taxonID	type	description	language	source
038A142D643EB25D264CFD2BB69DF8C5.taxon	description	Ab omnibus speciebus Oxandrae floribus extra-axillaribus, spongosis differt. — Typus: Kennedy & Breedlove 1422 (holo L), Mexico, Chiapas, km 3 of road from Ocozocoautla to Malpasol, c. 0.6 km up the stream bed toward hill, 2700 ft, 2 Aug. 1972. Tree to c. 5 m tall, diam not recorded; young twigs sparsely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 3 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 4 – 8 by 1.5 – 2.5 cm (leaf index 2.5 – 3.2), chartaceous, not verruculose, dull and green above, glaucous green below, glabrous above, covered with some appressed hairs mainly along primary vein below, base acute and slightly attenuate, apex bluntly acute, primary vein flat to impressed above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 10 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 60 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 2 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves; pedicels 3 – 5 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, rather densely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 2, broadly ovate-triangular, 1 – 1.5 by 1 – 1.5 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose; sepals broadly ovate-triangular, 1.5 – 2.5 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; petals cream to pale green in vivo, ‘ spongy’, 1.5 – 2.5 mm thick in vivo, elliptic, c. 8 by 5 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; stamens c. 50, 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex of connective depressed ovate; carpels c. 15. Monocarps and seed not seen. Distribution — Mexico (Chiapas). Habitat & Ecology — In deciduous forest. At an elevation of c. 900 m. Flowering: August; fruiting: not recorded. Field observations — Petals thick, spongy, 1.5 – 2.5 mm thick (Kennedy & Breedlove 1422). Note — Oxandra aberrans, only known from the type collection, is unique in the genus by the position of its flowers, which are placed opposite the leaves instead of axillary. Other remarkable features of this species are the low number of bracts (2), and the ‘ spongy’, hairy petals.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D643EB251264DF8F9B3AAFAC9.taxon	description	Oxandra asbeckii (Pulle) R. E. Fr. (1931) 167, f. 5 a, b. — Bocagea asbeckii Pulle (1909) 262. — Type: Van Asbeck 81 (holo U), Suriname, Patrick Savanne, July 1907. Tree or shrub 4 – 25 m tall, 5 – 25 cm diam; young twigs densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic, rarely elliptic, 7 – 13 by 3 – 5 cm (leaf index 2 – 3.1), chartaceous, rather densely verruculose mostly below, shiny and greyish green above, grey to brown and often glaucous below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with some appressed hairs along the primary vein below, base acute to attenuate, rarely obtuse, apex long-acuminate (acumen 5 – 20 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 6 – 7 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 60 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 3 – 5 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels 1 – 5 mm long, 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 3 – 7 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 3 – 7, depressed ovate, 1 – 1.5 mm long, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds subglobose to ellipsoid; sepals broadly ovate, 1.5 – 2 by 1.5 – 2 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; petals white in vivo, ovate, 6 – 9 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 9 – 12, 3 – 3.5 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 7. Monocarps 1 – 7, green, maturing purple to finally dark purple to black in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 15 – 30 by 8 – 14 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum to c. 1 mm long), wall 0.5 – 1 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 15 – 20 by 8 – 10 mm, brown, surface minutely pitted to transversely striate, ruminations spiniform or peg-shaped. Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas), Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated rainforest, Wallaba forest, low caatinga forest, campinarana (with a layer of litter and humus 10 – 30 cm deep), or rarely inundated forest, on brown sands, white sands or on lateritic soil. At elevations of 0 – 800 m. Flowering: April, May, November; fruiting: July to March. Vernacular names — Colombia: Cajao-dujeco (Muinane name, Urrego G. et al. 643), Carguero de vara (Mohr & Sosa 49). French Guiana: Aso mato, Bi pao, Gie pawoe (Saramaca name, Mori et al. 23388), Mi-Pente, Moemba, Mouamba (Para- maca name, Mori et al. 23388), Bamba (Saramaca name, Villiers 5255 bis), Moemba (Boni name, Fleury 161, 830), Mwemba (Boni name, Fleury 347), Npomba (Djuka name, Sauvain 451). Guyana: Karashiri (Arawak name, FDBG 2727, 3789, 4836), Karishiri (Arawak name, Ek 833, Persaud 339, 343, University of Guyana, Course Neotropical Botany 55). Suriname: Echte pikapika (Surinamese Dutch name, Schulz LBB 7667), Foedida (Stahel, Woodherbarium Suriname 271), Hansoe matoe (Saramaca name, Van Donselaar 3499), Mamba (Aucan name, Van Donselaar 1024), Mwamba (Aucan name, Van Donselaar 3499), Pikapika (Sranang name, Van Donselaar 1024, 3499, Lanjouw & Lindeman 2165, Lindeman 6988, Schulz LBB 8050, Van Andel 4639), Schopsteelenhout (Surinamese Dutch name, Van Asbeck BBS 81). Uses — Used for making ‘ carbets’ and ‘ takari’ poles (Mori et al. 23388, French Guiana). Field observations — Mature fruit with taste somewhat like that of date (Maas et al. 7738, Guyana); Les toucans son friands de ces fruits dont on trouve les grains à terre (Prévost 278, French Guiana). Note — Oxandra asbeckii is quite characteristic by its leaf venation, which is raised on both sides and by its relatively small, long-acuminate leaves. Material from the Guianas has verruculose leaves, Brazilian, Colombian and Venezuelan collections have non-verruculose leaves. As all other features of leaves and fruits fell nicely in the concept of O. asbeckii we have refrained from naming it.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6432B2512503FACBB763FB29.taxon	description	Foliis anguste ovatis, apice acutis, floribus breviter pedicellatis, monocarpiisque pro ratione paucis facile recognoscenda. — Typus: Forero & Jaramillo 493 (holo MO; iso NY), Colombia, Bolívar, Morales, Cerros rocosos, calcáreos, 80 m, 22 Apr. 1966. Tree 3 – 7 m tall, c. 12 cm diam; young twigs slightly grooved, densely covered with erect hairs <0.1 mm long, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 3 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate, 7 – 10 by 2.5 – 3 cm (leaf index 3 – 3.6), chartaceous, not verruculose, shiny and dark brown to blackish brown above, brown below, glabrous above, rather densely covered with appressed hairs, but very soon glabrous below, base obtuse, apex acute, primary vein impressed to flat above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 10 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 50 – 60 °, smallest distance between loops and margin c. 2 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 2 - flowered inflorescences; flowering pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 2 – 4 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 5 – 7, depressed ovate, c. 1 by 1.5 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; flower buds globose; sepals shallowly ovate-triangular, 1 – 2 by 1.5 – 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals creamy white, elliptic, 4 – 7 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 25, 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular to depressed ovate; carpels ≤ 3. Monocarps 1 – 3, green, maturing black in vivo, black in sicco, globose, 11 – 20 by 11 – 20 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 2 – 3 mm thick, stipes absent. Seed globose, 10 – 20 by 10 mm, brown, surface minutely pitted, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Colombia (Bolívar). Habitat & Ecology — In disturbed moist forest. At elevations of 200 – 250 m. Flowering: April, September; fruiting: January, April, September. Other specimens examined. COLOMBIA, Bolívar, Mun. San Juan de Nepomuceno, Loma de los Colorados, 200 m, Cuadros V. 3155 (MO, NY, U); Santuario Nacional de los Colorados, Mun. San Juan Nepomuceno, 70 km SW of Cartagena, 230 – 250 m, Gentry et al. 60575 (MO, U). Note — Oxandra bolivarensis is characterized by narrowly ovate, shiny and acute-tipped leaves, short pedicels, and few (1 – 3), globose monocarps. The monocarps of O. bolivarensis have an extremely thick wall for a species of Oxandra.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6432B257264CFB75B154FC39.taxon	description	Oxandra espintana (Spruce ex Benth.) Baill. (1868 a) 207. — Bocagea espintana Spruce ex Benth. (1860) 71. — Type: Spruce 4920 (holo K; iso B, BM, BP, BR, C, E, F, G, GOET, K, MPU, OXF, P, W), Peru, San Martín, near Tarapoto, along Río Huallaga, Nov. 1856.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6432B257264CFB75B154FC39.taxon	description	Oxandra nitida R. E. Fr. (1931) 160, f. 4 c, syn. nov. — Type: Riedel s. n. (holo S; iso K, LE), Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, ‘ in Wäldern bei Mandiocca’, Jan. 1824. Oxandra opaca E. Pereira & Pabst (1977) 210, syn. nov. — Type: Pereira 7254 (holo HB; iso K, M, MBM, NY, US), Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, ‘ matas do Jardim Botânico’, 15 Feb. 1963. Oxandra sp. A Steyerm. in Steyermark et al. (1995) 454. Tree or shrub 2 – 30 m tall, 5 – 60 cm diam; young twigs glabrous, rarely covered with some appressed (to erect) hairs in the youngest stage. Leaves: petiole 1 – 3 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; lamina ovate to obovate to narrowly so, often more or less rhombic, 5 – 14 by 1.5 – 7 cm (leaf index 2 – 3.4), chartaceous to coriaceous, not verruculose or rarely slightly verruculose above and below, shiny and greyish to greyish brown above, greyish brown, greenish brown, or pale brown below, glabrous above and below, base acute, apex bluntly acute to shortly and bluntly acuminate (acumen to c. 10 mm long), primary vein slightly impressed to slightly raised, secondary veins distinct, 6 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 65 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 3 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 2 (– 3) - flowered inflorescences; pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, 3 – 6 mm long in fruit, glabrous; bracts 4 – 10, depressed ovate, 0.5 – 1.5 mm long, outer side glabrous, rarely sparsely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 0.5 – 2.5 by 0.5 – 3 mm, outer side glabrous, rarely sparsely covered with appressed hairs; petals white to yellow in vivo, ovate to obovate, 5 – 8 by 2 – 5 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 10 – 20, 1 – 2 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 6. Monocarps 1 – 6, green, maturing orange-red to dark red and finally black in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid, obovoid, or globose, 7 – 13 {– 17} by 5 – 10 {– 12} mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.2 – 0.5 {– 1.5} mm thick, stipes 1 – 1.5 by 1.5 – 2 mm (values between accolades {} refer to measurements on material in spirit). Seed ellipsoid, 7 – 12 by 5 – 8 mm, pale brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform, composed of flattened pegs, or lamellate. Distribution — Colombia (Boyacá, El Valle del Cauca, Huila, Risaralda), Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bolívar, Lara, Trujillo, Zulia), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro), Peru (Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martín), Bolivia (Beni, La Paz). Habitat & Ecology — Mostly in non-inundated (terra firme) forest, on clayey to sandy soil. At elevations of 0 – 1070 m. Flowering: all year through; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Bolivia: Juruqui (Tacana name, DeWalt et al. 226), Palo remo (Rerts 351), Rimo (Fournet 481), Sipico yejperi (Hinojosa 1168), Sipicu (Meneces & Terceiros 129), Sipiku negro (DeWalt et al. 226), Piraquina negro (DeWalt et al. 226). Brazil: Araticum-do-mato (Folli 2672), Chaporoasca (Daly et al. 7729), Envira-ferro (Daly et al. 11217, Silveira et al. 973, Sothers et al. 52), Envireira-caniceira (Luize 154), Imbiú-amarelo (Kurtz et al. s. n.), Pindaíba-ferreira (Folli 3754). Colombia: Guácano (Silverstone-Sopkin & Giraldo-Gensini 6167, 6175). Peru: Ayacbara (Schunke V. 2344), Chicoga narangal (Mathias 3931), Espintana (Albán C. 3603, 5915 A, Maas et al. 5955, 5956, Reynel 227, J. Ríos 3, Spruce 4920), Espintana blanca (Albán C. 4109), Espintana hoja chiquita (Schunke V. 9784), Espintana negro (Albán C. 5042). Venezuela: Anoncillo (Huber & Canales 406 / 16), Majagua (Huber & Canales 394 / 1, Ll. Williams 13040, 15559), Yadayada (Yekwana name, Knab-Vispo et al. 676). Uses — Bark cooked in water for one hour and used for rheumatism (Mathias 3931, Peru); fruit edible (Rusby 47, Bolivia); madera para construcción y muebles (Silverstone-Sopkin 6175, Colombia). Field observations — Flowers with sweet scent (Maas et al. 8821, Brazil); Flor tiene olor fuerte placentero (Silverstone-Sopkin et al. 6167, 6175, 6274, 6314, 6337, Colombia); Flores visitadas por cucarrones (beetles) (Silverstone-Sopkin & Arroyo V. 6274, Colombia); Flores visitadas por cucarrón pequeño negro (Silverstone-Sopkin & Arroyo V. 6314, Colombia). Notes — Oxandra espintana looks somewhat similar to O. riedeliana, which differs, however, by a many-flowered inflorescence, larger fruits and seeds, and a thicker fruit wall. The following Venezuelan collections fall into the concept of O. espintana, but differ by an indument of erect hairs on the youngest twigs or some also with erect hairs on the lower side of young leaves (particularly the primary vein) in addition: VENEZUELA, Amazonas, El Bagre, near Puerto Ayacucho, 100 m, Ll. Williams 13040 (F). Bolívar, Mun. Piar, isla en el lago de Guri, 270 m, Aymard C. & Norconk 9409 (MO); idem, Aymard C. et al. 10241 (MO); Altoplanice de Nuria, SE of Campamento Nuria, Steyermark 86539 (NY). Fries (1931) considered O. nitida as a distinct species: “ The abundant material of Oxandra now available appears to indicate that we have to do with a new species (O. nitida) which, though related to O. espintana, is well distinct by narrower, oblanceolate leaves which gradually narrow towards the base ” (translated from German). As we found all kind of intermediate forms between these leaf bases we finally decided to unite both species. For differences with O. martiana see the notes under that species.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6434B255264CFB9BB0DAF9C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas), Ecuador (Napo, Sucumbios), Peru (Loreto), Brazil (Amazonas, Rondônia), Bolivia (La Paz). Habitat & Ecology — In periodically inundated (igapó, tahuampa) forests or non-inundated forest, on sandy or clayey soil. At elevations of 0 – 1000 m. Flowering: all year through; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Brazil: Pindaípixuna (W. Rodrigues 1006). Colombia: Cueronegro (Wijninga & Quintero 623), Fici-cu (Muinane name, Van Andel 441), Jajobahi hãrãdo jeicobu (= Fishing rod flower, Cubeo name, Madriñán et al. 1182). Peru: Baracaspi (Rimachi Y. 7480), Carahuasca (Vásquez & Criollo 5786), Espintana (Ellenberg 2907), Espintana amarilla (Dodson & Torres 2973), Tortuga caspi (Ellenberg 2856), Yahuarachi caspi (Vásquez et al. 5390, 7994), Yana tortuga (McDaniel & Rimachi Y. 20295). Uses — Stems used as fishing rods (Madriñán et al. 1182, Colombia); Con el tronco se elaboran varas para pescar, ca- bos para hachas y palos para bailes ceremonials (Colombia: Sánchez Sáenz 1997). Field observations — Flores visitadas por Stafilinidios (Knob et al. 1201, Brazil); Corolla with sweet scent (Maas et al. 8234, Peru). Note — Oxandra euneura is characterized by having a distinct marginal vein and in having quite elongate and often hard-pointed, sometimes curved monocarps of 10 – 30 mm long.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6436B2552503F9C3B78EFCB3.taxon	description	Oxandra guianensis R. E. Fr. (1948) 229. — Type: Forest Department British Guiana (FDBG) 3124 = Fanshawe 388 (holo K; iso FDG, S), Guyana, Big Winiperu Creek, Demarara River, 4 Mar. 1940. Tree 5 – 15 m tall, 4 – 12 cm diam; young twigs densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 8 – 13 by 2.5 – 5 cm (leaf index 2.6 – 3.1), coriaceous, densely verruculose above and below, verruculae string-forming particularly below, brown to greyish brown above, brown below, glabrous above, margins and primary vein rather densely covered with appressed, white, hairs when young below, soon glabrous, base acute, with two distinct angular to tooth-like projections on either side, apex shortly acuminate (acumen to c. 5 mm long), primary vein impressed above, secondary veins indistinct and almost invisible, 7 – 9 on either side of primary vein, impressed above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 70 – 75 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 3 – 5 mm, tertiary veins indistinct and almost invisible, reticulate. Infructescence 1 – 3 - flowered; fruiting pedicels 3 – 5 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 5 – 7, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side glabrous; flower buds not seen; sepals broadly ovate, 1.5 – 2 by 1.5 – 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals, stamens and carpels not seen. Monocarps 3 – 8, bright to dull red in vivo, black in sicco, globose to ellipsoid, 7 – 11 by 5 – 8 mm, glabrous, apex rounded to apiculate (apiculum <1 mm long), wall c. 0.5 mm thick, stipes 3 – 7 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 7 – 8 by 5 – 6 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Guyana. Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated forest, in the Mabura Hill region with many species of Myrtaceae, on lateritic soil. At elevations of 0 – 65 m. Flowering: unknown; fruiting: March, April. Vernacular name — Guyana: Arara (Forest Department British Guiana 3124 = Fanshawe 388). Note — Oxandra guianensis is restricted to Guyana. It is characterized by leaves which are densely verruculose on both sides and which have a very indistinct venation. Moreover, the leaf base has two distinct angular to tooth-like projections on either side. It is probably closest to O. xylopioides, differing by much smaller monocarps (7 – 11 mm vs 13 – 25 mm long).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6436B249264CFC1CB3FBFD97.taxon	description	Oxandra krukoffii R. E. Fr. (1934) 199. — Type: Krukoff 1124 (holo S; iso B, BM, G, K, NY, P), Brazil, Pará, Upper Cupary River, plateau between the Xingu and Tapajós Rivers, 14 Sept. 1931. Tree or shrub 3 – 15 m tall, 5 – 25 cm diam; young twigs rather densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 10 – 20 by 4 – 7 cm (leaf index 2.4 – 3.1), chartaceous, sparsely to rather densely verruculose above, or not verruculose, shiny and greyish green above, greyish green to brownish below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs below, soon glabrous, base obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen 10 – 15 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 10 – 13 on either side of primary vein, raised above, but often seemingly impressed due to the laminar tissue bulging upward, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 80 °, united into a marginal vein, smallest distance between marginal vein and margin 5 – 7 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 3 - flow- ered inflorescences, mostly produced from leafless branches; pedicels 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 3 – 7 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 4 – 5, depressed ovate, 1 – 3 mm long, outer side densely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds ellipsoid to globose; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 2 – 3 by 2 – 3 mm, outer side densely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs; petals cream to white in vivo, obovate, linear, or elliptic, 8 – 11 by 3 – 6 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; stamens c. 25, 3 – 4 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 10. Monocarps 1 – 6, green, maturing red to black in vivo, black, sometimes brown in sicco, ellipsoid, 10 – 16 by 6 – 11 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.2 – 0.5 mm thick, stipes 0.5 – 1 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 10 – 15 by 6 – 11 mm, pale brown, surface transversely striate, spiniform or composed of flattened pegs. Distribution — Suriname, Peru (Loreto), Brazil (Pará and adjacent Amazonas). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated forest, on sandy or clayey soil. At elevations of 0 – 325 m. Flowering: August, September, November; fruiting: November to March. Fig. 9 Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich. Flowering twig (Sintenis 4313, U). Vernacular names — Brazil: Envira-preta (Krukoff 1124, N. T. Silva 1627), Envireira-forte (Capucho 558), Pinda’ywa (T. R. Bahia 2324, 2333, 2387, 2395, 2403, 2419, 2453, 2464, 2467), Taiassuba (Costa 53). Uses — Comestible for curassows (fruit), fuel stuff (wood), tie stuff (bark fibers), element for house post (wood) (T. R. Bahia 2324, 2333, 2387, 2395, 2403, 2419, 2453, 2464, 2467, Brazil); ceilings and firewood (Capucho 558, Brazil); bark has a caustic material (Krukoff 1124, Brazil). Note — Oxandra krukoffii superficially resembles O. euneura by its marginal vein and raised primary vein, but it strongly differs by its rounded instead of pointed fruits, which are much smaller (10 – 16 mm vs 10 – 30 mm). Moreover, the distance from the marginal vein to the leaf margin is somewhat larger (5 – 7 mm in O. krukoffii vs 3 – 5 mm in O. euneura). Oxandra krukoffii is almost always ramiflorous!	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D642AB2492503FD31B1F0FC61.taxon	description	Drimys lancea Poit. ex Baill. (1868 b) 168, nom. nud. Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. subsp. macrocarpa R. E. Fr. (1956) 433, syn. nov .. — Type: Hinton 16177 (holo US; iso G, K, MICH, NY, UC, US), Mexico, Michoacán, Distr. Coalcoman, Ostula, 21 Nov. 1941. Tree or shrub 2 – 20 m tall, 10 – 30 cm diam; young twigs rather densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1 – 2 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam; lamina rhombic, ovate to narrowly ovate, 4 – 9 (– 10) by 1.5 – 3.5 cm (leaf index 2.5 – 3.5 (– 4.5 )), chartaceous, rather densely to sparsely verruculose mostly below, dull and pale grey to greyish green above, greyish or brownish green below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with erect hairs to glabrous below, base acute to obtuse, apex bluntly acute, primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 11 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 65 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 2 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; flowering and fruiting pedicels 1 – 3 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 3 – 6, depressed ovate, 0.5 – 1 mm long, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; flower buds globose; sepals depressed ovate, c. 1 by 1 – 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals white in vivo, elliptic to obovate, 3 – 7 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 10 – 15, c. 2 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 6. Monocarps 1 – 4, green, maturing maroon to black in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid to obovoid or broadly so, 8 – 15 by 5 – 12 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.2 – 0.5 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 7 – 12 Map 4 Distribution of Oxandra lanceolata (●) and O. maya (●). by 4 – 10 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations peg-shaped. Distribution — Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Veracruz), Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). Habitat & Ecology — Dry thickets, deciduous forest, or very humid forest, on shallow soils. At elevations of 0 – 700 m. Flowering: all year through; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Cuba: Lancewood (Wright 1102), Yaya (Crosby & Matthews 15, Ekman 4178, 4468, 4581, 6078, 6162, 9466, Gill & Whitford 9037). Dominican Republic: Yaya (Maas & Zanoni 6395, Scarff 11 H), Yaya fina (Scarff 11 H). Haiti: Bois de lance (Ekman 459, Leonard & Leonard 15560). Jamaica: Black lancewood (March 1675), Lancewood (Harris 7099, 9431). Mexico: Chilcahuite (Lott et al. 2895). Uses — Fine wood used for supporting tiles for roofs where it will not get wet (Lott et al. 2895, Mexico). Field observations — Fruit edible (Lott et al. 2895, Mexico). Note — Oxandra lanceolata is one of the two Oxandra species inhabiting the Greater Antilles. It differs from the second species (O. laurifolia) by its almost rhombic (vs narrowly oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate) leaves, globose (instead of ellipsoid) flower buds and shortly pedicellate flowers (pedicels 1 – 3 vs 3.5 – 8 mm).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D642AB24F264DFC2DB0DDFB99.taxon	description	Anaxagorea acuminata auct. non (Dunal) A. DC.: Bello (1881) 234. Tree 6 – 20 m tall, 10 – 35 cm diam; young twigs rather densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 4 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly oblong-elliptic to narrowly obovate, 7 – 17 by 2 – 6 cm (leaf 2.5 – 3.4), chartaceous, not verruculose or sparsely verruculose below, dull or sometimes shiny and greyish green above, greyish to brown below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs (sometimes> 1 mm long) below, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen 5 – 20 mm long), primary vein flat above, secondary veins distinct, 10 – 13 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 2 mm, tertiary veins flat above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 4 (– 10) - flow- ered inflorescences; pedicels 2 – 5 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels to c. 7 mm long, c. 2 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 4 – 5, depressed ovate, 1 – 1.5 mm long, outer side densely to rather densely covered with appressed, brown hairs; flower Map 5 Distribution of Oxandra laurifolia. Fig. 10 Oxandra leucodermis (Spruce ex Benth.) Warm. Fruiting twig (Cid et al. 7302, U). buds ellipsoid; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 1 – 2 by 1.5 – 2 mm, outer side glabrous, rarely sparsely covered with appressed, brown hairs; petals white to yellow in vivo, ovate to elliptic, 7 – 8 by 2 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 10 – 18, 2.5 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 8. Monocarps 2 – 7, greenish yellow, yellow to dark maroon red in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 12 – 17 by 8 – 10 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum 0.2 – 1 mm long), wall 0.3 – 0.7 mm thick, stipes 3 – 8 by 1 – 1.5 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 12 – 15 by 7 – 9 mm, dark brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Croix. Habitat & Ecology — In humid, montane forest, lowland forest, and gallery forest, on limestone, calcareous soils, or red sandy soils. At elevations of 0 – 1300 m. Flowering: February, April to June, August, November; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Cuba: Purio (De la Sagra 623, Ekman 1902, 2743, 4308, 5924, 6051, 18460, Luna 20). Dominican Republic: Lancewood (Von Eggers 2449), Yaiya (Zanoni et al. 34150), Yaya (Eggers 2449, Zanoni et al. 38122, Zanoni & Pimentel 35994), Yaya boba (Scarff 11 F), Yaya bobo (Schiffino 109), Yaya prieta (Jiménez et al. 1480). Guadeloupe: Bois de l’an (Duss 3058). Puerto Rico: Corcho blanco (Little 13754). St. Kitts and Nevis: Okra (Beard 460). Field observations — Fleurs parfumées (Duss 3058, Guadeloupe); fruit with watery maroon red juice (Zanoni et al. 13443, Dominican Republic); Según los campesinos las aves se comen los frutos (Zanoni & Pimentel 35994, Dominican Republic). Note — Oxandra laurifolia is one of the two species of Oxandra occurring in the West Indies, but in contrast to O. lanceolata this species also occurs in the Lesser Antilles. For the differences between both species see under O. lanceolata.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D642CB24F2503FB3BB792FA91.taxon	description	Oxandra leucodermis (Spruce ex Benth.) Warm. (1873) 147. — Bocagea leucodermis Spruce ex Benth. (1860) 71. — Type: Spruce 3352 (holo K; iso B, BM, C, G, K, MPU, P, W), Venezuela, Amazonas, Río Pacimoni, side river of Río Casiquiare, Feb. 1854. Tree or shrub 6 – 20 m tall, 10 – 20 cm diam; young twigs whitish, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina ovate to narrowly obovate, 8 – 20 by 2 – 9 cm (leaf index Map 6 Distribution of Oxandra leucodermis (●) and O. longipetala (●). 2.5 – 3.5), coriaceous, not verruculose, smooth, dull and brown to greyish green above, brown below, glabrous above and below, base acute to obtuse, often oblique and somewhat cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 5 – 25 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 14 on either side of primary vein, flat or raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins indistinct, flat or slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 2 (– 6) - flowered inflorescences on a cushion-like base, in the axils of mostly fallen leaves; pedicels 2 – 10 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels to c. 15 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 5 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; flower buds subglobose, ellipsoid when mature; sepals shallowly to broadly ovate-triangular, 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals white in vivo, ovate to elliptic, 4 – 6 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 18, 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular to narrowly oblong; carpels ≤ 6. Monocarps 1 – 6, green, maturing dark red to black in vivo, brown to black in sicco, ellipsoid, 9 – 12 by 6 – 9 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.2 – 0.3 mm thick, stipes 0.5 – 1 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 9 – 12 by 6 – 8 mm, pale brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas), Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios), Brazil (Amazonas). Habitat & Ecology — Mostly in periodically inundated (igapó, rebalse) forest, on white sand. At elevations of 0 – 300 m. Flowering: January; fruiting: January to May. Vernacular names — Colombia: Eé-ña-moo-re (Yukuna name, Schultes & Cabrera 16448). Peru: Espintana (Rimachi Y. 4356, 8818), Tortuga caspi (Armistead 1253, 1259), Tortuga caspi amarillo (Armistead 1208), Vara (Arévalo et al. 59, Vásquez et al. 7341). Venezuela: Palo paye (Liesner 6983). Uses — Con el tronco se elaboran vigas para construir viviendas y los frutos son utilizados como carnada para pescar (Colombia: Sánchez Sáenz 1997). Note — Oxandra leucodermis can be recognized by almost glabrous, relatively long and particularly slender pedicels up to c. 15 mm long, an often whitish bark, coriaceous and glabrous leaves with a raised primary vein. Moreover, the stipes of the monocarps are very short and slender (0.5 – 1 by 1 – 2 mm).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D642CB243264CFA3DB01EFB69.taxon	description	Oxandra longipetala R. E. Fr. (1931) 170, t. 5. — Type: Hayes 385 (holo K; iso BM), Panama, Lion Hill Station P. R. R., Aug. 1861. Shrub or tree 2 – 10 m tall, 5 – 10 cm diam; young twigs densely to sparsely covered with erect hairs c. 1 mm long, finally glabrous. Leaves: petiole 0.5 – 2 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam; lamina ovate to obovate, 4 – 12 by 2 – 6 cm (leaf index 2.1 – 2.5), chartaceous, not verruculose or sometimes sparsely verruculose below, dull and grey, greyish green to brown above and below, glabrous above, sometimes with appressed hairs along primary vein, rather densely to sparsely covered with erect or appressed hairs to glabrous below, base obtuse to slightly cordate and almost stem-clasping, often slightly oblique, apex acute to bluntly acuminate (acumen 5 – 20 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 10 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 4 mm, tertiary veins flat to slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels 3 – 6 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 6 – 10 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, densely covered with erect hairs to glabrous; bracts 4 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side densely covered with appressed, white hairs to glabrous; flower buds subglobose, maturing ellipsoid; sepals shallowly to Fig. 11 Oxandra longipetala R. E. Fr. Flowering and fruiting twig (Holdridge 6213, MO). Plate 2 a – b. Oxandra longipetala R. E. Fr. a. Leaf, upper side; b. flower. — c – e. Oxandra saxicola Maas & Junikka. c. Flowering twig; d. detail of flower; e. fruiting twig. — f – h. Oxandra surinamensis Jans. - Jac. f. Flowering twig; g. fruit; h. leafy twig (a, b: Maas et al. 10479; c, d: Parada 944; e: Parada 42; f – h: Bordenave et al. 8149). — Photos: a, b. P. J. M. Maas; c – e. G. A. Parada; f – h. B. Bordenave. Fig. 12 Oxandra macrophylla R. E. Fr. Fruiting twig (Killip & Smith 28752, iso US). broadly ovate-triangular, 1 – 2 by 1 – 3 mm, outer side densely covered with appressed, white hairs to glabrous; petals white in vivo, narrowly oblong-elliptic, 12 – 22 by 3 – 7 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 30 – 40, 1.5 – 2 mm long, apex of connective depressed ovate; carpels ≤ 11. Monocarps 1 – 10, green, maturing red, orange-red to black-purple in vivo, brown to black in sicco, ellipsoid to obovoid, 10 – 14 by 5 – 8 mm, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum 0.5 – 1 mm long), wall 0.2 – 0.3 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, c. 10 by 5 – 6 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Antioquia), Brazil (Pará), Peru (Puno). Habitat & Ecology — In premontane wet forest, deciduous forest, or gallery forest. At elevations of 0 – 1100 m. Flowering: all year through; fruiting: from December to June. Field observations — Flowers at anthesis with lemon-like smell (Chatrou et al. 114, Costa Rica); flores muy olorosas (Deago 488, Panama); flores frag (r) antes (Galdames et al. 2804, Panama); flowers fragrant (Gentry 2661, Panama); flowers sweetly aromatic (Stern et al. 1793, Panama). Notes — Oxandra longipetala is a fairly easily recognizable species, characterized by very large petals (12 – 22 mm long) for the genus, young twigs which are covered with erect hairs (not often seen in the genus), a short petiole, and a leaf base which is rounded to cordate and unequal. Amazingly Nuñez & Munn 5313 (U) from the distant Peruvian Department of Puno exactly matches this species by an indument of erect hairs on the young twigs, and by its leaves and flowers. Gentry 3285 (MO) from the Pipeline Road in Panama is distinctly cauliflorous, the fruit arising from the main stem. This is the first record for cauliflory in the genus.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6420B2432503FB2BB607FB2A.taxon	description	Oxandra macrophylla R. E. Fr. (1931) 173. — Type: Killip & Smith 28752 (holo B; iso NY, US), Peru, Loreto, Santa Rosa, Lower Río Huallaga, below Yurimaguas, 135 m, Sept. 1929. Shrub or tree 3 – 13 m tall, 4 – 13 cm diam; young twigs densely covered with erect, brown hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1 – 5 mm long, 2 – 3 mm diam; lamina ovate to obovate or narrowly so, 17 – 26 by 6 – 12 cm (leaf index 2.1 – 3.4), chartaceous, densely verruculose above and below, dull and grey to brown- Map 7 Distribution of Oxandra macrophylla (●) and O. mediocris (●). ish green above, greyish brown to brown below, glabrous, but primary vein densely covered with erect hairs to c. 2 mm long above, rather densely to sparsely covered with erect and appressed hairs below, base acute to slightly cordate, apex acuminate (acumen 15 – 20 mm long), primary vein impressed above, secondary veins distinct, 15 – 20 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 5 mm, tertiary veins flat to slightly raised above, reticulate to percurrent. Flowers in 1 – 2 - flowered inflorescences; flowering pedicels not seen, fruiting pedicels 3 – 5 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 5 – 6, depressed ovate, 1.5 – 2 mm long, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; flower buds ellipsoid; sepals depressed ovate, 1.5 – 2 by 1.5 – 2 mm, outer side sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs; petals white in vivo, elliptic to obovate, 4 – 8 by 2 – 5 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 5 – 18, 1.5 – 2.5 mm long, apex of connective ovate-triangular; carpels ≤ 5. Monocarps 5 – 20, colour in vivo not recorded, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 17 – 20 by 7 – 9 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum <0.5 mm long), wall c. 0.5 mm thick, stipes 3 – 6.5 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 17 – 20 by 7 – 9 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform or peg-shaped. Distribution — Amazonian Brazil (Acre, Amazonas) and Peru (Loreto). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated or periodically inundated (tahuampa, várzea) forest. At elevations of 0 – 200 m. Flowering: June; fruiting: May, September, October. Vernacular name — Peru: Chuchuhuasha mashan (Ll. Williams 4129). Note — A characteristic of O. macrophylla are the (often) large leaves with an impressed primary vein densely covered with long erect hairs above. In this aspect it is easily distinguished from large-leaved forms of O. xylopioides which lack such hairs and which have, moreover, a leaf base with two tooth-like projections.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6420B247264DFB74B022FD74.taxon	description	Oxandra martiana (Schltdl.) R. E. Fr. (1931) 165, f. 4 d, e. — Guatteria martiana Schltdl. (1834) 326. — Type: Sellow B 1970, C 1483 (holo B; iso K 2 sheets, P, S), Brazil, Minas Gerais, ‘ Guidowald’, Feb. 1819. Oxandra reinhardtiana Warm. (1873) 147. — Type: Warming s. n. (lecto C; syn C, P, W), Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa. Of the four syntypes in C the Warming specimen numbered 26 / 94 no. 21 (the loan number) and with a label ‘ Nov. Decbr. ’ is herewith selected as the lectotype. Tree or shrub 6 – 30 m tall, 8 – 50 cm diam; young twigs sparsely covered with appressed hairs, glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 4 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 6 – 14 by 1.5 – 3 cm (leaf index 3 – 4.6), chartaceous, densely verruculose to not verruculose above and densely to sparsely verruculose below, dull to slightly shiny and greyish to brownish green above, brownish below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs mainly along the primary vein below, base acute, apex acuminate (acumen to c. 10 mm long), primary vein impressed to flat above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 14 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 2 – 6 mm long, 0.5 – 2 mm diam, glabrous; bracts (3 –) 6 – 12, depressed ovate, 0.5 – 1.5 mm long, outer side glabrous; flowers bisexual or rarely male (plant androdioecious); flower buds ellipsoid; sepals depressed ovate, c. 1.5 by 2 mm, outer side glabrous or sparsely covered with appressed hairs; petals white in vivo, ovate, elliptic, to linear, 7.5 – 8 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 12 – 15, 2 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 12. Fig. 13 a. Oxandra macrophylla R. E. Fr. Detail of upper side of lamina, showing verruculae and hairy primary vein. — b. Oxandra maya Miranda. Detail of flower and (young) fruit. — c, d. Oxandra mediocris Diels. c. Detail of flowers; d. detail of fruiting twig. — e, f. Oxandra panamensis R. E. Fr. e. Detail of flower; f. detail of fruiting twig. — g, h. Oxandra polyantha R. E. Fr. g. Detail of inflorescence; h: detail of fruit (a: Killip & Smith 28752, iso US; b: Contreras 5379; isotype of O. guatemalensis Lundell, F; c: Timaná 2327, U; d: Alexiades & Pesha 367, U; e: Feddema 2099, US; f: Feddema 1879, MICH; g: Nelson et al. 515, U; h: Chatrou et al. 150, U). Fig. 14 Oxandra martiana (Schltdl.) R. E. Fr. Fruiting twig (Folli 3832, U). Fig. 15 Oxandra maya Miranda. Flowering and fruiting twig (Contreras 5379; isotype of O. guatemalensis Lundell, F). Monocarps 4 – 12, colour in vivo not recorded, black in sicco, ovoid to ellipsoid, 10 – 18 by 8 – 15 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.5 – 2 mm thick, stipes 2 – 3 (– 7) by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ovoid to ellipsoid, 9 – 13 by 7 – 9 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro). Habitat & Ecology — In Atlantic forest. Elevations 0 – 800 m. Flowering: October to December; fruiting: February, March. Vernacular names — Brazil: Imbiú-preto (Kurtz et al. s. n.), Pindaíba (Lopes & Andrade 840), Pindaíba-de-poste (Folli 3753, 3832, 3833). Note — Some notable features of O. martiana are rather narrow leaves, ellipsoid flower buds and rather large fruits. It comes close to O. espintana, from which it differs, however, by larger monocarps (10 – 18 mm vs 7 – 13 mm long) and a thicker fruit wall (0.5 – 2 mm vs 0.2 – 0.5 mm thick).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6424B2472503FD55B645FE6E.taxon	description	Oxandra maya Miranda (1961) 120, f. 1. — Type: Miranda 8471 / 2 (holo MEXU; iso US), Mexico, Chiapas, Carretera La Arena (a Salas), c. 10 km NW of Santa Margarita, 12 Mar. 1957.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6424B2472503FD55B645FE6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize. Habitat & Ecology — In lowland, tall, tropical forest, on calcareous soil. At elevations of 0 – 800 m. Flowering: March, August; fruiting: March to May, November. Vernacular names — Guatemala: Nahuate (Contreras 5379). Mexico: Nahuacté (Gomez-Pompa 306, Miranda 8471 / 2). Field observations — Flowers aromatic (Contreras 5379, Guatemala). Note — Oxandra maya is recognizable by small leaves with a primary vein flat (or rarely) raised on the upper side, and a lower side which is distinctly verruculose. Flower buds are globose and the petals glabrous. It has pedicels to 5 mm long and shortly stipitate, small monocarps. It closely resembles O. lanceolata, but can be differentiated from that species by 1 – 4 - flowered (vs 1 - flowered) inflorescences, and slightly longer pedicels (3 – 5 vs 1 – 3 mm).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6424B245264CFE2AB2BCFDAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Bolivar, Meta), Ecuador (Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbios, Orellana), Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated or periodically inundated (igapó, tahuampa or várzea) forest. At elevations of 0 – 350 (– 1700) m. Flowering: all year through; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Bolivia: Piraquina (DeWalt 16), Piraquina colorada (L. Vargas et al. 146), Sipiko (Tacana name, DeWalt 16). Brazil: Vassourinha (Daly et al. 8782). Colombia: Faak + o cugao (Muinane name, Murillo & Rodríguez A. 562). Ecuador: Anshilo caspi (Quichua name, Gudiño & Andi 2086), Moncataweimo (Huaorani name, Dik & Andi 934), Uñitahue (Huaorani name, Aulestia & Ima 1578). Peru: Espintana (KrÖll Saldaña 536, 537, 538, 540, 648, 650, 655, 657, 754, 762, 771, 777, Tello E. 331, 513, 1118, 1150, 1291), Espintana negra (Flores & Tello E. 435, 523, 546, 649, 724, 775, 2053, KrÖll Saldaña 146, 157, 183, 545, 664, Tello E. 2942, 2968), Kepiseróki (Weiss 184), Micha (Ese-ejha) (Alexiades et al. 98, 112, 160, 164, 197, 203, 274, 291, 295, 322, 367), Pintana (Alexiades et al. 203), Pintana colorada (Alexiades et al. 152), Fig. 16 Oxandra mediocris Diels. Flowering twig (Timaná 2327, U). Pintana negra (Alexiades et al. 98, 112, 160, 164, 197, 274, 291, 295, 322, 367). Uses — Element for house beams and poles (Alexiades et al. 98, Peru); wood used for house rafters (Daly et al. 8782, Bolivia); corteza fuerte, facil para sacar panchos (DeWalt 16, Bolivia); construcción para casa y armasón (DeWalt 16, Bolivia); con el tronco se elaboran vigas para construir viviendas (Colombia: Sánchez Sáenz 1997); se utiliza para hacer casas (Tunqui 192, Peru). Note — Oxandra mediocris is recognizable by its small leaves, ellipsoid flower buds, and distinctly stipitate monocarps (stipes 3 – 5 mm long). It resembles some small-leaved species of Xylopia (and therefore is sometimes confused with that genus).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6426B2452503FDE8B651FCF9.taxon	description	Oxandra panamensis R. E. Fr. (1931) 168, f. 5 c. — Type: R. S. Williams 1017 (holo NY; iso NY, US), Panama, Marraganti and vicinity, 10 – 220 ft, 5 Apr. 1908. Oxandra oblongifolia R. E. Fr. (1931) 169, f. 5 d, syn. nov. — Type: Pennell 4633 (holo NY), Colombia, Bolívar, Tierra Alta, Río Sinu, 100 – 200 m, 7 – 10 Mar. 1918. Tree or shrub 6 – 12 m tall, 6 – 15 cm diam; young twigs densely to rather densely covered with appressed to erect, brown hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 7 – 14 by 2 – 4.5 cm (leaf index 2.8 – 4.2), chartaceous, densely to rather densely verruculose above and below, dull and greyish or brownish green above, brownish green to brown below, glabrous above, rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed, white hairs, mainly on the primary vein below, base acute to obtuse, rarely with two angular to tooth-like projections on either side when young, apex long-acute to acuminate (acumen 5 – 15 mm long), primary vein impressed to flat above, secondary veins indistinct, 14 – 17 on either side of primary vein, raised to flat above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 3 mm, tertiary veins flat above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 3 - flowered inflorescences; flowering pedicels 2 – 3 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 2 – 6 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam, rather densely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 4 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side densely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; flowers bisexual or male (plant androdioecious); flower buds ellipsoid; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 1 – 2 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, outer side rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; petals cream in vivo, elliptic, 5 – 6 by 2.5 – 3 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; Map 8 Distribution of Oxandra panamensis (●) and O. polyantha (●). stamens c. 12, c. 1.5 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels not seen. Monocarps 5 – 25, green, maturing yellow, orange to purple-black in vivo, black in sicco, ovoid, obovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, 12 – 22 by 9 – 13 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum 0.1 – 0.5 mm long), wall 0.5 – 1 mm thick, stipes 1 – 7 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 10 – 15 by 7 – 10 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform or peg-shaped. Distribution — Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Chocó). Habitat & Ecology — In lowland, tropical non-inundated moist forest. At elevations of 0 – 1000 m. Flowering: February to April; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Panama: Uichur-chichit (Kuna name, Dalle 201), Yaya (Duke 6533, 8046, Stern et al. 945), Yaya negra (Duke 14242). Uses — Wood a good one for canoe poles (Duke 14242, Panama). Note — Oxandra panamensis, including O. oblongifolia, comes close to O. xylopioides. For differences between both species see under the latter.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6426B27A264DFCDBB3B2FD16.taxon	description	Oxandra polyantha R. E. Fr. (1937) 269. — Type: Krukoff 5628 (holo S; iso G, K, MICH, U), Brazil, Acre, near mouth of Rio Macauhan, tributary of Rio Yaco, 24 Aug. 1933. Tree 10 – 30 m tall, 10 – 50 cm diam; young twigs sparsely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 9 – 22 by 3 – 8 cm (leaf index 2.6 – 3.3), coriaceous, not verruculose, shiny and greyish green to brown above, greyish green to brown below, but primary vein reddish brown, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs below, base acute to obtuse, often slightly oblique, apex acuminate (acumen 10 – 20 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 14 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 65 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 6 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers in up to 10 - flowered inflorescences; pedicels 3 – 6 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 7 – 10 mm long, 1.5 – 2 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 4 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 1.5 mm long, outer side densely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds subglobose; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 1 – 3 by 1.5 – 3 mm, outer side rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; petals white, yellow to cream in vivo, elliptic, 6 – 8 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; stamens c. 20, 2 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 10. Monocarps 1 – 10, green, maturing yellowish to red in vivo, black in sicco, obovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, 11 – 23 by 6 – 16 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.5 – 2 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid to obovoid, 11 – 15 by 7 – 10 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform or peg-shaped. Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas, El Valle del Cauca), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia), Ecuador (Napo), Peru (Cusco, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martín). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated or periodically inundated (igapó or várzea) forest, on white sands, brown latosols or clayey soil. At elevations of 0 – 700 m. Flowering: August to November; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Brazil: Envira-de-tambaquí (Daly et al. 9392), Envira-branco-do-igapó (Sothers & Saraiva 23), Envira-ferro (Daly et al. 8241, 10982, Silveira et al. 985), Envira-preta (Daly et al. 10271, Oliveira et al. 766), Gogó-de-guariba (Silveira Fig. 17 Oxandra panamensis R. E. Fr. Flowering twig (Feddema 2099, US). Fig. 18 Oxandra polyantha R. E. Fr. Flowering twig (Nelson et al. 515, U). 1039). Colombia: Cajao dujecu (Muinane name), Carguero de sabana, Dogui-có (Miraña name). Peru: Espintana (Rimachi Y. 3045), Misa (Bell & Phillips 88 - 189), Paujil micuna (McDaniel 16244), Sacha aceituna (Schunke V. 4739), Tortuga (Ellenberg 2953). Uses — Used in construction (Bell & Phillips 88 - 189, Peru); con el tronco se elaboran vigas para construir viviendas y los frutos son utilizados como carnada para pescar (Colombia: Sánchez Sáenz 1997); fruto comestível (Silveira et al. 1039, Brazil). Notes — Oxandra polyantha is one of the two South American species in the genus with many-flowered inflorescences, the other one being O. riedeliana. It differs markedly from O. riedeliana by much thicker (coriaceous instead of chartaceous) leaves, which have a reddish brown primary vein at the lower side. Furthermore, the leaves and young twigs of this species are sparsely covered with appressed hairs, whereas these of O. riedeliana are completely glabrous. In O. polyantha the leaf base is often obtuse, but in O. riedeliana acute to attenuate.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6419B27A2503FCB0B752FC81.taxon	description	Oxandra reticulata Maas in Maas et al. (1986) 261, f. 9, 10 b, 11 a – d. — Type: Schatz et al. 842 (holo U; iso F, K, MO, NY, US), Brazil, Maranhão, between Cachoerinha and Igarapé Pau Grosso, 57 km SSW of Barra do Corda, 3 Mar. 1983. Shrub or tree 1 – 12 m tall, 5 – 10 cm diam; young twigs glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam; lamina elliptic to narrowly ovate, 3 – 10 by 1 – 5 cm (leaf index 1.7 – 2.8), coriaceous, not verruculose, often reddish brown-punctate below, shiny and brownish green to greyish green above, somewhat paler and sometimes glaucous below, glabrous above and below, base cordate to obtuse, apex bluntly acute to emarginate, primary vein slightly raised to flat above, secondary veins distinct, 7 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 3 mm, tertiary veins distinctly raised above and below, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels 3 – 4 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 5 – 7 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 1 – 2, depressed ovate, c. 1 mm long, outer side densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds ellipsoid to globose; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate- Map 9 Distribution of Oxandra reticulata (●) and O. unibracteata (●). triangular, 1 – 3 by 1.5 – 3 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs or glabrous; petals white to greenish yellow in vivo, elliptic or obovate to narrowly so, 5 – 8 by 2 – 3 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 10, 2.5 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 5. Monocarps 1 – 4, glaucous, green, maturing orange to red in vivo, black in sicco, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, 13 – 28 by 8 – 17 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum 0.1 – 0.5 mm long) or rounded, wall 0.2 – 1 mm thick, stipes 1 – 4 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 13 – 19 by 7 – 13 mm, pale brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations lamellate in 4 parts. Distribution — Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Piauí, Tocantins). Habitat & Ecology — In caatinga, campo rupestre, cerrado, cerradão, dry forest, on sandy or rocky soil. At elevations of 0 – 1100 m. Flowering: March, October, December; fruiting: January to April. Vernacular names — Brazil: Atinha (Fróes 11578), Imbiú-mineiro (Da Luz 1). Note — Oxandra reticulata, restricted to dry vegetation types of E and SE Brazil, is aberrant from all other species by very small leaves, distinctly reticulate on both sides. The primary vein and margins on the lower side of the lamina, moreover, are often densely covered with reddish to black dots.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6419B27F264CFC03B30FFDD0.taxon	description	Ab omnibus speciebus foliis linearibus differt. — Typus: Callejas et al. 9343 (holo U; iso HUA), Colombia, Antioquia, Mun. Puerto Berrío, Vereda Bodegas, sitio San Juan de Bedout, Quebrada de San Juan, 300 m, 4 Mar. 1990. Shrub 2 – 3 m tall; young twigs glabrous, grooved. Leaves: petiole 1 – 3 mm long, 1 mm diam; lamina linear, 7 – 11 by 1 – 1.5 cm (leaf index 9 – 10), chartaceous, sparsely, but distinctly verruculose below, dull and greyish above, brown below, glabrous above and below, base obtuse, oblique, apex long-acute, primary vein raised above, secondary veins indistinct, 12 – 15 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 50 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin c. 1 mm, tertiary veins flat above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, 1 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 4 – 5, depressed ovate, 1 – 1.5 mm long, outer side glabrous; flower buds globose; sepals broadly ovate, c. 2 by 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals colour in vivo not recorded, oblong-elliptic, c. 6 by 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 25, 1 – 1.5 mm long, apex of connective depressed ovate; carpels ≤ 5. Monocarps (immature) c. 5, green, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 7 – 8 by 4 – 5 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall not measurable, stipes absent. Seed not seen. Map 10 Distribution of Oxandra rheophytica (●), O. riedeliana (●) and O. saxicola (▲). Fig. 19 Oxandra rheophytica Maas & Junikka. Flowering twig (Callejas et al. 9343, iso HUA). Fig. 20 Oxandra riedeliana R. E. Fr. Flowering twig (Amaral et al. 686, U). Distribution — Colombia (Antioquia). Habitat & Ecology — In humid, periodically inundated forest. At elevations of 150 – 300 m. Flowering: March; fruiting: October. Other specimen studied. COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Mun. Puerto Berrío, via Puerto Berrio-Yondó, 3.5 km NE of Puerto Berrio, sitio Bodegas, Quebrada San Juan de Bedout, 150 m, Callejas & Cardona 12558 (HUA). Note — Oxandra rheophytica has extremely narrow, linear leaves and matches O. xylopioides in that aspect. It differs, however, by the leaf base which lacks the tooth-like prolongations of O. xylopioides and by the sparse presence (instead of very dense) of verruculae on the leaves. The epithet ‘ rheophytica’ refers to the habitat in borders of streams (Greek ρέος = stream; ῳΎΤον = plant).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D641CB27F2503FDFDB655FF1A.taxon	description	Oxandra riedeliana R. E. Fr. (1906) 2, f. 7 – 9. — Type: Riedel 1389 (holo S; iso K, M, MPU), Brazil, Amazonas, Borba, Aug. 1828. Tree 3 – 30 m tall, 10 – 28 cm diam; young twigs glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly rhombic, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 6 – 17 by 2 – 6 cm (leaf index 2.5 – 3.1), chartaceous, not verruculose, shiny and greyish green to greyish brown above, brownish below, glabrous above and below, base acute to attenuate, apex acuminate (acumen 5 – 15 mm long) to acute, primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 7 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 12 - flowered inflorescences; pedicels 2 – 6 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 5 – 7 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam, rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 5 – 6, depressed ovate, 0.5 – 1 mm long, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose; sepals shallowly to broadly ovate-triangular, 1 – 1.5 by 1 – 2 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; petals white to yellow in vivo, elliptic to obovate, 6 – 7 by 2 – 5 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens 11 – 18, 2 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular to narrowly ovate; carpels ≤ 7. Monocarps 1 – 6, green, maturing dark red in vivo, black in sicco, globose to broadly ellipsoid, 12 – 18 by 11 – 16 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.5 – 3 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed globose or ellipsoid, 9 – 12 by 8 – 11 mm, pale brown to cream, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Colombia (Amazonas, Vaupés), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Ecuador (Napo, Orellana, Pastaza), Peru (Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios), Bolivia (Santa Cruz). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated or often periodically inundated (igapó, tahuampa, várzea) forest or open swamp forest, on sandy to clayey soil. At elevations of 0 – 700 m. Flowering: Mainly between July and December; fruiting: October to June. Vernacular names — Bolivia: Singa colorada (P. F. Foster et al. 357, 439). Brazil: Envira (Gottsberger & DÖring 14 - 19186, Luize 270, 296, M. Silva 753), Envira-de-tambaquí (D. Coêlho et al. INPA 81953, Souza et al. 156, 157), Envira-de-várzea (Pardo et al. 54), Envira-preta-desconhecida (Rosa et al. 5325), Envira-preta-folha-media (Rosa et al. 5661), Envira-surucucu (Barbieri 24), Envireira-branca (Souza 150), Juvueira-algodão (Capucho 448). Ecuador: Pantomo (Huaorani name, Freire & Naranjo 709, Naranjo & Freire 371). Uses — Envira usada para amaração em geral e a madeira para lenha (Silveira et al. 985, Brazil). Field observations — Fruit edible (Freire & Naranjo 709, Naranjo & Freire 371, Ecuador). Note — Oxandra riedeliana shares with O. polyantha a many-flowered inflorescence. For the differences between both species see under O. polyantha.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D641CB27D264CFEBBB0E6FEDE.taxon	description	Floribus subsessilibus (saepe in axillis foliorum delapsorum apparentibus), monocarpiis globosis 20 – 25 mm in diametro metientibus differt. — Typus: Parada 944 (WAG 3 sheets; iso MO), Bolivia, Santa Cruz, German Busch, 500 m from El Carmen Viejo, 165 m, 13 May 2008. Tree or shrub, 0.5 – 12 m tall, 20 – 50 cm diam; young twigs densely lenticellate, sparsely (Bolivia) to densely (Brazil) covered with erect hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 4 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to ovate, 5 – 10 by 2.5 – 5 cm (leaf index 1.6 – 2.5), coriaceous, not verruculose, shiny and green above, pale glaucous green below, glabrous (Bolivian material) to sparsely covered with appressed hairs (Brazilian material) above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous (Bolivian material) or rather densely to sparsely covered with erect hairs (Brazilian material) below, base obtuse to cordate, apex obtuse to bluntly acute, primary vein slightly raised to flat above, secondary veins distinct, 10 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 40 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 3 mm, tertiary veins strongly raised above and below, reticulate. Flowers solitary, often on leafless branchlets; pedicels 0.5 – 1 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels c. 3 mm long, c. 2 mm diam, rather densely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 5 – 7, broadly ovate 1 – 2.5 mm long, lowest bract sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous, the other bracts densely covered with appressed, whitish hairs; flower buds subglobose; sepals broadly ovate-triangular, 2 – 2.5 by 1.5 – 3 mm, outer side densely covered with appressed, whitish hairs (Brazil) to glabrous (Bolivia); petals yellowish white to greenish white in vivo, narrowly elliptic, 5 – 7 by 1 – 3 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 20, 2.5 – 3 mm long, apex of connective ovate to depressed ovate; carpels 5 – 10. Monocarps 1 – 3, green to yellow, maturing yellow to red in vivo, blackish brown in sicco, somewhat glaucous when young, subglobose, 20 – 25 by 20 – 25 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall c. 3 mm thick, stipes absent. Seed subglobose, 13 – 25 by 10 – 15 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations peg-shaped to lamellate in 4 parts. Distribution — Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Tocantins). Habitat & Ecology — In ‘ bosque seco chiquitano’, in ‘ vegetación saxícola’ (Bolivia) and: cerrado, on rocky soil, also in deciduous rainforest on rocky soil (Brazil). At elevations of 100 – 800 m. Flowering: February, May, October, November; fruiting: March to May, October to January. Vernacular name — Brazil: Mejo-de-porco (Ratter et al. 7327). Field observations — Flores muy aromáticas (Parada 944, 969, Bolivia); flores con olor de limão (Pereira & Amaral 326, Brazil). Selection of other specimens studied. BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz, Prov. Chiquitos, Concesión Don Mario, c. 125 km NE of San José de Chiquitos, 450 m, Mamani et al. 1408 (MO); Angel Sandoval, 9 km de Santo Corazón, sobre el camino a Santiago de Chiquitos, 263 m, Wood et al. 25096 (K, UB); German Busch, Carmén Rivero Torre, 0.5 km de la carretera entrando hacia El Carmén Viejo, 120 m, Wood & Villarroel 25544 (K, L, UB). – BRAZIL, Bahia, Paulo Alfonso, Estação Ecológica Raso de Catarina (Mata da Pororoca), 715 m, Moraes et al. 102 (MO, U); Campo Formoso, Orlandi 379 (HUEFS, MG, RB). Goiás, Mun. Nova Roma, saída da cidade em direção a laciara Fazenda Cachoeira, 710 m, Alvarenga et al. 1292 (CEN); Mun. Posse, Rodovia Brasília-Fortaleza, 220 km de Formosa, Belém & Mendes 116 (IAN, MG); Mun. Minaçu, right bank of Rio Tocantins, Bucci & Verano 1579 A, 1580 A (UB); Porto Real, Burchell 8464 (K); Mun. Monte Alegre, Fazenda Nica, 565 m, Fonseca et al. 2987 (IBGE); Mun. Guarani de Goiás, 800 m, Pereira & Alvarenga 2999 (IBGE); Mun. São Domingos, km 34 da estrada Guaraní de Goiás / Terra Ronca, 600 m, Pereira & Alvarenga 3288 (RB); Mun. Mambaí, Vale do Rio Paranã, tributary of Lower Rio Tocantins, left margin of Rio Vermelho, affluent of Rio Corrente, Pereira & Alvarenga 3641 (IBGE, MG); Mun. Cavalcante, Bahia Morro Branco (Rio Tocantins), vila Veneno, 320 m, Pereira-Silva et al. 5664 (CEN); 18 km from Alto de Paraíso de Goiás on the road to Nova Roma, Ratter et al. 7327 (K); Mun. Colinas do Sul, Serra da Mesa (Grande Lago), 350 m, Walter et al. 3583 (CEN, UFG). Mato Grosso do Sul, Dois Irmãos do Buriti, Fazenda Taruana, 260 m, Solórzano 215 (UB). Tocantins, Mun. Aguiarnópolis, Patio da Ferrovia Norte e Sul, 155 m, Pereira & Amaral 326 (CEN); Mun. Taguatinga de Tocantins, Azuis, Rio Sobrado, Pereira 3467 (IBGE); Mun. Paranã, Fazenda São João, 342 m, Sevilha et al. 3779 (CEN). Notes — Oxandra saxicola resembles O. reticulata by its leaf shape and size and leaf reticulation, but can be told apart by subsessile flowers (flowering pedicels 0.5 – 1 mm long vs 3 – 4 mm long), a higher number of bracts (5 – 7 vs 1 – 2) and globose, large, thick-walled monocarps instead of ellipsoid, thin-walled monocarps. A peculiarity of this species is the fact that flowers are often produced in leafless condition. The Brazilian collections look quite similar to the Bolivian specimens aberrant, however, in having a different indument of young twigs and leaves and hairy (instead of glabrous) sepals.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D641EB27D2503FEF8B762FD1E.taxon	description	Oxandra sessiliflora R. E. Fr. (1931) 172, f. 5 f, g. — Type: Ducke RB 18347 (holo S), Brazil, Pará, Rio Tocantins, near Campina de Arumaténa, 3 Jan. 1915. Tree or shrub 1 – 25 m tall, 8 – 20 cm diam; young twigs rather densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 3 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly obovate, 3 – 7.5 by 1 – 2.5 cm (leaf index 2.4 – 3.4), coriaceous, not verruculose, smooth, shiny and dark brown to brownish green above, brown to brownish green below, glabrous above, rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs 1 – 2 mm long below, base obtuse to slightly cordate, apex bluntly acute, sometimes slightly emarginate, primary vein flat to slightly impressed above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 12 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 65 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 1 – 2 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 2 - flowered inflorescences; flowering and fruiting pedicels 1 – 4 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, densely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 4 – 5, depressed ovate, 1 – 1.5 mm long, outer side densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose; sepals shallowly to broadly ovate-triangular, c. 2 by 1.5 – 2.5 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; petals white to pinkish white in vivo, ovate, 3 – 7 by 2 – 5 mm, outer (and also inner) side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; stamens c. 30, 2 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular to narrowly oblong; carpels ≤ 8. Monocarps 1 – 7, green, maturing reddish black in vivo, black to brown in sicco, ellipsoid, 9 – 13 by 6 – 9 mm, sparsely covered with appressed hairs, apex apiculate (apiculum to c. 1 mm long), wall 0.2 – 0.5 mm thick, stipes 1 – 2 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid to oblongoid, or obovoid, 9 – 13 by 5 – 8 mm, pale reddish brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations composed of flattened pegs or lamellate in 4 parts. Map 11 Distribution of Oxandra sessiliflora (●) and O. surinamensis (●). Distribution — Brazil (Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Pará, Par- aíba, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Tocantins). Habitat & Ecology — In dry vegetations like caatinga, cerrado, sometimes in forest on terra firme, on sandy soil. At elevations of 0 – 360 m. Flowering: January to April; fruiting: March to May. Vernacular name — Brazil: Cundurú (Barroso & Guimaraes 23, Chaves 1133415, Emperaire 2214, 2214 A, 2236). Uses — Wood used (‘ Madeireira’) (Chaves 1133415, Brazil). Field observations — Flowers very fragrant, reminiscent of lemon (Schatz et al. 815, 856, Brazil); wood bleeding red (Schatz et al. 857, 906, 941, Brazil). Note — Oxandra sessiliflora, confined to SE and E Brazil, is one of the most easily distinguishable species by its very small, shiny, acutely tipped leaves, almost sessile flowers, and by the presence of a rather dense indument on both young twigs and petals. It is different from the similar-looking O. reticulata by the number of bracts (4 – 5 vs 1 – 2), flat to slightly impressed primary vein (vs slightly raised to flat in O. reticulata), and the presence of indument on both young twigs and petals.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D641EB271264CFCB8B2E1FC16.taxon	description	Oxandra sphaerocarpa R. E. Fr. (1934) 198. — Type: Ll. Williams 475 (holo F), Peru, Loreto, Lower Río Nanay, S bank of Río Amazonas, 28 May 1929. Tree 6 – 40 m tall, 10 – 50 cm diam (‘ with low plank buttresses’, Daly et al. 5621); young twigs rather densely covered with appressed hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 4 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, 8 – 20 by 3 – 7 cm (leaf index 2.7 – 3.8), chartaceous, rather densely verruculose to not verruculose above and below, dull and brown to brownish grey green above, pale brown to brown below, mostly densely covered with appressed to erect hairs along primary vein above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs below, base acute to obtuse, often oblique and sometimes with two angular to tooth-like projections on either side, apex acute to acuminate (acumen 10 – 15 mm long), primary vein impressed to flat above, secondary veins distinct, 12 – 16 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 5 mm, tertiary veins slightly raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 3 - flowered inflorescences; flowering pedicels 2 – 6 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 4 – 9 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; bracts 4 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side densely to rather densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds Map 12 Distribution of Oxandra sphaerocarpa (●) and O. venezuelana (●). Fig. 22 Oxandra sessiliflora R. E. Fr. Fruiting twig (B. A. S. Pereira et al. 1600, U). Fig. 23 Oxandra sphaerocarpa R. E. Fr. Fruiting twig (Prance et al. 24514, U). Fig. 24 Oxandra venezuelana R. E. Fr. Fruiting twig (Deago & Carrasquilla 536, U). ellipsoid; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, 1 – 1.5 by 1 – 3 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; petals pale cream to cream, oblong-elliptic, 4 – 10 by 2 – 5 mm, outer side rather densely covered with appressed hairs; stamens 15 – 20, 2.5 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 20. Monocarps 2 – 15, green to reddish yellow, maturing red, black to bluish black in vivo, black in sicco, globose, sometimes ellipsoid, 10 – 17 by 10 – 13 mm, glabrous, apex apiculate (apiculum to c. 1 mm long), wall c. 1 mm thick, stipes 6 – 16 by 1 mm. Seed broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 9 – 12 by 7 – 10 mm, brown to pale brown, surface minutely pitted to transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Brazil (Amazonas), Ecuador (Pastaza), Peru (Loreto, Pasco, Ucayali). Habitat & Ecology — In periodically inundated (restinga, tahuampa, várzea) forest, at clayey soil. At elevations of up to c. 150 m. Flowering: October; fruiting: February to May, October, November. Vernacular names — Peru: Acara-wasca (Ll. Williams 475, 478), Espintana (Daly et al. 5068, Freitas 10, T. D. Pennington et al. 17022, Valcarcel 539 - 2), Espintana roja (Daly et al. 5621), Yahuayachi caspi (Rimachi Y. 271). Field observations — Flowers sweet-scented (T. D. Pennington et al. 17022); frutos con aroma a limón (Zak 4190, Ecuador). Note — Oxandra sphaerocarpa can be distinguished in fruit by extremely long stipes up to 16 mm long and in flower by elongate, ellipsoid buds and hairy petals. The primary vein of the leaves is often densely covered with appressed to erect hairs above.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6412B2712503FBB5B60AFEC0.taxon	description	Oxandra surinamensis Jans. - Jac. (1970) 338, pl. 2. — Type: Florschütz & Maas 2419 (holo U; iso BM), Suriname, 1 – 2 km S of Kabalebo airstrip, 17 Dec. 1964. Shrub or tree 0.5 – 3 m tall, diam not recorded; young twigs rather densely covered with erect and appressed, long-persisting hairs. Leaves: petiole 1 – 2 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate, 8 – 13 by 3 – 5 cm (leaf index 2.6 – 3), chartaceous, not verruculose, dull and brownish green above and below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs along primary vein below, base obtuse, slightly oblique, apex acuminate (acumen 5 – 15 mm long), primary vein raised above, secondary veins distinct, 7 – 12 on either side of primary vein, slightly raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 65 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers solitary; pedicels c. 1 – 2 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels to c. 3 mm long, 1 – 1.5 mm diam, sparsely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 2 – 4, depressed ovate, 0.5 – 1 mm long, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose to ellipsoid-oblong; sepals broadly to shallowly ovate-triangular, c. 1 by 1 – 2 mm, outer side rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; petals white in vivo, narrowly elliptic, 5 – 7 by 2 – 3 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; stamens c. 10, c. 1.5 mm long, apex of connective depressed ovate; carpels ≤ 6. Monocarps 1 – 6, green, maturing yellow with reddish blush to black in vivo, brown in sicco, globose to ellipsoid, 8 – 10 by 5 – 8 mm, glabrous, apex rounded to apiculate (apiculum <0.5 mm long), wall c. 0.2 mm thick, stipes c. 1 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid-oblongoid, c. 8 by 6 mm, pale brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Suriname. Habitat & Ecology — In forest on banks of river or ridgetops. At elevations of 0 – 700 m. Flowering: August; fruiting: February, March, August, December. Note — Oxandra surinamensis, restricted to Suriname, resembles another Guianan species, namely O. asbeckii, but differs by non-verruculose leaves, loops which are closer to the leaf margins (2 – 3 vs 3 – 5 mm) and smaller monocarps (8 – 10 vs 15 – 30 mm long).	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6412B271264CFEC1B690F98D.taxon	description	Tree 16 – 25 m tall, 20 – 35 cm diam; young twigs glabrous. Leaves: petiole 2 – 5 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; lamina narrowly elliptic, 4 – 8 by 1 – 3 cm (leaf index 2.6 – 3.8), coriaceous, not verruculose, but reddish black punctate below, shiny and greyish green above, brownish green below, glabrous above and below, base acute to slightly attenuate, apex bluntly acute, primary vein slightly raised above, secondary veins distinct, 8 – 10 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 70 °, smallest distance between loops and margin c. 1 mm, tertiary veins distinctly raised above and below, reticulate. Flowers solitary; flowering and fruiting pedicels 10 – 14 mm long, 0.5 – 1 mm diam, glabrous, bract 1, depressed ovate, c. 1 mm long, outer side glabrous; flower buds globose; sepals connate for up to half of their length broadly ovate-triangular, 1 – 1.5 by 2 mm, outer side glabrous; petals bright green in vivo, elliptic to circular, 4 – 5 by 2 – 4 mm, outer side glabrous; stamens c. 20, c. 2 mm long, apex of connective quadrangular; carpels ≤ 5. Monocarps 1 – 5, greenish red in vivo, black in sicco, ellipsoid, 15 – 18 by 11 – 13 mm, glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.5 – 0.7 mm thick, stipes 7 – 8 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 10 – 15 by 10 – 11 mm, brown, surface minutely pitted to transversely striate, ruminations lamellate in 4 parts. Distribution — Brazil (Espírito Santo). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated, high Atlantic Forest. At elevations of 0 – 100 m. Flowering: November; fruiting: May. Vernacular name — Brazil: Imbiú-preto (Folli 545, I. A. Silva 272). Notes — Oxandra unibracteata, only known from the type locality in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, is one of the most distinctive species in the genus by its long and glabrous pedicels, which are provided with only one bract! This is rather unusual for Oxandra, which commonly has 4 or more bracts. The only other species is the very similar O. reticulata which has 1 – 2 bracts and, moreover, shorter pedicels. Other features are the completely glabrous leaves, which have a strong reticulation on both sides.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6412B277264DF90FB76DFDEC.taxon	description	Oxandra venezuelana R. E. Fr. (1960) 22. — Type: Bernardi 1923 (holo NY; iso BM, FI, K 2 sheets, S), Venezuela, Mérida, El Vigía, Caño Amarillo, 150 – 250 m, 5 Feb. 1955. Tree 4 – 35 (– 50) m tall, 10 – 60 cm diam, sometimes with red to yellowish exudate; young twigs glabrous or sometimes in the youngest stage covered with some scattered, appressed, white hairs to c. 2 mm long. Leaves: petiole 3 – 8 mm long, 1 – 5 mm diam; lamina narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 5 – 15 by 2 – 5 cm (leaf index 2.6 – 3.4), coriaceous, not verruculose, shiny and dark olive-green to brown above, dull green (‘ glaucous’) below, glabrous or rarely with scattered erect or appressed hairs above and below, base acute, sometimes obtuse and oblique, apex acute to shortly acuminate (acumen 5 – 10 mm long), primary vein slightly impressed above, secondary veins distinct, Fig. 25 Oxandra xylopioides Diels. Fruiting twig (Vásquez & Jaramillo 9368, U). 10 – 13 on either side of primary vein, raised above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 65 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins raised above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 10 - flowered inflorescences, sometimes produced from leafless branches; pedicels c. 1.5 mm long, c. 1.5 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 3 – 10 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam, densely covered with appressed hairs; bracts 5 – 6, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side densely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds globose; sepals shallowly ovate-triangular, 2 – 4 by 2 – 4 mm, outer side densely covered with appressed hairs; petals white to cream in vivo, elliptic to obovate, 8 – 14 by 4 – 7 mm, outer side densely covered with appressed and erect hairs; stamens c. 50, 3 – 4 mm long, apex of connective narrowly triangular; carpels ≤ 20. Monocarps 4 – 15, green, maturing purple-black in vivo, black to brown and often glaucous in sicco, ovoid to ellipsoid, 10 – 19 (– 25) by 6 – 10 (– 12) mm, sparsely covered with appressed to erect, minute, white hairs, c. 0.1 mm long to glabrous, apex rounded, wall 0.5 – 1 mm thick, stipes 3 – 10 by 1 – 2 mm. Seed ellipsoid 12 – 15 (– 19) by 6 – 8 mm, brown, surface transversely striate, ruminations lamellate in 4 parts. Distribution — Mexico (Chiapas), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Cesar, Santander), Venezuela (Amazonas, Mérida, Táchira, Zulia). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated, moist forest. At elevations of 0 – 1100 m. Flowering: April, October, December; fruiting: February to April, September, December. Vernacular names — Colombia: Yaya pino (De Bruijn 1608), Yaya sangre (Cogollo et al. 4594). Costa Rica: Haya (Thomsen 566), Yaha (Seeman 1580), Yayo (Estrada & Rodríguez 234, Thomsen 566), Yayo amarillo (Thomsen 566), Yayo blanco (Thomsen 566). Nicaragua: Palanco (Grijalva & Almanza 3601, Sandino et al. 3852, 5020). Panama: Yaya (Holdridge 6216). Venezuela: Ya-ya or Ya-yá (Aristeguieta et al. 6766, Bernardi 1923, 6359, Steyermark et al. 122914, 123099), Yaya pino (De Bruijn 1608). Uses — Lo utilizan para ‘ pluma’ entre el camion y el chuto (Aristeguieta et al. 6766, Venezuela); wood used for ax shafts (Thomsen 566, Costa Rica); se utiliza en la construcción de ranchos (Costa Rica: Zamora et al. 2000: 236). Field observations — Flores aromaticas (Sandino et al. 5020, Nicaragua). Notes — Oxandra venezuelana is recognized by often narrowly obovate leaves with a slightly impressed primary vein, a shiny upper side in which the tertiary venation is strongly raised and reticulate and a dull and glaucous lower side. Other features are the densely hairy petals and the high number of stamens Map 13 Distribution of Oxandra xylopioides (●) and Oxandra sp. Fernandez (●). (c. 50!). The monocarps in this species are often glaucous and covered with an indument of minute, appressed and erect hairs. A sterile collection from Costa Rica, Poveda A. 3889 (F) is aberrant in having the young twigs densely covered with erect, brown hairs. As already remarked in the Introduction, O. venezuelana in a study by Pirie et al. (2006) comes out in an isolated clade sister to Pseudomalmea diclina. Apart from the seeds which match quite well, there is hardly any resemblance between the two taxa, e. g. O. venezuelana: pedicels <2 mm long in flower, ≤ 10 mm in fruit, flower buds closed, vs P. diclina: pedicels 18 – 55 mm long in flower, ≤ 90 mm in fruit, flower buds open.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D6414B275264DFDADB099FA18.taxon	description	Tree 3 – 45 m tall, 2 – 70 cm diam; young twigs densely covered with appressed to erect, brown hairs, soon glabrous. Leaves: petiole 1 – 4 mm long, 1 – 2 mm diam; lamina narrowly oblong-elliptic to narrowly ovate, 4 – 20 by 1 – 5 cm (leaf index 3.6 – 8), chartaceous, totally verruculose above and below, the verruculae often string-forming, dull above, greyish brown to brown above and below, glabrous above, sparsely covered with appressed hairs below, soon glabrous, base with two distinct angular to tooth-like projections on either side, apex long-acute, primary vein impressed above, secondary veins indistinct and almost invisible, 10 – 16 on either side of primary vein, flat above, angle of secondary veins with primary vein 45 – 80 °, smallest distance between loops and margin 2 – 3 mm, tertiary veins indistinct, almost invisible, flat above, reticulate. Flowers in 1 – 7 - flowered inflorescences; pedicels 1 – 2 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, fruiting pedicels 2 – 5 mm long, 1 – 3 mm diam, glabrous; bracts 5 – 8, depressed ovate, 1 – 2 mm long, outer side rather densely to sparsely covered with appressed hairs; flower buds ellipsoid; sepals shallowly ovate-triangular, 1.5 – 2 by 2 – 3 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous; petals yellow, cream, or white in vivo, elliptic to ovate, 7 – 8 by 3 – 4 mm, outer side sparsely covered with appressed hairs; stamens 9 – 16, 2 – 3 mm long, apex of connective narrowly to broadly triangular; carpels ≤ 9. Monocarps 1 – 8, green-orange, maturing red, wine-red to black in vivo, black in sicco, obovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, 13 – 25 by 9 – 14 mm, glabrous, apex rounded to apiculate (apiculum <0.5 mm long), wall 0.5 – 2 mm thick, stipes 1 – 4 by 1 mm. Seed ellipsoid, 10 – 18 by 8 – 10 mm, brown, surface minutely pitted to transversely striate, ruminations spiniform. Distribution — Bolivia (La Paz, Pando), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Vaupés), Ecuador (Morona- Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbios), French Guiana, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Venezuela (Amazonas). Habitat & Ecology — In non-inundated (terra firme) or periodically inundated (várzea) forest, or gallery forest, on sandy to clayey, red to yellow soil. At elevations of 0 – 450 m. Flowering: from June to February; fruiting: all year through. Vernacular names — Brazil: Envira-preta (Figueiredo 846), Envira-vassourinha (Silveira et al. 887), Inviera (Campbell et al. 6125), Invira-preta (Krukoff 8093). Colombia: Cargero (Van Dulmen 389), Faak + o cugao (Muinane name, Murillo & Rodríguez A. 564), Fatrriocugao (Muinane name, Urrego et al. 248), Popai de culebra (Urrego et al. 248), T + raña (Huitoto Fig. 26 Oxandra sp. Fernández. Fruiting twig (Y. Fernández 306, U). name, Murillo & Román 583). Ecuador: Kaya yais (Shuar name, Anananch RBAE 127), Rumi cara caspi (Quichua name, Neill & Rojas 10020), Yais (Shuar name, Kunkumas RBAE 209). French Guiana: Pendje ku (Boni name, Sauvain 342). Peru: Espintana (Jenssen S. 39, 40, Lao M. 8, T. D. Pennington et al. 16996, Reynel R. 166, Rimachi Y. 4350, Ruiz M. & Jaramillo 1124, J. M. Schunke 94, Soria S. s. n., Vásquez et al. 7421, 8151, 8308, 9368, 10361, 10362, 11822, Ll. Williams 4134), Espintana amarillo (Rimachi Y. 2920), Espintana negra (Acosta Malpica 46, McDaniel & Rimachi Y. 20313, Pariona & Ruiz M. 1034, 1041), Espintana negro (Gentry et al. 36293, 41378), Espintano (Killip & Smith 28317), Kayayaís (Kayap 964), Kaya yaais (Shuar name, Ancuash A. 362), Kaya yais (Shuar name, Ancuash A. 468, Tunqui 172), Kaya yeis (Huambisa name, Huashikat 1170, 1257, 1519), Pinsha caspi (Ellenberg 2916), Pinsha cayo (Reynel R. 751), Pintana (R. B. Foster & Wright 8150), Pintana negra (Alexiades 86 PEM 004, Hartshorn & Quijano 2948), Yahuarachi caspi (Rimachi Y. 3128). Uses — Usos como material de construccion para casas (Acosta Malpica 46, Peru); construção civil (Figueiredo 846, Brazil); used in rural house construction (Foster & Wright 8150, Peru); se utiliza para madera (Huashikat 1257 and Tunquí 172, Peru); wood used for building houses (Killip & Smith 28317, Peru); sirva el tallo para hacer piesas para construer la casa (Kunkumas RBAE 209, Ecuador); madera para puntales de casas (Lao 8, Peru); vapor baths of leaves to treat fevers (Neill & Rojas 10020, Ecuador); timber good for construction (J. M. Schunke 94, Peru); casca usada como envira (Silveira et al. 887, Brazil). Field observations — Fruto con olor agradable (Brand & Cogollo 49, Colombia); frutos con olor muy fuerte (Maceda 38, Peru); flowers with strong aromatic and pleasant fragrance (Rainer 249, Peru). Notes — Oxandra xylopioides is a much collected species, which is very easily recognizable by its narrow leaves (resembling certain species of Xylopia), which are totally verruculose (verrucae completely covering the leaf surface) and basally provided with two tooth-like projections. Moreover, the leaf venation is hardly visible. It is closest to O. panamensis from which it differs by a leaf base generally with tooth-like projections. Moreover, the leaves are totally verruculose (hardly leaving any space in between) instead of densely verruculose (where the warts are separate with distinct space in between). We have reduced O. major to a synonym of O. xylopioides as this is no more than a large-leaved form of the latter.	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
038A142D640AB2682759F960B390FE90.taxon	description	Oxandra (cont.) unibracteata J. C. Lopes, Junikka & Mello-Silva 25 venezuelana R. E. Fr. 26 virgata (Sw.) A. Rich. 8 virgata auct. (excl.) xylopioides Diels 27 Pseudomalmea Chatrou [p. 215, 216, 259] Pseudoxandra R. E. Fr. [p. 215, 216]	en	Junikka, L., Maas, P. J. M., Maas-van de Kamer, H., Westra, L. Y. Th. (2016): Revision of Oxandra (Annonaceae). Blumea 61 (3): 215-266, DOI: 10.3767/000651916X694283, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916x694283
