taxonID	type	description	language	source
03FC4644FF5B3E4FFC97F903303065C4.taxon	discussion	The distinctive extant murine Rattus morotaiensis was originally described by Kellogg (1945) from a series of specimens collected on the island of Morotai. More recently, specimens of native Rattus from the North Moluccan islands of Halmahera and Bacan have been referred to this species (Flannery, 1995 a; Hasegawa & Syaffrudin, 1995 b) and a similar species has more recently been collected from Obi (Fabre et al., 2023). However, specimens from islands other than Morotai have now been shown by Fabre et al. (2023) to represent two distinct species, Rattus halmaheraensis (recorded from Halmahera, Bacan, Ternate, and Moti) and Rattus obiensis (recorded from Obi). Three partial dentaries and one isolated upper incisor from Daeo Cave no. 2 are referred to R. morotaiensis (Figs 3 – 5; Table 1). Measurements of these and several modern specimens of R. morotaiensis are shown in Table 1. The subfossil specimens are an excellent match in both size and morphology for modern voucher specimens. Rattus morotaiensis is a distinctive taxon with broad, lowcrowned molars and crenulated enamel (Figs 3 – 5). It differs in many ways that can be observed in subfossil remains from those of similar-sized commensal Rattus such as R. rattus and R. nitidus. In the upper dentition of R. morotaiensis, the posterocone is present on M 1 and cusp t 1 of the M 1 is placed just below the level of cusps t 2 and t 3, and M 2 exhibits wide cingular margins and a cusp t 3. The first lower molar is particularly distinctive, with a short anterior lamina that consists of subequal anterolabial and anterolingual cusps separated by a deep anterior groove. The middle and posterior laminae are weakly folded. There are large and distinctive peg-like anterolabial and anterolingual cusplets on m 1 and m 2, anterolabial and posterolabial cusplets on m 1 and m 2, and an anterolabial cusplet on m 3. The dentary is unusual in having an elongate and broad condylar process that projects behind the angular process.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF5A3E4DFC21FA2B31046698.taxon	discussion	Two partial dentaries (Fig. 6) are identified as a member of the “ Rattus rattus Species Complex ” (see Aplin et al. [2003, 2011] for a discussion of taxonomic issues in this group). Both specimens were recovered from with the upper 20 cm of the Daeo Cave no. 2 deposit. They appear less mineralized than the other subfossil remains and may represent a more recent addition to the archaeological deposit. It is not possible at present to identity the subfossil taxon any more precisely, pending clarification of species boundaries within the Rattus rattus Species Complex (Aplin et al., 2003, 2011). In recent decades, many authors have referred to populations previously identified as “ Rattus rattus ” in the southeast Asian region as a separate species, Rattus tanezumi, following Musser and Carleton (2005). However, the true taxonomic situation is much more complex, involving various evolutionary lineages, with differential humanmediated dispersal histories, that are closely related to Rattus rattus in the strict sense (e. g., Aplin et al., 2011; Louys et al., 2020). The widespread commensal Rattus tiomanicus, usually considered to be restricted to the continental shelf of Sundaland (e. g., Musser & Newcomb, 1985; Corbet & Hill, 1992; Musser & Carleton, 2005) is also a member of the Rattus rattus Species Complex (Aplin et al., 2011) and has recently been identified living in Wallacea, on the island of Halmahera (Fabre et al., 2023). This points to a need to more firmly resolve the taxonomy of all commensal mediumsized Rattus populations, both modern and Holocene, that have been referred to Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and Rattus tiomanicus in recent publications. In any case, the subfossil specimens under discussion would traditionally be identifiable as “ Rattus rattus ” (and more recently as “ R. tanezumi ”) and pending further clarifying work, we refer to these specimens from Daeo Cave no. 2 as “ Rattus sp. cf. rattus. ” These subfossil specimens referred to “ Rattus sp. cf. rattus ” are immediately distinguished from R. morotaiensis by their smaller and higher-crowed molars (Table 1; Fig. 6), less crenulated enamel, more elongate and unevenly bilobed anterior lamina on M 1, shallower lower incisor and various details of dentary morphology including the lower placement of the mandibular foramen. They differ from R. nitidus, another commensal species in the region, in the form of the angular process of the dentary, which is narrower and projects further posteriorly in R. nitidus. Rattus nitidus is native to mainland Southeast and EastAsia but occurs as a consequence of human introduction in several parts of island SoutheastAsia including, relative to Morotai, the island of Seram to the south, Sulawesi to the west, and the Vogelkop Peninsula of New Guinea to the east, as well as from Luzon in the Philippines and Palau in Micronesia (Musser & Newcomb, 1985; Helgen, 2003). The timing and pattern of spread of R. nitidus, which usually occurs as an introduced species in montane contexts, has received less attention than the dispersal of other murine commensals in the region and remains a fascinating area of study for archaeologists, geneticists, and mammalogists in the future, as it may illuminate important aspects of human history across the archipelagos of the Asia-Pacific.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF563E47FF04FDD537CB643B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 91 C 4586 B-FC 9 F- 4 CDF- 8239 - 02 B 75871 E 45 A Figs 7 – 8, 9 D, Tables 1 – 2	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF563E47FF04FDD537CB643B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: AM F 101459, a fragmentary left maxilla with M 1 – 3 in a moderate state of wear and preserving portions of the palatal side of the maxillary bone. Paratypes: Among murine rodents, the upper molar row is almost always slightly longer than the associated lower molar row. The following lower jaws are associated with the holotype on the basis of cheektooth size and overall morphology: AM F 101457, a fragmentary right dentary with M 1 – 3 in a moderate state of wear and the basal portion of I 1 in the alveolus; AM F 101463, a fragmentary right dentary with M 1 – 3 in a moderate state of wear; AM F 101464, a fragmentary right dentary with M 1 in an advanced state of wear. Type locality and age: Known only from the archaeological deposit in Cave no. 2 behind Daeo village, southern side of Morotai Island, North Maluku (Maluku Utara) Province, Indonesia. The bulk of the remains are believed to date from terminal Pleistocene to mid-Holocene times (Flannery et al., 1998).	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF563E47FF04FDD537CB643B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Halmaheramys funderus is smaller than H. bellwoodi sp. nov. of Morotai, and is further distinguished from that species by the presence of a bilobed anterior lamina on M 1, more extreme reduction of anterolabial cusps on M 2 – 3 as well as by its less proodont lower incisor and less elongate mandibular diastema, leading to more steeply inclined lower incisor (together signifying a shorter rostrum). Halmaheramys funderus of Morotai (M 1 – 3 crown length 8.8 mm) is distinguished from H. bokimekot of Halmahera by its much larger size (M 1 – 3 crown length 6.4 – 6.8 mm in H. bokimekot, n = 6), and from H. wallacei of Obi and Bisa by its somewhat larger size (M 1 – 3 crown length 7.8 – 8.4 mm in H. wallacei, n = 4). It further differs from both species in that all of its molar lophs are more laminar, more inclined antero-posteriorly, with less distinct cusps. The anterior loph of M 1 in particular is highly laminar relative to the extant species, the t 3 being shifted well anteriorly and poorly defined. The labial cusp t 4 both on M 1 and M 2 is antero-posteriorly developed with a distinct anterior inflection not seen in the two extant species of Halmaheramys. Compared to H. wallacei and H. bokimekot, the lower molars lack posterolabial cusplets, and the posterior cingular is smaller on M 1 and M 2.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF563E47FF04FDD537CB643B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The species name is Latin for “ to fuse ”, in reference to the fusion of molar cusps into transverse laminae in the molars.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF563E47FF04FDD537CB643B.taxon	description	Description. The maxilla is known only for the holotype (Figs 7 – 9). This specimen retains part of its palatal side as well as all three molars at an early to moderate stage of occlusal wear. Although the anterior portion of the palatal lamina has also suffered damage, a small section of the premaxillary suture is preserved alongside the postero-lateral margin of the incisive foramen. This is positioned 4.4 mm forward of the anterior root of M 1. The midline and palatine sutures are also partially preserved; the latter runs very close alongside the lingual roots of the posterior molars and swings medially to join the midline suture level with the posterior end of M 1. The posterior end of the fragment preserves a small portion of the palatine suture, situated 1.5 mm behind the rear of M 3. The maxilla of H. funderus is relatively gracile in construction. The alveolar portion of the maxilla is shallow, especially above the posterior molars, and the transition from the labial surface to the orbital surface is gently rounded rather than sharply angular as it is in species of Rattus and many other murines (see below for detailed comparisons). The palatal lamina is thin and only slightly thickened along the midline suture. The palatine sulcus (that carries blood vessels and nerves between the posterior palatal and incisive foramina) is broad and well-defined posteriorly but it shallows and fades anteriorly, and is indistinct forward of cusp t 1 of M 1. The incisive foramen penetrates 4.1 mm behind the premaxillary suture; its lateral margin is arcuate and it terminates in a broad V-shaped broad point, 1.1 mm forward of the anterior root of M 1. The position of the posterior palatal foramen is indeterminate. Although the malar process of the maxilla is damaged, it is clear that the zygomatic plate was relatively narrow and gracile in form. The postero-medial border of the zygomatic plate is weakly developed; its anterior edge starts anterolateral of the forward root of M 1 and its posterior edge ends midway along the border of the incisive foramina. The position of the maxillo-palatine suture relative to the molar row gives some indication of the degree of elongation of the palatal bridge. As indicated above, this suture lies 1.5 mm behind the molar row in H. funderus. In a specimen of R. halmaheraensis (AM M. 23653) of approximately equal size it is located 1.9 mm behind the molar row. A good impression of palatal dimensions and morphology in H. funderus is obtained by reflecting an image of the holotype along the midline suture (Fig. 8). This reveals a relatively narrow palate dominated by proportionally large molars set in weakly divergent rows. The incisive foramina are wide and bowed, and probably measured around 3.6 mm in combined width. The palatal width measured at the midloph of M 1 is 4.1 mm to the lingual side of the molars, 9.3 mm to the labial side of the molars. The relatively large molars of H. funderus are evident in comparison with the palate of a more typically proportioned rat such as Rattus rattus (Fig. 8). The holotype retains all three molars in a state of slight to moderate wear (Table 1; Fig. 9). The first molar is considerably longer but only slightly wider than the second molar; the second molar is considerably longer but is considerably wider than the third. All molars show a moderate degree of longitudinal overlap. The M 1 has five roots, one positioned anteriorly and two on each side of the tooth. The anterior root, supporting cusps t 2 and t 3, exceeds all others in bulk. The posterolabial root, supporting cusps t 8 and t 9, is next largest. The centrolabial, centrolingual, and posterolingual roots are subequal in size and support cusps t 6, t 1, and t 4, respectively. The posterolabial root is positioned slightly behind the level of the posterolingual root. The M 1 crown is relatively elongate and narrow, and is lamellate rather than cuspidate in form. The enamel is smooth where contact with food bolus has abraded the surface but coarsely punctate in more protected areas (Fig. 9). The cusp pattern is simple and follows the general murine pattern, with three primary cusps in each of the anterior and central laminae and two in the narrower, posterior lamina. The anterior lamina is broadly arcuate with each of the labial (t 3) and lingual (t 1) cusps strongly united with the central cusp (t 2). However, its occlusal surface is distinctly asymmetric, giving the impression that cusp t 1 is positioned closer to cusp t 2 than is cusp t 3. Cusps t 1 and t 3 are positioned at a similar level relative to the front of the tooth; both cusps are rounded posteriorly, without accessory ridging. The second lamina is slightly more cuspidate due to the presence on the anterior surface of the lamina of broad grooves between the central cusp (t 5) and each of a labial cusp (t 6) and a lingual cusp (t 4). Cusps t 4 and t 6 are both slightly posterior to t 5. Cusp t 6 is subequal in size to t 5 and rounded in occlusal shape. Cusp t 4 is more elongate and angular in form due to a posterior extension, a distinctive feature. A slight indentation of the lingual margin of this structure suggests the presence of a partially discrete cusp (t 4 b) situated posterior to cusp t 4 (see accounts of M 2, below). The third lamina consists of a rounded central cusp (t 8) and a smaller, rounded labial cusp (t 9). These cusps are broadly united but clearly defined by a broad groove on the anterior surface of the lamina. Cusp t 8 is slightly larger than cusp t 5. Cusp t 9 is smaller than cusp t 6 but subequal to cusps t 1 and t 3. A weak enamel ridge ascends the lingual surface of cusp t 8; it meets the posterior tip of cusp t 4. A slight flexure of the posterior margin of the tooth between cusps t 8 and t 9 suggests a remnant of a posterior cingulum. The posterior surface of the tooth is indeed weakly grooved in this position. The pattern of wear on M 1 and M 2 is stepped, wherein the occlusal surfaces of the laminae are angled relative to the overall occlusal plane of the molars. The M 2 is shorter and slightly narrower than the M 1. It is supported by four separate roots, two on each side of the crown. The M 2 is shield-shaped in outline, tapering posteriorly; it is slightly longer than wide. The cusp pattern follows the typical murine pattern, cusps t 1 and t 3 representing isolated elements of the anterior lamina, followed by complete second and third laminae that mirror the construction seen in M 1. Cusp t 1 of M 2 is a well-defined, sub-rounded cusp that lies on a common occlusal plane with cusp t 8 of M 1; its anterior surface projects well forward of the anterior surface of cusp t 5. In contrast, cusp t 3 is a small structure that is closely adpressed to the anterolabial face of t 5; it lies above the occlusal plane of the tooth. The central lamina on M 2 is broadly arcuate and almost symmetrical in structure. Cusp t 5 is rounded but separated from the flanking cusps by broad grooves. Cusp t 6 is similar in size to the equivalent cusp on M 1 but is more angular due to the presence of a weak posterior ridge. The lingual end of the anterior lamina is complex in form consisting of a small anterior cusp (t 4 a), that is broadly united to cusp t 5, and a larger posterior cusp (t 4 b) that is adpressed against cusp t 4 but separated from it by a deep lingual fissure and retains a complete enamel rim at occlusal level (Fig. 9). It is unclear if this structure reflects an unusual ridging, or is a discrete cusp, which would generally be identified as t 7 by its position. However, it is clearly not the same as the structure labelled t 7 in various other Asian murines such as species of Chiropodomys and Lenothrix (in these taxa cusp t 7 is associated with the posterior lamina; Misonne, 1969; Musser, 1979; Musser & Newcomb, 1983); for purposes of discussion, we will refer to this unusual structure in H. funderus as an “ accessory lingual cusp ”. The posterior lamina on M 2 is dominated by a cusp t 8 that is narrower but slightly longer than its serial homologue on M 1. Cusp t 9 is well-defined but considerably smaller than on M 1. The anterolingual ridge on t 8 is weakly developed. The M 3 is considerably shorter and narrower than the M 2. Three roots are present, two anteriorly and one supporting the posterior lamina of the tooth. Cusp t 1 on M 3 is very similar in size, shape and relations to this cusp on M 1. Cusp t 3 on M 3 is represented by a tiny tubercle above the occlusal surface. The central lamina on M 3 is an irregular structure tentatively made up of a relatively small central cusp t 5, a narrow cusp t 4 that extends lingually from t 5, and a hook-like posterolabial extension from t 5 that presumably represents t 6. The posterior lamina of M 3 consists of a single rounded cusp that is sharply divided from cusp t 4 but linked to the putative cusp t 6 by a high enamel ridge that encloses a small posterolabial fosette. The three dentaries represent different individuals with cheektooth wear ranging from moderate to advanced stages. All are damaged but collectively lack only the tip of the coronoid process, and details of the condylar and angular processes (Fig. 7). The horizontal ramus is small and lightly built relative to the size of teeth but shows developed muscular features involving deep masseter layers. Indeed, the masseteric crest is well developed, relatively straight and starting behind the mental foramen. The anterior section of the crest, below M 1, is less prominent than the more posterior section below the rear molars and ascending ramus. The mental foramen is in the usual position, below and forward of M 1. The lower incisor is absent or broken on all specimens. However, the orientation of the alveolus suggests a relatively steeply angled incisor and correspondingly short diastema. The symphyseal region is relatively slender, reflecting the overall gracility of the dentary. The ascending ramus rises to the level of the M 2 anterior lamina; it has a straight anterior margin that forms an angle of 140 o with the plane of the cheekteeth. Although the tip of the coronoid process is missing, the coronoid clearly rose above the level of the condylar notch (retained on one specimen). The incisor tubercle is situated below the coronoid process and condylar notch. The lower incisor is represented by a basal fragment embedded in AM F 101457. This shows a tooth that is approximately 1.1 mm in width and slightly higher than wide. The enamel is orange, ungrooved and covers the ventral surface and the lower one-third of the labial surface of the tooth. Two dentaries retain all three lower molars in a moderate state of wear (Table 1, Fig. 7). The third specimen retains M 1 in a more advanced state of wear. The M 1 – 3 crown lengths are 8.2 and 8.4 mm, and M 1 – 3 alveolar length ranges from 8.4 – 8.6 mm. M 1 is longer and slightly narrower than M 2. M 3 is shorter and narrower than M 2. All molars are laminate and relatively brachyodont, with forwardly inclined laminae. As for the upper molars, the enamel is finely punctate apart from on thegotic facets. The pattern of wear on M 1 and M 2 is stepped, matching that observed in the upper molars. The M 1 retains the usual murine arrangement of cusps, with an anterior group of cusps (collectively, the anteroconid), four primary cusps arranged in two more or less transverse laminae, and a distinct posterior cingulum. The tooth is relatively broad and chunky; it is broadest across the posterior lamina, narrowing to the front. All cusps are weakly bulbous towards the crown base. The pattern of roots below M 1 follows the pattern observed in Rattus and related genera, with one large circular root situated beneath the anterior cluster of cusps; two small circular roots are positioned on either side and near the rear of the second lamina; and one large, oval-shaped root is located below the posterior lamina. The central roots lie closer to the posterior than the anterior root. The anteroconid of M 1 is a short, broad structure that consists of two rounded cusps, positioned side by side and separated by a deep anterior groove. The anterolingual cuspid is slightly larger in occlusal area than the anterolabial cuspid (greater size disparity in AM F 101463 than in AM F 101457). The anteroconid is tightly adpressed against the second lamina such that the anterolabial and anterolingual flexids each penetrate less than one-quarter of the way across the tooth. The anterior lamina of M 1 is considerably broader than the anteroconid, which is a common characteristic of all Halmaheramys species. It is dumbbell shaped in occlusal outline, with concave anterior and posterior occlusal margins. The labial protoconid and lingual metaconid are sub-rectangular in occlusal outline and broadly united. The approximate boundary between the two cuspids is evident only from the concave posterior surface of the lamina; this suggests a slightly greater occlusal area for the protoconid over the metaconid. As in most Halmaheramys specimens, there is no trace of an accessory labial cusplet associated with either the anterior or middle laminae (but see AM M. 24389). The posterior lamina of M 1 is slightly broader than the anterior lamina. It repeats the basic structure of the anterior lamina but with a straighter anterior occlusal margin. The labial and lingual cuspids (the hypoconid and entoconid, respectively) are subequal in occlusal area. There is no trace of a posterolabial cusplet associated with the posterior lamina. The posterior cingulum is a broad, oval shaped cusp. It is positioned low and centrally at the rear of the tooth and, unlike the primary cusps, is vertical rather than forward sloping. The occlusal surface of the posterior cingulum lies in the same occlusal plane as the anterior lamina of M 2. The M 2 is square in basal outline and noticeably wider than the posterior lamina of M 1. The crown is more bulbous than M 1, particularly so on the labial side of the tooth. Five roots support the crown, two beneath the anterolabial corner of the tooth, and one beneath each of the three other corners. The divided anterolabial root is an unusual feature among murines. The arrangement of primary cusps on the M 2 is similar to that observed on the two laminae of M 1. The anterior lamina is notable for its breadth, being the widest element in the entire toothrow. The posterior lamina is substantially narrower and is surpassed in width by both the anterior and posterior laminae of M 1. Both laminae on M 2 have broadly concave posterior surfaces. The posterior cingulum of M 2 replicates the structure on M 1. Small but distinct anterolabial cusps are present on both examples of M 2. On the less-worn M 2 of AM F 101457 this structure is represented by a tiny tubercle, attached to the anterior face and lying below the occlusal surface of the protoconid. On AM F 101463 a small but distinct cusp is present in the same position. In this specimen it possesses a separate, functional dentine basin. However, further wear would soon see this basin merge into the anterolabial end of the anterior lamina. There is no trace of a posterolabial cusplet associated with the posterior lamina. The M 3 is substantially shorter and narrower than M 2. The crown is lower than either anterior tooth. The anterior lamina on M 3 is more strongly folded than on the preceding tooth, reflecting a slight posterior expansion of the protoconid. The posterior lamina is a simple D-shaped structure, flattened anteriorly and concave posteriorly. A small anterolabial cusp is present on AM F 101463, situated just below the occlusal surface. This cusp is absent on AM F 101457. There is no trace of a posterolabial cusplet associated with the posterior lamina.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF523E5AFC60FBB6352C643B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 394 DE 26 D- 8 BA 9 - 4088 - 9849 - 13 DBA 0 BFF 45 D Figs 10 – 11, Tables 1 – 2	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF523E5AFC60FBB6352C643B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: AM F 101456, a fragmentary left dentary with M 1 – 3 in a moderate state of wear and the basal portion of I 1 in the alveolus. Paratypes: AM F 101454, a fragmentary right dentary with M 3 in a moderate state of wear; AM F 101455, a fragmentary left dentary with M 1 – 2 in a moderate state of wear and the basal portion of I 1 in the alveolus; AM F 101458, a fragmentary left dentary with I 1 and M 1 in an advanced state of wear; AM F 101461, a fragmentary right dentary with M 3 in a moderate state of wear and the basal portion of I 1 in the alveolus; AM F 101462, a fragmentary left dentary with M 3 in a moderate state of wear; AM F 101470, a fragmentary left dentary with M 2 in a moderate state of wear; AM F 101471, a right dentary with M 3; AM F 101472, an incisor; AM F 162028, left dentary with M 1 – 3 in moderate state of wear. Additional attributed specimens: An additional maxilla and mandible from the type locality figured by Hull et al. (2019: 145), attributed to “ Rattus morotaiensis ”, would appear to represent this species. We presume these specimens are stored at the Australian National University in Canberra. Type locality and age: Known only from the archaeological deposit in Cave no. 2 behind the village of Daeo, on the southern side of Morotai Island, North Maluku (Maluku Utara) Province, Indonesia. The bulk of the remains are believed to date from terminal Pleistocene to mid-Holocene times (Flannery et al., 1998; Hull et al., 2019). Hull et al. (2019) noted that “ these sole cranial elements of rodent in the [Daeo Cave no. 2] assemblage are from Squares E 4 – E 5 at 10 – 15 cm, and hence postdate the C 14 date of 6463 – 6194 cal. BP (ANU 9452). ”	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF523E5AFC60FBB6352C643B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Halmaheramys bellwoodi is larger than other Halmaheramys species, with a M 1 – 3 alveolar length of 8.9 mm, versus a mean of 8.3 mm in H. funderus (8.2 – 8.4, n = 2), 8.0 mm in H. wallacei (7.1 – 8.3, n = 4), and 6.4 mm in H. bokimekot (see Table 2). Compared with H. bokimekot and H. wallacei, the molar lophids are more laminar, with less distinct cuspids. It is further distinguished from H. funderus by the presence of unicuspid anterior lamina on M 1, weakly indicated labial cusplets on M 1 – 3, and a more elongate mandibular diastema leading to a less steeply inclined lower incisor, signifying a longer rostrum.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF523E5AFC60FBB6352C643B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species is named for Professor Peter R. Bellwood of the Australian National University, Canberra, in recognition of his seminal efforts in the study of Moluccan prehistory.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
03FC4644FF523E5AFC60FBB6352C643B.taxon	description	Description: The dentary is represented by eight specimens that collectively illustrate the entire mandibular morphology save for the tip of the coronoid process (Fig. 11). The most complete specimen is AM F 101455 and the following description is based on this specimen unless indicated otherwise. The horizontal ramus is moderately large and robust relative to the size of teeth and shows strongly developed muscular features. The masseteric crest is well defined, relatively straight and terminates 1.5 – 2 mm behind the mental foramen. The anterior section of the crest, below M 1, is less prominent than the more posterior section below the rear molars and ascending ramus. The mental foramen is in the usual position, below and forward of M 1. The lower incisor is complete and in position in AM F 101458 and AM F 101470. It is oriented at a shallow angle and terminates level with the occlusal plane and 18.8 mm forward of the M 1. The symphyseal region is moderately robust, reflecting the overall condition of the dentary. The ascending ramus arises level with the midpoint of M 2; it has a straight anterior margin that forms an angle of 135 ° with the plane of the cheekteeth. Although the tip of the coronoid process is missing, this process clearly rose above the level of the condylar notch. The incisor proximal tubercle is situated below the coronoid process and condylar notch; it is a prominent structure and encloses a deep posterior zygomaticomandibularis fossa. The postalveolar foramen lies 5.3 mm behind the rear of M 3 and just above the occlusal plane of the cheekteeth. The articular condyle is unusually elongate compared with “ typical ” murines of similar jaw size (e. g., R. norvegicus) and lies relatively close behind the mandibular foramen. The angular process, complete on AM F 101461, is unusually broad and bears a conspicuous masseteric scar on its latero-ventral surface for the insertion of the posterior deep masseter muscle. The inner surface of the angular process bears a broadly concave medial pterygoid fossa that lacks conspicuous internal scarring. The mandibular foramen is located in the usual position, near the front of the internal pterygoid fossa. Complete lower incisors are retained in AM F 101458 and AM F 101470, with basal fragments embedded in several other dentaries. The complete incisors measure 2.4 – 2.6 mm in depth and 1.5 – 1.7 mm in width, and have radii of curvature of 17.0 – 18.5 mm. The tip of both complete incisors is accuminate rather than chisel-shaped as in most murines, and the occlusal surface is remarkably elongate, measuring 8.7 – 8.8 mm in length. The enamel is orange, ungrooved, and covers the ventral surface and the lower one-half of the labial surface of the tooth. At least two examples are available for each of the lower molars, with varying stages of wear represented (Table 1). The M 1 – 3 crown length is 8.9 mm, and M 1 – 3 alveolar length ranges from 9.2 – 9.6 mm. M 1 is longer and subequal in width to M 2. M 3 is shorter and narrower than M 2. Basic molar configurations mirror those described for H. funderus. The following account focuses on key points of difference between the two species. The M 1 is retained in three specimens. These differ from the M 1 of H. funderus in having anterior and posterior laminae of equal width, slightly less bulbous metaconids and entoconids, a more deeply folded anterior lamina, and an anteroconid formed of a single, oval-shaped cusp rather than the paired cusps seen in H. funderus. A small anterolabial cusplet is present on the anterior surface of the protoconid of AM F 101456 and AM F 101458; this structure is represented by a cingular crest on AM F 101455. Posterolabial cusplets are indicated on all specimens by grooves on the anterolabial surface of the hypoconids. The root pattern of M 1 differs from that H. funderus in showing a broadening of the anterior root and its partial fusion with that positioned below the protoconid; the tip of the latter root remains separate (Fig. 10). Three specimens retain the M 2. Where both M 1 and M 2 are present, the latter tooth is equal in width to the posterior lamina of M 1, rather than broader than M 1 as in H. funderus. The crown is less bulbous than the M 2 of H. funderus and has a more deeply folded anterior lamina. There is no trace of an anterolabial cusp on any specimen. However, one specimen (AM F 101456, the holotype) has a posterolabial cusplet defined by a weak groove on the outer surface of the hypoconid. Five specimens retain the M 3. This tooth is substantially shorter than M 2 but only slightly narrower. Compared with the condition in H. funderus, the anterior lamina of M 3 is less deeply folded. A small anterolabial cusp is present onAM F 101461 but absent on all other specimens.	en	Aplin, Kenneth P., Flannery, Tim F., Boeadi, Fabre, Pierre-Henri, Helgen, Kristofer M. (2023): Two New Species of Halmaheramys (Murinae: Rattini) from Archaeological Deposits on Morotai Island, North Moluccas, Indonesia. Records of the Australian Museum 75 (5): 719-739, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.75.2023.1785
