identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03A287E6FFBCFF99FF09FF7155EFFD09.text	03A287E6FFBCFF99FF09FF7155EFFD09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis Kunth	<div><p>Heteropsis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 59. (1841).</p><p>— TYPE species: H. salicifolia Kunth (1841) .</p><p>Secondary hemi-epiphytes, stem quadrangular to cylindric, usually longitudinally striate, axillary buds introrse to extrorse with an acute, rounded or truncate apex; roots dimorphic (anchor roots and feeder roots). Leaves distichous, numerous, petiole usually short, free, canaliculate and geniculate apex, sheath usually congenitally fused to the subtending internode, rarely with a fully developed free-sheathed petiole ( H. melinonii, H. steyermarkii); leaf blade linear, obovate, elliptic, oblong to oblanceolate, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, apex acute, acuminate to attenuate, base attenuate, cuneate to rounded, green to yellowish-green, rarely glaucous abaxially ( H. melinonii, H. steyermarkii), midrib insculpted to sulcate, primary lateral and interprimary veins parallel-pinnate, forming an infra-marginal collective vein near the margin, with 1(–2) marginal veins often present externally, finer venation reticulate. Inflorescence solitary, terminal and axillary, flowering shoot stem slender to thick, usually bearing several cataphylls which are caducous after anthesis, peduncle short to short, cylindric; spathe ovate to elliptic to ovate or oblong, convolute to semi-convolute, white to yellow, apex acuminate to cuspidate, opening at anthesis and deciduous afterwards; spadix erect, free, cylindric to ellipsoid, shorter than spathe, white to yellow, exceptionally rose to vinaceous ( H. steyermarkii), usually stipitate, stipe usually short, rarely absent. Flowers hermaphrodite, perigone absent. Stamens 4 per flower or less by abortion, free, filament flattened, connective slender, anthers ovate to ellipsoid, dehiscing by apical slits, inserted at the apex of the connective. Gynoecium obpyramidal to prismatic, with four to six sides, usually truncate apically; ovary incompletely 2-locular, locules usually filled with a translucid mucilage; ovules anatropous, collateral; placentation basal to sub-basal, exceptionally axile, stylar region dense, broader than the ovary; stigma discoid to sub-discoid, elliptic to oblong. Fruit a berry, obovoid to obpyramidal to somewhat prismatic, 1–4-seeded, yellow to orange or red, stylar region broad with a stigmatic scar. Seed ovoid to obovoid or ellipsoid, usually surrounded by a sweet mucilaginous, transparent, yellowish to orange pulp, testa smooth to rugose or foveolate, embryo large, endosperm absent.</p><p>KEY TO THE SPECIES Of HETEROPSIS</p><p>1. Petiole 4 – 9 cm long including sheath............................................................................... 16. H. steyermarkii</p><p>1. Petiole equal to or less than 3.0 cm long, lacking sheath.............................................................................. 2</p><p>2. Leaf blade equal to or greater than 30.0 cm long................................................................................. 3</p><p>3. Leaf blade equal to or less than 3.0 cm wide....................................................................... 6. H. linearis</p><p>3. Leaf blade equal to or greater than 4.0 cm wide.............................................................................. 4</p><p>4. Leaf blade linear to oblong, leaf 5–9 cm wide, collective vein 0.25– 0.5 mm distant from leaf margin................ 8. H. macrophylla</p><p>4. Leaf blade elliptic, leaf width 9–24 cm, collective vein 0.95 –2.05 mm distant from leaf margin.................................. 5</p><p>5. Leaf blade less than or equal to 32.0 cm long............................................................. 11. H. reticulata</p><p>5. Leaf blade greater than or equal to 35.0 cm long........................................................... 18. H. vasquezii</p><p>2. Leaf blade less than 30.0 cm long.............................................................................................. 6</p><p>6. Infra-marginal vein distance from margin equal to or greater than 1.3 mm ...................................................... 7</p><p>7. Plant occurring in Atlantic Forest of Eastern and Northeastern Brazil ........................................................ 8</p><p>8. Flowering spadix 3.5 cm long or more, 1.0 – 1.4 cm diam, petiole margin smooth, no sinuations.................... 5. H. flexuosa</p><p>8. Flowering spadix up to 3.5 cm long, up to 0.8 cm diam, petiole margin sinuate at least towards apex......................... 9</p><p>9. Leaf blade 3.5–7 cm wide, oblong, oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate...................................... 9. H. oblongifolia</p><p>9. Leaf blade 1.8–4.0 cm wide, lanceolate to oblanceolate................................................. 14. H. salicifolia</p><p>7. Plant occurring elsewhere........................................................................................... 10</p><p>10. Axillary buds acute at apex, internodes subquadrangular to quadrangular in section, leaf shortly attentuate to obtuse at base......................................................................... 11</p><p>11. Infra-marginal vein up to 1.6 mm distant from margin, internodes of flowering shoot 0.18 cm or more diam, peduncle 0.5–0.6 cm long, spathe 3.49–3.51 cm long.................................................. 2. H. croatii</p><p>11. Infra-marginal vein 2.0 mm or more distant from margin, internodes of flowering shoot up to 0.17 cm diam, peduncle 0.09–0.1 long, spathe 2–2.5 cm long....................................................... 13. H. robusta</p><p>10. Axillary buds rounded at apex, internodes subcylindric to cylindric in section, leaf cuneate at base........................ 12</p><p>12. Spathe 2.5 – 5.0 cm long, petiole 0.5 –0.8 cm long, leaf blade 0.22–0.28 mm thick, internodes of flowering shoot 0.3 cm diam, peduncle 1.0 – 1.5 cm long, spadix 1.0– 1.5 cm diam, spadix stipe 0.15–0.2 cm long........... 3. H. duckeana</p><p>12. Spathe 7.0 – 8.0 cm long, petiole 0.2 –0.4 cm long, leaf blade 0.12–0.16 mm thick, internodes of flowering shoot 0.18 cm diam, peduncle 0.3 – 0.7 cm long, spadix 0.7 cm diam, spadix stipe 0.03 –0.06 cm long......... 7. H. longispathacea</p><p>6. Infra-marginal vein less than 1.3 mm distant from margin................................................................... 13</p><p>13. Leaf 9 cm wide or more............................................................................................. 14</p><p>14. Leaf blade linear to oblong, infra-marginal vein 0.25 – 0.5 mm from margin................................ 8. H. macrophylla</p><p>14. Leaf blade elliptic or ovate, infra-marginal vein 0.95 –1.25 mm from margin........................................... 15</p><p>15. Leaf blade 22.5 cm long or more, 9.0 cm wide or more, petiole margin smooth, no sinuations............. 11. H. reticulata</p><p>15. Leaf blade up to 21.0 cm long, up to 9.0 cm wide, petiole margin sinuate at least towards apex........... 17. H. tenuispadix</p><p>13. Leaf less than 9 cm wide............................................................................................ 16</p><p>16. Plant from Atlantic forest of Eastern and Northeastern Brazil ............................................. 12. H. rigidifolia</p><p>16. Plant from elsewhere, not Atlantic forest of Brazil ................................................................. 17</p><p>17. Spadix 0.8–1.0 cm diam................................................................................... 18</p><p>18. Leaf blade linear, axillary buds rounded to truncate at apex................................................ 19</p><p>19. Leaf blade 1.5 – 3.0 cm wide, axillary buds 2.0–3.0 mm long, petiole 0.3–1.0 cm long, infra-marginal vein 0.7– 0.8 mm from margin.............................................. 6. H. linearis</p><p>19. Leaf blade 5.0 – 9.0 cm wide, axillary buds 5.0–8.0 mm long, petiole 1.0–3.0 cm long, infra-marginal vein 0.25–0.5 mm from margin......................................... 8. H. macrophylla</p><p>18. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, elliptic, oblong or oblanceolate, axillary buds acute at apex........................ 20</p><p>20. Leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, internodes cylindric to subcylindric in section, petiole 0.4– 0.6 cm long, peduncle 0.6 – 1.0 cm long, spathe white-cream, 4.0– 4.5 cm long................................................................... 4. H. ecuadorensis</p><p>20. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, internodes quadrangular to subquadrangular in section, petiole 0.1–0.3 cm long, peduncle 0.2 –0.5 cm long, spathe yellow, 1.5 –2.8 cm long.................................................................... 15. H. spruceana</p><p>17. Spadix 0.3 –0.7 cm diam................................................................................... 21</p><p>21. Internodes quadrangular to subquadrangular, petiole 0.1– 0.3 cm long, spathe 1.5– 2.8 cm long....... 15. H. spruceana</p><p>21. Internodes cylindric to subcylindric, petiole 0.3–1.0 cm long, spathe 2.0– 4.5 cm long (unknown in H. reticulata .).......................................................................... 22</p><p>22. Leaf blade oblong to oblanceolate, petiole 0.30– 0.31 cm long.................................. 1. H. boliviana</p><p>22. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, petiole 0.3–1.0 cm long......................................... 23</p><p>23. Peduncle 0.3 – 0.5 cm long, leaf blade 4.0–9.0 cm wide, petiole 0.6 – 1.0 cm long, infra-marginal vein 1.0– 1.25 mm distant from margin, spadix ellipsoid, spadix stipe 0.4– 0.7 cm long.................................................... 17. H. tenuispadix</p><p>23. Peduncle 0.07 – 0.21 cm long, leaf blade 2.5– 4.5 cm wide, petiole 0.3–0.7 cm long, infra-marginal vein 0.5– 1.0 mm distant from margin, spadix cylindric, spadix stipe 0.2– 0.25 cm long............................................................... 24</p><p>24. Axillary buds acute at apex, leaf blade lanceolate, 0.13– 0.21 mm thick, visible external marginal vein 1, peduncle 0.07–0.12 cm long, spadix 2– 2.5 cm long....................................................... 10. H. peruviana</p><p>24. Axillary buds rounded at apex, leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 0.24–0.62 mm thick, visible external marginal vein absent, peduncle 0.2 cm long, spadix 1.8 cm long......................................................... 11. H. reticulata</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFBCFF99FF09FF7155EFFD09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA3FF99FF3AFD0752F5F947.text	03A287E6FFA3FF99FF3AFD0752F5F947.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis boliviana Rusby, Bull.	<div><p>1. HETEROPSIS BOLIVIANA Rusby,</p><p>Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 6: 493. 1910.</p><p>— TYPE: BOLIVIA. Isapuri, 5 Oct. 1901, R. S. Williams 721 (holotype: NY; isotype: K! fl) .</p><p>Plant hemi-epiphytic, internodes cylindric. Petiole ca. 3 mm long, cuneate; leaf blade 7–15 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, oblong to oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, dark green, rigid when dried, apex acute, base cuneate, midrib prominent, primary lateral veins numerous and slender on the abaxial surface, infra-marginal collective vein ca. 1 mm distant from the margin. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, axillary bud acutely pointed, straight, internodes of flowering shoot slender; peduncle slender, recurved in fruit; spathe ca. 3.5 cm long, oblanceolate, rigid, apex strongly acuminate and ca. 6 mm long; spadix 1.8–2 cm long, 6 mm diam, oblong, stipitate. Berry (young in material seen), dark when dried, truncate, quadrilateral. Figure 1A.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis boliviana is known only from a single location in Bolivia.</p><p>Phenology— The type collection was made in October and the Kew isotype is at a recently post-floral stage with the spathe already shed.</p><p>Conservation Status— Based on guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. boliviana is data deficient (DD), since this species is currently known only from a single locality.</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the country where the type specimen was collected.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis boliviana is morphologically similar to H. ecuadorensis, but differs in the cylindric stem, straight, acutely pointed axillary buds, slender internodes of the floral shoot and smaller spadix, only 1.8–2.0 cm long. In H. ecuadorensis the stem is subcylindric, the buds are acutely pointed and extrorse, the floral internodes are less slender and the spadix is 4–5 cm long.</p><p>The above description is based on examination of the Kew isotype and the original description of the type material.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA3FF99FF3AFD0752F5F947	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA3FF9BFF3AF96452C4FD85.text	03A287E6FFA3FF9BFF3AF96452C4FD85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis croatii M. L. Soares, Kew Bull.	<div><p>2. HETEROPSIS CROATII M. L. Soares,</p><p>Kew Bull. 64: 264. 2009.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.6/lat -7.633333)">Rio Moa</a>, 7 38 ' S, 73 36 ' W, 21 Aug. 1986, T. B. Croat &amp; A. Jr. Rosas 62424 (holotype: INPA! fl; isotypes: K!, MO! fl) .</p><p>Plant hemi-epiphytic, scandent; internodes 3–5 cm + 2.8– 5 mm, longitudinally striate when dried, quadrangular, usually sulcate, grey-greenish brown; lateral bud ca. 1–2 mm long, straight to introrsely curved, with pointed apex. Petiole 5–8 + 1.6–2.8 mm; sheath often sinuate at the margin, especially those of the flowering shoot; geniculum ca. 4 mm long; leaf blade 15–26 + 5–8.4 cm, oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, greenish-brown on both surfaces when dried, 0.11–0.27 mm thick, apex 1.5–2.5 cm long, acuminate-attenuate, base shortly attenuate, midrib weakly sulcate, primary and secondary lateral veins impressed on the upper surface, prominent on lower surface, submarginal collective vein prominent, c. 1.5 mm from margin, with a single outer submarginal vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 3.5–10.5 cm long, internodes 1.5–3 cm + 1.8–3 mm, matte brown, weakly quadrangular; peduncle 0.5–0.6 + 0.2 cm, usually extrorsely twisted at apex; spathe ca. 3.5 + 1.5 cm, convolute, longer than spadix, cuspidate, yellowish, apex acuminate; spadix 1.5 – 2 cm + 6–7 mm, cylindric, apex rounded, cream, stipitate; stipe 3–6 mm + 1.4–1.7 mm, subcylindric to weakly quadrangular. Stamens ca. 1.5 + 0.75 mm; gynoecium ca. 2.5 + 2.5 mm, prismatic, apex 2.5–3.5 mm wide, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 2 per locule, 1–1.5 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, usually one smaller than the other, placentation sub-basal, stigma discoid. Infructescence ca. 5.5 cm + 3.3 cm; berry 6–10 + 5– 8 mm, bright orange, pulp orange; seed 6–10 + 6–7.5 mm, obovoid, testa subrugose. Figures 1A, 12.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis croatii occurs in Plateau Forest (terra firme) in western Amazonia in Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) and Peru (Loreto) at altitudes of 120– 230 m.</p><p>Phenology— This species has been collected in flower in April, May, August to October, and in fruit from January to May.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. croatii is least concern (LC), based on 9 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet honors the outstanding work of Dr. Thomas B. Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the leading specialist of our era in Neotropical Araceae systematics, whose numerous important contributions include his unrivalled collections and extensive and numerous publications on the family.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis croatii is morphologically similar to H. robusta in the quadrangular internodes, oblanceolate leaf blade and inflorescence size, but differs by the midrib which is not yellowish on the lower surface in dried material, the adaxially impressed primary lateral veins, the thicker floral shoot axis, and especially by the short, usually extrorsely twisted peduncle and cuspidate spathe much longer than the spadix. In H. robusta the midrib is yellowish on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade, the floral shoot axis is slender, the peduncle is not extrorsely twisted and the spathe is not cuspidate and only slightly longer than the spadix.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Município de Coari, Rio Urucu, base da PETROBRÁS, 28 May 1991, Freitas &amp; Mota 394 (INPA fr ); Município de Maraã, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.6/lat -1.85)">Rio Japurá</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.6/lat -1.85)">Lago Maraã</a> 1 51 ' S 65 36 ' W, 4– 5 Dec 1982, Plowman et al. 12189 (INPA, MO fl, fr) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.583336/lat -1.8333333)">Colonia dos Índios Canamarís</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.583336/lat -1.8333333)">Rio Japurá</a>, 1 50 ' S 65 35 ' W, 31 Oct 1982, Cid &amp; Lima 3443 (INPA fl) .</p><p>PERU. Loreto: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.5/lat -3.8333333)">Provincia de Maynas</a>, 3 50 ' S 73 30 ' W, 23 Feb 1981, Gentry et al. 31560 (MO fr) ; 16 Aug 1988, McDaniel 30195 (MO ster); Distrito Las Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.55/lat -3.4166667)">Comunidad Piloto</a> “Roca Eterna” 3 25 ' S 72 33 ' W, 27 Mar 1991, Grández et al. 2304 (MO fr) ; Puerto Almendraz, Rio Nanay, 13 Jan 1976, Gentry &amp; Revilla 15878 (MO fr) ; 20 km WSW of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.7666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.333336/lat -3.7666667)">Iquitos</a>, 3 46 ' S 73 20 ' W, 30 Mar 1989, Chota 14 (MO ster) ; 3 48 ' S 73 35 ' W, 9 Jan 1986, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 7080 (MO fr); Santa Maria de Nanay and Iquitos, 23 Feb 1981, Gentry et al. 31560 (MO fr) ; 3 55 ' S 73 35 ' W, 30 Sep 1990, Pipoly et al. 12616 (MO fl); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.5/lat -3.6666667)">Rio Nanay</a> 3 40 ' S 73 30 ' W, 6 Jul 1984, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 5214 (MO fl) ; 3 55 ' S 73 35 ' W, 25 Sep 1986, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 7980 (MO fr); Rio Yavari, 14 Apr 1964, Schunke 6391 (MO fr) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA3FF9BFF3AF96452C4FD85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA1FF9BFF3AFDA15394FCC9.text	03A287E6FFA1FF9BFF3AFDA15394FCC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis duckeana M. L. Soares, Kew Bull.	<div><p>3. HETEROPSIS DUCKEANA M. L. Soares,</p><p>Kew Bull. 64: 264. 2009.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, km 0.35 caminho alojamentotorre, 8 Nov. 2002, M. L. Soares 503 (holotype: INPA! fl; isotypes: K!, MG!, MO!, RB! fl).</p><p>Plant scandent climbing to 35 m high, shoot leafy, aerial roots ca. 7–8 mm diam, subcylindric, reddish brown when young, grey when mature; internodes 2–3 cm + 4–9 mm, brown, longitudinally striated when dry, somewhat flattened on one side, rounded on the other; lateral bud 1–2 mm long, apex rounded. Petiole 5–8 + 2–3 mm, usually twisted, margin paler; geniculum ca. 3 mm long, darker than petiole; leaf blade 9–17 + 2.5–4 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, subpatent, olive-green when fresh, becoming brown when dry, glossy, subcoriaceous, 0.22–0.28 mm thick, apex acute, base cuneate, margin revolute, slightly sinuate, lateral veins numerous, obscure on both sides when fresh, visible when dry, submarginal collective vein 2–3 mm distant from margin, external marginal veins 1–2. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2.5–7 cm long, internodes 0.5–1.5 cm + 3 mm, with 1–2 small, persistent euphylls at the most apical nodes; peduncle short, 1–1.5 cm long, 3–4 mm diam; spathe 2.5–5 + 4–5.8 cm when expanded, yellow on both sides, inflated, convolute, apex shortly acuminate, margin cream, spathe of floral buds 2–3 cm + ca. 8 mm, dark green; spadix 3.8–5.3 + 1–1.5 cm, cylindric, apex weakly acuminate, pale yellow, stipitate, stipe 1.5–2 + ca. 3 mm. Stamens 3–4 + 1.25– 1.7 mm, anthers 1 + 1.5 mm; gynoecium 3–3.5 + ca. 3.5 mm, obpyramidal, ovary 2.5 + 1.8 mm, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 2 per locule, 0.6–1 + 0.7 mm, anatropous, subsessile, placenta basal to sub-basal, stigma 1–1.5 mm long, oblong-elliptic. Infructescence: 6–6.5 + 2.3–3.2 cm; berry 10–17 + 9–18 mm, apex 6–8 mm diam, subobovoid, yellow, pulp yellow; seeds 1–2 per berry, 10–15 + 9– 13 mm, obovoid, testa rugose. Figures 1A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 13.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis duckeana occurs in terra firme plateau forest (floresta de platô) at altitudes of approximately 150 m. It is so far known only from Central Amazonia, Brazil.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected between October and December, and fruiting material in January.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. duckeana is data deficient (DD), since this species is currently known from only three localities.</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the collecting locality where this species was first recognized: the Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke which belongs to the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), in the municipality of Manaus, Brazil.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis duckeana is morphologically similar to H. rigidifolia from the Atlantic Forest but differs in the less coriaceous, non-rigid, and less spreading leaf blade, longer internodes and petioles, and especially in the larger size of the spadix and seeds. In H. rigidifolia the internodes are 1.5–2 cm long, the petiole 3–5 mm long, the leaf blade is coriaceous, rigid and spreading, the spathe is 2–3 cm long, the spadix 1.5–3 cm long, 0.6–0.8 cm diam, and the seed 8 mm long, 4– 5 mm diam. The aerial roots of H. duckeana have lenticels throughout and the anchor roots adhering to the host tree are flattened and velvety reddish-brown. The ovary locules contain a transparent mucilaginous substance which dries rapidly on exposure to air.</p><p>A study of the root anatomy of Heteropsis species in the Reserva Adolfo Ducke (Soares Morais 2008) showed that H. duckeana differs from other species in the presence of brachysclereids in the central cylinder.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Itacoatiara, Mil Madeireira, 12 Dec 1999, Soares et al. 486 (INPA fl); Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 6 Jan 2005, Soares &amp; Pereira 759 (INPA fr); 13 Oct 1994, Vicentini 747 (INPA fl). Pará: Itaituba, Parque Nacional do Tapajós, km 60 da estrada Itaituba-Jacarecanga 20 Nov 1978, Silva &amp; Rosário 3852 (K, MG, U, fl).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA1FF9BFF3AFDA15394FCC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA1FF9DFC84FCD55326F841.text	03A287E6FFA1FF9DFC84FCD55326F841.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis ecuadorensis Sodiro, Anales Univ. Centr.	<div><p>4. HETEROPSIS ECUADORENSIS Sodiro,</p><p>Anales Univ. Centr. Ecuador 22 (162): 278. 1908.</p><p>— TYPE: ECUADOR. “Crescit in silv. subtropi. secus fl. Pilaton prov. Quitensis et in tropicalibus prov. Guayas propre El Naranjito ”, província de Quito, Rio Pilaton, L. Sodiro s.n. (syntype probably at QPLS); província de Guayas, El Naranjito, L. Sodiro s.n. (syntype probably at QPLS).</p><p>Heteropsis rimbachii K. Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 269–270. 1925.</p><p>— TYPE: ECUADOR. “im Walde der Küstenebene am Rio Quimbo sehr häufig“ (very frequent in the coastal forest along the Rio Quimbo), Rimbach 77 (holotype: B! fl).</p><p>Scandent hemi-epiphyte; aerial roots ca. 5 mm diam, subcylindric, pale brown when dry, with dark brown annular markings; leafy shoot with internodes 2–9.5 cm long, 0.3–0.75 cm diam, slightly striate longitudinally when dry, rounded with one side somewhat sulcate to flattened, pale green when dry; lateral bud 1.5–3 mm long, apex pointed, introrse to straight. Petiole 4–6 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, canaliculate, margin undulate at the apex; genuiculum ca. 4 mm long; leaf blade 9.5–16 cm long, 2.5–5.5 cm wide, oblong to oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, pale brown on both surfaces when dry, 0.13–0.38 mm thick, apex acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, midrib somewhat sulcate adaxially, prominent abaxially, same color as blade, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins obscured adaxially, impressed abaxially, tertiary veins forming distinct reticulations near the margin, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.75–1 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1, near the collective vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot (2.2-) 3.5–13 cm long, internodes 2.5–3 cm long, 1.5–3 mm diam, pale brown, sulcate, buds present at the first to third internodes; peduncle 6–10 mm long, cylindric, generally twisted extrorsely at the apex; spathe ca. 4.0– 4.5 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, closed, oblong, apex acuminate, white-cream; spadix (2-) 4–5 cm long, 0.8–1 cm diam, subcylindric, apex acuminate, stipitate, white to cream, stipe 2–6 + 1.4–3 mm. Gynoecium 2–3 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam, prismatic, apex 2.8–3.5 mm diam, stigma oblong to discoid. Infructescence 6–8 cm long, 3 cm diam; berry 10–18 + 8–12 mm, ovoid to globose, orange; seed 8–13 + 7–12 mm, ovoid, testa rugose. Figures 1A, 14.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: bejuco de montaña (Peru), piquigua (Ecuador).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis ecuadorensis is known from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, occuring between 50– 2,000 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in February, March, June and September, and fruiting material in January, and from April to June.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. ecuadorensis is least concern (LC), based on 9 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option fora of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to Ecuador where this species was first discovered.</p><p>Notes— In Sodiro’s original description of H. ecuadorensis, the author did not designate a holotype, citing two syntypes instead. Unfortunately, it has not been possible to examine these nor to ascertain whether they are still in existence. As it is possible that these specimens do still exist, probably at QPLS, we have not designated a neotype here.</p><p>Krause described H. rimbachii based on the collection Rimbach 77 from Ecuador. The author states in the original description that this species is frequent in lowland coastal forests of the Rio Quimbo and is notable by its usually oblanceolate leaves and the numerous and long aerial roots emerging from the stem. In these characters, H. ecuadorensis resembles H. flexuosa (Kunth) G. S. Bunting but H. ecuadorensis differs from this species in the slender, pointed, introrse axillary buds and especially by the much more slender stem and spadix.</p><p>Heteropsis ecuadorensis is distinguished when sterile by the oblanceolate leaf, the pointed introrse buds, and when fertile by the length of the spathe and spadix (4–5 cm). Although in spadix size it can be confused with H. longispathacea Engl., it differs from this species by the acuminate apex of the spathe; in H. longispathacea the spathe is cuspidate and 7– 8 cm long.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— COLOMBIA. Departamento Chocó: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.5333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.25/lat 5.5333333)">Município de Nuquí</a>, 5 32 ' N 77 15 ' W, Feb– Mar 1994, Galeano et al. 5281 (MO ster) ; Município de Riosucio, 11 Sep 1987, Cardenas 421 (MO ster) ; Município de Turbo, 25 Dec 1983, Brand &amp; Escobar 743 (MO fl) ; San Juan de Urabá-Chigorodó, 28 Mar 1986, Renteria et al. 4881 (MO fl).</p><p>ECUADOR. s.d., Rimbach 834 (photo MO ster); 14 May 1997, Vargas et al. 1373 (MO fr); s. d., Delinks &amp; Robles 68 (MO ster). Esmeraldas: 4 May 2000, Neill &amp; QCNE 12785 (MO ster); 00 59 ' N 79 01 ' W, 24 Aug 1991, Pedersen &amp; Bergmann 97662 (K, MO ster); 12 Apr 1943, Elbert &amp; Little Jr. 6243 (K fr); 0 37 ' N 79 54 ' W, 16 Mar 1992, Croat 73074 (MO fl, fr). Guayas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.583336/lat -2.4)">Reserva Ecológica Manglares</a>, 2 24 ' S 79 35 ' W, 28 Feb 1992, Ceron 18363 (MO ster) ; 24 May 1980, Harling &amp; Andersson 19388 (MO fl). Los Rios: 1 Sep 1976, Croat 38682 (MO ster); Pichilingue, 15 Jun 1945, McClure 21350 (MO fr). Pichincha: Rio Palenque, 21 Feb 1974, Gentry 10099 (K fl) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.36667/lat -0.5)">Centro Científico</a> 00 30 ' S, 79 22 ' W, 2 Jun 1990, Rubio &amp; Alverson 390 (MO fr) ; entre Rio Mocachi e Palenque, 24 Jan 1981, Gentry 30720 (K fr) ; 24 Jan. 1981, Gentry 24728A (MO fr); 25 Mar. 1980, Gentry &amp; Dodson 28471 (MO ster); 15 Aug 1978, Dodson et al. 7076 (MO fl). Manabi: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.85/lat -0.15)">Rio Mongolla</a>, 00 09 ' S 79 51 ' W, 12 Apr 1997, Clark et al. (MO fr). Province Napo, 28 May 1988, Coelho 298 (MO fl); 00 57 ' S 76 13 ' W, 9 – 13 Jan 1988, Palacios 2407 (MO fl). Pastaza: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.53333/lat -1.5)">Rio Curaray</a>, 1 30 ' S 76 32 ' W, 3 Sep 1985, Palacios &amp; Neill 787 (MO fr) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.33333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.46667/lat 0.33333334)">Papagayos</a> 00 20 ' N 79 28 ' W, 6 – 8 Sep 1996, Clark 2745 (MO fr) .</p><p>PERU. Departamento Loreto: Rio Javari, 14 Apr 1964, Vigo 6391 (K fr) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA1FF9DFC84FCD55326F841	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA7FF91FC84FF235267FA3A.text	03A287E6FFA7FF91FC84FF235267FA3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis flexuosa (H. B. K.) G. S. Bunting	<div><p>5. HETEROPSIS FLEXUOSA (H. B. K.) G. S. Bunting, Revista Fac. Agric. Univ. Centr. Venezuela 10: 201. 1979. Pothos? flexuosus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. Sp. 7: 151. (1825). Anthurium? flexuosum (H. B. K.) Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum, vol. III, p. 82. (1841).</p><p>Bunting, Revista Fac. Agric. Univ. Centr. Venezuela 10: 201. 1979. Pothos? flexuosus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. Sp. 7: 151. (1825). Anthurium? flexuosum (H. B. K.) Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum, vol. III, p. 82. (1841).</p><p>— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Montana de Javita, Humboldt &amp; Bonpland 978 (holotype: P! ster).</p><p>Heteropsis jenmanii Oliv., Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 20: t. 1949 (1890).</p><p>— TYPE: GUYANA. Mazaruni River, Kalacoon, May 1889, G. S. Jenman 5000 (holotype: K! fl).</p><p>Plant hemi-epiphytic, scandent; shoot densely leaved, internodes 2–5.5 cm long, 0.3–1 cm diam, subcylindric, one side flattened to slightly sulcate, pale green, dark brown, vertically striate when dry; lateral bud 3–6 mm long, generally extrorse, apex acute. Petiole 0.5–1 cm long, 2–2.6 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, usually twisted, margin smooth; geniculum 3–5 mm long; leaf blade 13–27 cm long, 3.5– 9.5 cm wide, lanceolate to obovate, subcoriaceous, subglossy, dark green adaxially, yellowish-green abaxially when living, pale to dark brown and opaque when dried, margin revolute, 0.24–0.60 mm thick, apex acuminate to attenuate, 1–2.4 cm long, base acute to cuneate, rarely obtuse, midrib flattened to etched or impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, yellowish, primary lateral veins and interprimaries obscured on both surfaces, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 1– 2.5 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, flowering shoot 2–14 (–18) cm long, internodes 0.5–4 cm long, 2–6 mm diam, dark brown when dried, slightly sulcate, axillary buds lacking or only present on the first internode; peduncle 2–5 mm long, 3– 4 mm diam, dark green; spathe 3.5–6 cm long, 1–1.5 cm diam, closed, ellipsoid, convolute when open, yellow, as long as the spadix, apex acute; spadix 3.5–6 cm long, 1–1.4 cm diam, ellipsoid, subclavate, apex obtuse, pale yellow, stipitate, stipe 3–5 + 3–5 mm, green, subcylindric. Stamens 1.5–2.5 mm long, 1–2.5 mm wide, anthers ovate; gynoecium ca. 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm diam, slightly prismatic, apex 2–5 mm diam, ovary 1.5–2.5 mm long, 0.7–1 mm wide, oblong, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 1–2 per locule, 0.7–2 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, placentation sub-basal, stigma discoid-oblong. Infructescence when immature 4.6–6 cm long, when mature 8–13 cm long, 3–4 cm diam; berry 10–15 + 7–15 mm, green when immature, yellow when mature, with dark green apex, truncate; seed 8–14 + 0.5–1 mm 2 per berry, brown, glossy, oblong. Figures 1B, 4F, 4G, 6, 7B, 7C, 8B, 15.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: cipó-titica (Brazil), nibbi ou mibi (Guiana), tamshi (Peru).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis flexuosa occurs in dense ombrophilous terra firme forest in all regions where it occurs, and in tall várzea forest in Amazonia, preferring in this case higher terrain. The species is widespread in South America being known from Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela at altitudes between 50–1,000 m altitude.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering and fruiting specimens have been collected throughout the year.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. flexuosa is least concern (LC), based on 39 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet probably refers to the flexuose aerial roots which are widely used in Amazonia for fiber.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis flexuosa has a broad distribution, exceeded only by H. oblongifolia to which it is somewhat similar morphologically (see commentary for the latter species). H. flexuosa has also often been confused in herbarium material with H. macrophylla, but the latter can be distinguished by the longer, non-twisted petioles (1–3 cm long), the narrowly oblong leaf blade, olive-green adaxially, paler green abaxially, with an obtuse to shortly cuspidate apex, numerous primary lateral veins which are prominent abaxially, infra-marginal collective vein close to the margin (ca. 0.25–5 mm distant) and usually lacking an external marginal vein, shortly stipitate to sessile spadix and prominently discoid stigma. H. flexuosa has an oblong to elliptic leaf blade which is yellowish-green abaxially, subcoriaceous, acuminate to attenuate apically, with the veins obscured on both surfaces, infra-marginal collective vein 1–2.5 mm distant from the margin with an external marginal vein, stipitate spadix and a discoid to oblong, but less prominent stigma.</p><p>In an ecological study of four species of Heteropsis, within an area of 2.4 ha. in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke (Soares Morais 2008), H. flexuosa was found to be the most abundant species, comprising 37% of the recorded Heteropsis plants, and occurred on all types of terrain in different strata and on host trees of different diameters. However, it was most common in quadrats at higher elevations within the area (R 2 = 0.27; t = 3.92; p = 0.03). These results, together with label data gathered from specimens collected in other localities show that H. flexuosa occurs between 50 and 1,000 m alt. and is plastic ecologically.</p><p>Field observations at the Reserva Florestal Adopho Ducke confirmed that H. flexuosa produces spreading or somewhat pendent plagiotropic branches. Within each lateral shoot, the leaves (8 –14 in number) become progressively smaller toward the apex, thus forming an oval profile for the branch as a whole. This feature of the branch morphology is distinctive to H. flexuosa and differentiates it from the other species studied in the Reserva Ducke ( H. macrophylla, H. spruceana, H. steyermarkii, H. tenuispadix).</p><p>Heteropsis flexuosa was originally described as Pothos flexuosus by Kunth based on material collected by Humboldt and Bonpland. The origin of the collection was given as “Crescit inter Atures et Maypures (Missiones del Orinoco); item ad ripam Fluminis Nigri et Tuamini, prope Javitam” (“Occurs between Atures and Maypures (Orinoco Missions); also along the banks of the Rio Negro and Rio Tuani near Javita”). The type specimen in the Paris herbarium (P) is sterile with broad usually obovate leaves. The label reads “Herbier Humboldt &amp; Bonpland (P), Pothos? flexuosus –sub? N. 978 Montana de Javita ” and this information, together with the match of specimen and published description confirm it as the holotype. Kunth (1841) later made the new combination Anthurium flexuosum Kunth. Oliver described H. jenmanii based on the collection Jenman 5000 from Guyana, which was later reduced to synonymy with H. flexuosa by Bunting (1979).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BOLIVIA. Pando: Abuna, 9 50 ' S 65 40 ' W, 8 Jul 1992, Gentry &amp; Alan Perry 77987 (MO fl).</p><p>BRAZIL. Acre: Marechal Thaumaturgo, 9 02 ' 52.92 '' S–9 02 ' 35.46 '' S 72 16 ' 24.48 '' W – 72 15 ' 59 '' W, 30 Nov 2000, Daly et al. 10286 (MO fl). Amapá: Mazagão, 25 Feb 1988, Pires &amp; Silva 2022 (MG fl). Porto Grande, 1 Mar 2001, Pereira et al. 151 (HAMAB, INPA fl); 1 Mar 2001, Pereira et al. 160 (HAMAB, INPA, MG fl); 1 Mar 2001 Pereira et al. 162 (INPA ster). Amazonas: 19 Dec 1955, Coelho s.n. (INPA 3140 fr). Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 24 Nov 1993, Ribeiro et al. 1181 (INPA fr); 15 Dec 1994, Ribeiro &amp; Silva 1536 (INPA fl); 31 Jan 1996, Ribeiro et al. 1799 (INPA fr); 21 Feb 1995, Soares et al. 190 (INPA fr), Soares et al. 497 (INPA fl); 8 Sep 1994, Assunção s.n. (INPA 176280 fr); 8 Sep 1994, Assunção et al. 47 (INPA fl); Barcelos, 20 Apr 1955, Froes 28374 (IAN fr); Humaitá, 16 Jun 1980, Janssen 474 (INPA fl); 3 07 ' S 58 59 ' W, 17 Aug 1986 Croat 62269 (INPA, MO ster); 16 Aug 1986, Croat 62208 (MO ster); Manaus-Itacoatiara, 12 Oct 1976, Adair s.n. (INPA 72818 fl); 20 Nov 1968, Coelho &amp; Lima s.n (INPA 25953 fl); 24 Nov 2000, Souza et al. 418 (INPA fl); 3 Nov 1973, Steward &amp; Ramos P17656 (INPA, U fl); Rio Javari, 8 Aug 1973, Lleras et al. P17214 (U fl); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 1 Sep 2003, Soares et al. 523 (INPA fl, fr); Urucu, 18 Sep 2005, Soares et al. 669 (INPA fr); 19 Sep 2005, Soares et al. 671 (INPA fl, fr); 14 Dec 2005, Soares et al. 758 (INPA fl); São Gabriel da Cachoeira, 10 Feb 2001, Hoffman &amp; Farias 139 (INPA fl). Bahia: Ilhéus, 29 Nov 2000, Gonc¸alves et al. 407 (CEPEC ster); 6 Mar 2001, Gonc¸alves et al. 791 (CEPEC ster); 11 Dec 1997, Gonc¸alves &amp; Jardim 134 (CEPEC ster). Una, 7 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 753 (CEPEC ster); 16 Dec 1968, Santos 317 (CEPEC fl, fr); Goianesia, 8 Apr 2003, Bastos et al. 2956 (MG fl); Uruc¸uca, 6 May 1996, Nadruz et al. 1180 (CEPEC ster). Maranhão: Rio Turiac¸u, 20 May 1979, Jangoux &amp; Bahia 759 (MG fl). Pará: 25 Sep 1948, Froes 23608 (RB ster); 11 Mar 1958, Froes 34197 (IAN fl); 19 Nov 1977, Prance et al. 25577 (MG fl); 30 Mar 1974, Medeiros &amp; Marinho s.n. (IAN 143489 fr); Jul 1952, Pires 7052 (IAN fl); 22 Nov 1996, Carlos et al. 1229 (MG fr); 17 Aug 1969, Silva &amp; Souza 2290 (MG fr); 16 Nov 2001, Bastos et al. 2275 (MG fl); 11 Sep 1908, Pessoal do Museu 9636 (MG ster); 23 Mar 1986, Balée 2014 (MO ster); Belém, 26 Apr 1960, Oliveira 601 (IAN fr); 18 Sep 1963, Oliveira 2581 (IAN fr). Castanhal, 3 Oct 1942, Silva s.n. (IAN fr); Itaituba, 20 May 1983, Amaral et al. 1352 (INPA fr); Mocambo, 1 25 ' S 48 25 ' W, 13 Aug 1986, Croat 62105 (MO ster); Tucuruí, 22 Oct 1983, Lima &amp; Silva 90 (INPA fl); 21 Oct 1966, Pires &amp; Silva 10279 (IAN fr); Paragominas, 4 17 ' S, 47 32 ' W, 1 Mar 1980, Plowman et al. 9402 (INPA, MO ster); Santarém, Feb 1955, Froes 31473 (IAN fl). Pernambuco: Recife, 14 Feb 1990, Guedes 2267 (UFBA fl). Rondônia: 28 Jun 1983, Silva 6506 (INPA fl); Porto Velho, 26 Oct 1979, Vieira et al. 310 (INPA fl); 27 Jul 1997, Lobato et al. 1830 (MG fl). Roraima: 18 Feb 1971, Prance et al. 10598 (INPA fl); 28 Feb 1971, Prance et al. 10761 (INPA fl); 16 Nov 1977, Steward et al. 39 (INPA fl).</p><p>COLOMBIA. 17 Sep 1991, Vester 569 (MO ster).</p><p>ECUADOR. 19 Jun 1991, Palacios &amp; Freire 7396 (MO fr). Napo: 12 Nov 1987, Ceron 2881 (MO fl); 00 52 ' S 76 05 ' W, 9 – 13 Jan 1988, Ceron &amp; Coelho 3295 (MO fr); 00 57 ' S 76 13 ' W, 9 Jan 1988, Neill et al. 8353 (MO fr); 00 57 ' S 76 13 ' W, 9 Jan 1988, Neill et al. 8268 (MO fl); 00 52 ' S, 76 05 ' W, 11 – 17 Jan 1988, Coelho 14 (MO fr); 00 52 ' S, 76 05 ' W, 11–17 Jan 1988, Coelho 83 (MO fl fr); 0 59 ' S 76 12 ' W, 8 Jan 1995, Aulestia &amp; Omehuat 3213 (MO fl); 1 Apr 1999, Leimbeck 123 (MO ster); 1 Jan – 8 Oct 1938, Gill 64 (K ster); Orellana <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.46667/lat -0.8)">Reserva Étnica Huaorani</a>, 0 48 ' S 76 28 ' W, 6 Oct 1993, Dik 630 (MO fl) ; 01 02 ' 33 '' S 76 53 ' 11 '' W, 30 Jan 2004, Freire &amp; Narajo 478 (MO ster); 00 45 ' S 76 45 ' W, 21 Nov 1991, Neill &amp; Rojas 10022 (MO ster); 0 38 ' S 76 9 ' W 14 Feb 2002, Koster et al. 926 (MO fl). Pastaza: 01 34 ' S 77 25 ' W, 25 Nov 1990, Gudiño 1132 (MO fl); 18 Dec 1991, Gudiño &amp; Gualinga 1619 (MO ster); 01 15 ' S 76 55 ' W, 1 Mar 1989, Vlastimil Zak 4051 (MO ster); 01 15 ' S, 76 55 ' W, 1 –6 Mar 1989, Vlastimil Zak 4143 (MO ster). Sucumbios, 00 00 ' S, 76 11 ' W, 15 Nov 1991, Palacios et al. 9258 (MO ster). San Martín: Provincia Mariscal Cáceres, 2 May 1981, Schunke-V. 12827 (MO ster) .</p><p>FRENCH GUIANA. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.7/lat 4.05)">Reserve des Nouragues</a>, 4 3 ' N 52 42 ' W, 6 Mar 2004, Poncy et al. 1807 (P, CAY, MO, U fl) ; Montagne de Kaw, 1 Apr 1984, de Granville 6703 (P fr) ; Rivière Arataye 1 Feb 1969, Oldeman 2899 (P fl) ; 27 Mar 1981, Barrier 2830 (B, K, MO, NY, P, U, US fr); Marifasoula, 29 Aug 1961, Schnell 11543 (P ster) ; Sipomama 18 Jun 1984, Sauvain 139 (K, P ster) ; Wayãpi 4 Dec 1974, Grenand 560 (K ster) ; 28 Mar 1910, Anderson 432 (K ster); 29 Jun 1979, Prevost 670 (K ster), 03 37 ' N 53 12 ' W, 27 Mar 1983, Mori &amp; Pipoly 15415 (MO, P fr); 15 May 1986, Mori &amp; Pennington 18014 (MO fr).</p><p>GUYANA. 5 30 ' N 58 22 ' W, 6 Jul 1982, Croat 53843 (MO ster); 03 37 ' N 53 12 ' W, 11 Feb 1993, Croat 74186 (MO fl); 11 Feb 1993, Croat 74186A (MO ster). Essequibo River, 15 –24 Dec 1937, Smith 2722 (P fl), 15 May 1997, Clark 4557 (U fr). Pomeroon – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.9/lat 7.2833333)">Supenaam</a> 07 17 ' N 58 54 ' W, 11 Jul 1997, Hoffman &amp; Ehringhaus 5104 (MO ster) ; Potaro – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.5/lat 4.25)">Siparuni</a> 04 15 ' N 58 30 ' W, 17 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5060 (MO fr) ; 04 12 ' N 58 30 ' W, 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5052 (MO fr); 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5061 (MO fr); 03 37 ' N 53 12 ' W, 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5066 (MO ster); 04 12 ' N 58 30 ' W, 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5067 (MO ster); 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5070 (MO fr); 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5071 (MO ster); 19 Mar 1996, Clark 1336 (U fl); 17 Dec 1997, Clark 3617 (U fr); 23 May 1997, Clark 4881 (U fl); Rupununi, 5 Feb 1991, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 2381 (MO, U fr); 02 00 ' N 59 15 ' W, 23 Oct 1992, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 3077 (K, MO, P, U fr).</p><p>PERU. 2 Jan 1973, Berlin 800 (MO fr); 04 55 ' S 73 45 ' W, s.d., Baluarte s.n. (MO 5564058 ster). Reserva Tambopata, 15 Mar 1988, Bell et al. 88–178 (K fr); 14 Mar 1980, Huashikat 2262 (MO fr). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.316666/lat -4.9166665)">Bagua</a>: 04 55 ' S 78 19 ' W, 20 Oct 1995, Vásquez et al. 20362 (MO fr) ; 04 55 ' S 78 19 ' W, 14 Oct 1995, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 20268 (MO fr); 04 55 ' S 78 19 ' W, 22 Oct 1995, Vásquez et al. 20393 (MO fr); 17 Nov 1997, Rojas et al. 583 (MO fr). Loreto: Maynas, 6 Sep 1990, Ruiz et al. 1561 (MO ster) ; 18 Nov. 1990, McCann 117 (MO ster); 18 Aug 1983, Rimachi 6935 (MO ster); 15 Aug 1990, Salaun &amp; McCann 31 (MO ster); 22 Aug 1990, Salaun &amp; McCann 40 (MO ster); 3 28 ' S, 72 50 ' W, 25 Jan 1990, Vásquez &amp; Ayala 13411 (MO fl); 73 20 ' W, 94 10 ' S, 2 Jul 1988, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 10829 (MO fr); 12 Apr 1977, Plowman et al. 6832 (MO ster); 3 May 1977, Plowman et al. 7204 (MO ster); Rio Ucayali, 75 10 ' W, 07 05 ' S, 27 Nov 1985, Vásquez et al. 6978 (MO fr). Madre de Dios: 12 50 ' S 69 17 ' W, 1 Mar 1981, Gentry &amp; Young 31848 (MO ster); 12 49 ' S 69 18 ' W, 18 Feb 1984, Gentry et al. 45612 (MO fr); 12 49 ' S 69 43 ' W, 22 Jul 1985, Gentry et al. 51220 (MO fr); 12 49 ' S 89 18 ' W, 20 Aug 1990, Reynel et al. 5283 (MO fr); 71 52 ' W 11 40 ' S, 14 Oct 1986, Foster 11825 (MO fr); 12 49 ' S 69 17 ' W, 26 Jun 1980, Barbour 5804 (MO fr). Pasco: 29 May 1984, Salick 7064 (MO ster); 6 Apr 1985, Salick 7256 (MO ster); 10 09 ' S 15 12 ' W, 29 Aug 1986, Salick 7706 (MO ster); 10 09 ' S 15 12 ' W, 29 Aug 1986, Salick 7708 7 (MO ster); 29 Aug 1986, Salick 7708 (MO ster); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.666664/lat -3.8333333)">Rio Santiago</a>, 77 40 ' W, 3 50 ' S, 22 Dec 1979, Tunqui 416 (MO fr) ; 17 Sep 1979, Huashikat 651 (MO fr). Puno: 13 21 ' S 69 40 ' W, 16 May 1992, Gentry et al. 76649 (MO fr); 30 Mar 1996, Aguilar &amp; Castro 437 (MO fr); 12 50 ' S 69 17 ' W, 27 Sep 1994, Vásquez et al. 19286 (MO fr).</p><p>SURINAME. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.7/lat 7.366667)">Kamueatta</a>, 2 Jul 1918, Hohenkerk s.n. (K fr). Kariako, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.366667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.7/lat 7.366667)">Barama River</a> 07 22 ' N 59 42 ' W, 4 Sep 1996, van Andel et al. 1039 (U ster) ; 15 Mar 1949, Jonker et al. 2715 (IAN fr); 4 Mar 1918, Wallnofer 3803 (K fr); 12 Feb 1919, B.W. 4255 (P fl); 30 Jun 1924, B.W. 6555 (MO ster); 6 Feb 1942, Stahel s.n. (K, MO fl); 16 Mar 1942, Stahel s.n. (MO fr); 15 Mar 1949, Lanjouw &amp; Lindeman 2715 (K fr); 2 58 ' 18 '' N 54 33 ' 14 '' W, 11 Apr 1998, Evans &amp; Peckham 2857 (MO fr); Coppename River, 10 Mar 2004, Clarke &amp; Rhodes 11360 (U fr) ; Mapane, 25 Apr 1967, Vreden 11650 (K ster) .</p><p>VENEZUELA. 6 Feb 1990, Stergios &amp; Velazco 14706 (MO ster), 5 37 ' N 67 22 ' W, 29 Jan 1991, Romero et al. 2270 (MO fl); 5 37 ' N 67 22 ' W, 6 Feb 1992, Romero et al. 2317 (MO ster); 5 37 ' N 67 22 ' W, 9 Feb 1992, Romero et al. 2343 (MO fl); 18 Apr 1990, Perez 962 (MO ster); 6 21 ' N 64 59 ' W, 25 Jan 1994, Salas s.n. (MO 05033605 ster). Amazonas: 5 37 ' N 67 22 ' W, 1 Feb 1991, Romero et al. 2287 (MO fl); 23 Mar 1983, Clark 83–1 (MO ster). Atabapo: 02 24 ' N 64 24 ' W, Oct 1991, Marin 1684 (MO fr); 14 Feb 1990, Aymard &amp; Delgado 7852 (MO ster); 3 39 ' N 65 42 ' W, 6 Mar 1985, Liesner 18387 (MO fl, fr); 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 25 Nov 1984, Croat 59314 (MO ster). Atures: Nov 1989, Sanoja et al. 3178 (MO fr); 9 May 1980, Steyermark 122135A (MO ster); 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 10 May 1980, Steyermark et al. 122221 (MO fl); 5 35 ' N 67 15 ' W, 2 Nov 1988, Liesner 25679 (MO fr). Bolivar: 04 55 ' N 62 49 ' W, 1 Sep 1986, Fernandez 3322 (INPA, MO fl); 04 23 ' N 61 38 ' W, 21 Oct 1985, Holst &amp; Liesner 2385 (MO ster); Nov 1994, Knab-Vispo 224 (MO ster); Feb 1986, Elio Sanoja 199 (MO ster); 5 43 ' N 64 07 ' W, 30 Oct–2 Nov 1988, Aymard &amp; Angel Fernandez 7248 (MO ster). Rio Negro: 22 Jan 1992, Aymard et al. 9728 (MO ster); 30 Mar 1953, Steyermark 74792 (MO ster); 14 May 1953, Steyermark 73349 (MO fl); 22 May 1980, Steyermark et al. 117194 (MO ster); 4 59 ' N 61 10 ' W, 9 May 1988, Liesner 24394 (MO ster); 4 23 ' N 61 38 ' W, 22 Oct 1985, Liesner 18962 (MO ster); 4 30 ' N 61 35 ' W, 7 Nov 1985, Liesner 19635 (MO fr); 20 Apr 1986, Liesner &amp; Host 20076 (MO ster); Cassiquiare, Rio Javita, 7 Apr 1981, Clark &amp; Ribeiro s n. (MO ster).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA7FF91FC84FF235267FA3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFABFF91FF3AFA6B51AFF8B9.text	03A287E6FFABFF91FF3AFA6B51AFF8B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anthurium flexuosa var. maguirei G. S. Bunting	<div><p>var. MAGUIREI G. S. Bunting,</p><p>Phytologia 64: 466. 1988.</p><p>— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Bolivar, alto rio Cuyuni, rio Uiri-Yuk, El Foco, 30 Aug. 1962, Maguire, Steyermark &amp; Maguire 53515 (holotype: NY!).</p><p>Heteropsis flexuosa var. maguirei differs from the typical variety in its longer petioles (1.5–2 cm long) usually with undulate margins towards the apex and broader leaf blades (10–13 cm wide). The longer petiole is distinctive and according to Bunting (1988) has been observed up to 4 cm long in specimens from the Território Federal do Amazonas in Venezuela. Further collections of this variety are needed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFABFF91FF3AFA6B51AFF8B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFABFF93FF3AF8E45276FF4F.text	03A287E6FFABFF93FF3AF8E45276FF4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis linearis A. C. Sm., J. Arnold Arbor.	<div><p>6. HETEROPSIS LINEARIS A. C. Sm.,</p><p>J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 289. 1939.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Amazonas, Município de São Paulo de Olivenc¸a, bacia do Rio Solimões, Oct–Dec 1936, Krukoff 8781 (holotype: NY!; isotypes: BR!, K!, P!, U! fl, fr) .</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; branches with internodes 3–4 cm long, 4– 7 mm diam, longitudinally striate when dried, subcylindric, with one side somewhat sulcate, dark brown when dried; axillary buds 2–3 mm long, apex rounded to truncate. Petiole 0.3–1 cm long, 1.6–3 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, margin sinuate, membranaceous; geniculum 0.9 mm long; leaf blade 12–34 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, linear, strongly coriaceous, dark brown on both surfaces when dried, 0.34–0.70 mm thick, margin revolute, apex acute, base strongly attenuate, midrib flattened adaxially, somewhat prominent abaxially, same color as blade, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins numerous, obscured adaxially when dried, impressed abaxially, strongly ascending towards leaf apex, joining near the margin, tertiary veins forming scattered reticulations, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.75 mm distant from the margin, external marginal veins 1–2, near the collective vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 11–25 cm long, internodes 2.5–3.4 cm long, dark brown, sulcate, lateral buds present from the first to the fifth internode; peduncle 0.8–1.4 cm long, 1–2.4 mm diam, cylindric; spathe not seen; spadix 4–7 cm long, 0.8–1 cm diam, ellipsoid, apex acuminate to obtuse, yellowish-cream, stipitate, stipe 5–7 + 3.7–4 mm. Gynoecium 2.5–4 mm long, 7–8 mm diam, truncate, apex 5–6 mm wide, stigma oblong to elliptic. Infructescence ca. 6 cm long, 3 cm diam (immature). Figures 1B, 16.</p><p>Common Names— The following common name has been recorded for this species: tamishi tablacho (Peru).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis linearis occurs in terra firme forests and forests on seasonally flooded ground. It is known from Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia) and Peru, occurring between 120 and 130 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected between October and January and fruiting material in August and December.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. linearis is least concern (LC), based on 7 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet refers to the linear leaf shape.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis linearis is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus, even in sterile material, by the leaf blade which is narrowly linear, rigid, coriaceous and attenuate at the base. Despite this, it has often been confused with H. rigidifolia, which differs from H. linearis by the shorter (not exceeding 22 cm long) and broader (not less than 2 cm wide) leaf blade. However, the main difference between the two species lies in the size of the spadix, which is much smaller in H. rigidifolia (1.5–3 cm long). In Smith’s original description of H. linearis the flowering shoot is described as short, but our observations, based on a larger number of specimens from a wider range of locations and habitats show that it may reach 25 cm in length. Herbarium material from Peru revealed that the spathe is cream-colored and the feeder roots, known there as “tamishi tablacho”, are less used than those of “tamishi normal”, which is H. flexuosa .</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Manicoré, 21 Aug 1976, Mota s.n. (INPA 61600 fr). Pará: Óbidos, 22 Dec 1907, Ducke 9184 (MG fr). Rondônia: Costa Marques, 24 Mar 1987, Cid et al. 8675 (INPA ster); 1842, Claussen 17 (P ster).</p><p>PERU. Loreto: Maynas 11 Jan. 1980, Aronson 1030 (K, MO fl) ; 03 48 ' S 73 25 ' W, 11 Apr 1988, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 10547 (MO ster); Nov 1990, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 15120 (MO fl); estrada Zungarocha à Puerto Almendra, 3 Dec 1964, Dodson &amp; Torres 3013 (MO fl).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFABFF93FF3AF8E45276FF4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA9FF93FF3AFF5A5491FEDF.text	03A287E6FFA9FF93FF3AFF5A5491FEDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis longispathacea Engl., Pflanzenr. IV	<div><p>7. HETEROPSIS LONGISPATHACEA Engl.,</p><p>Pflanzenr. IV, 23 B: 53. 1905.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Amazonas, Rio Juruá, Nov. 1901, Ule 6016 (holotype: B! fl).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; aerial roots ca. 5 mm diam, subcylindric, pale brown when dried, fissured longitudinally; shoot slender, somewhat flexuose, internodes 2.7–4 cm long, 2.4–4.5 mm diam, somewhat striated longitudinally when dried, subcylindric with one side slightly flattened, pale brown when dried; axillary buds ca. 2–3 mm long, straight to introrse, apex rounded. Petiole 2–4 mm long, ca. 2 mm diam, canaliculate, margin paler and sinuate at apex; geniculum ca. 2 mm long; leaf blade 12–19 cm long, 4–5 cm wide, lanceolate to oblanceolate, subcoriaceous, pale brown on both surfaces when dried, 0.12–0.16 mm thick, apex acuminate, base cuneate, midrib somewhat sulcate adaxially, prominent abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins prominent only abaxially, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 1.5–2 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1, closely adjacent to the collective vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 4.5–6 cm long, internodes 1.3–2 cm long, ca. 1.8 mm diam, pale brown, slightly sulcate; peduncle 0.3–0.7 mm long, 1.3–3.5 mm diam, subcylindric; spathe ca. 7 cm long, 2.5 cm wide when expanded, 8 cm long, 1.4 cm wide when closed, oblong, apex strongly cuspidate; spadix 3.5–4.2 cm long, ca. 7 mm diam, subcylindric, apex acuminate, stipitate, stipe 0.3 – 0.6 + ca. 1.2 mm. Gynoecium with apex 2–2.5 mm diam, stigma elliptic. Infructescence not seen. Figures 1B, 17.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis longispathacea is known from Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará), Peru, and Surinam, occurring at 300–800 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in flower in December, February, April and July and fruiting material in December.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. longispathacea is least concern (LC), based on 7 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet refers to the spathe which is relatively much longer than the spadix.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis longispathacea is easily recognized when fertile because of the long, cuspidate spathe, much longer than the slender spadix. It is morphologically similar to H. salicifolia, but differs from the latter in the longer and wider, usually lanceolate, leaf blade and by the introrse axillary buds, longer cuspidate spathe and longer spadix. In contrast, H. salicifolia has an elliptic-oblong leaf blade, extrorse lateral buds, shorter spadix and the spathe has a much shorter apex. The type material of H. longispathacea is from the Rio Juruá in Amazonas State (Brazil) occurring in a clear water region near the Andes. However there are records from the state of Pará, possibly from terra firme forest, at Castanhal, near Belém. Given this distribution, it may be inferred that Heteropsis longispathacea probably occurs in central Amazonia and has so far gone unrecorded due to lack of collections. Specimen label information records that according to local people in Amazonia, the juice of the aerial roots of this species causes irritation and itching, perhaps because of the presence of calcium oxalate.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Acre: Porto Alegre, Alto Purus, 8 Apr 1904, Huber s.n. (MG 4391 fl) ; 10 Apr 1904, Huber s.n. (INPA, MG 4432 fl) ; Tarauacá, Dec 1956, Bockermann 298 (SP fl). Maranhão: Alzilandia, Rio Turiac¸u, 1 Jul 1978, Jangoux &amp; Bahia 124 (MG fl) ; 29 May 1979. Pará: Castanhal, 22 Feb 1966, Silva et al. 549 (MG fl). Óbidos, 29 May 1979, Jangoux &amp; Bahia 979 (MG fl); Porto Alegre, próximo à Tucuruí, 10 Apr 1904, Huber et al. 4432 (MG fl) .</p><p>PERU. 30 Jul. 1974, Berlin 1871 (MO ster).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA9FF93FF3AFF5A5491FEDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFA9FF94FC84FECB52AEF9B1.text	03A287E6FFA9FF94FC84FECB52AEF9B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis macrophylla A. C. Sm., J. Arnold Arbor.	<div><p>8. HETEROPSIS MACROPHYLLA A. C. Sm.,</p><p>J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 290. 1939.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Amazonas, Município de Humaitá, 11 Nov. 1934, B. A. Krukoff 7151 (holotype: NY!; isotypes: K!, U! fl) .</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; stem thick, internodes 2.5–5.5 cm long, 2–8 mm diam, subcylindric, strongly striate longitudinally, subglossy to opaque, dark green, becoming black when dried; axillary buds 5–8 mm long, straight, apex rounded or obtuse. Petiole 1–3 cm long, 2–3 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, margin smooth; geniculum 1–1.5 cm long, dark green; leaf blade 16–38 cm long, 5 –9 cm wide, narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, rigid, coriaceous, olive-green adaxially, pale green abaxially, margin slightly sinuate, 0.4–0.8 mm thick, apex obtuse to shortly acuminate, 1–1.3 cm long, base cuneate, acute, subacute, obtuse, midrib slightly sulcate, impressed adaxially, prominent and dark green abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins numerous, distinct abaxially when dried, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.25–0.9 mm distant from the margin, outer marginal vein usually absent. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2.8– 8 cm long, internodes 4–25 + 3–7 mm diam, dark when dried, subcylindric, without lateral buds on the internodes; peduncle 1–3 cm long, thick, dark green; spathe not seen; spadix 4–7.5 cm long, 1–1.8 cm diam, apex obtuse, pale yellow, shortly stipitate, stipe short or absent. Stamens 2.5– 3.5 mm long, 1–1.75 mm wide, anthers ca. 1 mm long; gynoecium 4.5 mm long, ca. 5 mm diam, truncate, apex 2.4–5.1 mm diam, ovary 1.3–1.8 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, 2-locular, locules full of white, sticky mucilage, ovules 1–2 per locule, 0.75–1 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, placentation sub-basal, stigma punctate-discoid. Infructescence berry cream when immature, orange when mature. Figures 1B, 4D, 18.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis macrophylla occurs in dense ombrophilous terra firme forest in Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, at 100–400 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected from November to February and in July, and fruiting material in November.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. macrophylla is least concern (LC), based on 18 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet refers to the leaf size, which at the time of the first description was larger than most other species then known.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis macrophylla is similar to H. flexuosa, but differs from the latter in its longer (1–3 cm), untwisted petioles, narrowly oblong, strongly coriaceous leaf blades that are olive-green adaxially, paler green adaxially, obtuse to shortly cuspidate at the apex, obtuse at the base, with numerous, abaxially prominent lateral veins, the infra-marginal collective vein close (ca. 0.25–0.5 mm) to the margin, usually lacking an external marginal vein, spadix shortly stipitate or sessile, and prominent, punctate, discoid stigma. Heteropsis flexuosa has an oblong or lanceolate, subcoriaceous, abaxially yellowish-green leaf blade with a cuspidate-acuminate apex, the veins obscured on both surfaces, infra-marginal collective vein 1–2.5 mm distant from the margin, and a single external marginal vein, the spadix is stipitate, the stigma discoid-oblong and neither prominent nor punctate. Although we have not examined a fresh infructescence of H. macrophylla, specimen label data states that the berries are cream when immature and orange when mature; however, there is no infructescence on the specimen where this information is recorded. Label data also show that the aerial roots of this species are used for cordage in the construction of traditional houses by the indigenous people of Amazonia.</p><p>Our field observations show that the leaves of climbing shoots are horizontally patent on the host tree trunk with cuneate leaf blade bases, but the leaf base is obtuse in mature plagiotropic shoots. This is a rare species in the Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke (RFAD) and the few recorded individuals were found at a height of over 20 m. In statistical analyses carried out in ecological studies in the Reserve (Soares Morais 2008), this species showed preference for host trees of DBH (diameter at breast height) of at least 30 cm. However, this result should be treated with caution because only a few individuals were studied there. In addition, older trees are more likely to be colonized by Heteropsis than younger trees, simply because they have been present in the forest for longer.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 20 Oct 1999, Soares et al. 460 (INPA ster) ; Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 14 Feb 2002, Soares et al. 674 (INPA fl) .</p><p>COLOMBIA. Caquetá: Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.56666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.13333/lat -0.56666666)">Araracuara</a>, 0 34 ' S 72 08 ' W, 4 Nov 1989, Londoño et al. 1146 (MO fr) ; 0 34 ' S 72 08 ' W, 24 Nov 1989, Londoño et al. 1489 (MO ster); 0 36 ' S 72 10 ' W, 31 May 1990, Alvarez et al. 686 (MO ster); 0 39 ' S 72 8 ' W, 18 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.13333/lat -0.65)">Oct</a> 199, Alvarez et al.1098, (MO ster) ; 0 37 ' S 72 24 ' W, 9 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 940 (MO ster); 0 50 ' S 71 50 ' W, 25 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 1629 (MO ster); 0 50 ' S 71 50 ' W, 28 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 1811 (MO ster); 0 50 ' S 71 50 ' W, 28 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 1847 (MO ster); Município de São José del Guaviare, 02 46 ' 31.1 '' N 72 17 ' 33.6 '' W, 31 Oct 1995, Lopes et al. 576 (MO ster) .</p><p>ECUADOR. Napo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.9166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.183334/lat -0.9166667)">Parque Nacional Yasuní</a>, 00 55S 76 11 ' W, 26 May– 8 Jun 1988, Ceron &amp; Hurtado 3898 (MO ster) ; 13 Dec 1988, Ceron &amp; Hurtado 11412 (MO fl); 00 57 ' S 76 13 ' W, 19 –13 Jan 1988, Palácios 2430 (K, MO fl).</p><p>PERU. Loreto: Maynas, 2 Nov 1988, Wallnofer 188 (K ster) ; 30 Mar 1979, Clark 7119 (MO ster); 03 15 ' S 72 54 ' W 29 Jul 1991, Vásquez &amp; Grandez 17539 (MO fl); 04 10 ' S 73 20 ' W, 13 Dec 1988, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 11412 (MO fl); 04 10 ' S 73 20 ' W, 15 Dec 1988, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 11465 (MO fl). Madre de Dios: 30 Nov 1984, Young &amp; Stratton 321 (MO fr); 2 Jul 1978, Plowman &amp; Schunke 7514 (K, MO, U ster).</p><p>VENEZUELA. Amazonas: 3 02 ' 10 '' N 67 00 ' 00 '' W, 18 Apr 1990, Perez 963 (MO ster); 14 Jul 1986, Stanford Zent 786– 28 (MO ster); San Carlos de Rio Negro, 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 30 Mar 1979, Clark 7119 (MO ster). Bolivar: Sucre, 04 59 ' N 64 49 ' W, 1 Feb 1989, Fernandez &amp; Sanoja 4981 (MO fl); 6 30 ' N 64 50 ' W, 16 Jun1995, Knab-Vispo 398 (MO ster).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFA9FF94FC84FECB52AEF9B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFAEFF96FF20F9EE54FFF8C5.text	03A287E6FFAEFF96FF20F9EE54FFF8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth, Enum. Pl.	<div><p>9. HETEROPSIS OBLONGIFOLIA Kunth,</p><p>Enum. Pl. 3: 60. 1841.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. F. Sellow (as “ Sello ”) 207 (lectotype, here designated: K! fl).</p><p>Dracontium integerrimum Vell., [Fl. Flumin. 9: t. 119 (1831), nom. nud.] Arquivos do Museu Nacional 5: 389 (1881). Heteropsis integerrima (Vell.) Stellfeld, Arq. Mus. Paranaense 8: 179 (1950).— TYPE: BRAZIL. Published plate t.119, original citation: “Dicitur etiam Timbôpeba... Habitat silvis maritimis.“ No specimen is known to exist.</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; shoot densely leaved, internodes 1.9–5 cm long, 1.0– 6 mm diam, dark green, subquadrangular, one side flattened to slightly sulcate, pale brown when dried, longitudinally striate; axillary bud 2.7– 5 mm long, extrorse to straight, apex pointed. Petiole 4–9 + 1.5–2.4 mm, strongly canaliculate, margin pale, sinuate towards the apex; geniculum 3–4 mm long; leaf blade 10– 23 cm long, 3.2–7 cm wide, ovate, lanceolate, oblong to oblanceolate, coriaceous, subglossy, dark green adaxially, paler green abaxially when living, opaque pale brown when dried, 0.14–0.58 mm thick, margin revolute, apex abruptly cuspidate to acuminate, base cuneate, acute, subacute to obtuse, midrib sulcate adaxially, prominent, yellowish abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins prominent abaxially when dried, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.6–3 mm distant from margin, external marginal veins 1–2. Inflorescence terminal, axillary, flowering shoot 1–14 cm long, internodes 0.2–3 + 0.12– 0.46 cm diam, pale brown when dried, sulcate, normally with lateral bud on the apical internode; peduncle 0.5– 3 mm long, 2–4 mm diam, dark green; spathe as long as the spadix, 3.5–5 cm long, 0.9–1.3 mm diam when closed, ca. 5 cm wide when expanded, oblong to ovate, inflated, convolute, yellow, with a white stripe ca. 1.5 cm wide at the margin, apex acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, sometimes somewhat twisted; spadix 1.5–3.5 + 0.5–0.8 cm diam, ellipsoid, apex rounded-acuminate, pale yellow, stipitate, stipe 2.3–4 + 2–4 mm, green, subcylindric. Stamens 3–3.5 mm long, 1–1.25 mm wide, anthers ovate to elliptic; gynoecium 1.5–3.5 + 1.5–3 mm diam, prismatic, with tannin cells in the stylar region, apex 2 – 3.5 mm diam, ovary 2-locular, 1– 1.5 mm long, obpyramidal, locules with sticky, translucid mucilaginous contents, ovules 2 per locule, ca. 0.5 mm long, anatropous, sessile, placentation sub-basal, stigma punctate-discoid to oblong. Infructescence 6–10 cm long, 2–3.3 cm diam; berry 10–17 + 8–17 mm, green when immature, brown when pre-mature, red with dark brown apex (or orange-yellow to red in Costa Rica) when mature, truncate to prismatic; seed 7–10 + 4–8 mm, 2–4 per berry, brown (black in Costa Rica), oblong to elliptic. Figures 2A, 7D, 7E, 9D, 19.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: cipó-titica (Brazil), bejuco de hombre (Peru).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis oblongifolia occurs in dense, ombrophilous forest, seasonal montane forest, secondary forest or in disturbed areas with rock outcrops in Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela, at between 50 and 2,000 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering and fruiting specimens have been collected almost throughout the year, but specimens have not been seen in flower in June and September or in fruit in August.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. oblongifolia is least concern (LC), based on 34 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet refers to the more oblong leaf shape, in contrast to the lanceolate leaf shape of H. salicifolia, the latter being the only other species described by Kunth (1841).</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis oblongifolia is the most widely distributed species, occurring from Central America (Nicaragua and Costa Rica) to tropical South America although it has not been recorded from the Guianas and Suriname. This wide distribution is accompanied by great morphological and ecological variation, with habitats ranging from sea level to 2,000 m. Grayum (2003: 118) notes that in view of the wide disjunction between Costa Rica and eastern Brazil, there is doubt that the Central American taxon is really conspecific with the Atlantic Forest taxon. A more detailed comparison of living plants (beyond the scope of the present study) from the two regions is needed to resolve this question.</p><p>The species has some similarities to H. flexuosa, especially in the morphology of the leaf blade and this has led to many dubious identifications in sterile herbarium specimens. However, H. oblongifolia differs from H. flexuosa by its straight lateral buds, the apical sinuations of the petiole margin, less coriaceous leaf blade, infra-marginal collective vein up to 3 mm distant from the margin, and presence of 1–2 external marginal veins. When fertile, the main characters that differentiate the two species are to be found in the spathe, which in H. oblongifolia has a white stripe along the margin, an acuminate to abruptly cuspidate apex and red mature berries, dark brown at the apex and yellowish towards the base in Costa Rican material. In H. flexuosa the petiole has a smooth margin and is usually twisted, the leaf blade is coriaceous, the flowering shoot has at most a lateral bud on the internode below the spathe or none at all, the spathe is yellow, and the berries are yellow when mature.</p><p>In the original description of Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth cited only “Brasilia meridionalis (Sellow legit.)”, i.e. a collection by Friedrich Sellow (also known as Sello) from southern Brazil. Kunth’s herbarium was deposited at Berlin (B) and this type specimen must have been included in it. However, this specimen did not survive the damage to B during the Second World War. The microfiche of Schott’s collection of drawings at Vienna (Nicolson and Riedl 1984; Schott 1984) includes a drawing (Icon no. 3577) which is the only one determined by Schott as Heteropsis oblongifolia and which bears the annotation “Her. G. Berol. 207 ''. Since Schott attempted whenever possible to have drawings made of type specimens, it is probable that this specimen represents the collection Sellow 207. This is confirmed by the presence of a duplicate specimen at K, in the herbarium of W. J. Hooker with more detailed label information: “207. Ex Herb. Reg. Berolinense 1859, Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth. Doubletten Brasilia. Sello. ” We have therefore selected this specimen, doubtless originally an isotype, as the lectotype of H. oblongifolia Kunth.</p><p>Vellozo’s name Dracontium integerrimum (Flora Fluminensis, t. 119) was invalid when first published (Vellozo 1831) because there was no description or any analysis in the figure (i.e. a separate figure or element showing details). It remained a nomen nudum until the first publication of Vellozo’s complete text of the Flora Fluminensis (Vellozo 1881), by which time Kunth’s epithet had priority in the genus Heteropsis; the combination Heteropsis integerrimum was later made by Stellfeld (1950) in his study of Vellozo’s work on Araceae . A comparison of the habit, leaves and post-floral inflorescences leaves little doubt that H. oblongifolia and H. integerrima denote the same species.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BOLIVIA. 30 Jul 1982, Sperling &amp; King 6409 (K, MO fl, fr).</p><p>BRAZIL. Acre: Brasiléia, 1 Nov 1980, Lowrie 670 (INPA, MO fl). Amapá: Laranjal do Jarí, 13 Nov 2004, Pereira &amp; Cardoso 748 (HAMAB, INPA fr). Amazonas: Humaitá, 11 Oct 1934, Krukoff 6493 (U fl). Rio Negro, 2 Ma 1973, Loureiro et al. s.n. (INPA 37938 fr); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 11 Jun 1976, Marinho 516 (IAN ster). Bahia: Ilhéus, 19 Mar 1998, Queiroz &amp; Leoni 4984 (CEPEC, K fl); Mata da Esperanc¸a, 8 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 751 (CEPEC, INPA fl); 8 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 752 (CEPEC, INPA fl); 16 Apr 1991, Mayo &amp; Santos 751 (K, MO ster); 18 Apr 1991, Mayo et al. 755 (CEPEC, K, MO ster); 6 Oct 1970, Santos 1276 (CEPEC fr, K fl); 14 Dec 1988, Santos 4454 (CEPEC fr); Serra Bonita, 9 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 755 (CEPEC, INPA fl); Itacaré, km 15, Estrada Taboquinhas 24 Apr 1991, Mayo et al. 770 (K, MO ster); 24 Apr 1991, Mayo et al. 792 (CEPEC ster, K); 26 Apr 1991, Mayo et al. 801 (CEPEC, K, MO ster). Juc¸ari, 11 May 1991, Mayo et al. 813 (CEPEC, K, MO ster). Maraú, 25 Feb 1980, Carvalho et al. 159 (CEPEC fl); Porto Seguro, 11 Jan 1977, Harley et al. 17851 (CEPEC, K ster); Prado, 22 Oct 1993, Thomas et al. 10156 (CEPEC fr); Una, 28 Jul 1994, Jardim et al. 519 (CEPEC ster); 7 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 754 (CEPEC, INPA ster); 11 Jan 1977, Harley et al. 18232 (CEPEC, K ster); 14 May 1991, Mayo et al. 821 (K, MO fr); Wenceslau Guimarães, 31 May 1991, Mayo &amp; de Carvalho 866 (CEPEC, K, MO ster). Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, 30 Jul 1986, Croat 61816 (MO ster); Linhares, 15 Oct 1992, Folli 1664 (MO ster); 2 Oct 1971, Santos 2046 (CEPEC, K fl); Santa Teresa, Aparecidinha, 9 Nov 1998, Kollmann et al. 914 (INPA, MBML, RB fl); 27 Oct 1998, Kollmann et al. 802 (MBML fl); 24 Nov 2004, Kollmann et al. 1082 (MBML fl); 27 Oct 1999, Demuner et al. 189 (INPA, MBML fl); Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, 17 Nov 1994, Soares 600 (INPA, MBML fl). Maranhão: Monção, 12 Apr 1985, Balée &amp; Gely 859 (MO ster). Mato Grosso: 4 Oct 1975, Lisboa et al. 659 (INPA fl). Minas Gerais: Carangola, 30 Jan 2001, Gonc¸alves et al. 706 (UFMG fr). Pará: 14 Dec 1979, Maciel et al. 528 (MG fl); 6 May 1968, Pires &amp; Silva 11645 (IAN fl); 13 Mar 1968, Silva 2731 (IAN fr); Porto Trombetas, s.d., Evandro 390 (INPA fl); Santarém, 15 Nov 1977, Prance et al. 25429 (MG fl); 17 Aug 1969, M. Silva 2291 (MG fl); Tucuruí, 5 Jun 1980, M. G. Silva &amp; Rosário 5380 (MG fr). Paraná: Antonina, Bairro Alto, 4 Feb 1983, Hatschbach et al. 46085 (K, MBM, UFMG ster). Pernambuco: Cabo, 13 Jan 1993, Nadruz &amp; Mayo 887 (K ster); Curado, Lins &amp; Silva s.n. (RB 321894 ster); Recife, 26 Jan 1996, Lins &amp; Cleidson 137 (RB ster). Rio de Janeiro: 18 Feb 1981, Lima et al. 559 (MO fl); Aug 1965, Strang 680 (GUA fl); Campos dos Goytacazes, 2 Feb 1984, Kuhlmann 6507 (RB ster); 1 Oct 1987, Ribeiro et al. 1146 (GUA ster); Magé Paraíso, Farney et al. 521 (RB fl). Roraima: 21 Feb 1971, Prance et al. 10660 (INPA, U ster).</p><p>COLOMBIA. 24 Apr 1990, Londono et al. 1626 (MO ster); 24 Jul 1990, Alvarez et al. 882 (MO ster). Caquetá: 8 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 848 (MO ster) .</p><p>COSTA RICA. Lankester 153 (K fr) ; 9 May 1960, Lankester 1762 (K fr) ; 4 May 1983, Gomez et al. 20424 (K ster). Aguabuena, 3 km W of Rincón 15 Apr 1993, Thomsen 336 (K fl). Heredia, Parque Nacional de Bráulio, 5 Jul 1990, Acevedo 96 (K fr) .</p><p>ECUADOR: Esmeraldas, 3 Nov 1994, Pennington 14959 (K ster). Morona Santiago, 26 Aug 1985, Anananch 129 (MO ster). Napo: Apr 1988, Paz &amp; Mino 81010 (MO ster); 13 Mar 1968, Pitman &amp; Romero 287 (MO ster); 0 40.853 ' S 76 23.697 ' W, 20 Jun 1995, Acevedo-Rodriguez &amp; Cedeno 7423 (MO fl, fr); Sucumbios, Apr – Oct 1988, Paz &amp; Mino 81010 (MO ster). Pastaza: 26– 31 Jan 1989, Neill &amp; Hurtado 8822 (MO ster).</p><p>NICARAGUA. Rosita, 14 08 ' 58 '' N 84 16 ' 00 '' W, 21 May 1994, Rueda, et al. 1459 (K ster).</p><p>PERU. Bagua: 04 55 ' S, 78 19 ' W, 3 Feb 1996, Jaramillo et al. 1060 (MO fr); 12 50 ' S, 69 20 ' W, 6 Oct 1985, Smith et al. 589 (MO fl). Loreto: Maynas, 04 29 ' S, 73 35 ' W, 24 Nov 1990, Grandez &amp; Ruiz 2143 (MO fr); 18 Aug 1978, Haxaire 5157 (P ster); 13 Jul 1982, Rimachi 6203 (MO fr); 6 Apr 1989, Vásquez et al. 11999 (MO fr); 9 Nov 1982, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 3424 (MO fr); 12 Apr 1977, Plowman et al. 6832 (MO ster). Madre de Dios: 30 Nov 1991, Timana &amp; Jaramillo 3620 (K ster); 28 Feb 1981, Gentry &amp; Young 31789 (MO fr); 12 15 ' S, 69 17 ' W, 5 Nov 1984, Young &amp; Stratton 186 (MO fl); 27 Mar 1981, Young 205 (MO fr); 2 Jun 1980, Barbour 5487 (MO fr); Apr 1988, Foster et al. 81010 (MO ster); Monte Virgem, 6 Sep 1979, Huashikat 410 (MO fr); Rio Santiago, 21 Feb 1980, Huashikat 2168 (MO fr); Tambopata, 3 Mar 1981, Gentry &amp; Young 31969 (K, MO fr).</p><p>VENEZUELA. Amazonas: 5 37 ' N 67 22 ' W, 1 Feb 1991, Romero et al. 2286 (MO ster). Bolivar: 04 58 ' N, 63 24 ' W, Apr 1988, Fernandez 4506 (MO fr); Caño Mosquito, 30 Jan 1976, Colchester 2126 (K ster) ; 21 Feb 1976, Lister 259 (K ster); 23 Feb 1976, Lister 267 (K ster) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFAEFF96FF20F9EE54FFF8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FFACFFA9FCEDF8E051F4F842.text	03A287E6FFACFFA9FCEDF8E051F4F842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis peruviana K. Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 1925	<div><p>10. HETEROPSIS PERUVIANA K. Krause,</p><p>Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 270. 1925.</p><p>— TYPE: PERU. Província de Tarma, Departamento Junin, December 1902, Weberbauer 1819 (holotype: B! fl, fr).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte, shoot slender; internodes 2.7–4 cm long, 2.4–4.5 mm diam, slightly striate longitudinally when dried, subcylindric, one side flattened to sulcate, dark brown when dried; axillary buds ca. 2–2.5 mm long, straight to introrse, apex acute. Petiole 4–7 mm long, 1.5 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, margin sinuate towards the apex; geniculum ca. 0.5 mm long; leaf blade 11–17 cm long, 2.5–4.5 cm wide, lanceolate, subcoriaceous, dark brown on both surfaces when dried, 0.13–0.21 mm thick, apex longacuminate, base cuneate, midrib slightly flattened adaxially, prominent and striate abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimaries oblique, obscured adaxially, prominent abaxially, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.5– 1 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1, close to the margin. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 4.5–9 cm long, internodes 1.7–2.5 cm long, ca. 1.2 mm diam, pale brown, slender, slightly sulcate; peduncle 0.7– 1.2 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm diam, cylindric; spathe ca. 3.5– 4.5 cm long, 2 cm wide when expanded, oblong-elliptic, apex acuminate, ca. 1 cm long; spadix 2–2.5 cm long, 0.4–0.7 cm diam, cylindric, stipitate, apex acuminate, stipe 2–2.5 mm + 1.2–1.7 mm. Gynoecium with apex 2.5–3 mm diam, stigma discoid. Infructescence ca. 7.5 cm long, 3 cm diam; berry 7– 10 + 6– 8 mm, orange; seed subovoid, 5 –8 cm + 3 –6 mm. Figures 2A, 20.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis peruviana is known from Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Rondônia), and Peru; little is known of its ecology but it is probably a hemi-epiphyte of terra firme Amazonian forest.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in September and fruiting material from January to March, in July, and from October to November.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. peruviana is least concern (LC), based on six localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The species epithet refers to Peru, where it was first discovered.</p><p>Notes— According to the original citation, Heteropsis peruviana was the first species of the genus known from Peru. It was compared to H. longispathacea Engl. from Brazil, collected on the lower Juruá, but it differs from the latter in the longer petioles, shortly acuminate leaf apex and smaller and broader spathe and spadix. Heteropsis peruviana is also similar to H. tenuispadix, which when sterile can easily be confused with H. peruviana because of the great variation in leaf shape. The best characters to distinguish these two species are as follows: in H. tenuispadix the primary lateral veins and interprimaries are arched towards the apex and the spathe is oblong with a shortly acuminate apex, while in H. peruviana the veins are straight or patent and the spathe apex is ca. 1 cm long, according to the original description.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BOLIVIA: La Paz, Madidi, Hondo, Negro, 14 38 ' 51 '' S 67 47 ' 40 '' W, 21 Mar 2002, Fuentes 3922 (MO fr).</p><p>BRAZIL. Acre: 2 Nov 1980, Cid &amp; Moreira 3108 (INPA fr); Sena Madureira, 4 Oct 1968, Prance et al. 7821 (INPA, K, MG, P, fr). Rondônia: Jaru, 2 Jul 1984, Cid et al. 4986 (INPA, MO fr) ; Brasiléia, 6 Fev. 1983, Teixeira et al. 1387 (INPA fr) .</p><p>PERU. Madre de Dios: 14 Sep 1985, Nunez 1859 (MO fl); 5 Sep 1986, Foster et al. 11285 (MO fl) ; 21 Jan 1989, Smith et al. 1458 (MO fr); Purus, 24 Feb 2000, Graham &amp; Vigo 1103 (MO fr) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FFACFFA9FCEDF8E051F4F842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF93FFADFC84FF1C524CFBDF.text	03A287E6FF93FFADFC84FF1C524CFBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis reticulata Croat & M. L. Soares 2013	<div><p>11. Heteropsis reticulata Croat &amp; M. L. Soares sp. nov.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, próximo ao aeroporto, 13 Feb 1976, Monteiro &amp; Damião 349 (holotype: INPA! fr).</p><p>Planta hemiepiphytica; internodia longitudinaliter striata, subcylindrica, gemmae axillares apice rotundatae; folia ramulorum plagiotropium petiolo 3–5 mm longo, lamina 13–17 cm longa, 3–4.5 cm lata, 0.24–0.62 mm crassa, ovata vel elliptica, coriacea, rigida, castanea in pagina abaxiali, venam marginalem destituta, venam infra-marginalem margine 0.5 –1 mm distanti instructa; pedunculus ca. 2 mm longus, spadix ca. 1.8 cm longus, 0.4 cm diam, cylindricus, stipite ca. 2.5 mm longo suffultus.</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; aerial roots ca. 4.3 mm diam, subcylindric, rugose, chestnut-brown when young; internodes 2–2.5 cm long, 1.5–3 mm diam, subcylindric, strongly striate longitudinally, greenish-brown when dried; axillary buds ca. 2 mm long, with rounded apex. Petiole 3–5 mm long, 1.4– 1.8 mm diam, canaliculate, margin sinuate at the apex, slightly twisted; geniculum ca. 3 mm long, darkened; leaf blade 13– 17 cm long, 3–4.5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, coriaceous, rigid, when dried adaxially greenish-brown, abaxially dark brown, opaque on both sides when dried, margin strongly revolute, slightly sinuate, 0.24–0.62 mm thick, apex acuminate, base obtuse to acute, midrib strongly sulcate adaxially, prominent, rounded abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimaries prominent, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.5–1 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein lacking. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 5 cm long, internodes 1–1.5 cm long, 1.4–1.8 mm diam, greenish-brown when dried, subcylindric, sulcate, axillary buds usually present on the first and second internodes; peduncle ca. 2 mm long, 1.7 mm diam; spathe not seen; spadix ca. 1.8 cm long, 4 mm diam, cylindric, apex acute, stipitate, stipe ca. 2.5 + 1.2 mm, cylindric, blackened when dried. Gynoecium with apex 4–5 mm diam, stigma oblong. Infructescence 4.5–7.5 cm long, 2–3 cm diam when mature; berry 14–17 mm diam, at apex; seeds 3– 4 per berry. Figures 3, 21 (mature), Fig. 22 (immature).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis reticulata occurs in dense ombrophilous terra firme forest and in flooded forest in Brazil (Acre) and Peru, at 100–150 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in November and fruiting material in January and February.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. reticulata is data deficient (DD), since this species is currently known only from four localities.</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the prominently reticulated finer venation of the abaxial leaf surface, particularly evident in immature attached leaves.</p><p>Notes— The fertile material described here (Fig. 21) as Heteropsis reticulata shares with H. rigidifolia and H. robusta its rigid leaf blade and spadix size, but differs from these species in the ovate to elliptic leaf blade with obtuse base and strongly revolute margin.</p><p>The sterile collection cited below (Croat 62631), collected in dense ombrophilous terra firme forest at 150 m alt., is part of an immature attached stem (Fig. 22), rather than a mature plagiotropic branch. It differs from the type and paratype material in the longer, smooth-margined petioles, larger size of the leaf blade with more strongly prominent fine reticulate abaxial venation, the less revolute leaf margins, the dried adaxial leaf surface greyish-brown and abaxial surface yellowish-brown. This specimen, however, agrees with the type and paratype collections in the striate and cylindric to subcylindric internodes, the infra-marginal collective vein close to the margin, and the absence of visible marginal veins.</p><p>Immature attached leaves of larger size and different appearance to the mature leaves of plagiotropic branches are characteristic of certain other species, notably H. rigidifolia, and we propose that Croat 62631 and the cited type and paratype specimens of H. reticulata belong to the same species. Since this taxon remains poorly known we provide here further descriptive details of the specimen Croat 62631, which may be useful in testing our proposal when new information becomes available:</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte. Internodes 3–8 cm long, ca. 3 mm diam, longitudinally striate when dried, cylindric, glossy, dark brown when dried, buds not seen. Petiole 1– 2 cm long, ca. 2 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, dark brown, margin smooth (not undulate); blade 22.5–32.0 cm long, 9– 13 cm wide, 0.26–0.36 cm thick, elliptic, subcoriaceous, glossy, adaxial surface dark green, dark greyish-brown when dried, abaxial surface yellowish-brown and opaque, apex abruptly acuminate, base acute to attenuate, midrib flattened at the base and sulcate towards the apex on adaxial side, prominent and convex on abaxial side, primary lateral veins 12–18 on each side, somewhat obscured on adaxial surface, prominent on abaxial surface, finer veins reticulate and prominent when dried, infra-marginal collective vein ca. 1 mm distant from margin.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— PERU. Departamento Loreto: Provincia Maynas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.483333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.583336/lat -4.483333)">Carretera Nauta-Iquitos</a>, 04 29 ' S 73 35 ' W, 23 Nov 1990, Grández &amp; Ruíz 2118 (MO fl) ; 03 48 ' S 73 25 ' W, 17 Feb 1993, Grández et al. 5183 (MO, NY fr).</p><p>BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.583336/lat -7.633333)">Cruzeiro do Sul</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.583336/lat -7.633333)">Rio Branco</a>, 7 38 ' S, 72 35 ' W, Croat 62631 (INPA, MO ster).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF93FFADFC84FF1C524CFBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF97FFADFF3AFBCD54EFFA13.text	03A287E6FF97FFADFF3AFBCD54EFFA13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis rigidifolia Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.	<div><p>12. HETEROPSIS RIGIDIFOLIA Engl.,</p><p>Pflanzenr. IV. 23 B: 51. 1905.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Santa Catarina, Blumenau, 1886, Schenk 815 (lectotype: B! fl, here designated).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; internodes 1.5–2 cm long, 3–4.7 mm diam, slightly striate longitudinally when dried, subquadrangular, flattened on one side, pale grey when dried; axillary buds ca. 2 mm long, rounded to truncate at the apex. Petiole 3–5 mm long, 2–6 mm diam, canaliculate, margin sinuate towards the apex; geniculum ca. 6 mm long; blade 14–22 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, linear to lanceolate, patent, strongly coriaceous, rigid, when dried greenish-brown on both surfaces, 0.21–0.48 mm thick, apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, midrib somewhat flattened on the adaxial side, with dispersed transverse striae, somewhat prominent on abaxial side, primary lateral veins and interprimary veins impressed on the adaxial side, prominent on the abaxial side, tertiary veins forming indistinct reticulations, submarginal collective vein 0.75–1 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1, close to the submarginal collective vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 7.5–20 cm long, with internodes 2–5 cm long, 2.8–3.5 mm diam, when dried greenish-brown, shallowly sulcate; peduncle ca. 2.5 mm long; spathe 2–3 cm long, ca. 2.5 cm wide, oblong, apex acuminate; spadix 1.5–3 cm long, 0.6–0.8 cm diam, subcylindric, apex acuminate, stipitate, stipe 0.75–2 mm + 1.4–2 mm. Gynoecium with apex 1.5–2 mm diam, stigma elliptic. Infructescence 7–9 cm long, 6 cm diam; berry to 10 + 8 mm, orange; seed subovoid, ca. 6–8 + 4–5 mm. Figures 2B, 23.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis rigidifolia is known only from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo), where it occurs at 220–950 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected between October and December, and fruiting material between January and February.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. rigidifolia is least concern (LC), based on 13 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the rather rigidly coriaceous leaves.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis rigidifolia was described by Engler based on three syntypes: Loefgren &amp; Edwall 1652 (B) from Peruibe, São Paulo, Mosén s.n. (S) from Santos, São Paulo and Schenk 815, (B) from Blumenau, Santa Catarina. Only one of these, Schenk 815, was found in this study, at the Berlin Herbarium (B), which we propose here as the lectotype. Heteropsis rigidifolia is easily recognized by its strongly coriaceous and rigid leaf blade with the veins prominent on both surfaces when dried. It is easily confused with H. salicifolia by the leaf shape with its cuspidate apex but differs from the latter by the truncate lateral buds, rigidity of the leaf blade, prominence of the veins and white spathe, which in H. salicifolia is greenish-yellow to cream. Furthermore, the leaf blade of H. rigidifolia is usually oblanceolate in the juvenile and climbing phases.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Bahia: Una, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.083332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.083332/lat -15.15)">Reserva Biológica do Mico-Leão</a>, 15 09 ' S 39 05 ' W, 14 Nov 1992, Thomas et al. 9447 (K ster, MO, NY fl) ; Parque Nacional de Monte Pascoal, 16 53 ' S 39 25 ' W, 11 Jan 1977, Harley et al. 17848 (K ster); 13 Jan 1977, Harley et al. 17921 (K ster); Wenceslau Guimarães, 31 Feb 1991, Mayo &amp; F. A. Carvalho 862 (CEPEC, K, MO ster). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, Rio Bonito, 31 Jan. 202, Kollmann &amp; Bausen 5454 (MBML fr) ; 15 Feb 2000, Demuner &amp; Bausen 717 (MBML fr). Minas Gerais: Marliéria, 13 Dec 2000, Temponi et al. 205 (VIC ster) . Paraná: Antonina, 19 Jan 1966, Hatschbach et al. 13555 (U ster); Curitiba, 1 Oct 1982, Hatschbach 33642 (MO fl); 24 Mar 1911, Dusen 11392 (K ster). Rio de Janeiro: 25 Jan 1998, Oliveira, 1424 (GUA fr). Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, 22 28 ' S 44 45 ' W, 7 Dec 1995, Braga et al. 3084 (RB fl); 21 Nov 1995, Nadruz et al. 1100 (RB fl); Parati, 20 Oct 1993, Marquete 1293 (RB fl). Santa Catarina: 2 Nov 1953, Reitz &amp; Klein 1098 (MO ster). Brusque, 10 Nov 1949, Reitz 3194 (U ster). São Paulo: Reserva Ecológica da Juréia, 19 Feb 1996, Costa et al. 127 (SP fr) ; 10 Mar 1982, Hatschbach &amp; Kummrow 45527 (CEPEC, K ster); 28 Nov 1991, Rossi 950 (SP fl); 18 Dec 1990, Mamede et al. 382 (SP fl).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF97FFADFF3AFBCD54EFFA13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF97FFAFFC84FA0E5482FD51.text	03A287E6FF97FFAFFC84FA0E5482FD51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis robusta (G. S. Bunting) M. L. Soares, Kew	<div><p>13. HETEROPSIS ROBUSTA (G. S. Bunting) M. L. Soares,</p><p>Kew Bulletin 64: 269. 2009. Heteropsis spruceana var. robusta G. S. Bunting, Phytologia 60: 303. 1986.</p><p>— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Território Federal Amazonas, 90–110 m, 4 Aug 1980, Francisco Guanchez 61 (holotype: MYF).</p><p>Plant scandent, branches slender, aerial roots 3–6 mm diam, greyish; internodes 2–5 cm + 2.6–4 mm, longitudinally striate when dried, quadrangular, yellowish; axillary buds 1–1.5 mm long, straight, apex sharply pointed. Petiole 3–7 + 1.2–2 mm, margin slightly sinuate; geniculum 2–4 mm long; leaf blade 10–24 + 4– 8 cm, ovate-lanceolate, dark green when fresh on both surfaces, dark green to pale brown when dried, matte, membranaceous, 0.13–0.26 mm thick, apex 1–3 cm long, caudate, base obtuse to shortly attenuate, margin slightly sinuate, midrib sulcate on upper surface, prominent, yellowish on lower surface, primary and secondary lateral veins arched in the direction of the apex, more easily seen on lower surface, submarginal collective vein 2–3 mm from the margin, with 1 marginal vein. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 3–6.5 cm long, slender, internodes 1–2.5 cm + 1.3–1.7 mm, yellowish when dry, slightly quadrangular; peduncle ca. 0.1 cm long; spathe 2–2.5 + ca. 2 cm, (closed spathe 2 + 0.7–0.9 cm) yellow on both surfaces, inflated, convolute, apex acuminate; spadix 1.5–2.5 + 0.6–1 cm, cylindric, yellowish-white, apex rounded to acuminate, stipitate, stipe 2 –3 + 1.1–1.6 mm. Stamens ca. 0.8 mm long, 0.7 mm wide; gynoecium ca. 1.25 + 0.8 mm, prismatic, locules 1–2 per ovary, ovules 1–2 per locule, anatropous, placentation sub-basal, stigma discoid to subdiscoid. Infructescence: 3–5.5 cm + 2–3.5 mm; berry obovoid, orange, 8–13 + 5–9 mm, apex 2–4 mm diam; seed 6–9 + 4–6 mm, subobovoid. Figures 2B, 24.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: titiquinha (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil); memidi, minñato, mamure (Venezuela); ninguno (Colombia).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis robusta occurs in moist evergreen tropical forest; fertile material has been collected at between 1.5 and 20 m above ground level. The species is known from Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, at 110– 1,000 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected between February and August, and fruiting material from April to December.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. robusta is least concern (LC), based on 27 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the larger size of the leaves of this taxon when compared with those of H. spruceana .</p><p>Notes— G. S. Bunting distinguished Heteropsis spruceana var. robusta from H. spruceana var. spruceana only by its larger and relatively broader leaf blades. However we regard it as a distinct species on the following character differences (character states for H. spruceanum in brackets): petiole 0.3–0.7 cm long, not twisted (subsessile, twisted); petiole margin slightly sinuate (smooth); leaf blade 10–24 + 4–8 cm (9 –14.7 + 3–4.7 cm); leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, apex caudate, base obtuse to shortly attenuate (ovate-elliptic, apex strongly attenuate, base cuneate to rounded), leaf blade surface matte (glossy and usually covered with bryophytes); spadix 1.5–2.5 + 0.6–1 cm (2–2.8 + ca. 0.5 cm); mature berry orange (yellowish-orange).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, Aeroporto, 29 Feb 1976, Ramos &amp; Mota 195 (INPA fr) ; 22 Apr 1971, Prance et al. 12220 (INPA, U fr); 7 Feb 1976, Monteiro &amp; Damião 159 (INPA, MO fr); Sena Madureira: Bacia do Rio Purus, 8 27 ' S, 71 21 ' W, 20 Sep 1994, Daly et al. 8279 (MO fl). Amazonas: Novo Aripuanã, 21 Apr 1985, Cid et al. 5684 (INPA fr) ; Serra do Aracá, 0 48 ' N, 63 18 ' W, 27 Feb 1984, Pipoly et al. 6711 (INPA fr); Rio Negro, 6 May 1971, Silva et al. 1278 (INPA fr); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 2 Sep 2003, Soares &amp; Amaral 530 (INPA fr). Pará: Altamira, 18 Aug 1978, Bahia 78 (MG fl, fr); Carajás, 7 Jun 1982, Sperling et al. 5965 (MG fl); Porto Trombetas, 15 Oct 1987, Knowles s.n. (INPA 154829 fl); Presidente Medici, 4 00 ' S, 55 04 ' W, 7 Feb 1976, s.c. (MO 3474604, fl). Roraima: Prance et al. 10660 (K ster).</p><p>COLOMBIA. Caquetá: Araracuara, 22 April 1989, Londono et al. 270 (MO ster) ; 0 37 ' S, 72 24 ' W, 10 Dec 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 2683 (MO ster). Chocó: 17 Jan 1979, Gentry &amp; Renteria 24281 (MO ster). Vaupés: 29 Aug 1976, Zarucchi 1923 (INPA, K fr) .</p><p>ECUADOR. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.01667/lat -0.45)">Gonzalo Pizarro</a>, 19 May 2002, Morales et al. 801 (MO fr). Napo: 0 27 ' S, 77 01 ' W, 6 Apr 1986, Backer et al. 6889 (MO fr); Guiana Takutu, 1 May 1992, Pennington &amp; Johnson 437 (K fr). Pastaza: 40 km ao <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.73333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.86667/lat -0.73333335)">Oriente de Montalvo</a>, 00 44 ' S, 76 52 ' W, 26 – 30 Apr 1990, Gudiño 252 (MO fr) ; Carretera de PETRO-CANADA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.916664/lat -1.25)">Via Auca</a>, 115 km al sur de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.916664/lat -1.25)">Coca</a>, 01 15 ' S, 76 55 ' W, 22–28 Feb 1989, Vlastimil Zak 4035 (MO fl) ; Rio Curaray, 29 Aug 1985, Palacios &amp; Neill 737 (MO fr) .</p><p>PERU. 23 Nov 1964, Dodson &amp; Torres 2973 (MO ster). Amazonas: 11 Mar 1973, Kayap 560 (MO fl); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.316666/lat -4.9166665)">Vale do Rio Santiago</a>, 3 50 ' S, 77 40 ' W, 6 Mar 1980, Tunqui et al. 1008 (MO fr). Imaza: 04 55 ' S, 78 19 ' W, 15 Jun 1996, Rodriguez &amp; Atamain 1056 (MO fr). Loreto: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.316666/lat -4.9166665)">Maynas</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.316666/lat -4.9166665)">Rio Nanay</a>, 28 Jun 1982, Gentry &amp; Revilla 15878 (K fr) ; 3 50 ' S, 73 30 ' W, 25 Feb 1981, Gentry et al. 31743 (MO fr); 3 50 ' S, 73 30 ' W, 19 Apr 1982, Gentry et al. 36483 (MO fr); 26 Mar 1979, Ayala 1704 (MO fr); 4 29 ' S, 73 35 ' W, 23 Nov 1990, Grandez &amp; Ruiz 2119 (MO ster). Iquitos: 12 May 1976, Rimachi 2241 (MO fr); Requena, Sapuena, Jenaro Herrera, 4 50 ' S, 73 45 ' W, 14 Sep 1987, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 9584 (MO fr). Madre de Dios: 41 km do Porto Maldonado, 24 Apr 1977, Gentry et al. 19736 (MO fr). Pasco: Oxapampa, 10 11 ' S, 75 13 ' W, 1 Dec 1982, Smith 2864 (MO fr); 10 20 ' S, 75 15 ' W, 12 May 2003, Lingan et al. 495 (MO ster); Pichinaki: 28 Jun 1982, Gentry et al. 37245 (MO fr); San Martins Mariscal Caceres: 26 May 1982, Schunke-V. 13653 (MO fr).</p><p>VENEZUELA. Atabapo: 3 40 ' N, 67 13 ' W, 3 May 1979, Davidse et al. 27115 (MO fl); 04 30 ' N, 65 48 ' W, Oct 1989, Delgado 760 (MO fr). Atures: Santa Rosa de Ucata, 4 24 ' N, 67 48 ' W – 4 24 ' N 67 46 ' W, 19 Apr 1989, Romero et al. 1832 (MO fr); 4 20 ' 25 '' N, 67 44 ' 12 '' W, 20 Jun 1992, Berry et al. 5157 (MO ster). Bolivar: Cedeño, Nov 1995, Knab-Vispo 220 (MO fr); 06 35 ' N, 64 45 ' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo &amp; Rodriguez 537 (MO ster); 06 35 ' N, 64 45 ' W, 25 Jun 1996, Knab-Vispo &amp; Rodriguez 579 (MO fl); 4 Jul 1984, Davidse &amp; Miller 26976 (MO fl); 4 30 ' N, 61 40 ' W, 5 Nov 1985, Liesner 19563 (K, MO fr); 05 19 ' N, 61 03 ' W, 27 Apr 1988, Liesner 23908 (MO ster); 4 23 ' N, 61 38 ' W, 21 Oct 1985, Liesner et al. 18888 (MO fr); Heres, 3 N, 62 W, 14 Feb 1981, Steyermark et al. 124288 (MO fl). Rio Negro: 0 50 ' N, 66 10 ' W, 4 –5 July 1984, Davidse &amp; Miller 26976 (MO fr) . San Carlos de Rio Negro, 1 56 ' N, 67 03 ' W, 7 Apr 1981, Clark &amp; Ribeiro s.n. (MO 2995016 fl); 1 56 ' N, 67 03 ' W, 12 May 1979, Liesner 7361 (MO fl, fr); 01 54 ' N, 65 55 ' W, 13 Oct 1987, Liesner &amp; Delascio 21899 (MO fr); Caño Moriche 5 30 ' N, 66 35 ' W, 27 Apr 1986, Zent 286 (MO ster) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF97FFAFFC84FA0E5482FD51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF95FFA0FC84FD4C53F8FDCE.text	03A287E6FF95FFA0FC84FD4C53F8FDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis salicifolia Kunth, Enum. Pl.	<div><p>14. HETEROPSIS SALICIFOLIA Kunth,</p><p>Enum. Pl. 3: 60. 1841.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. F. Sellow s n. (lectotype: K!, here designated).</p><p>Heteropsis riedeliana Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 9: 99. 1859. Heteropsis salicifolia var. riedeliana (Schott) Engl. in C. F. P. Martius (ed.), Fl. Bras. III. 2. 29 (1878), and in A. and C. De Candolle, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 100. 1879.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Riedel s.n. (holotype: LE).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; shoot with internodes 2– 4.5 cm long, 3–3.5 mm diam, longitudinally striate when dried, subquadrangular, flattened on one side, grey-green when dried; axillary bud 2–3 mm long, extrorse, apex acute. Petiole 3–7 mm long, 1–3 mm diam, canaliculate, margin paler and membranaceous when dried, sinuate towards the apex; geniculum ca. 3 mm long, dark when dried; leaf blade 8–17 cm long, 1.8–3.0 (–4) cm wide, lanceolate to obovate, when fresh dark green on both surfaces to slightly paler below, chartaceous, semi-glossy, when dried subcoriaceous, greenish brown, 0.09–0.18 mm thick, apex cuspidate to acuminate, base cuneate, midrib slightly sulcate adaxially, prominent, green to yellowish abaxially, primary lateral veins and interprimaries prominent on abaxial surface, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 1–2 (–2.5) mm distant from margin, external marginal veins 1–2. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2–11 cm long, internodes 2–3.5 cm long, 1–2.8 mm diam, greenish brown, slightly sulcate; peduncle 1–2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm diam, green; spathe 2– 4 cm long, when closed 0.7–0.8 cm diam, when open ca. 1.5 cm wide, obovate, convolute, yellow, greenish to pale cream, as long as the spadix, apex cuspidate, usually twisted; spadix 1.3–3.5 cm long, 5–8 mm diam, cylindric, apex rounded to acuminate, white-cream, stipitate, stipe 1–2 mm + 1.4–2 mm diam, yellowish-green, cylindric. Stamens 1.5–2 mm long, 1 mm wide, anthers ovate to elliptic; gynoecium ca. 2 mm long, 2.5 mm diam, prismatic, apex 1.25–2.5 mm diam, ovary 2-locular, ca. 1.5 mm long, locules filled with a translucid, mucilaginous substance, ovules 2 per locule, 0.4–0.5 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, placentation sub-basal, stigma oblong, depressed. Infructescence 2.5–5.5 cm long, 1.3–2 cm diam; berry 6–10 + 6–8 mm, green when immature, not seen when mature; seed 6–8 + 6–7 mm, obovoid, testa glossy. Figures 2B, 7F, 7G, 8C, 25.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis salicifolia occurs only in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), where it occurs up to 800 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in March, August and December, and fruiting mateiral in December and January.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. salicifolia is least concern (LC), based on 19 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the similarity of the leaf size and shape to those of the genus Salix .</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis salicifolia is known only from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It is highly branched and occurs at heights below 10 m in shaded forests. It is similar morphologically to H. oblongifolia but differs by its narrower leaf blades, non-revolute leaf margin, tertiary venation with the reticulations more distant from one another and especially by the spathe, which is ovate with a cuspidate and usually twisted apex. H. oblongifolia on the other hand, has a revolute leaf margin, strongly and more densely reticulated tertiary leaf venation and the spathe is oblong-ovate and inflated with a rounded to abruptly cuspidate apex which is only occasionally twisted.</p><p>Heteropsis salicifolia Kunth was originally based on an unnumbered collection made by Friedrich Sellow (also known as “Sello,” see Urban 1893) in Brazil (“Brasilia meridionalis”). This specimen would have been deposited at the Berlin Herbarium (B), which included Kunth’s own herbarium (Coelho and Mayo 2007: 215) but it no longer exists there. There are two drawings of herbarium specimens in Schott’s Icones Aroideae (Icones Nos. 3581, 3582; Nicolson and Riedl 1984, Schott 1984) determined by Schott as Heteropsis salicifolia which have the data “Hrb. Berol. Bras. Sellow”. Using the same arguments as previously given for H. oblongifolia, these most probably depict the holotype collection and just as in that case, there is a specimen at Kew (K). This has the label “ Heteropsis salicifolia . Kth. Ex Herb. Reg. Berolinense. 1859 Brasilia. Sello.” and can be accepted as originally an isotype. We therefore select this specimen as the lectotype.</p><p>Heteropsis riedeliana was described by Schott based on unnumbered material collected in Brazil by Ludwig Riedel and was later reduced by Engler (1878) as H. salicifolia var. riedeliana in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis. According to Engler the Riedel specimen was collected in Rio de Janeiro and later (Engler 1905) he states that the specimen is at Saint Petersburg Herbarium (LE). This is confirmed by the data on Schott’s Icones Nos. 3579 and 3580 (Nicolson and Riedl 1984).</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Bahia: Ilhéus, 8 Nov 2005, Soares et al. 750 (CEPEC, INPA, fl). Espirito Santo: Reserva Florestal de Linhares, 27 Nov 1997, Folli 3080 (RB fl) ; 23 Nov 1973, Pinheiro &amp; Santos 2226 (CEPEC fl), 20 Oct 1971; Santa Teresa, 30 Nov 2000, Demuner &amp; Bausen 1553 (INPA, MBML fl) ; Dois Irmãos, 20 Nov 1985, Boone 909 (BHCB, INPA, MBML, MO fl) ; Santo Antônio, mata do Boza, 17 Nov 2004, Soares et al. 601 (INPA, MBML fl) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.54361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.956667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.54361/lat -19.956667)">Fazenda Santa Lúcia</a>, 19 57 ' 24 '' S, 40 32 ' 37 '' W, 25 Nov 1999, Zappi et al. 442 (SP fl) ; Nova Lombardia, Goiapaboac ¸u, 2 Dec 1985, Boone 939 (CEPEC, INPA, MBML, MO, RB fl) ; Reserva Biológica A. Ruschi, 6 Nov 2001, Kollmann &amp; Bausen 4944 (INPA, MBML fl) ; 16 Apr 2002, Vervloet et al. 126 (INPA, MBML fr), 24 Oct 2002, Vervloet et al. 1271 (INPA, MBML fl); São Lourenc¸o-Caixa D’Agua, 30 Nov 1999, Demuner &amp; Pizziolo 273 (INPA, MBML fl). Minas Gerais: Caratinga-Matão, 19 Mar 1994, Lombardi 527 (BHCB fl) ; 24 Oct 1984, Lopes &amp; Andrade 594 (BHCB fl); 9 Nov 1985, Lopes &amp; Andrade 789 (BHCB fl); 11 Jan 1991, Stehmann s.n. (BHCB, MO fr); Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, 28 Aug 1993, Barbosa 28 (BHCB, MO fl) ; Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, 24 Mar 2000, Temponi et al. 102 (VIC fl) ; 12 Dec 2002, Temponi et al. 194 (VIC fr). Rio de Janeiro: 2 Oct 1874, Glaziou 6999 (P fl); 25 Nov 1981, Araújo 3695 (K fl); 14 Nov 1971, Sucre 1967 (MO, RB fl); 16 Sep 1987, Gomes et al. 235 (RB fl); Angra, 1 Dec 1992, Araújo et al. 9697 (GUA fl) ; Corcovado, 6 Dec 1825, Burchell 1125 (K ster) ; 16 Mar 1869, Glaziou 3113 (P ster); 1 Jun 1915, Hoehne 181 (SP fl); Itaguaí, 25 Nov 1981, Araújo 3695 (K fl) ; Santa Maria Madalena, 18 Feb 1981, Mayo et al. 559 (K, MO fr) ; Tijuca, Alto de Boa Vista, 20 Apr 1980, s.c. (MO ster). São Paulo: São Paulo, 24 Mar 1827, Burchell 4649 (K ster); Cubatão, 9 Dec 1826, Burchell 3492 (K fl) ; Interlagos, 10 Jan 1996, Cordeiro 1633 (SP fl), 1875, Mosen 3483 (P fl) ; Reserva Ecológica da Juréia, 6 Dec 1994, Cordeiro et al. 1468 (SP fr) ; Reserva Biológica do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, 22 Nov 1996, Jung &amp; De Barros 366 (SP fl) ; 6 Dec 1978, Wanderley 106 (SP fl); Vila Facchini, 31 Sep 1982, Saran et al. 2 (SP fl) ; 20 Apr 1980, Plowman 10099 (MO, RB ster).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF95FFA0FC84FD4C53F8FDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF9AFFA2FCEDFDDC53C2FD09.text	03A287E6FF9AFFA2FCEDFDDC53C2FD09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis spruceana Schott	<div><p>15. HETEROPSIS SPRUCEANA Schott,</p><p>Aroideae: 27. t. 60. 1856.</p><p>— TYPE: BRAZIL. Amazonas, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Jan–Aug. 1852, R. Spruce 2174 (holotype: G!; isotypes: K!, P! fl).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; stem flexuose, slender, internodes 2–5 cm long, 3–9 mm diam, quadrangular, longitudinally striate, dark green, yellowish when dried; axillary buds small, ca. 2 mm long, straight, apiculate. Petiole 1– 3 mm long, 0.9–1.5 mm wide, canaliculate, margin smooth to slightly sinuate towards the apex, membranaceous; geniculum ca. 2 mm long, apex acute; leaf blade 6–15 cm long, 2.5–4.7 (–5.5) cm wide, ovate to elliptic to lanceolate, dark green on both surfaces, often covered in mosses especially adaxially, subglossy on abaxial side, greenish-brown when dried, subcoriaceous when fresh, chartaceous to subcoriaceous when dried, margin sinuate, 0.10–0.17 mm thick, apex cuspidate to acuminate, 1–3 cm long, base obtuse to subacute, sometimes rounded, midrib sulcate and impressed on adaxial surface, prominent on abaxial surface, yellowish abaxially when dried, primary lateral veins and interprimaries subpatent, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.5–0.75 mm distant from margin, external marginal vein 1. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot slender, 1.4–6 cm long, usually with a linear cataphyll ca. 0.8 cm long at the apical node, internodes 0.5–2 cm long, 0.7–1.7 mm diam, pale brown when dried, quadrangular, usually with an axillary bud on the second internode; peduncle 2–5 mm long, ca. 1.3 mm diam, subcylindric, blackened when dried; spathe 1.5– 2.8 cm long, 6–8.5 mm diam, closed, oblong to obovate, convolute when open, shortly cuspidate, yellow, margin white; spadix 1.4–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1 cm diam, oblong-ellipsoid, greenish-cream, apex acute, stipitate, stipe 1.5–2.5 + 1.2–1.6 mm, dark when dried, quadrangular. Stamens 2–3.5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, anthers oval; gynoecium ca. 2 mm long, 2.25 mm diam, slightly prismatic, apex 1.5–3 mm diam, ovary ca. 1.7 mm long, 2 mm wide, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 1–2 per locule, 0.7–1 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, placentation axile with ovules inserted below the centre of the ovary, stigma discoid. Infructescence 1.7–2.3 cm long when immature, 2.5–4 cm long, 1.3–2.5 cm diam when mature; berry 5–8 + 4–7 mm, green when immature, yellow when pre-mature, yellow-orange when mature, obovoid; seed 4–6 + 3–5 mm, 1–2 per berry, surrounded by orange, sweet mucilage. Figures 2B, 4B, 4C, 7H, 8D, 9B, 9C, 26.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: cipó-titica, (Brazil), yare (Colombia), bejuco tripa de pollo, biñasta, munñate (Venezuela).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis spruceana occurs in dense terra firme ombrophilous forest in Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia, Guiana, Peru and Venezuela, at 50–1,200 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering collections of this species have been recorded for all months except March, April, and July, and fruiting collections are known for all months except January and March.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. spruceana is least concern (LC), based on 36 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet honors the botanist Richard Spruce, who collected the type specimen during his epic botanical exploration of the plants of Amazonia during the 19th century.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis spruceana is easily recognized by its slender, quadrangular stem, subsessile petiole, usually lanceolate, dark green leaf blade which frequently is covered adaxially with moss and is subglossy abaxially, and especially by the size of the inflorescence, the smallest in the genus. In a biophysical study of the roots of H. spruceana from the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke-RFAD (Soares Morais 2008) this species was shown to have a basic density similar to that of ten of the common commercial timbers of Amazonia, and despite having roots of smaller diameter, their density was similar to that of the other species of Heteropsis studied. In an ecological study in the same area (Soares Morais 2008), H. spruceana showed a significant preference for lower-lying terrain, a useful result from the standpoint of developing future sustainable management of populations.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Acre: 7 Feb 1976, Monteiro 159 (INPA, MG fr). Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 16 Apr 1998, Soares et al. 415 (INPA fr) ; 4 Feb 1998, Soares et al. 405 (INPA fl); 18 Apr 2003, Soares et al. 506 (INPA fr); 13 Feb 1996, Lima et al. 1363 (INPA, K fl); 1 May 2001, Kinupp &amp; Bernardi 1798 (INPA fr); 1 May 2001, Kinupp &amp; Bernardi 1819 (INPA fr); Manaus, 20 Nov 1984, Cabral s.n. (INPA 148343 fr) ; 18 Apr 1947, Froes 22164 (IAN fr); 5 Jun 1963, Rodrigues &amp; Chagas 5248 (INPA fr). Rio Cueiras, 4 Jun 1974, Campbell et al. P211905 (INPA, MG, U fr) ; Rio Negro, 18 Apr 1947, Froes 22164 (U fr) ; Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 9 Oct 1987, Cid et al. 9319 (INPA fr) ; São Gabriel da Cachoeira, 16 Feb 1971, Prance et al. 10552 (INPA fl) ; 20 Oct 1978, Madison et al. 497 (INPA fr); 11 Nov 1908, Pessoal do Museu s.n. (MG fr). Pará: Apr 1981, da Silva et al. 1712 (MG ster) ; 20 Jun 1949, Froes &amp; Black 24561 (IAN fl); s.d., Prance et al. 25577 (MG fr). Rondônia: 5 Feb 1983, Bilby et al. 23 (INPA fr). Roraima: 16 Feb 1971, Prance et al. 10552 (U fl); 2 Oct 1971, Prance et al. 13590 (INPA, U fl) .</p><p>COLOMBIA. Amazonas: 0 50 ' S 71 50 ' W, 29 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 1884 (MO fl). Caquetá: Araracuara 0 34 ' S 72 08 ' W, 16 Sep 1989, Londoño &amp; Moreno 804 (MO ster); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.77556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.0686111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.77556/lat 1.0686111)">Sierra del Chiribiquete</a>, 1 4 ' 07 '' N 72 46 ' 32 '' W, 20 Nov 1992, Franco et al. 4221 (MO ster) ; Guainía 3 38 ' N 67 52 ' W, 18 Mar 1998, Franco et al. 5870 (MO ster) .</p><p>GUYANA. 03 37 ' N 53 12 ' W, 14 Feb 1992, Croat 74219 (MO fl). Mazaruni 14 Jun 2004, Clarke et al. 12018 (U fr).</p><p>PERU. Loreto: 03 20 ' S 71 50 ' W, 12 Oct 1987, Vásquez &amp; Jaramillo 9737 (MO fr). Distrito Sargento Lopes, 04 07 ' 22 '' S 72 55 ' 31 '' W, 14 Apr 1997, Vásquez et al. 23142 (MO fr).</p><p>VENEZUELA. 2 54 ' 42 '' N 67 24 ' 12 '' W, 19 May 1979, Liesner 7546 (MO fl); 9 Mar 1996, Berry et al. 6141 (MO ster). Amazonas: 2 26 ' N 65 7 ' W, 26 Jan 1991, Stergios &amp; Yanez 14868 (MO ster); 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 17 Oct 1979, Clark 7336 (MO fl). Atabapo: 7 Jul 1992, Peres &amp; Sosa 308 (MO fr); 3 3 ' 0 '' N 65 48 ' 40 '' W, 24 Oct 1992, Perez &amp; Sosa JPB-440 (MO fl); 3 43 ' 40 '' N 65 48 ' 40 '' W, 24 Oct 1992, Peres &amp; Sosa 441 (MO fr); 1 56 ' N 67 4 ' W, 15 Nov 1977, Liesner 3532 (MO fr); 03 34 ' N 65 32 ' W, 26 Oct 1988, Liesner 25421 (MO fl); 03 34 ' N 65 32 ' W, 28 Oct 1988, Liesner 25562 (MO fl); 03 49 ' N 65 42 ' W, 1 Nov 1998, Liesner 25582 (MO fr); 03 49 ' N 65 42 ' W, 4 Nov 1988, Liesner 25792 (MO fr); Wankehe 6 Aug 1976, Lister 655 (K ster). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9833336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.683334/lat 4.9833336)">Atures</a>: 4 59 ' N 67 41 ' W, 9 May 1980, Steyermark et al. 122135 (MO ster) ; Sep 1989, Velazco 470 (MO fr). Bolivar: 04 55 ' N 62 49 ' W, Sep 1986, Fernandes 3301 (MO fl); 05 49 ' N 66 50 ' W, Oct 1989, Fernandes et al. 6473 (MO fl); 05 33 ' N 67 08 ' W, Oct 1989, Sanoja et al. 3302 (MO fr); 05 27 ' N 64 49 ' W, May 1989, Marin 344 (MO fr); 5 43 ' N 64 07 ' W, 2 Nov 1988, Aymard &amp; Fernandez 7191 (MO fr); 6 13 ' N 61 27 ' W, 3 Aug 1985, Aymard et al. 3927 (MO fl); 24 Aug 1961, Steyermark 89467 (K fl); 4 30 ' N 61 30 ' W, 1 Nov 1985, Liesner 19244 (MO fr); 04 30 ' N 61 40 ' W, 5 Nov 1985, Liesner 19576 (MO fr); 4 30 ' N 61 36 ' W, 2 Nov 1985, Liesner 19953 (MO fr); 05 00 ' N 61 10 ' W, 5 May 1988, Liesner 24228 (MO ster); 5 46 ' N 62 17 ' W, 3 May 1986, Liesner &amp; Holst 20557 (MO fl); 5 56 ' N 62 16 ' W, 16 May 1986, Liesner &amp; Host 20901 (MO fl); 6 12 ' N 64 28 ' W, 11 May 1982, Liesner &amp; Morillo 14019 (MO fr); 06 50 ' 00 '' N 64 50 ' 00 '' W 7 May 1997, Diaz et al. 3208 (MO fr); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.05/lat 1.9333334)">Casiquiare</a>, 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 25 Aug 1981, Clark &amp; Maquirino 8179 (MO ster) ; 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 7 Apr 1979, Liesner 6310 (MO fr). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">Rio Negro</a>: 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 21 Feb 1984, Liesner 16151 (MO fl) ; 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 8 Mar 1984, Liesner 16482 (MO ster); 14 –15 Oct 1987, 1 49 ' N 65 44 ' W, Liesner &amp; Delascio 21926 (MO fl); 1 49 ' N 65 44 ' W, 5 Nov 1987, Liesner &amp; Carnevali 22832 (MO fr); 00 50 ' N 66 10 ' W; 12 Apr 1984, Plowman &amp; Thomas 13553 (MO fr); Rio Mawarinuma, 20 Feb 1985, Boom &amp; Weitzman 5916 (INPA, K, MO, U fl) ; 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 26 Nov 1984, Croat 59323 (K, MO fr).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF9AFFA2FCEDFDDC53C2FD09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF98FFA4FCEDFD145173F8C2.text	03A287E6FF98FFA4FCEDFD145173F8C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis steyermarkii G. S. Bunting 1986	<div><p>16. HETEROPSIS STEYERMARKII G. S. Bunting,</p><p>Phytologia 60: 306. 1986.</p><p>— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Depto. Río Negro, Territorio Federal do Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 1.5833333)">Río Yatua</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 1.5833333)">Cerro Aruicua</a>, 1 35 ' N, 66 10 ' W, ca. 125 m, 11–12 Apr 1970, J. A. Steyermark &amp; G. S. Bunting 102607 (holotype: VEN; isotypes: K!, MO! ster).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; stem much-branched, internodes 0.7–5 cm long, 3–6 mm diam, subcylindric, longitudinally striate, greyish green, glossy, asperate when dried; axillary buds 1–3 mm long, apex rounded. Petiole 4–9 cm long including the sheath, free petiole 2–8 mm long, 1.6– 3 mm diam, sheath with membranaceous margin, chestnut brown, paler than blade when dried; geniculum 0.5–1.7 cm long, dark brown; leaf blade 16–38 cm long, 3–11 cm wide, oblong to elliptic, subcoriaceous, fragile, adaxial surface dark brown when dried, subglossy, abaxial surface glaucous, lustrous, margin revolute, young leaf blade bronze to vinaceous on adaxial surface, silvery on abaxial, 0.12–0.35 mm thick, apex acute to acuminate, 0.75–1.5 cm long, base truncate to rounded, midrib sulcate on adaxial surface, prominent on abaxial surface, yellowish when dried, lateral veins numerous, arched, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 0.25 mm from the margin, external marginal vein absent. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 3–10 (–15) cm long, cataphylls, when present at the apical nodes, 1–2, linear, 3.5–9 cm long, caducous after anthesis, internodes 0.5–2 cm long, 1.6–3.6 mm diam, dark brown when dried, cylindric, buds usually present on the first and second internodes; peduncle 0.7–2.3 cm long, 1.4–5 mm diam, cylindric, green; spathe (young, still closed) 2–5 cm long, 1.4–2 cm diam, fusiform to inflated, apex acuminate, 1–2 cm long, expanded when mature, 6–7.5 cm long, ca. 6 cm wide, convolute, yellowish-green externally, cream to rose or violet internally; spadix 2–5 cm long, 0.3–1 cm diam, ellipsoid, apex obtuse to rounded, greyish to pale green, rose to violet, stipitate, stipe 5–10 + 1.2 –3 mm, pale green, cylindric. Stamens 1.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, anthers ellipsoid; gynoecium 1.5– 2 mm long, 1.5–1.75 mm diam, obpyramidal to truncate, apex 1.5–2.5 mm diam, ovary ca. 1.3 mm long, 1 mm wide, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 2 per locule, 0.5–0.6 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, placentation axile, stigma discoid to oblong. Infructescence: 4.5–7.5 cm long, 1.5–3 cm diam when mature; berry 4–8 + 3–7 mm, green when immature, orange when mature, subcylindric; seed 5–13 + 3–5 mm, 2 per berry, testa foveolate. Figures 3, 4A, 4E, 7I, 7J, 8E, 8F, 27.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: bejuco (Guiana); guambe de cuamate, hoja de diablo (Venezuela).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis steyermarkii is known from dense ombrophilous terra firme forest, usually in lower-lying terrain, in Brazil (Roraima and Amazonas), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, and Venezuela, occurring between 10–1,000 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering specimens have been collected in January, March, April, May, September, and November and fruiting material in May and September.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. steyermarkii is least concern (LC), based on 19 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet honors Julian Steyermark, renowned for his botanical explorations of the tepuis of Venezuela, among many other outstanding achievements.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis steyermarkii is easily recognized without flowers by its long, sheathed petiole and the leaf blade with its glaucous (greyish) abaxial surface. Its vinaceous flowering spadix is also highly characteristic. This species differs markedly from the rest, except in the case of H. melinonii, which may be conspecific. Although H. steyermarkii and H. spruceana both have roots of smaller diameter than the others of the Ducke Reserve, both have a density similar to that of the wood of ten common Amazonian timbers, as do the roots of the other species of Heteropsis studied anatomically by Soares Morais (2008). H. steyermarkii is also similar to H. spruceana ecologically in its preference for low-lying terrain within forest.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BRAZIL. Amazonas: Borba, BR 230, 8 May 1985, Henderson et al. 366 (INPA fl) ; Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, 22 Feb 1996, Sothers 794 (INPA ster) ; Costa et al. 738 (INPA fl); 22 Nov 1995, Soares et al. 240 (INPA ster); 26 Nov 2002, Soares et al. 504 (INPA fl); 8 May 2003, Soares et al. 505 (INPA fl); Manaus, estrada Manaus-Porto Velho, 14 Jul 1972, Silva et al. 748 (INPA fl) ; Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 29 Sep 1999, Soares &amp; Amaral 425 (INPA fl, fr) ; Feb 1959, Rodrigues et al. 1013 (INPA ster). Roraima: s. d., William 2409 (K ster) .</p><p>COLOMBIA. 2 12 ' N 68 12 ' W, 8 Sep 1992, Cortez et al. 318 (MO ster). Caquetá: 0 37 ' S 72 24 ' W, 9 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden et al. 941 (MO ster).</p><p>ECUADOR. Pastaza: 0 50 ' S 71 50 ' W, 25 Nov 1991, Duivenvoorden 1625 (MO ster).</p><p>FRENCH GUIANA. Acarouany, 28 Mar 1905, Benoist 658 (P fl) ; 20 Nov 1914, Benoist 1113 (P fl); 5 31 ' N 53 33 ' W, 17 Jan 1997, Cremers 14560 (MO fl); 20 Dec 1920, Wachenheim s.n. (P fl). Crique Cyathea, 17 Jan 1997, Cremers 14560 (MO, U fl).</p><p>GUYANA. Siparuni, Essequibo River, 19 Mar 1996, Hoffman &amp; Allicock 5069 (U ster).</p><p>VENEZUELA. Amazonas: 3 45 ' N, 66 45 ' W, 125– 400 m, 3 May 1970, J. A. Steyermark &amp; G. S. Bunting 103056 (MO fr, VEN not seen). 01 56 ' 14 '' N 67 03 ' 37 '' W, 26 Mar 2000, Berry &amp; Aymard 7214 (MO fl). Atabapo: 3 36 ' N 66 34 ' W, 8 May 1979, Davidse et al. 17453 (K, MO fl). Cassiquiare, arredor Javita, 6–19 Jul 1969, Bunting et al. 3907 (U ster); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.81111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.7277777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.81111/lat 3.7277777)">Rio Cunucunuma</a>, 3 43 ' 40 '' N 65 48 ' 40 '' W, 29 Jan 1993, Perez &amp; Sosa 655 (MO fl). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.6666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.6666667/lat 0.6666667)">Rio Negro</a>, 17 Apr 1970, Steyermark &amp; Bunting 102742 (MO fl) ; 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 7 Apr 1979, Liesner 6347 (MO fr); 1 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, 12 Apr 1979, Liesner 6565 (MO fl); 01 56 ' N 67 03 ' W, May 1979, Liesner 7516 (MO ster); 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 21 Feb 1984, Liesner 16156 (MO ster); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.8166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.73333/lat 1.8166666)">Rio Siapa</a>, 01 49 ' N 65 44 ' W, 4 Nov 1987, Liesner &amp; Carnevali 22799 (MO ster) ; 01 51 ' N 67 03 ' W, 11 Nov 1987, Liesner &amp; Carnevali 22986 (MO fl); 03 44 ' N 65 44 ' W, 10 Oct 1988, Liesner 24641 (MO ster); 03 34 ' N 65 32 ' W, 27 Oct 1988, Liesner 25500 (MO fl); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.166664/lat 0.8333333)">Rio Mawarinuma</a>, 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 26 Nov 1984, Croat 59335 (MO fl) ; 1 57 ' N 67 02 ' W, 6 Dec 1984, Croat 59646 (MO ster); 0 50 ' N 66 10 ' W, 20 Mar 1984, Liesner 16853 (MO fl).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF98FFA4FCEDFD145173F8C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF9EFFA6FF20F8E7543BFDCE.text	03A287E6FF9EFFA6FF20F8E7543BFDCE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis tenuispadix G. S. Bunting	<div><p>17. HETEROPSIS TENUISPADIX G. S. Bunting,</p><p>Phytologia 60: 306. 1986.</p><p>— TYPE: VENEZUELA. Territorio Federal do Amazonas, ca. 130 m, 28 Mar 1976, P. E. Berry 2189 (holotype: VEN; isotypes: MO!, MYF).</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; shoot flexuose, usually tortuose, internodes 1–5 cm long, 3–5 mm diam, subcylindric, longitudinally striate, pale green, grey brown, and asperous when dried; axillary buds ca. 2 mm long, with acutely pointed apex. Petiole 0.6–1 cm long, 0.9–1.5 cm diam, canaliculate, margin sinuate, paler than the blade; geniculum 4–6 mm long, dark green; leaf blade 11–21 cm long, 4–9 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, subcoriaceous, adaxial surface dark green, abaxial surface pale green, subglossy on both surfaces, greenish-brown when dried, margin somewhat sinuate, 0.16–0.32 mm thick, apex acuminate to attenuate, 1–2.8 cm long, base cuneate to rounded, midrib sulcate and impressed on the adaxial surface, prominent on the abaxial surface, paler green than the blade, primary lateral veins and interprimaries patent to arching, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, 1–2.5 mm distant from the margin, external marginal vein 1. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2.3– 8(–10) cm long, cataphyll at apical node linear (when present), ca. 4.2 cm long, leaf blade of leaves at apical nodes 12–15 cm long, 3–5.5 cm wide, internodes 0.5– 2.6 cm long, 1.3–2.3 mm diam, dark brown when dried, subcylindric, buds usually present on the first, second, and third internodes; peduncle 3–5 mm long, 1.2–2 mm diam, cylindric; spathe 2–3.5 cm long, 4–6 mm diam, closed, elliptic to ovate, cream to white, pendent after anthesis, apex acuminate; spadix 2–3.4 cm long, 3.5–5 mm diam, ellipsoid, apex acute, greenish-cream, stipitate, stipe 4–7 + 0.5–1.4 mm, cylindric, yellowish-green, yellow when in fruit. Stamens 1– 2 mm long, 0.75–1.25 mm wide, anthers obovate; gynoecium 2–2.5 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam, truncate, apex 2–3 mm diam, ovary 1.5–1.7 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, locules 2 per ovary, ovules 2 per locule, 0.5–0.8 mm long, anatropous, subsessile, embedded in translucent mucilage, placentation sub-basal, stigma sub-discoid. Infructescence 3–4.5 cm long, 1.4–2.5 cm diam when mature; berry 5–15 + 5–10 mm, green when immature, yellowish to orange when mature, obovoid-subcylindric; seed 5–13 + 3–9 mm, obovoid, 2 per berry, with rugose testa, embedded in orange mucilage. Figures 3, 7L, 7M, 8I, 9E, 9F, 10, 28.</p><p>Common Names— The following common names have been recorded for this species: cipó-titica (Brazil), yare (Colombia).</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis tenuispadix occurs in dense terra firme ombrophilous forest, and also in secondary forest, in Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, and Venezuela, occurring between 30 and 240 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— Flowering and fruiting specimens have been collected throughout the year except April (for flowering) and November (for fruiting).</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. tenuispadix is least concern (LC), based on 24 localities and a 50 km cell width (auto value cell size option for area of occupancy).</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the slender spadix of this species.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis tenuispadix shows morphological similarities with H. robusta, but differs in its cylindric stem, petiole length (0.6–1 cm long), patent or gently arched venation with sparser reticulations. The best distinguishing characters are found in the inflorescence, the peduncle 3–5 mm long, a yellowish-green spadix stipe 4–7 mm long and the spathe pale cream to white and pendent prior to its shedding. H. robusta has a quadrangular stem, yellowish when dried, the petiole is 3–7 cm long and the venation is arched; the flowering shoot has quadrangular internodes, the spadix has a peduncle 1 mm long, the stipe 2–3 mm long, the spathe yellow, inflated and convolute. Morphometric studies (Soares et al. 2011) of the leaves from the plagiotropic shoots in species of Heteropsis from the Ducke Reserve found that leaf outline shape in H. tenuispadix is distinct from the other four species studied. Ecologically H. tenuispadix is also distinct occurring significantly more frequently in soils of higher clay content, whereas the reverse is the case in H. spruceana . Field observations established that plagiotropic shoots in H. tenuispadix usually have six to eight leaves, exceptionally ten, and the branches have an obovate overall outline, i.e. the leaves increase in size towards the shoot apex. This morphology differs from that of H. flexuosa, in which the leaves decrease in size towards the shoot apex. In H. tenuispadix the internodes of the plagiotropic shoots have a zig-zag orientation, especially notable in living specimens, which also differentiates the species from others.</p><p>Additional Specimens Examined— BOLIVIA. La Paz, Franz Tamayo 14 58 ' 6 '' S 67 46 ' 53 '' W, 29 Jan 2002, Quintana et al. 203 (MO fr).</p><p>BRAZIL. Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul, 22 Apr 1971, Prance et al. 12220 (K fr). Amapá: 10 Mar 2001, Cesarino 22 (HAMAB, INPA, UB fr); 1 Mar 2005, Pereira &amp; Cardoso 1063 (HAMAB, INPA, RB fr); 6 Dec 2005, Pereira &amp; Nazaré 1363 (HAMAB, INPA, RB fl); Macapá, 1 30 ' N 53 30 ' W, 30 Dec 1984, Mori &amp; Cardoso 17552 (MO fl, fr). Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 4 Mar 1994, Vicentini 416 (INPA fr); 24 Jan 1995, Vicentini et al. 806 (INPA fr); 26 Mar 1996, Sothers &amp; Silva 834 (INPA fr); 25 Apr 1996, Sothers 855 (INPA fr); 5 Feb 1998, Gomes 24 (INPA fl); 3 Jul 1993, Ribeiro et al. 987 (INPA fr); 6 Sep 1966, Prance et al. 2193 (INPA fr); 7 Mar 1995, Nascimento 782 (INPA fr); 28 Dec 1995, Souza et al. 195 (INPA fl); 12 Dec 1996, Costa &amp; Pereira 565 (INPA fr); 22 Nov 1995, Costa &amp; Assunção 431 (INPA fl); 13 Nov 1991, Soares et al. 161 (INPA fl); 27 Nov 1995, Soares et al. 276 (INPA ster); 20 Feb 2002, Soares et al. 493 (INPA fl); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 495 (INPA fl, fr); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 500 (INPA fl); 22 Mar 2002, Soares et al. 507 (INPA fl); 8 May 2002, Soares et al. 508 (INPA fr); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 560 (INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 561 (INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 562 (INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 563 (INPA fl); 30 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 564 (INPA fl); 31 Jan 2004, Soares et al. 565 (INPA fl); 12 Feb 1992, Nee 42512 (MO fl); 1 May 2001, Kinupp 1797 (INPA fl); 1 May 2001, Kinupp 1808 (INPA fl); 29 Mar 2001, Kinupp 2079 (INPA fr); 6 May 1966, Rodrigues 7803 (INPA fr); 14 Aug 1957, Rodrigues 536 (INPA fr); Coari, 22 Jan 1989, Miralha et al. 150 (INPA fl); Manaus, Distrito Agropecuário, 2 24 ' 26 '' S 59 43 ' 40 '' W, Nov 1991, Oliveira et al. 227 (INPA fl); 8 Aug 1979, Cid et al. 10 (INPA fl); 4 Mar 1955, Chagas s.n. (INPA 849 fr); 18 Apr 1956, Chagas s.n. (INPA 3756 fr); 7 Aug 1956, Ernani s.n. (INPA 4050 fl); 28 Nov 1955, Coelho, s.n. (INPA 2984, RB fl); 2 19 ' S 60 05 ' W, 12 Feb 1992, Nee 42512 (INPA fl); 10 Jun 1972, Pires &amp; Lima 83 (INPA fr); 30 Aug 1973, Lisboa 18 (INPA fr); 16 Mar 1971, 19 Dec 1982, Plowman et al. 12629 (INPA fl); 14 Nov 1955, Rodrigues s.n. (INPA 2900, RB fl); 23 Nov 1955, Rodrigues s.n. (INPA 2962, RB fr); 31 Oct 1962, Rodrigues &amp; Lima 4731 (INPA fr); 16 Mar 1971, Rodrigues 9013 (INPA fr). Manaus, 27 Nov 2002, Souza et al. 431 (INPA fl); 23 Nov 2000, Souza et al. 406 (INPA fl). Maués, 26 Jul 1983, Zarucchi et al. 3196 (INPA fl, fr); São Gabriel da Cachoeira, 26 Oct 1947, Pires et al. 772 (IAN fl); 4 Mar 1975, Cordeiro 457 (IAN fl); Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 29 Sep 1999, Soares et al. 440 (INPA, MO ster). Pará: Acará, Jacarequara, 23 Feb 1966, Silva s.n. (MG 31628 fl); Belém, 8 May 1991, Bahia 135 (MG fr); 27 May 1960, Oliveira 825 (IAN fr); Melgac¸o, 21 May 2002, Oliveira et al. 409 (MG fr); 7 Mar 1970, Silva 2942 (IAN fl); Mosqueiro, 13 Mar 1968, Sastre 133 (P fr); Oriximinã, 29 Jun 1980, Davidson &amp; Martinelli 10575 (INPA fl); 31 Jun 1980, Davidson &amp; Martinelli 10659 (INPA fl); Santarém, Feb 1955, Froes 31549 (IAN ster); s.d. Silva 471 (IAN ster); Tucuruí, 24 Mar 1981, Silva et al. 1422 (MG fr); 3 52 ' S 49 44 ' W, 15 Mar 1980, Plowman et al. 9555 (IAN, INPA fr); Vila do Anani, 16 Dec 1993, Oliveira et al. 125 (MG fr), 16 Dec 1993, Oliveira et al. 129 (MG fr). Rondônia: 11 Feb 1983, Silva et al. 107 (INPA fr). Roraima: 14 Mar 1971, Prance et al. 10965 (INPA, MO fl).</p><p>COLOMBIA: Guaviare, 25 Feb 1995, Cordobá et al. s.n. (MO ster); 2 39 ' 02 '' N 71 07 ' 20 '' W, 15 Jan 1996, Cárdenas et al. 7029 (MO ster) .</p><p>GUYANA: 5 17 ' N 53 03 ' W, 16 Mar 1998, Prévost 3490 (MO fr); Demerara, 24 Jul 1988, Ter Steege &amp; Jager 440 (K fr) ; Kabrora, Moruca River, 16 Oct 1997, van Andel et al. 1996 (MO, U fl) ; Rupununi, 2 Feb 1991, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 2302 (MO fl) ; 3 10 ' N 59 24 ' W, 6 Jul 1995, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 4393 (K, MO, P, U fl) .</p><p>PERU. Loreto: 9 Nov 1985, Vasques &amp; Jaramillo 4604 (MO fl).</p><p>SURINAM. Pomeroon-Supenaam, 7 28 ' N 59 02 ' W, 23 Jul 1997, Hoffman &amp; Ehringhaus 5132 (MO fr).</p><p>VENEZUELA. 11 – 12 Apr 1970, Steyermark &amp; Bunting 102601 (MO ster); 18 Sep 1975, Berry 1417 (MO fl), 14 Aug 1982, Croat 55049 (MO ster); Aripão, 10 Sep 1994, Rosales et al. 1280 (MO ster). Atabapo: 10 Jan 1988, Stergios et al. 11526 (MO fl). Atures: 5 33 ' N 67 27 ' W, 21 Jun 1984, Miller et al. 1599 (MO fl). Bolivar: Cedeño, 6 35 ' 00 '' N 64 45 ' 00 '' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo &amp; Rodriguez 534 (MO ster); 6 35 ' 00 '' N 64 45 ' 00 '' W, 20 Apr 1996, Knab-Vispo &amp; Rodriguez 535 (MO ster); 4 30 ' N 61 40 ' W, 5 Nov 1985, Liesner 19568 (MO fr).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF9EFFA6FF20F8E7543BFDCE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF9CFFB8FCEDFDDF51F3FD92.text	03A287E6FF9CFFB8FCEDFDDF51F3FD92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis vasquezii Croat & M. L. Soares 2013	<div><p>18. Heteropsis vasquezii Croat &amp; M. L. Soares sp. nov.</p><p>— TYPE: PERU. Loreto: Requena, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat -4.8333335)">Sapuena</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.75/lat -4.8333335)">Jenaro Herrera</a>, bosque primário, 04 50 ' S, 73 45 ' W, 170 m, 13 Sep 1987, R. Vásquez &amp; N. Jaramillo 9551 (holotype: MO!; isotype: INPA! fr).</p><p>Planta hemiepiphytica; internodia 1.7–8 cm longa, 5– 9 mm diam; folia ramulorum plagiotropium petiolo 2–2.3 cm longo, 4–5 mm diam (in sicco), lamina elliptica, 35–55 cm longa, 14–24 cm lata, nervis primariis lateralibus utroque 14–25, venis tenuibus reticulatis obscuris instructa; spadix 9.5 cm longus, 1.2–1.8 cm diam.</p><p>Plant a scandent hemi-epiphyte; stem thick, internodes 1.7–8 cm long, 5–9 mm diam, subcylindric, widely sulcate on one side, slightly striate longitudinally, dark brown, semi-glossy when dried; axillary buds 8–10 mm long, straight with rounded apex. Petiole 2–2.3 cm long, 4–5 mm diam, strongly canaliculate, dark brown, margin smooth; geniculum ca. 1.5 cm long, black when dried; leaf blade 35–55 cm long, 14–24 cm wide, elliptic, conspicuously coriaceous, dark brown adaxially, matte brown abaxially, margin revolute, slightly sinuate, 0.87–0.95 mm thick, apex slightly acuminate, base acute to obtuse, midrib adaxially sulcate and the same color as the blade, abaxially prominent, rounded, darker brown than the blade, primary lateral veins 14–25 on each side, obscured adaxially, prominent abaxially, similar in color to blade, finer reticulated veins obscured, infra-marginal collective vein prominent, ca. 2 mm distant from margin, external marginal vein lacking. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, flowering shoot 2–9 cm long, internodes 0.5–2.5 cm long, 7–8 mm diam, dark brown when dried, subcylindric, widely sulcate on one side, axillary bud present on second internode; peduncle ca. 0.5 mm long, cylindric, thick; spathe not seen; spadix ca. 9.5 cm long, 1.2–1.8 cm diam, ellipsoid, apex obtuse, dark matte brown, shortly stipitate. Gynoecium 4–5 mm diam, irregularly angular to truncate. Infructescence ca. 12 cm long, 3.3 cm diam; berry 4–8 mm diam, green when immature, truncate, dark brown when dried with pale brown apex. Figures 3, 29.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis vasquezii was collected in dense ombrophilous terra firme forest and is known only from the type locality in Loreto department in Peru, occurring at 150 m alt.</p><p>Phenology— The single known specimen is in young fruiting stage and was collected in September.</p><p>Conservation Status— Using guidance from the Geocat (2012) online tool, the preliminary conservation assessment of H. vasquezii is data deficient (DD), since this species is currently known only from a single locality.</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet honors the collector of the type specimen, Rodolfo Vásquez, who has contributed greatly to the collections of Araceae from tropical South America and thus improved scientific knowledge of the family.</p><p>Notes— This species is recognized by its extremely wide, elliptic leaf blade which dries to a dark brown color adaxially and matte brown abaxially, with the primary lateral veins conspicuously more prominent than the interprimaries. Heteropsis vasquezii is easily distinguished from other species by the width of the leaf blade.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF9CFFB8FCEDFDDF51F3FD92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
03A287E6FF82FFB8FF09FDA75113F9C6.text	03A287E6FF82FFB8FF09FDA75113F9C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteropsis melinonii (Engl.) A. M. E. Jonker and Jonker, Acta Bot. Neerl.	<div><p>Doubtful Names— HETEROPSIS MELINONII (Engl.) A. M. E. Jonker and Jonker,</p><p>Acta Bot. Neerl. 2: 356. 1953. Rhodospatha blanda subsp. melinonii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 483. 1881. Rhodospatha melinonii (Engl.) Engl. and K. Krause in Engler, Pflanzenr., IV, 23 B: 96. 1908.</p><p>— TYPE: FRENCH GUIANA. On the banks of the Rio Maroni, Mélinon 91, Mélinon 817 (syntypes: P! ster) .</p><p>Plant a hemi-epiphyte. Petiole ca. 6 cm long, sheath persistent, 6 mm broad on each side at the base, narrowing towards the apex, terminating in a geniculum 6–8 mm long; leaf blade 24 cm long, 10 cm wide, coriaceous, adaxially green, abaxially paler and glaucous-pruinose, oblong, apex shortly apiculate, base obtuse, lateral veins numerous and undifferentiated, arising from the midrib at an angle of ca. 90, midrib well-differentiated, impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially. Peduncle and fertile parts unknown.</p><p>Habitat and Distribution— Heteropsis melinonii was described from lowland forest in French Guiana.</p><p>Etymology— The specific epithet refers to the botanist Eugène Mélinon, the collector of the syntypes.</p><p>Notes— Heteropsis melinonii was described by Engler as Rhodospatha blanda subsp. melinonii, based on two sterile specimens collected in French Guiana by Mélinon (Mélinon 91, Mélinon 817) and held at the Herbarium of the Paris Museum (P). Later, Engler and Krause promoted the subspecies to specific rank and redescribed the taxon based on the same specimens as Rhodospatha melinonii (Engl.) Engl. &amp; Krause; our description is a translation of theirs. Jonker-Verhoef and Jonker (1953) transferred this species to Heteropsis . We have so far been unable to locate these specimens at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (P) in Paris. The description of H. melinonii shows some striking resemblances to H. steyermarkii, particularly in the pruinose abaxial leaf surface, the oblong leaf blade and especially the free, long-sheathed petioles and the two taxa may well be conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287E6FF82FFB8FF09FDA75113F9C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Soares, M. Lourdes;Mayo, Simon J.;Gribel, Rogério	Soares, M. Lourdes, Mayo, Simon J., Gribel, Rogério (2013): A Preliminary Taxonomic Revision of Heteropsis (Araceae). Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 38 (4): 925-974, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X674715, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413x674715
