identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FCEF0A67376866FF32F2DB6106F8EA.text	03FCEF0A67376866FF32F2DB6106F8EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carneiola Endrodi 1974	<div><p>Carneiola Endrödi, 1974</p><p>Type species. Carneiola zealandica Endrödi, 1974</p><p>Diagnosis. Carneiola is separated from other genera of Pentodontini from the New World by the following combination of characters: head flattened dorsally, without tubercles, carina, suture or horn (Fig. 1A); clypeus with a downward process on the lateroposterior margin close to the ocular canthus (Fig. 1B); apex of the mesotibiae and metatibiae bidentate (Fig. 1C); metatibial apex with no setae (Fig. 1E); tergite VII devoid of stridulatory striae (pars stridens) (Fig. 1F); female bearing a middle excavation on tergite VIII (Fig. 1F).</p><p>Remarks. Endrödi (1974) pointed out that he only described Carneiola due to its distribution from New Zealand. Endrödi (1974) likely based the generic description on mislabeled specimens, since no further record of C. zealandica was made since its description. Dechambre (2005) compared Carneiola to the South American genus Bothynus, differing then by two tubercles on the pygidium. However, both females in the type series of C. zealandica as well as females of B. hervivorus share a central excavation on tergite VIII, which form a slight bump on each side of its respective tergite (besides other characters). Moreover, the characters of the female pygidium described by Endrödi (1969, 1974) are similar for B. herbivorus and C. zealandica, reinforcing the supposition that the author only described Carneiola due to data on labels. Therefore, we propose the synonymization of C. zealandica under B. herbivorus here. We also highlight that B. herbivorus has a set of characters distinct (see the “Diagnosis” of Carneiola) from those of Bothynus, which in turn has a head with tubercle (one or two) or a transverse carina (incomplete or not), clypeus without downward lateroposterior process, mesotibial and metatibial apex truncate and bordered with setae, tergite VII with stridulatory striae, and female tergite VIII flattened. For this reason, B. herbivorus should be removed from the current genus. Furthermore, the flattened head and female tergite VII are two characters exclusive to B. herbivorus and do not match with any other Pentodontini genera of the New World. We opted to maintain Carneiola as valid to accommodate B. herbivorus and avoid creating unnecessary generic names. In this sense, B. herbivorus is transferred to Carneiola, which consequently becomes a genus with an entirely Neotropical distribution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FCEF0A67376866FF32F2DB6106F8EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Carneiola Endrödi, 1974 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini): a Neotropical genus originally misdescribed from New Zealand. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 579-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7
03FCEF0A67376863FF32F60F6103F839.text	03FCEF0A67376863FF32F60F6103F839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carneiola herbivora (Arrow 1937) Duarte & Grossi 2025	<div><p>Carneiola herbivora (Arrow, 1937), new combination</p><p>Ligyrus herbivorus Arrow, 1937: 44 (original description)</p><p>Bothynus herbivorus Endrödi 1969: 108 (as new combination), 126 (redescription)</p><p>Bothynus perforatus Arrow, 1937: 45 (original description); Endrödi 1969: 126 (synonymization)</p><p>Carneiola zealandica Endrödi, 1974: 28 (original description). New synonymy</p><p>Type material examined. Ligyrus herbivorus: lectotype male at NHM, here designated, labeled:A) “SYN \ TYPE” [rounded label with blue border]; B) “ Type ” [rounded label with red border]; C) “BR. GUIANA \ Georgetown \ Georgetown Golf Course \ Dec. 31, 1934 \ C. Willians ”; D) “Pres.by \ Imp.Inst.Ent. \ B.M.1936-61”; E) “ Ligyrus \ herbivorus, \ type arrow” [handwritten]. (Fig. 2A, B)</p><p>Bothynus perforatus: lectotype male at NHM, here designated, labeled: A) “ SYN- \TYPE” [rounded label with blue border]; B) “19694”; C) “Venez. a ”; D) “Fry Coll. \ 1905.100.”; E) “ Bothynus \ perforatus am \ M.E Bacchus det. 1970 \ syntype ”; F) “NHMUK 016412761” [QR code printed] (Fig. 2 C, D).</p><p>Five paralectotypes examined. One female with same data as lectotype, except by two labels: A) “19673”; B) “NHMUK 016412765” . One male, labeled: “ SYN- \ TYPE” [rounded label with blue border; B) “ Type ” [rounded label with red border]; C) “ Antilles \ Trinidad ”; D) “ Fry.Coll. \ 1905.100”; E) “30977”; F) “ Bothynus \ perforatus, \ type Arrow ”; G) “NHMUK 016412760” [QR code printed] . One female, labeled: A) “SYN-TYPE” [rounded label with blue border]; B) “Antilles \ Trinidad ”; C) “Fry.Coll. \ 1905.100.”; D) “ Bothynus \ perforatus am \ M.E. Bacchus det. 1970 \ SYNTYPE ”; E) “NHMUK016412764” [QR code printed] . One male, labeled: A) “ SYN- \ TYPE” [rounded label with blue border]; B) “ Nevinson Coll. \ 1918-14.”; C) “ Bothynus ocellatus” [partially illegible] \ Colombia ”; D) “ Bothynus \ perforatus am \ M. E. Bacchus det. 1970 \ SYNTYPE ”; E) “NHMUK 016412762” [QR code printed] . One male, labeled: A) “ SYN- \ TYPE” [rounded label with blue border]; B) “ Colombia \ 1920.298”; C) “ Bothynus \ perforatus am \ M. E. Bacchus det. 1970 \ SYNTYPE ”; D) “NHMUK 016412763” [QR code printed] .</p><p>Carneiola zealandica: holotype female at HNHM, labeled: A) “ Neu \ Seeland ” [handwritten]; B) “Vidit 1976 \ R.-P.Dechambre ”; C ) “ Holotypus ♀ \ Carneiola \ zealandae \ Endr. ” [partially handwritten, label with red border] (Fig. 2 E, F) . Paratype at HNHM, labeled: A) “Neu \ Seeland” [handwritten]; B) “ Paratypus \ Carneiola \ zealandae \ Endr. ” [partially handwritten, label with red border] .</p><p>Non-type material examined. COLOMBIA: CHOCÓ: Quibdó, Pacurita, x.2016.—1M (CERPE) [possibly mislabeled specimen]; GUAVIARE: Llanos de Yarí, resguardo indígena, Yaguara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.63081&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7143418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.63081/lat 1.7143418)">Zona</a> de trasición Orinoquia- <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.63081&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.7143418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.63081/lat 1.7143418)">Amazonía</a>, 01°42´51.63´´N, 73º37´50.93´´W, WGS 84, 24.01.2024, J. Neita. —8M, 4F (IAvH-E) ; CASANARE: Aguazuk, Vda. San José de Bubuy, Finca el Cabrestero, 5º6´N, 224m alt, captura nanual em suelo, 5-v-2012, V. Suaárez, UNAB—1M (IAvH-E) ; META: Cubarral, Finca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.833115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8295999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.833115/lat 3.8295999)">Rosania</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.833115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8295999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.833115/lat 3.8295999)">Bosque</a> húmedo tropical, 03°49´46.56´´N, 73°49´59.21´´W, WGS 84, 620 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.833115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8295999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.833115/lat 3.8295999)">Luz Establo</a>, 1-30.iv.2018, A. Lopera, W. Chamorro. —1M, 2F (IAvH-E); same data, except by “ iv.2018 – 1F (IAvH-E)” ; META: Acacias, Vereda la Primavera, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.58411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8898554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.58411/lat 3.8898554)">Ecoreserva</a> ASA la <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.58411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8898554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.58411/lat 3.8898554)">Guanupaya</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.58411&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8898554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.58411/lat 3.8898554)">Bosque</a> ripario asociado a pastizal, 03°53´23.48´´N, 73°35´2.77´´W, WGS 84, 355 m, trampa malaise, 11-iv- 2023, Biomonitores ASA—1F (IAvH-E) ; CASANARE: Paz de Ariporo, 28-iv-1997, Ávila leg.—1F (IAvH-E) . VENEZUELA: ARAGUA, Jabillal, sur le Caura Bolivar, vi.1999, P. Rouche leg.—1M (CERPE). One female with no data—(FDPC) .</p><p>Male redescription. See Fig. 3A. Length: 16.2–17.1 mm. Width: 9.0– 9.2 mm. Color: Mostly reddish, sometimes dark reddish. Head: Dorsal surface flattened, with no tubercles, carina or visible suture. Clypeus subtriangular, with two upturned teeth produced on anterior margin; lateroposterior region, in lateral view, bearing a downward produced process close to ocular canthus; clypeal surface transversely rugose, glabrous. Frons glabrous, transversely rugose, with large and deep punctures transversely arranged on posterior region between eyes. Ocular canthus transverse, subrectangular, glabrous. Antenna: Formed by 10 antennomeres; club oval, subequal in length to antennomeres 2–7 combined. Mouthparts: Mandible bearing three teeth produced on outer margin; apical and medial teeth subtriangular, basal lobed and smaller than previous ones. Maxillary galea bearing four small teeth; apex acute, slightly curved; galea twice longer than mesostipe. Labium subtriangular, densely setose, densely punctate, apex truncated at middle. Thorax: Pronotum with a transverse tubercle contiguous to middle of anterior margin; anterior half excavated at middle, in oval shape; pronotal surface glabrous, densely rugopunctate lateroanteriorly, lateroposteriorly with large and dense punctures close to margins, gradually becoming smaller, shallow, and sparser toward discal region; excavation from transversely rugose to rugopunctate (punctures large and transverse). Prosternal process short, conical, produced bellow procoxae. Scutellar plate subtriangular, as long as wide, glabrous, scarcely punctate; punctures small. Elytra glabrous, covered with 7–8 longitudinal rows of large, dense ocellated punctures; punctures on interstria irregularly scattered; striae indistinct. Mesoventrite transversely covered with a fringe of pale yellow setae; sides densely punctate, disc weakly punctate. Metaventrite densely rugopunctate and setose on sides; disc smooth longitudinally. Abdomen: Tergite VII not produced posteriorly; surface transversely covered with, dense, transverse, setigerous punctures. Tergite VIII not constricted by tergite VII; surface flattened, glabrous, covered with large, deep punctures. Ventrites I–V with a transverse row of setigerous punctures confined to sides, disc smooth; ventrite VI transversely covered with setae arranged on posterior margin. Aedeagus: Parameres, in caudal view, elongate, symmetrical; inner margins subparallels; outer margins divergent at basal half, becoming convergent toward apical half, forming an angulation at middle; subapical outer margins with a triangular process; apex axe-shaped, broadened (Fig. 1D). Parameres, in lateral view, arched dorsally, acute basally, apex downward produced. Legs: Protarsal claws simple (with no incision or dilatation). Protarsomere 5 twice longer than tarsomere 1; tarsomeres 1–4 subequal in length. Protibia bearing three teeth produced on outer margin. Mesotarsomere 5 subequal in length to tarsomeres 3–4 combined; mesotarsomeres 2–4 subequal in length; tarsomere 1 broader, bearing a spiniform process produced on outer apex. Mesotibia bearing two triangular teeth on apex; apical disc glabrous; outer surface bearing two carinae (one basal, one medial); medial carina distinctly crenulated. Metatarsi similar to mesotarsi. Metatibia similar to mesotibia, except by its larger size and apical teeth stronger produced. Metafemur oval shaped, broader compared to mesofemur.</p><p>Female redescription. See Fig. 3B. Similar to male, but distinct by the following aspects: Thorax: Pronotum with no excavation; tubercle small, nearly obsolete; punctures denser and larger. Elytral punctures denser and larger, predominantly contiguous. Abdomen: Tergite VIII with a discal excavation (Fig. 1F). Ventrite VI subtrapezoidal, rugopunctate on sides, smooth on a longitudinal region at the disc.</p><p>Distribution. Known from the eastern parts of the Andes Mountains in Colombia, Guyana, Trinidad, and Venezuela (Fig. 3C). An examined specimen from Chocó (Quibdó, Pacurita) is likely mislabeled once this locality record is in the occidental Andean portion, since this mountain range acts as geographic barrier for species isolation (allopatry).</p><p>Nomenclatural act. The specific epithet “ herbivorus ” is changed to “ herbivora ” to match the female gender of the genus Carneiola .</p><p>Remarks. The spelling on the type labels of C. zealadica appears as “zealandiae”, in disagreement with “zealandica ”, as presented in the original description text. However, according to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), the spelling presented in the original description is to be considered correct. Currently, C. herbivora is the only species in the genus, however, a second related species is being described (Brett Ratcliffe, personal communication).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FCEF0A67376863FF32F60F6103F839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.	Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Carneiola Endrödi, 1974 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini): a Neotropical genus originally misdescribed from New Zealand. Zootaxa 5716 (4): 579-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.7
