identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F087BFDB3BFFC6FF294DD5B09DF34C.text	03F087BFDB3BFFC6FF294DD5B09DF34C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cynodictis lacustris Gervais 1852	<div><p>Cynodictis lacustris Gervais, 1852</p><p>Holotype — MNHN. F.Qu 8950, left mandible, with p2-m2, alveoli of p1 and m3.</p><p>Referred specimen — MNHN.F.Qu 17762, a cranium bearing right and left P2-M1, alveoli of I1-I3, canine, P1 and M2.</p><p>Locality —Aubrelong 1 (near Bach, Lot, France; Early Rupelian, MP 21).</p><p>Note —MNHN.F.Qu 17762 was first assigned by Filhol (1876) as belonging to Cynodictis intermedius, without further clarification, although the genus diagnosis does not include cranial characters (Le Verger et al., 2020). Despite the absence of a mandible, the attribution of MNHN.F.Qu 17762 to Cynodictis is supported by the upper dentition with a P4 possessing a pointed and anteriorly placed protocone; an M1 with a well-developed parastyle and equally developed para-, meta-, and protocones, with a symmetrical and crescentic protocone showing pre- and post-protocristae leading to equally sized para- and metaconules, respectively, and with a strong posterolingual cingulum (Le Verger et al., 2020). Specific-level determination is made difficult within the genus Cynodictis due to a poor upper dentition record and cranial remains known for only three or potentially four of the six/seven species that comprises the genus: Cynodictis exilis, Cynodictis lacustris, Cynodictis peignei, and potentially Cynodictis longirostris . In agreement with the synonymy envisioned by Bonis (1978) and proposed by Kotsakis (1980) of the species Cynodictis intermedius with Cynodictis lacustris, we support a taxonomic reassignment of MNHN.F.Qu 17762 to Cynodictis lacustris . Tis attribution is further supported by the presence of a more strongly pronounced accessory cusp of P3 than in the other species; a wider protocone area of P4; a wider, longer M1 stylar shelf pointing more towards the cranial midline posteriorly; a broad transverse elongation of the zygomatic arches; a vertically oriented post-tympanic process of the squamosal; an intermediate width of the tensor tympani fossa and an intermediate position of the foramina for the ramus temporalis relatively to the sagittal crest between Cynodictis exilis and Cynodictis peignei, the latter having the widest tensor tympani fossa and foramina for the ramus temporalis, the closest to the sagittal crest; a narrow and shallow external acoustic meatus; and more strongly pronounced nuchal crests.</p><p>Comparative anatomical description</p><p>Sutures. Cranial bones of MNHN.F.Qu 17762 are not always well delineated. Visible sutures are mainly towards the front of the cranium: premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, frontal, palatine, lacrimal, orbitosphenoid, pterygoid, presphenoid, jugal, squamosal (zygomatic process and post-tympanic process), petrosal, and exoccipital bones are differentiable. Te absence of some sutures, combined with complete tooth eruption and slight traces of wear on the teeth suggest that the individual was a young adult.</p><p>Dorsal view (Fig. 2A)—Te rostrum has parallel edges,</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087BFDB3BFFC6FF294DD5B09DF34C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Verger, Kévin Le;Letenneur, Charlène;Fischer, Valentin;Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.;Ladevèze, Sandrine;Solé, Floréal	Verger, Kévin Le, Letenneur, Charlène, Fischer, Valentin, Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R., Ladevèze, Sandrine, Solé, Floréal (2025): Cranial osteology of CYnodiCtiS (Amphicyonidae), the oldest European carnivoran. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (15) 144 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z, URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-025-00350-z
