and its sister genus Romanoa. A. Romanoa tamnoides (Krapovickas & Schinini 36265 MO), styles 70–80% connate into a cylindrical column.B.P.sect. Fragariopsis: P.serrata (Davidse et al.10480 MO), styles entirely connate into an obovoid column.C–F.P.sect. Penninerviae: C. P.brachybotrya (Fuentes et al.5398 MO) and D. P.verrucosa (Prance et al.11255 DAV), styles entirely connate into a globose column; E. P.loretensis (Silva et al. 4750 MO), styles entirely connate into a slender-cylindrical column, dilated at the apex; F. P. penninervia (Wallnöfer et al. 5996 MO), styles entirely connateinto a stout-cylindrical column.G–K.P.sect.Plukenetia: G.P.polyadenia (Aulestia & Grefa 230 MO),H.P.stipellata (Cardinal-McTeague 8 CAN),I.P.volubilis (Wurdack s.n. US), and J. P. sylvestris (Woykowski 6670 MO), styles 70–95% connate into a cylindrical column; K. P. lehmanniana (Rangel et al. 5734 MO), styles 20–25% connate into a cylindrical column,free style arms 2-fid nearthe tips.L.P.sect.Angostylidium: P.conophora(Thomas 5455 MO),styles 75–(90)% connate into a funnel-shaped column,free style arms conspicuously dilated and spreading.M.P. sect.Hedraiostylus: P. corniculata (Brink 5771 L), styles entirely connate into a depressed-globose column with cross-shaped stigmas. N–O. P. sect. Madagascarienses: N. P. ankaranensis (Gillespie 4076 CAN), styles entirely connate into an obconic or obovoid column; O. P. madagascariensis (Andrianjafy et al. 1648 MO), styles 55–60% connate into a cylindrical column, free style arms slender and tapered. Photos A–C, E–H, J–L by W. Cardinal-McTeague, I by K. Wurdack, N by L. Gillespie, O by P. Phillipson. Line drawings: D by Cathy Pasquale, K by Anita Walsmit Sachs, used with permission from Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. (Scale bars = 1 mm).	2020-08-11	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.		Zenodo	biologists	Cardinal-McTeague, Warren M.;Gillespie, Lynn J.			
