identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842.text	03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indirana bhadrai	<div><p>Indirana bhadrai</p><p>External morphology. Specimen numbers: BNHS 6809–6812. External larval morphology is described based on four specimens at Gosner Stages 36–38 (Table 1; Fig. 2A).  Small-sized, semiterrestrial tadpoles (TaL 15.4–16.1mm), body oval, longer than wide (BL / BW 1.9). In the lateral view, body depressed (BW / BH 1.3). Eyes positioned dorsally, directed dorso-laterally. Nares closer to eyes than snout (NSD / END 1.7). Inter-Narial Distance smaller than Inter-Orbital Distance (1.1). Snout declivous in dorsal view. Spiracle sinistral and lacking inner wall. Coiled gut visible from the ventral view.  Tail length twice as long as body length (TL/ BL 1.6). Tail thin, cylindrical, and tapering muscular structure with rudimentary dorsal and ventral fins beginning at the posterior most quarter of the tail muscle. Vent tube medial and short.  Oral disc (Fig. 2B) relatively small (BW / ODW 2.6), ventrally situated and not emarginated. Upper labium inverted ‘V’ shaped.  Labial tooth row formula (LTRF) 4(1–4)/4(1–2). Row P 1 shorter than other posterior tooth rows, with a large medial gap.  Jaw sheaths strongly compressed transversely, keratinised and well-serrated. Marginal papillae present only on commissures, medium-sized, submarginal papillae absent.</p><p>Colouration. In life, the dorsal colouration of the tadpoles varied from dark to pale brown. Brown to golden coloured irregular patches on the body, with two prominent, almost circular patches behind the eyes on the dorsal side. Dark brown to black coloured thin vein-like patterns on the dorsolateral side, behind the eyes. Three to four thin, dark perpendicular stripes over the hind limbs. Tail with thick orange to brown stripes, more prominent near the base than towards the posterior end. Ventral colouration ranged from uniform white to pale orange. Gut coils pale green to greenish-grey in colour. In preservation, the dorsum turns black and the ventral side is creamy white.</p><p>Natural history. Adults and tadpoles (Fig. 2C,D) were encountered on rocky mountainous slopes containing a thin film (&lt;2 mm) of water streaming over them, in areas locally called Attigundi and Basignamutt (Fig. 2G). We observed abundant algal growth on these slopes, and the tadpoles were seen feeding on them. Ambient temperature and relative humidity of the site in Attigundi were measured at 19°C and 98%, respectively. The water flowing over the rock formation had a temperature of 19.9°C, pH 5.12, contained 0.02 ppt of total dissolved solids and a water conductivity of 0.07 mS. Tadpoles were largely found on the open rocks than the regions on the rock with plant growth. Cement structure constructed adjacent to the rocky slopes, resembling the latter in algal abundance and water flow also had tadpoles of  I. bhadrai (Fig. 2E). Newly hatched tadpoles lacked hind limbs but were seen moving actively across the rock with the help of their proportionately long muscular tail and some of them were found wriggling on the roadsides. The older tadpoles with completely developed hind limbs were also seen crawling actively but leapt and fled when disturbed.</p><p>Egg clutches (three) were located within moist crevices along the rocky slopes, mostly hidden from plain sight (Fig. 2F). Each clutch comprised approximately 150 to 200 eggs and was not submerged in water. One of the egg clutches had embryos with well-developed external gills. The eggs measured about 4 mm in diameter at Gosner Stage 17 and about 4.9 mm at Gosner Stage 20. Notably, the tadpole tails were observed to be more than twice the length of the body within the eggs, making it easy to identify and distinguish them from other species sharing the same habitat. Post-hatching, the tadpoles congregated in small puddles beneath the oviposition sites.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03805F6DD938FFB4FF1FFC479DF4F842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arpitha, J.;Naveen, R. S.;Priti, Hebbar	Arpitha, J., Naveen, R. S., Priti, Hebbar (2025): Larval descriptions and natural history of two endemic frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from the Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa 5604 (2): 167-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6
03805F6DD93EFFB2FF1FFF0D9C10FF55.text	03805F6DD93EFFB2FF1FFF0D9C10FF55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micrixalus candidus	<div><p>Micrixalus candidus</p><p>External morphology. Specimen numbers (BNHS 6827–6830). Based on a single specimen at Stage 26, BNHS6827 (Table 2; Fig. 3A). Tadpole has an overall eel-like appearance. Body elliptic dorsally, longer than wide (BL/BW 2.4). In the lateral view, body depressed (BW/BH 1.3). Eyes moderate in size, ED is 12.1% of BL, positioned dorsally (ED/BW 0.3). Nares oval, dorso-laterally positioned, closer to the eyes than snout. Distance between the nares larger than between eyes (IOD/IND 0.6). Snout nearly rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Spiracle tube single, free from body wall, sinistral, positioned laterally, directed posteriorly, and located closer to the snout than to the tail base. Coiled gut is feebly visible from ventral view as the skin is only semitransparent. In the dorsal view, the body gradually narrows down into tail, with subtle marginalisation. Tail twice as long as the body (TL/BL 2.14). Tail musculature robust, with well-marked myotomes. TMH remains almost intact until the final quarter of the tail length and then tapers sharply. Dorsal fin, initially shallow, originated slightly after the body-tail junction. Ventral fin originated at the body-tail junction, wider than the dorsal fin but eventually evens out to match its size. Vent tube, dextral and directed posteriorly (Fig. 3A). Variations among individuals (N = 4, Stage 26–27) are given in Table 2. Oral disc (Fig. 3B) horizontally oval, protruding from the antero-ventral region, mid-sized (ODW/BW 0.34). Oral margin with dorsal, lateral, and ventrolateral indentations. Small, pointy marginal papillae and relatively large, blunt submarginal papillae present. Jaw sheaths keratinized with finely serrated and saw-like edge. Labial teeth absent.</p><p>Colouration. In life, tadpoles are lustrous, light to dark purple, body has a darker hue than the tail. Lateral and dorsal sides are almost evenly coloured and are devoid of any pigmented patterns (Figs. 3D,E). Pupil is black. Ventrally tadpoles are very light purple and the skin is partially opaque. In preservation, colouration fades slightly yet closely resembles its appearance in its live state. The colour on the ventral side becomes paler and more translucent.</p><p>Natural history. Tadpoles of  M. candidus were observed in a small, slow-flowing stream within a coffee estate, during February and March (Figs. 3F,G). Ambient temperature and relative humidity of the site were measured at 26.5°C and 59.7%, respectively. The stream water had a temperature of 20.3°C, pH 5.77, contained 0.03 ppt of total dissolved solids and a water conductivity of 0.05 mS. Overall depth of the stream ranged between 3 and 6 cm and the stream was bounded by ample vegetation mostly composed of ferns. The stream bed was mostly covered in gravel and small rocks, and the tadpoles were found buried beneath rocks or sand closer to the stream banks. The stream was well-shaded with a canopy of about 80% cover. Most tadpoles in advanced stages of development were observed to be solitary, while those in early stages were found in small groups, typically consisting of two or three individuals. Adult and larval forms of  Nyctibatrachus shiradi were found in sympatry with this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03805F6DD93EFFB2FF1FFF0D9C10FF55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arpitha, J.;Naveen, R. S.;Priti, Hebbar	Arpitha, J., Naveen, R. S., Priti, Hebbar (2025): Larval descriptions and natural history of two endemic frogs (Amphibia: Anura) from the Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa 5604 (2): 167-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5604.2.6
