identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A987AEFFD0023BF5F3FE02E5F7FC87.text	03A987AEFFD0023BF5F3FE02E5F7FC87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemimycale Burton 1934	<div><p>Genus Hemimycale Burton, 1934</p><p>Diagnosis. Hymedesmiidae without acanthostyles and microscleres other than raphides. Megascleres strongyles, oxeas and styles. Styles and strongyles not divisible into ectosomal or choanosomal spicules. Oxeas when present are in the choanosome only (from Hughenin et al. 2018: 140).</p><p>Type species. Desmacidon columella Bowerbank, 1874 (type by original designation); currently accepted as Hemimycale columella (Bowerbank, 1874) (van Soest 2002b) .</p><p>Type locality. Exmouth, England, in tidal pools (van Soest 2002b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987AEFFD0023BF5F3FE02E5F7FC87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Zapata-Hernández, Germán;Sellanes, Javier;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Sellanes, Javier, Hajdu, Eduardo (2025): Description of two new species of sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Nazca Desventuradas Marine Park and overview on diversity and biogeography of poriferans in oceanic islands of the SE Pacific. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 301-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1
03A987AEFFD00238F5F3FC9AE201F8A4.text	03A987AEFFD00238F5F3FC9AE201F8A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemimycale smaragdina Fernandez & Zapata-Hernández & Sellanes & Hajdu 2025	<div><p>Hemimycale smaragdina sp. nov.</p><p>(Table 2; Figures 2–3)</p><p>Diagnosis. Hemimycale occurring in the Pacific with a combination of emerald-green color (in life) and subtylotes to strongyles reaching less than 210 µm in length and up to ca. 3 µm in thickness.</p><p>Type locality. San Ambrosio Island, Desventuradas Islands Archipelago, SE Pacific.</p><p>Material examined. MNHNCL POR 15018 (holotype), San Ambrosio Island (-26.33634; -79.88571), Desventuradas Islands Archipelago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.88571&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.33634" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.88571/lat -26.33634)">SE Pacific</a>, 20 m depth, coll. C. F. Gaymer, 21 February 2013 (Station M18; see Friedlander et al. 2016); fragment of the holotype deposited under MNRJ 18626 .</p><p>Description. Habit, thinly encrusting, up to 2 mm thick, covering 10 cm × 4 cm in life (Fig. 2A–B); preserved specimen fragmented (Fig. 2C–D). Porefields, roundish to irregular, larger (ca. 1 cm wide) and with low borders (Fig. 2B). Oscules, like small short tubes (1–3 mm in diameter) and scattered on the surface (Fig. 2B). Subectosomal canals, absent. Consistency, delicate. Texture, soft. Color in life, emerald-green (externally and internally), and in ethanol, dark-green. In preserved state, narrow and shallow circular depressions visible on the surface due to the contraction of the porefields and oscules (Fig. 2D).</p><p>Skeleton. Plumose, with sinuous bundles of subtylotes (Fig. 3A–B). Subtylotes in bouquets or obliquely arranged beneath the surface. Among the bouquets, embryos up to 75 µm in diameter with smaller spicules than the ones in the sponge body (Fig. 3C). Presence of volcanic dark debris in the ectosomal and choanosomal regions.</p><p>Spicules. Megascleres (Table 2): subtylotes to strongyles (Fig. 3D–E), straight and smooth, 114–176.5 (±32.5)– 205/1.8–2.4 (±0.4)–3 µm.</p><p>Substrate, depth range and ecology. Volcanic rocks, 20 m depth. The holotype was in the north face of San Ambrosio Island (Desventuradas Islands Archipelago) and carries algae and hydrozoans. Following Friedlander et al. (2016), the north face of San Ambrosio Island is exposed to sunlight and sheltered from the direct impact of waves as well as marked by a barren zone of sea urchins ( Centrostephanus rodgersii A. Agassiz).</p><p>Distribution. Southeast Pacific: Desventuradas Islands Archipelago (type locality).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet smaragdina, used as a noun in apposition, is derived from the Latin word smaragdus (in greek, “smaragdos”) for ‘emerald’, which is the color/hue (emerald-green) of the new species when alive.</p><p>Remarks. Only 13 species of Hemimycale are currently known worldwide according to the WPD (de Voogd et al. 2024). Hemimycale smaragdina sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the emerald-green color in combination with smaller subtylotes to strongyles, that reach only up to 205 µm in length and 3 µm in thickness (Table 2). Furthermore, the new species can be easily identified in the field by its characteristic emerald-green color in combination with visible porefields on the surface, differentiating it from other encrusting species occurring in the SE Pacific.</p><p>Hemimycale smaragdina sp. nov. represents the fourth record of Hemimycale for the entire Pacific Ocean (Table 2), until very recently devoid of any record at all for this genus. The previously known species came from Galápagos Islands (viz., H. harlequinus Sim-Smith, Hickman &amp; Kelly, 2021 and H. nathani Sim-Smith, Hickman &amp; Kelly, 2021) and California (viz., H. polyboletus Turner &amp; Lonhart, 2023). Of those, only H. nathani has spicules with dimensions that can be comparable to the ones in the new species. However, H. nathani has an orange to yellow color in life and trumpet-shaped porefields. These characters are not present in H. smaragdina sp. nov.</p><p>Hemimycale funchalensis Santín &amp; Ribeiro, 2024 (in Santín et al. 2024) and H. viridis (Keller, 1891) also have spicules with dimensions comparable to the ones in H. smaragdina sp. nov. (Table 2). Both species exhibit a dark-green hue and turn to gray when preserved. The new species is emerald-green, turning to dark-green upon preservation. Conspecificity of these three species is rather unlikely biogeographically, as each occurs in a different ocean, viz. H. funchalensis in the eastern Atlantic (Madera Island), H. viridis in the western Indian Ocean (Red Sea and Madagascar) and the new species in the southeast Pacific (Desventuradas Islands). Therefore, we consider H. smaragdina sp. nov. and its emerald-green color to belong to a different species, other than H. funchalensis or H. viridis . It will be interesting to compare the genetics of all three species in the future.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987AEFFD00238F5F3FC9AE201F8A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Zapata-Hernández, Germán;Sellanes, Javier;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Sellanes, Javier, Hajdu, Eduardo (2025): Description of two new species of sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Nazca Desventuradas Marine Park and overview on diversity and biogeography of poriferans in oceanic islands of the SE Pacific. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 301-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1
03A987AEFFC90222F5F3F8DAE5CDF864.text	03A987AEFFC90222F5F3F8DAE5CDF864.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spongia Linnaeus 1759	<div><p>Genus Spongia Linnaeus, 1759</p><p>Definition. Unarmoured spongiids, not heavily lacunose, with simple primary fibers (Cook &amp; Bergquist 2002: 1052).</p><p>Type species. Spongia (Spongia) officinalis Linnaeus, 1759 (Linnaeus 1759: 1119; as Spongia officinalis).</p><p>Type locality. Mediterranean (Cook &amp; Bergquist 2002: 1054).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987AEFFC90222F5F3F8DAE5CDF864	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Zapata-Hernández, Germán;Sellanes, Javier;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Sellanes, Javier, Hajdu, Eduardo (2025): Description of two new species of sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Nazca Desventuradas Marine Park and overview on diversity and biogeography of poriferans in oceanic islands of the SE Pacific. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 301-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1
03A987AEFFC80223F5F3FF6AE20BFE5B.text	03A987AEFFC80223F5F3FF6AE20BFE5B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spongia (Heterofibria) Cook & Bergquist 2001	<div><p>Subgenus Spongia (Heterofibria) Cook &amp; Bergquist, 2001</p><p>Diagnosis. Spongia species in which the dominant sub-primary fiber reticulum is clearly divisible into two different size classes, the smaller approximately 40–50% less in diameter than the larger. The meshes formed by the fiber skeleton are usually polygonal, though irregular in size and shape, and less angular than those seen in the subgenus Spongia (from Cook &amp; Bergquist 2002: 1055).</p><p>Type species. Spongia (H.) decooki van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 (in van Soest et al. 2020: 21); based on Spongia (Heterofibria) cristata Cook &amp; Bergquist, 2001 (unaccepted).</p><p>Type locality. Leigh, Northland, New Zealand (Cook &amp; Bergquist 2002: 1055).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987AEFFC80223F5F3FF6AE20BFE5B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Zapata-Hernández, Germán;Sellanes, Javier;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Sellanes, Javier, Hajdu, Eduardo (2025): Description of two new species of sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Nazca Desventuradas Marine Park and overview on diversity and biogeography of poriferans in oceanic islands of the SE Pacific. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 301-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1
03A987AEFFC8022BF5F3FDF1E2DFFED3.text	03A987AEFFC8022BF5F3FDF1E2DFFED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spongia (Heterofibria) nazcaensis Fernandez & Zapata-Hernández & Sellanes & Hajdu 2025	<div><p>Spongia (Heterofibria) nazcaensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Tables 3–4; Figures 4–5)</p><p>Diagnosis. Spongia (Heterofibria) occurring in Pacific with a combination of massive to lobate habit and very thin fibers, thickest ones (primary fibers) reaching less than 60 µm.</p><p>Type locality. San Ambrosio Island, Desventuradas Islands Archipelago, SE Pacific.</p><p>Material examined. MNRJ 18627 (holotype), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.88571&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.33635" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.88571/lat -26.33635)">San Ambrosio Island</a>, Desventuradas Islands Archipelago, SE Pacific (-26.33635; -79.88571), 20 m depth, coll. C. F. Gaymer, 13 February 2013 (Station M11; see Friedlander et al. 2016) . MNRJ 19914 (paratype), same data as holotype .</p><p>Additional material examined. MNRJ 18614, Hanga Roa, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-109.435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.145" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -109.435/lat -27.145)">Rapa Nui</a>, SE Pacific (-27.14500; -109.43500), 9.7 m depth, coll. G. Zapata-Hernández in September 2014 .</p><p>Description. Habit, massive to slightly lobate (Fig. 4A–C). Measurements 10 × 5.5 × 2.2 cm (holotype), 6 × 3.5 × 1.2 cm (paratype), 5.5 × 3.5 × 1.3 cm (additional material). Surface, slightly micro-conulose with a tightly adhered, thin, dark membrane (Fig. 4D–F). Oscules, numerous, small (up to 2 mm in diameter), often slightly raised and distributed on the darker surface (upper side). A few oscules on the lighter surface (underneath). Consistency, firm, but compressible and elastic. Texture, slightly rough. Color in life, not recorded, and in ethanol, light brown to dark-brown (upper side) and beige (underneath and internally) (Fig. 4A–C).</p><p>Skeleton and fibers. Irregular to polygonal reticulation of homogeneous primary, secondary and pseudo-tertiary fibers (Fig. 5A–I). Primary fibers (30– 45 (±2.5)–55 µm; Table 3), few and cored by foreign debris (in part), sand grains and distinct broken spicules. Primary fibers, arranged axially and nearly parallel or anastomosing in the choanosome, piercing the surface up to 500 µm high. Both secondary fibers (14– 20 (±1)–24 µm; Table 3) and pseudo-tertiary fibers (2.5– 6 (±0.5)–9 µm; Table 3), uncored, dominant in the skeleton and connected to each other, as well as primary fibers. Meshes of secondary fibers, irregularly polygonal (diam. 30–350 µm). Pseudo-tertiary fibers, as a network (mesh diam. 20–120 µm), within meshes formed by secondary fibers, either interconnecting adjacent secondary fibers (more frequently) or interconnecting primary and secondary fibers (less frequently). Choanocyte chambers, rounded, up to 15 µm in diameter.</p><p>Substrate, depth range and ecology. Volcanic rocks, 9.7–20 m depth. The collection site at San Ambrosio Island corresponds to the exposed coast (Station M11, see Friedlander et al. 2016). Collection site from RN was characterized by a hard bottom of volcanic rocks covered mainly by Porites lobata and Pocillopora spp. reefs. Associated organisms were not observed in the analyzed material.</p><p>Distribution. Southeast Pacific: San Ambrosio Island (Desventuradas Islands; type locality) and Rapa Nui.</p><p>Etymology. The name “ nazcaensis ” is used as a noun in apposition and refers to the Nazca plate and Nazca ridge, since the new species has been recorded from oceanic islands on the extremities of this plate and close to the Nazca ridge, Rapa Nui (western record) and the Desventuradas Islands Archipelago (eastern record).</p><p>Remarks. In accordance with the WPD (de Voogd et al. 2024), only 11 species of Spongia (Heterofibria) are currently known worldwide. The present study describes a new one and represents the first record of this taxon in the eastern Pacific region (Table 4). Unfortunately, submarine images of the new species were not taken, then, its color in life is still unknown. However, we think that its habit in life is similar to the preserved, since its skeleton of spongin fibers is well developed and help maintain the shape after collection. Therefore, in the field, the new species could be probably identified by the combination of its massive to slightly lobate shape, consistency (firm, but compressible and elastic) and texture (slightly rough). But, with possibilities of confusion with other dictyoceratid sponges.</p><p>Spongia (H.) nazcaensis sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of a massive to slightly lobate habit and very thin fibers, the thickest ones (primary fibers) reaching less than 60 µm in thickness. Choanocyte chambers are very small in the new species (ca. 15 µm in diameter), but they have not been described in part of the known species of Spongia (H.). Thus, a comprehensive comparison of this character among all species is not possible.</p><p>Spongia (H.) nazcaensis sp. nov. has thin fibers approaching more closely those in three species in particular (Table 4). Two of them from New Zealand (Southwest Pacific), namely Spongia (H.) decooki van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020 (in van Soest et al. 2020) and Spongia (H.) mokohinau Cook &amp; Bergquist, 2001, have fibers reaching up to 78 µm in thickness. However, both species have larger choanocyte chambers (up to 39 µm and 34 µm in diameter, respectively) and a massive base with upright lobes and conical turrets (Cook &amp; Bergquist 2001). The third species is Spongia (H.) smaragdus Samaai, Pillay &amp; Janson, 2020 from Sodwana Bay, South Africa (Southeast Indian), with the thinnest (up to 45 µm thick) of all primary fibers among known species of Spongia (Heterofibria) . Samaai et al. (2020) have mentioned a chocolate-brown color to the preserved type material of Spongia (H.) smaragdus . Although it is similar to the one in preserved material of Spongia (H.) nazcaensis sp. nov., a remarkable lighter internal color can be observed in the new species (see description above). Furthermore, the large geographical distance between the known occurrences of Spongia (H.) smaragdus and Spongia (H.) nazcaensis sp. nov. renders the conspecificity of both rather unlikely.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>TABLE 4. (Continued)</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Obervation: Spongia (H.) biformis Kelly, 2009 (in Kelly et al. 2009) has been considered nomen nudum by R.W.M. van Soest, for which reason it is not included in the comparison carried out here (see ‘notes’ in the record of S. (H.) biformis in de Voogd et al. 2024).</p><p>Spongia (H.) catarinensis Mothes &amp; Lerner, 2006 (in Mothes et al. 2006) from SE Brazil shallow waters has external characters comparable to those observed in Spongia (H.) nazcaensis sp. nov. viz., massive habit, micro-conulose surface, oscules slightly raised, darker external color and lighter internal color. However, Spongia (H.) catarinensis has considerably thicker fibers than those in the new species (up to 100 µm thick vs. up to 55 µm thick, respectively). Furthermore, biogeographically, conspecificity of both is rather unlikely too.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987AEFFC8022BF5F3FDF1E2DFFED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fernandez, Julio C. C.;Zapata-Hernández, Germán;Sellanes, Javier;Hajdu, Eduardo	Fernandez, Julio C. C., Zapata-Hernández, Germán, Sellanes, Javier, Hajdu, Eduardo (2025): Description of two new species of sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) from the Nazca Desventuradas Marine Park and overview on diversity and biogeography of poriferans in oceanic islands of the SE Pacific. Zootaxa 5659 (3): 301-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.3.1
