taxonID	type	description	language	source
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	description	Gymnelus viridis: Reinhardt 1834: XXI; 1837 a: XXI (reprint).	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Neotype ZMUC P 761096, M 150 mm TL, 146 mm SL; South-West Greenland; coll. M. H. Vahl, registered 24 October 1829 [one of Reinhardt’s specimens]. Other material: 20 specimens 90 – 213 mm TL, from 9 localities in Greenland. ZIN 1945 (5), 2 FF 196 and 206 mm, 2 MM 192 and 201 mm and juv. 90 mm, South-West Greenland; coll. J. C. H. Reinhardt. – ZMUC P 766950 (1), M 213 mm, Greenland, 11 April 1844 – 22 May 1845. – ZMUC P 766951 – P 766954 (1, 1, 1, 1), FF 103 – 166 mm, Greenland; no other data. – ZMUC P 766955, P 2397029 – P 2397030 (1, 1, 1), FF 143 and 132 mm, M 168 mm; Greenland, no other data; registered 6 October 1851. – ZMUC P 2397032 (1), F, – TL, 115 mm SL, South-West Greenland, Egedesminde [now Aasiaat], from Atlantic cod stomach, about 68 ° 43 ' N, 52 ° 54 ' W; coll. C. S. M. Olrik; registered 1 July 1861. – ZMUC P 2397033 (1), F 116 mm, Davis Strait, 65 ° 34 ' N, 54 ° 31 ' W, R / V “ Ingolf ”, st 29, 5 – 18 July 1895, 124 m 2 Holotype ZMUC 764452 and paratypes ZMUC P 764452 – P 764453, P 765160, P 7651778 – P 7651780, P 7651784 – P 7651785; ZMH Nos 8436 (2), 8437 (4), 8484 (5), 8432 (6), 25459 (4) (number of counts 29). See Table 1 for designations. depth. – ZMUC P 2397034 and P 2396751 (1, 1), juv 114 mm, F 165 mm, South Greenland, Julianehaab [now Qaqortoq], Kakarsuak sound, 1 October 1932; coll. R. Bogvad. – ZMUC P 761130 (1), M 205 mm, Julianehaab, ca. 60 ° 45 ' N, 46 ° 00 ' W. – ZMUC P 761131 – P 761132 (1, 1), 124 and 128 mm, Julianehaab, May 1902; coll. Mr. Mildorf.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name “ viridis ” means “ green ” in Latin, and was given by O. Fabricius due to colour of fishes, which live in a zone of macroalgae.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Gymnelus with supratemporal pores 2 (1 + 0 + 1). Dorsal fin begins above posterior third of pectoral fin, predorsal length 16.5 – 21.7 % (on average 19.1 %) TL. Trunk distinctly roundish in cross section. Anterior 4 – 6 dorsal rays shortened and covered by thick skin. Eye usually less than snout length; gill slit slightly longer than eye diameter. Head short, on average 14.5 % TL. Pectoral fin on average less than one-half of head length (47 %); base of pectoral fin averaging 43 % of fin length. Vertebrae 97 – 103 (on average 99.6); D 92 – 99 (95.4), A 77 – 84 (80.5). Skin without tiny light spots that give illusion of false scales. Length up to 256 mm TL; mature at length of more than 180 mm.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	description	Description The neotype is a subadult male 150 mm TL (Fig. 3 A). Counts and measurements are given in Tables 1 and 2. The maximum body depth is 14.7 times in TL and equal to one-half of the head (49.8 % HL). The trunk is roundish; at the pectoral-fin base, the depth-to-width ratio is 1.3, and is the same at the beginning of the anal-fin. The dorsal fin begins above the posterior third of the pectoral fin; the predorsal length is 1.4 times the head length. The anterior 4 – 6 D - rays are equally shorter than the following ones, and inserted into a thick, rather fleshy fin membrane. The depth of the dorsal and anal fins is less than 1 / 4 of the body depth. The pectoral fin is rounded, with the base being 42 % of the fin length; it inserts close behind the vertical of the opercular-lobe edge. The head is 7.3 times in TL, its width is slightly less than the head depth. The eye is 6 times in HL; its diameter is less than the snout length. The nostrils are approximately equal to the pupil diameter. The mouth is terminal. The teeth are strong, forming 3 rows in front of each premaxilla; there are 27 teeth in total (16 / 5 / 6). The dentary teeth are arranged in two rows of 27 (21 / 6). The number of teeth is 6 on the vomer and 10 and 12 on palates (each in two rows, 9 / 1 and 9 / 3). The end of the upper jaw extends slightly behind the posterior edge of the eye. The palatine respiratory membrane is wide, extending to the teeth of the vomer. The width of the upper lip is 2 / 3 of the eye diameter; the lower lip is interrupted (attached) anteriorly. The gill slit is slightly longer than the eye diameter and reaches down the level of the upper third of the pectoral-fin base. The opercular flap is rounded; on the body beneath it there is a thin and shallow skin fold that closes tightly the gill opening. The sensory system has an interrupted supratemporal commissura; there are 2 supratemporal pores (1 + 0 + 1). Other pores: there are 2 nasal, 7 infraorbital (8 on the right side of the head as one pore with a double opening), 8 preoperculo-mandibular, and 4 temporal (1 + 3) pores. The lateral line consists of superficial neuromasts on the anterior part of the body. Variability. In adult specimens (192 – 213 mm TL), specific characters are more pronounced (Fig. 3 B). The trunk is distinctly roundish in cross-section; the depth-to-width ratio above the pectoral-fin base is 1.2 on average. The depth of the body increases posteriorly; on average, it is 50.6 % HL at the occiput, 51.8 % above the pectoral fin and 55.2 % above the anal-fin origin. The depth of the unpaired fins is less than 1 / 3 of the body depth. The anterior portion of the dorsal fin is lower than the rest of the fin, with a rather thick fin membrane, almost not emarginated at ray tips. SL = 0.975 TL. The head is small, on average 14.5 % TL, its width is less than the head depth. The eye diameter is shorter than the snout (Fig. 3 C); the gill slit is slightly longer than the eye. The gill slit reaches the level of the upper third of the pectoral-fin base. The upper jaw teeth are in 3 rows, 14 – 19 in total number (11 – 17 / 3 – 7 / 2 – 8); the teeth of the outer row are large and even. The lower jaw teeth form two rows, 11 – 27 (9 – 17 / 2 – 6). The teeth number on the vomer is 4 – 7, on the palate 5 – 10. The pseudobranchia consists of 7 filaments, sitting in one row; the number of gill rakers on the 1 st arch (outer and inner sides) is 6 and 9 (counted in one specimen). The sensory system has an interrupted supratemporal commissura; there are 2 supratemporal (1 + 0 + 1), 2 nasal, 4 temporal (1 + 3), 6 – 8 infraorbital, and 7 – 8 preoperculo-mandibular pores (there may be double openings of some pores). Radiographs. D 92 – 99, A 77 – 84. D + 1 / 2 C 98 – 105, A + 1 / 2 C 81 – 93. Vertebrae 97 – 103: abdominal 19 – 21 and caudal 77 – 83. Vertebrae without ribs 2 – 3. Dorsal rays in precaudal part 15 – 19. First dorsal-fin ray inserted between processes of vertebrae 2 – 5; rayless pterygiophores in front 0 – 3. Anal-fin rays before first haemal spine 2 – 3. Caudal fin consists of 9 – 11 rays, including 7 – 9 (3 – 4 / 3 – 5) primary rays (usually 4 / 4), 1 – 2 upper secondary and 0 – 2 lower ones. Allometry. The eye decreases with the body size, accounting for 23.3 – 24.7 % HL in specimens 90 – 143 mm TL and 17.9 – 19.6 % in specimens 192 – 206 mm TL. The upper jaw usually does not extend to the vertical of the posterior edge of the eye in individuals TL <150 mm (both sexes), and reaching further in larger fish. In juveniles of 55 – 98 mm, the gill slit is longer than in adults, reaching to the mid-level of the pectoral-fin base (rarely to the 6 – 9 th P - fin ray, counting from above). Sexual dimorphism. Like other Gymnelus, males have a longer upper jaw than females, extending beyond the eye. The cheek muscles are somewhat swollen; the dorsal muscles behind the occiput are better developed, enlarged (Fig. 3 B, C). The anal-fin membrane in females is always pale, and in males it is blackish along the edge (even if they are immature). The color of live fishes was greenish, which is reflected in the Latin name. Skin of the museum specimens is uniform without fine speckles (both sexes). The peritoneum and orobranchial cavity are pale. Ocelli may be present on the dorsal fin, usually 1 or 2, and are more common in males. The smallest specimens (females 98 and 116 mm TL) have signs of juvenile color with 10 to 17 vertical uniform dark stripes on the body and tail. Size. In our series, the length of males reaches 213 mm and that of females 206 mm TL. The maximum recorded size is 256 mm TL (Anderson 1982).	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The specimens were collected from the coastal waters of Greenland, in the south (Qaqortoq, approximately 60 ° 45 ' N, 46 ° 00 ' W) and in the southwest: in the Davis Strait near the shore (65 ° 17 ' N, 54 ° 17 ' W) and in Aasiaat (approximately 68 ° 43 ' N, 52 ° 54 ' W) (Fig. 4). The maximum depth of collection is 101 m. The wide distribution of “ G. viridis ”, shown by E. Anderson (1982), is based on a mixture of species, including those from the Pacific Ocean with three supratemporal pores of the sensory system.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFA78F4FBB9AD6B7573AC92C.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. This fish lives close to shore in a zone of macroalgae. The body shape with strong neck muscles, low at the occiput and increasing in height posteriorly, as well as the presence of thick skin covering the front of the dorsal fin, suggest that it may live among and under stones. Spawning may occur in the fall, as a mature female 165 mm TL, caught in early October in Julianehaab (Kakarsuak sund) (ZMUC P 2396751), has 78 eggs in the ovaries with a diameter of 4 – 5 mm. One of our specimens was found in the stomach of an Atlantic cod, but G. viridis is unlikely to be abundant enough to be an important food for it. Comparisons. In the Eastern North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic, there are other Gymnelus, which belong to the “ two-pore ” group. Gymnelus knipowitschi differs from G. viridis in fewer vertebrae (88 – 94 versus 97 – 103), in the anterior position of the beginning of the D - fin (above the first third as compared to the last third of the P - fin), the absence of shortened rays on the first part of the D - fin (Fig. 5 A) (present in G. viridis) and other characters (Chernova 1999 a). The second species, G. esipovi, differs from G. viridis by a more posterior location of the dorsal fin origin (Fig. 5 B), the first ray inserted between 5 / 6 to 8 / 9 vertebrae vs. 2 / 3 to 5 / 6 vertebrae in G. viridis, longer predorsal length (21.2 – 25.1 % vs. 16.5 – 21.7 % SL), and larger eye (22 – 26 % HL vs. 16.6 – 24.7 %). In addition, G. esipovi is a small-sized species: the maximum length of mature adults does not exceed 132 mm (females of G. viridis are immature at this length, reaching a twice-longer size – 256 mm). Our understanding of G. viridis is narrower than that of E. Anderson (1982), since he did not use the type of supratemporal commissure as a diagnostic character. In our opinion, his “ G. viridis ” is based on a mixture of species, including those from the Pacific Ocean with three supratemporal pores. Taxonomic notes. The name Ophidium stigma Lay et Bennett, 1839 (= Gymnelus stigma) usually is included in synonymy of G. viridis. The species had been described from Kotzebu Sound (Alaska, Chukchi Sea). The type was not preserved. The characters in the description are scarce (Lay and Bennett 1839: 67, tab. 20, fig. 1). However, it can be concluded that the fish may belong to the subfamily Gymnelinae Gill, 1863, because the pelvic fins are absent and D and A overlay the caudal fin. The questionable detail is the presence of scales (“ scales were very small ”), while the skin of all Gymnelus is naked. This character was ignored when the species was included in the synonymy of G. viridis. It is more likely that O. stigma may belong to the related genus Gymnelopsis (subfamily Gymnelinae), which includes six scaly species: G. brashnikovi Soldatov, 1922, G. brevifenestrata Anderson, 1982, G. ocellata Soldatov, 1922, G. humilis Nazarkin and Chernova, 2003, G. Japonica (Katayama, 1943) and G. ochotensis (Popov, 1931) (Fricke et al. 2020). The conclusion is that Ophidium stigma (Gymnelus stigma) should be excluded from the synonymy of G. viridis.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	description	(Figs 2 B, D, 4, 6 – 8)	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ZMUC P 764452, male 142 mm TL, 138 mm SL, South-West Greenland, 64 ° 38 ' N, 55 ° 06 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 14, 23 July 1998, 326 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. Paratypes, 57 specimens 54 – 172 mm TL from 12 stations. ZMUC P 764453 (1), M 137 mm, caught with holotype. – ZMUC P 765160 (1), M 120 mm, 72 ° 05 ' N, 57 ° 34 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 3, 17 August 1997, 267 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 765177 – P 765185 (9), 121 – 156 mm, 66 ° 01 ' N, 56 ° 11 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 22, 25 July 1998, 245 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 766368 (1), M 160 mm, Davis Strait, 68 ° 22 ' N, 58 ° 19 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, 06 August 2003, 429 – 457 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 766369 (1), M 114 mm, 67 ° 26 ' N, 56 ° 14 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 34, 12 July 2003, 221 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 2396102 – P 2396110 (9), 2396113 – 122 (10), 2396124 – 129 (6), 108 – 153 mm, “ GrØnlands FiskeriundersØgelser ”, PA 0200 37. – ZMH 8432 (6), MM (5) 114.5 – 146 mm and F 114 mm, 60 ° 14.10 ' N, 47 ° 39.20 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 698 / 94, 25 October 1994, 240 – 242 m depth; coll. M. Stehmann. – ZMH 8436 (2), FF 109 and 116 mm, 61 ° 00.20 ' N, 49 ° 29.80 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 709 / 94, 27 October 1994, 142 m depth; coll. M. Stehmann. – ZMH 8437 (4), MM (2) 120 and 134 mm, FF (2) 111 and 113 mm, 61 ° 21.80 ' N, 50 ° 05.50 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 711 / 94, 27 October 1994, 127 – 151 m depth; coll. M. Stehmann. – ZMH 8438 (15), MM (6) 106 – 146 mm, FF (5) 97 – 120 mm and 4 juv 70 – 99 mm, 61 ° 36.70 ' N, 50 ° 17.10 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 714 / 94, 28 October 1994, 130 – 142 m; coll. M. Stehmann. – ZMH 8484 (5), M 145 mm and FF (4) 105 – 145 mm, 66 ° 39.80 ' N, 54 ° 57.40 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 777 / 1994, 8 November 1994, 89 – 90 m depth, coll. M. Stehmann. – ZMH 25459 (4), MM (2) 172 and 164 mm, 2 juv 105 and 86 mm, 59 ° 51.9 ' N, 43 ° 10.5 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 832 / 1993, 3 October 1993, 165 – 168 m depth; coll. M. Stehmann. – ZIN 56451 (3), MM 102 – 132 mm, 61 ° 02 ' N, 49 ° 29 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig III ”, st 1062, 03 November 2001, 118 – 152 m depth; coll. N. V. Chernova. – ZIN 56452 (1), M 98 mm, 63 ° 01.39 ' N, 52 ° 13.93 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig III ”, cruise 233, st 1091, 06 November 2001, 239 – 253 m depth; coll. N. V. Chernova. – ZIN 56504 (4, from ZMH 8438): M 159 mm, F 126 mm, 2 juv 54 and 85 mm, 61 ° 36.70 ' N, 50 ° 17.10 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig ”, st 714 / 1994, 28.10.1994, 130 – 142 m depth; coll. M. Stehmann. Additional materials: 9 specimens from 6 stations, 94 – 164 mm TL. ZMUC P 765172 (1), F 158 mm, 66 ° 31 ' N, 54 ° 40 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 4, 21 August 1998, 167 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 764454 (1), 108 mm, Baffin Bay, 72 ° 03 ' N, 57 ° 55 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 36, 23 August 1998, 231 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 765156 - P 765158 (1, 1, 1), MM 124 - 164 mm, 60 ° 56 ' N, 48 ° 52 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 27, 12 September 1998, 221 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 765159 (1), M 111 mm, 64 ° 23 ' N, 54 ° 20 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 12, 23 July 1998, 218 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 766753 – P 766754 (2), MM 94 and 96 mm, 61 ° 34 ' N, 50 ° 13 ' W, R / V “ Paamiut ”, st 30, 27 July 2009, 171 m depth; coll. P. R. MØller. – ZMUC P 2396752 (1), M 111 mm, 70.88 ° N, 44 [54]. 26 ° W [= 70 ° 52 ' 48 " N, 54 ° 15 ' 36 " W], “ Kap Farvel ”, Sigsby trawl, 29 September 1985, 95 – 180 m depth, Project 06419, AG 90034. – ZIN 56453 (1), F 99 mm, 62 ° 41.15 ' N, 51 ° 40.05 ' W, R / V “ Walter Herwig III ”, cruise 233, st 1086, 06 November 2001, 227 – 239 m depth; coll. N. V. Chernova.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name “ pseudosquamatus ” (Latin squāmātus = scaly) is given due to the presence of small light specks in the color, which can easily be mistaken for scales.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of Gymnelus with supratemporal pores 2 (1 + 0 + 1). Dorsal fin begins above middle of pectoral fin; predorsal length 18.8 – 23.6 (on average 20.8) % TL. Trunk compressed in cross section. Dorsal-fin rays evenly lengthened (no group of short rays in front); fin membrane thin anteriorly. Eye not less than snout length; gill slit does not exceed eye diameter. Head on average 16.0 % TL. Pectoral fin slightly longer than half of head length (on average 51.3 % HL); pectoral fin base averages 36.6 % of fin length. Vertebrae 94 – 101 (on average 97.6), D 90 – 98 (92.9), A 76 – 82 (78.8). Color with 8 – 16 wide dark-brown mottled bands; skin with small light speckles giving illusion of false tiny scales (Fig. 7 B). Length up to 172 mm TL.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	description	Description The holotype is an adult male 142 mm TL (Fig. 7 A, D, E). The maximum body depth is 10.5 times in TL and exceeds one-half of the head (56 % HL). The trunk is compressed; at the base of the pectoral-fin, the depth-to-width ratio is 1.4 and 1.6 at the origin of the anal fin. The dorsal fin begins above the middle of the pectoral fin; predorsal length is 1.3 times of the head length. The anterior D - fin rays gradually and evenly lengthen and are covered with a thin fin membrane (rays are visible through it). The height of the D and A fins is less than 1 / 3 of the body depth. The pectoral fin has a narrow base (equal to 37 % of the fin length), located obliquely under the opercular lobe. The head is 5.9 times in TL, its width is equal to the head depth (both 50.0 % HL). The eye is 4.3 in HL and is not less than the snout length. The nostrils are shorter than the pupil diameter. The mouth is terminal. The teeth are large and stout, of uneven size; they form 2 – 3 rows at the jaw symphysis, but are uniserial behind. There are 27 (17 / 4 / 6) teeth on the upper jaw, 19 (16 / 3) on the lower jaw, 7 on the vomer and 7 on the palatines. Respiratory membranes on the upper and lower jaws are wide; the one on the upper jaw almost reaches the teeth on the vomer. The gill slit is as long as the eye diameter and reaches down to the level of one-half of the P - fin base. The opercular flap is rounded; on the body under it there is a thin skin fold, closing tightly the gill opening. The sensory system has an interrupted supratemporal commissure; there are 2 supratemporal pores (1 + 0 + 1). Other pores: there are 2 nasal, 6 infraorbital, 8 preoperculo-mandibular, and 4 temporal (1 + 3) pores. The lateral line is mid-lateral and is indistinct at the posterior half of the tail. There is a row of rear neuromasts under the base of the anterior part of the dorsal fin. Color in alcohol includes 12 broad dark-brown patterned bands separated by lighter intervals. The skin is mottled with tiny light specks, creating the illusion of small scales. This character is unique among all Gymnelus species. The belly, the underside of the head, and the pectoral fins are pale. The mouth and peritoneum are not pigmented. The anal fin is blackish as in the males of other Gymnelus species. Variability. Paratypes are similar to the holotype in basic characters and measurements, including proportions (Tables 1, 2). Body depth is uniform along the entire length (on average, 49 % HL at the occiput, 50 % above the P - fin and 49 % above the A - fin beginning). The trunk is compressed; the depth-to-width ratio is 1.3 above the P - fin base and 1.6 above the A - fin origin. The dorsal fin begins above the middle of the pectoral fin; anterior rays lengthen gradually; the fin membrane is transparent, emarginating at the tips of the rays. SL = 0.965 TL. The eye is about equal to the snout or slightly larger. The gill slit is not longer than the eye, reaching usually to the level of the upper third of the P - fin base. The cheek muscles in mature males are better developed than in females (Figs 7 E and G), but insignificantly compared to other Gymnelus. The supratemporal commissura is interrupted (n = 25), there are always 2 supratemporal pores (1 + 0 + 1); others pores: there are 2 nasal, 6 infraorbital (7 in one specimen), 4 temporal (1 + 3), and 8 preoperculo-mandibular pores. Radiographs. D 90 – 98, A 76 – 82. D + 1 / 2 C 95 – 101, A + 1 / 2 C 81 – 87. Vertebrae 94 – 101: abdominal 17 – 20 and caudal 75 – 82. Vertebrae without ribs 2 – 3. Dorsal rays in precaudal part 15 – 17. First D - fin ray inserted between processes of 4 / 5 to 6 / 7 vertebrae; rayless pterygiophores in front 1 to 3 (rarely absent). Anterior dorsal-fin rays increase uniformly in length (Fig. 2 B, D). Anal-fin rays before first haemal spine 2 – 4 (usually 3). Caudal fin with 9 – 13 rays, including 7 – 9 (usually 8) primary rays on hypurals, 1 – 2 upper and 1 – 2 lower secondary rays. The specimen collected at the maximum depth of 429 – 457 m (male 160 mm TL, ZMUC P 766368) does not differ from fishes caught in shallower waters (100 – 300 m) in main characters and proportions. The difference is in the main color, which is almost completely gray, including the head underside, lips and belly; but the upper part of the body is densely speckled with fine pale spots (false scales). Allometry. In young individuals, the eyes are larger than in the adults and are usually bulging and protruding laterally. Compared to mature individuals, the upper jaw of young males (<137 mm TL) is shorter and does not extend behind the eye. The gill slit reaches the middle of the P - fin base (to the 5 – 6 th rays). Sexual dimorphism. Like other Gymnelus, males have slightly larger and broader head than females (Fig. 7 E, G), with a longer upper jaw. In adult males the cheek muscles are enlarged (Fig. 7 D, F). Like in other Gymnelus, the anal fin in females is pale and in males is blackish along the edge (even if they are immature). The ocelli on the dorsal fin (Fig. 7 B) are more common in males. Color. The number of dark brown stripes varies from 8 to 16, they become indistinct towards the end of the tail, especially in larger individuals. Scalelike speckles are always present on the nape, the upper side of the body and the dorsal fin. In males, the bands are rather uniform, in some specimens indistinct. In females (92 – 111 mm TL and more), the bands are usually bright and contrasting, chocolate brown with mesh spots; leopard patterns are present in some individuals. In larger females (158 mm TL) the banding is less distinct, the upper side of the head and body becomes more uniformly brown, but the nape and back are also dotted with small specks. The underside of the head and lips are pale. The ocelli (one to six, sometimes touching each other) may be present on the dorsal fin, usually in front, rarely in the middle, or even behind. The peritoneum, mouth and gill cavities are pale. The smallest fishes have a juvenile coloration consisting of 18 narrow vertical stripes on the body (Fig. 8). Size. Among congeners, G. pseudosquamatus is a medium-sized species. Males reach a total length of 172 mm, females 158 mm.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The specimens have been caught at the outer shelf of the South-West Greenland (Fig. 4). The southernmost record is at Kap Farvel (59 ° 46 ' N, 43 ° 55 ' W); the most northern and western are in the Baffin Bay (at 72 ° 05 ' N, 57 ° 34 ' W and 68 ° 22 ' N, 58 ° 19 ' W). The species occurs at a depth of 85 to 457 m; 76 % of recordings were made below 100 m.	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
03EF87C0FFAB8F4BB810D77755C4CCE4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Females with a length of 125 mm TL, caught in August (ZMUC P 765171) and in November (ZMH 8438), have maturing eggs in the ovaries with a diameter of about 4 and 3 mm. Spawning probably occurs in autumn, as the female 144 mm TL caught in November (ZMH 8438), had an egg size of 5 mm. It is obvious that it takes more than a year for an egg to develop. Comparisons. Differences between the new species and G. viridis are shown above. Gymnelus pseudosquamatus differs from the second Greenland species, G. retrodorsalis, in the more anterior position of the dorsal fin (starting above the pectoral fin vs. almost above the beginning of the anal fin). In the Eastern North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic, there are three other Gymnelus, which belong to the “ two-pore ” group: G. esipovi, G. knipowitschi and G. taeniatus. The new species differs from G. knipowitschi and G. taeniatus in the number of vertebrae (94 – 101 vs. 86 – 94), rays of the dorsal fin (90 – 98 vs. 86 – 92), in the position of the first dorsal-fin ray (Fig. 5 A, C) and other characters (Chernova 1999 a). Gymnelus pseudosquamatus differs from G. esipovi in the lesser reduction of the anterior dorsal fin elements (the number of free dorsal-fin pterygiophores is 0 – 3 vs. 3 – 5 (Fig. 5 B); the first dorsal-fin ray is inserted between the vertebrae from ¾ to 6 / 7 vs. 5 / 6 – 8 / 9; the predorsal length is 18.8 – 23.6 % TL vs. 24.8 – 30.8 %); also in color, maximum size (G. esipovi does not exceed 132 mm TL) and other characters (Chernova 1999 b).	en	Chernova, N. V., Møller, P. R. (2021): A new species of Gymnelus (Perciformes, Zoarcidae) from Greenland, similar to G. viridis. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 325 (1): 34-48, DOI: 10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34, URL: https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.34
