identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E5C2316E7CC51D129F4A2AF24316C0.text	03E5C2316E7CC51D129F4A2AF24316C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia	<div><p>HiStory of Garcinia</p><p>The genus Garcinia has a long historical, taxonomic, and economic background. Since Linnaeus (1753), many species have been subsequently added to the genus. At the same time, several authors described plants belonging to the genus under different generic names, which subsequently became conspecific with the taxa (Sweeney, 2008). This caused chaos in the nomenclature of these species. Also, many times, the earlier workers described species based on incomplete specimens and even without designating a type. Consequently, modern taxonomic revisions and studies have been undertaken in majority of the centres of diversity of the genus such as Malaysia (Nazre, 2006), Madagasscar (Sweeney &amp; Rogers, 2008), Africa, (Sosef &amp; Dauby, 2012), and Australia (Cooper, 2013). These studies, however, lacked an Indian perspective.</p><p>Linnaeus (1753) named the genus Garcinia to honour Laurentius Garcin (1683–1752), a Dutch army doctor and naturalist in the Dutch Indies (Indonesia) during 1720–1729, who on his voyage to the Moluccas (Maluku Islands, Indonesia) made the first ever illustrated description of a fruit -bearing tree, which the locals called ‘mangoustan’ (Garcin, 1733). Linnaeus named the plant Garcinia mangostana, and the illustration by Garcin was later designated by Hammel (1993) as the lectotype of the species.</p><p>The common names used in the pre-Linnaean literature, such as Carcapuli (Acosta, 1585), Coddam-pulli (Rheede, 1678) and Mangoustan (Garcin, 1733), were later diagnosed as members of the family and named as Garcinia cambogioides, G. gummi-gutta and G. mangostana, respectively.</p><p>Mangosteens ( G. mangostana) may be one of the earliest plants to be recorded by Europeans. The name ‘ Mangustoes’ had appeared in Garcia de Orta’s (1563) Colóquios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da Índia, which indicates its usage by the Portuguese in India (Burkill, 1935). Mangosteens were thought to be native to the Moluccas (Garcin, 1733) or Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia (Garcin, 1733; Rumphius, 1741). However, since it has never been found in wild (Whitmore, 1973; Richard, 1990), it was also suggested to represent a hybrid species (Nazre, 2006). The place of origin is thought to be Peninsular Malaysia because the closely allied species G. malaccensis Hook. f. and G. celebica L. are indigenous to this area (Richard, 1990). Mangosteen is believed to have been cultivated for hundreds of years in the Southeast Asian region (Ramage et al., 2004).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E7CC51D129F4A2AF24316C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E7FC51E12A64FA0F3591641.text	03E5C2316E7FC51E12A64FA0F3591641.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Indian Scenario	<div><p>InDian Scenario</p><p>All Indian floristic works, earlier as well as recent, have given a general consideration for Garcinia species found in the respective area. But from these works it is difficult to come up with a clear picture on the total number of taxa represented within the country. Anderson (1874) included 30 species and 8 varieties in the erstwhile British India, where as Maheshwari (1964) in his revision of the genus in India included 41 taxa (35 species and six varieties), where 31 species and five varieties are native and four species and one variety are exotic. Two species earlier reported within the country ( G. nervosa (Miq.) Miq. and G. keenania Pierre) were not included in this work. Singh (1993) followed Maheshwari, in almost all aspects, for the treatment of Garcinia in the Flora of India and recognized 39 wild taxa (35 species and four varieties) including G. keenania, a first-time report to the country. Interestingly almost all these species except three, Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau, Garcinia rubro-echinata Kosterm. and Garcinia dhanikhariensis S.K.Srivast., were described during the post independent period. Present study recognizes 33 species and seven varieties indigenous for the country, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E7FC51E12A64FA0F3591641	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E76C513129F4CD4F76A1298.text	03E5C2316E76C513129F4CD4F76A1298.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia assamica J. Sarma, Shameer & N. Mohanan, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Garcinia assamica J.Sarma, Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, Phytotaxa 252 (1): 73. 2016. Type: INDIA, Assam, Barpetta district, Manas National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.217636&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.572834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.217636/lat 26.572834)">India</a> –Bhutan border, N 26°34’22.2”, E 091°13’03.5”, 78 m, 22.04.2015, J. Sarma 79673 (holo, TBGT!; iso, CAL!, MH!). FiG. 3a–c</p><p>Dioecious evergreen to semi-evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; exudate greenish-yellow; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, angular, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-oblong, 7–11 × 2.5–5 cm, obtuse at base, entire on margins, acuminate at apex, coriaceous; midribs raised on both sides; lateral veins inconspicuous, 10–12 pairs per side. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 4–6 grouped in on short axillary or terminal branched spikes; pedicels c. 0.5 cm long; sepals orbicular, c. 0.7 × 0.6 cm, convex, coriaceous, margin membranaceous, pale green; petals ovate-orbicular, 0.6–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 cm, membranaceous on margins, creamy white; stamen 25–30, on a convex receptacle; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, sessile, on short axillary or terminal, unbranched or branched spikes, if unbranched, flowers 2–4 at tip, where as in branched spikes, flowers 2–5 at each node; sepals orbicular, c. 0.6 × 0.5 cm, convex, coriaceous, membranous at margins; petals orbicular, 0.8–1 cm long, membranaceous towards margins, pale yellow; staminodes 4 or 5, in a ring around ovary; ovary globose, c. 0.5 cm in diam., vertically grooved, 4 or 5-loculed; stigma 8–10-rayed, warty. Berries turbinate, 5–7 × 3–4 cm, smooth, fleshy, with distinct mamilla, greenish, turning orange-yellow when ripe. Seeds 2–5, oblong, c. 2 × 1 cm, compressed.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from February to May; fruiting from April to June.</p><p>Habitat: Semi-evergreen forests, near to rivulets, between 100–300 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Assam.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Barpetta district, near Khaladia River, near Manas National Park, 100 m, 03.08.2015, P. S. Shameer 79679 (TBGT); Darrang district, Changoria, 22.04.1895, s.coll. 11174 (ASSAM); Kalahari, 76 m, 01.04.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 3726 (ASSAM) .</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 2021).</p><p>Uses: The fruits are edible and used for making pickles by locals in Assam (Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Notes: Garcinia assamica is morphologically allied to G. nigrolineata Planch. ex T.Anderson, an Indo-Malayan species found in almost the same ecological conditions, in the arrangement of flowers on axillary short spikes; arrangement of stamens on a convex disc and number and arrangement of staminodes in pistillate flowers. But it is distinct from the latter in having greenish-yellow (not yellowish) exudate; 2–5 pistillate flowers fascicled at nodes against solitary flowers; 4–5-loculed ovary against 5–7-loculed ovary; turbinate and smooth fruits against globose and vertically grooved surface, and fruit tip mamillate against round tip.</p><p>Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 266. 1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 24: t. 80C. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 159. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 414. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins. 1: 173. 1922; Engl., in Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 220. 1925; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 114. 1931; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1; 109. 1934; Burkill, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. 1: 1047. 1935; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 118. 1964; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 206. 1973; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 105. 1993; Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 183. 1996; Ngerns., Diversity, 14(556): 2. 2022. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): INDIA, Upper Assam, Tabong, Griffith 862 (K [K000677601 digital image!]). FiG. 3D–f Habitat: In humid, lowland forests on the plains, up to 600 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore.</p><p>Specimens examined: MALAY PENINSULA, 153 m, April 1880, H. Kunstler 1452 (CAL); 153 m, April 1881, King’s coll. 1652 (CAL); Perak, s.d ., L. Wray 2756 (CAL). SINGAPORE, 21.10.1929, Nees s.n. (MH [MH89869]). THAILAND, Siam, August 1923 , A.F.G. Kerr 7477 (TCD 0010444 digital image!); Siam, March 1928, A.F.G. Kerr 14913 (TCD0010445 digital, image!); Siam, April 1931, Lakshnakara, Mom Chao 734 (TCD0010446 digital image!) .</p><p>Uses: The exudate from fruit is used as a fixative in dyeing silk. Fruit rind is edible, used in curries (Maheshwari, 1964).</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, to 20 m tall; exudation Notes: Maheshwari (1964) cited the ‘ Type: Griffith, colourless; branchlets robust, terete. Petioles 1.5–2 Kew distrib. 862, Tabong, Upper Assam (K)’; cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina whereas Kanjilal et al. (1934), Singh (1993) and Hajra oblong-lanceolate, 12–20 × 5–8 cm, cuneate at base, et al. (1996) give locality as Assam and Arunachal margins entire, obtuse to shortly acuminate at apex; Pradesh. But other than the type specimen, we midribs raised on both sides; lateral veins numerous, could not find any specimens from Indian regions, c. 50 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate deposited in any herbaria. Hence other than the flowers tetramerous, in few flowered, terminal literature evidence, the occurrence of the species in racemes, 2–2.5 cm in diam., pedicels 0.75–2 cm long, Indian region is yet to be confirmed.</p><p>slender; sepals pale yellow with red tinge inside, 0.8–</p><p>Garcinia cadelliana King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 1 cm long, orbicular, concave, membranous; petals 59: 154. 1890; C.E.Parkinson, Forest. Fl. Andaman deep red, 1–1.5 cm long, obovate, concave; stamens Islands 90. 1923; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. numerous, in a globose mass, inserted on a thin India 6: 135. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp;</p><p>annular fleshy receptacle; rudimentary pistil broad</p><p>Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 107. 1993; Hajra et cylindric. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal, al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 137. 1999; Dagar &amp; solitary, rarely geminate, 2.5–3 cm in diam.; N.T.Singh, Pl. Resour. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. pedicels 1.5–2.5</p><p>cm</p><p>long, slender; sepals orbicular,</p><p>2: 417. 1999. G. lanessanii Pierre var. β cadelliana</p><p>concave,</p><p>similar</p><p>to</p><p>staminate flowers; petals deep</p><p>(King) Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: red,</p><p>concave,</p><p>fleshy, 0.8–1.2</p><p>cm,</p><p>smaller than</p><p>359. 1893. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA, staminate flowers; staminodes numerous, united in</p><p>Andaman Islands, South Andaman district, near</p><p>a</p><p>thin fleshy</p><p>wavy</p><p>annulus round the</p><p>ovary; ovary</p><p>Port Blair, Hills rocky place, 30.07.1884, King’s oblong</p><p>or</p><p>sub-globose, ribbed, 0.8–1</p><p>cm</p><p>diam.,</p><p>coll. 371 (CAL [CAL0000208116!]; isolecto CAL 8–16-locular; stigma deep red, thick, fleshy,</p><p>convex,</p><p>[CAL0000208117!], K [K000677632 digital 4-lobed. Berries depressed globose, 6–10 cm in</p><p>image!], GDC [G00458416 digital image!]). FiG. 4 diam., slightly 9–13-grooved, green, turning bright yellow on ripening, crowned by sessile, concave, Dioecious semi-evergreen trees, 8–10 m tall; ribbed stigma. Seeds 6–10 or more, enclosed in young branches slender, terete. Petioles 6–7 cm translucent bright orange pulpy aril. long, transversely rugose, with longitudinal ridges,</p><p>adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to elliptic- Vernacular names: Gelugor, Som-khaek (Assamese).</p><p>oblong, 8.5–14 × 4–7 cm, cuneate at base, margins Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from April to June; revolute, sub-acute at apex, coriaceous; midribs fruiting from July to September. raised on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, 10–</p><p>12 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers 3–8, in axillary fascicles, tetramerous, 0.5– 0.6 cm in diam.; pedicels 0.2–0.25 cm long, stout; sepals almost orbicular, 0.15–0.2 cm in diam., margin membranaceous; petals obovate-orbicular, 0.2–0.3 cm long, concave; stamens 4-phalangiate, stamens indefinite in each phalange; rudimentary pistil slender, fungiform. Pistillate flowers and fruits not known.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from July to August; fruiting not seen.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen forests, at 850 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Andaman Islands.</p><p>Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 1998).</p><p>Typification: King (1890) cited the specimen Andamans, King’s coll. 137 in the protologue, without mentioning where it is deposited. We could locate four specimens under this collection number, two housed at CAL (CAL0000208116, CAL0000208117), one deposited at K (K000677632) and one at GDC (G00458416). The sheet CAL0000208116 with a detailed description by the author is designated here as the lectotype .</p><p>Notes: Known only from the type collection, which is a male specimen. King noted in the protologue, ‘pistillate flowers and fruits unknown’. Maheshwari (1964) treated it as a doubtful species. Singh (1993) included this species with the comment ‘it is best kept as a distinct species until fresh collections are made’. Hajra et al. (1999) and Dagar and Singh (1999) also included the species in their floristic accounts.</p><p>Garcinia calycina Kurz, J. Bot. 13: 324. 1875; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 33: t. 87D. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 160. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 478. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb 55. 1902; Engl., in Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 226. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 134. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 107. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 138. 1999; Dagar &amp; N.T.Singh, Pl. Resour. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. 2: 417. 1999; Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, Rheedea 29 (2): 182. 2019. Lectotype (designated by Shameer &amp; Mohanan, 2019): INDIA, Nicobar Islands, Kamorta, February 1875, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL0000005868!]; isolecto K [K00067763, K000677634 digital image!], W [W0073376 digital image!]).</p><p>Dioecious shrubs, 4–6 m tall; exudate brownish-white; branchlets tetragonous. Petioles 0.8–1 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 7.5–10 × 3.5–5 cm, cuneate at base, slightly revolute on margins, shortly caudateacuminate or sub-acute at apex, coriaceous; midrib prominent on both sides; lateral veins 7–8 pairs, obliquely parallel. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary or paired, c. 0.4 cm in diam.; pedicels c. 0.4 cm long; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.15–2 cm in diam.; petals orbicular, concave, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam.; stamens to 20, on convex torus, rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, larger than staminate flowers, sub-sessile; sepals ovate, 0,15– 0.2 cm long; petals orbicular, 0.3–0.5 cm in diam.; staminodes 10–12, distinct, around the ovary; ovary ovoid, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 4-locular, entirely covered by the large hemispheric stigma. Berries ovoid-oblong, 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 cm, smooth, sepals persistent at base and crowned by sessile hemispheric stigma. Seeds 4, oblong, 0.8–1 × 0.5–0.6 cm, compressed.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to February; fruiting not seen.</p><p>Habitat: Sea shore vegetation of Kamorta Island of Nicobar.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p><p>Notes: After the original collection made in 1875, no further collections were reported.</p><p>Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland, Man. Mater. Med. Therap. [Royle] (ed. 3): 339, fig. 48. 1856. Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, Rheedea 30(4): 465. 2020. Stalagmitis cambogioides Murray, Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 9: 173. 1789; G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 621. 1831; Hebradendron cambogioides (Murray)Graham, Compan.Bot.Mag. 2: 199. t. 27. 1836. Lectotype (first-step designated by Maheshwari, 1964; second-step by Shameer &amp; Mohanan, 2020): SRI LANKA, s.d., Hermann 195 (BM [BM000621661 digital image!]); isolecto (BM [BM00621719 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. in Lam et al., Encycl. 3: 701. 1792; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 204. 1874; Bourd., Forest Trees Travancore 23. 1908; Ram Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 29. 1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915, excl. syn G. elliptica Wall. &amp; G. pictoria Roxb.; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 132. 1964; M.Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 80.1984; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 20. 1988; V.S.Ramach. &amp; V.J.Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 55. 1988; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 71. 1990; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. Ind. 3: 119. 1993; M.Mohanan &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Thiruvananthapuram Dist. 71. 1994; K.N.Subram., Fl. Thenmala Division 23. 1995; Sasidh. &amp; Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 52. 1996; Sivar. &amp; P.Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 69. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 25. 1998 &amp; Fl. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 22. 2002; N.Mohanan &amp; Sivad. Fl. Agasthyamala 85. 2002. Mangostana morella Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 106, t. 101.1790.</p><p>Garcinia gutta Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. 1: t. 44. 1840, excl. syn.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E76C513129F4CD4F76A1298	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E72C50C11244AECF5611200.text	03E5C2316E72C50C11244AECF5611200.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia cambogioides var. cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. cambogioides	<div><p>Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. cambogioides FiG. 3G–i</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation deep yellow or orange-yellow, sticky; branches spreading, with pendulous tips; branchlets 4-angular. Petioles 0.8–1 cm long, with longitudinal ridges, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-ovate or obovate, 10–15 × 4–8 cm, acute or cuneate at base, margins revolute and wavy, obtuse to shortly obtuse-acuminate at apex, coriaceous; midribs raised on both sides; lateral veins inconspicuous, 8–12 pairs per side; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, solitary or 2–3 fascicled, 0.5–1 cm in diam., sessile or 0.4–0.5 cm long pedicels; sepals orbicular or elliptic, convex, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.4 cm; petals white to pink, rotundate or orbicular, 0.5–0.8 × 0.4–0.6 cm, membranaceous; stamens c. 25, in a central tetragonous mass, anthers red; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, c. 0.3 × 0.6 cm, sessile; sepals orbicular, convex, c. 0.5 cm in diam., margins membraneous; petals pink, ovate, 0.5–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 cm; staminodes 12–14, fascicled in groups of 3–4 and arranged in a ring around ovary; ovary sub-globose, c. 0.2 cm in diam., 4-locular; stigma 5-lobed, tubercled. Berries globose to sub-globose, 2.5–3 × 2–3 cm, smooth, greenish-yellow with reddish tinge, crowned by persistent papillate stigma. Seeds 4, ovoidreniform, c. 1.5 × 0.6 cm, laterally compressed.</p><p>Vernacular names: Mysore gamboges tree, Indian gamboges tree (English); Chikiri, Daramba, Iravi, Karukkampuli, Makki (Malayalam); Makki, Solaippuli (Tamil); Hardala, Devampuli, Jarize, Arsina gurgi (Kannada); Kuji-thekera (Assamese).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from February to April.</p><p>Habitat: Common onstream sides in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, up to 1100 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Indo-Malaya.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, East Siang district, Pasighat, 05.02.1912, I. H . Burkill 36754 (CAL) . Assam, Cachar district, Bhuban hill, 02.12.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 4797(CAL); South West Garo Hill district, Tura, 14.02.1886, C. B . Clarke 43109 (CAL); Rani Dawa bang, 16.01.1912, I. H . Burkill 37498 (CAL) . Karnataka, Chikmagalur district, Horanadu R. F ., near Jain temple area, 27.02.1984, E . Vajravelu 77872 (MH); Kemmengundi, 1425 m., 01.12.1983, K. V . Asha 1299 (CALI); Saingeri, 850 m., 09.11.1983, V. A . Vasantha 1040 (CALI) . Shimoga district, Agumbe, 850 m., 28.11.1983, K . Shanthi 1041(CALI); Uttara Kannada district, April, 1883, W. A . Talbot 376 (BSI, CAL); Garisoppah, 30.11.1884, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Ibid. 15.05.1896, W. A . Talbot 1896 (BSI); Ibid. November 1900, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Ibid. 01.02.1892, W. A . Talbot 2662 (BSI); North Canara, May 1929, T. R . Bell 5985 (BLAT); North Canara, 18.05.1954, H . Santapu 18567(BLAT); ibid. 18.05.1954. R. P . Patil 627 (DD); Yellapur, North Canara, April, 1939, N. L . Bor 9555 (DD) . Kerala, Kollam district, Colaturpolay ( Kulathupuzha), 23.01.1896, T. F . Bourdillon 734 (FRC); Ibid., 17.02.1904, s.coll. s.n. (TBGT [TBGT02248]); Naduvannorkadavu near Choodal bridge, 02.06.1964, K. N . Subramanian 1548 (FRC); Kulathupuzha, Arippa, 150 m, 03.08.1981, N . Sasidharan 1470 (KFRI); Malappuram district, Thalichola, 10.04.1982, Philip Mathew 28439 (CALI); Karuvarakundu, 16.06.1982, Philip Mathew 33368 (CALI); Nilambur, Nadukani, 525 m, 14.02.1985, N . Sasidharan 3342 (KFRI); Palakkad district, Attapadi hills, 28.10.1910, C. E. C . Fischer 2365 (CAL); Chenathnair Reserve, Palakkad, 11.12.1920, C. E. C . Fischer 4570 (CAL); Way to Silent valley Dam, 28.06.1976, P . Bharghavan 47238 (MH); Mukkali forest, 05.11.1976, E . Vajravelu 48852 (MH); R. F . above Dam site, Silent Valley, 09.04.1978, N. C . Nair 56703 (MH); Way to Aruvampara Estate, 24.04.1980, V. J . Nair 67281 (MH); Dam site to Valiyapara thode, 05.12.1980, N. C . Nair 69118 (MH); Dam site to Veliyaparathode, 05.12.1980, N. C . Nair 69118 (MH); Bank of Kumattan thode, Silent Valley, 17.03.1984, N. C . Nair 81269 (MH); Attappady, Manthampotti, + 500 m, 15.11.1985, N . Sasidharan 3615 (KFRI); Wallakkadavu, Silent Valley, 02.02.1994, Jomy Augustine 13193 (KFRI); Silent Valley National Park, MPCA , 08.03.2003, C . Kunhikannan &amp; N . Venkatasubramanian 14833(FRC); Palakkad, Silent Valley, Wallakkad, 18.11.2014, P. S . Shameer 79660 (TBGT); Ibid, 16.12.2014, P. S . Shameer 79665 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, Bonacord, 29.05.1989, N . Mohanan 8416 (TBGT); Attayar, 02.03.1991, N . Mohanan 10564 (TBGT); Chemmunji Hills, 22.01.2014, P. S . Shameer 79610 (TBGT); Thrissur district, Kodakkalthodu, Thatchnaduvu area, Palapitty range, Chalakudy, 24.02.1982, K. N . Subramanian 7989 (FRC); Payampara area, Palapitty range, Chalakkudy, 24.02.1982, K. N . Subramanian 7974 (FRC); Peechi, Vengappara, 425 m, 19.12.1988, N . Sasidharan 5045 (KFRI); Wayanad district, Kambamala, Begur Range, Wayanad forest Division, 06.05.1983, N . Venkatasubramanian 9370 (FRC) . Meghalaya, United Khasi &amp; Jaintia Hills district, s.d., G . Gallatly 252 (CAL); Khasia, J . D. Hooker &amp; T . Thomson s.n., (CAL) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamalais, 28.10.1901, C. A . Barber 3874 (MH); Udumanparai, Anamalais, 03.05.1903, C. A . Barber 5750, 5760 (MH); Nilgiri district, Devala s.d., Weddermann s.n. (MH); Iyyerpadi, 20.02.1901, C. A . Barber 3831 (MH); Thirunelveli district, Kannikatty, 21.02.1913, D. Hooper &amp; M. S . Ramaswami 39433 (CAL); Kannikatty, 19 Mach 1917, s.coll. 14653 (MH); SRI LANKA, March 1883, s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH60489]. Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. s n., (MH [MH60488]); Ibid., BM000946508 (BM, image!).</p><p>Uses: The butter extracted from seed is used in cooking, confectionary, substitute of ghee, candle making and medicine. Resin is a commercial source of yellow pigment for colouring varnishes and for dyeing silk fabrics (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E72C50C11244AECF5611200	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E6DC50D112A4E23F44B1021.text	03E5C2316E6DC50D112A4E23F44B1021.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland	<div><p>Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. cuspida (A.Begum, Brothakur &amp; J.Sarma) T.K.Paul, Pleione 15(3): 454. 2021; G. morella var. cuspida</p><p>A. Begum, Brothakur &amp; J. Sarma, Pleione 8 (2): 502. 2014 . Type: INDIA, Assam, Tinsukia district, Borguri, Near Bherjan-Borjan, Padumoni Wildlife Sanctuary, 18.04. 2012, 277 m asl., Ajima Begum &amp; Jatindra Sarma 101 (holo, GUBH!; iso, ASSAM!) .</p><p>Dioecious trees; exudate yellowish. Branches drooping; branchlets terete. Lamina lanceolate or elliptic-oblong or obovate, 7–13 × 2.7–4.1 cm, attenuate at base, margins entire, acuminate or cuspidate-bend at tip; midrib raised abaxially, impressed adaxially; secondary veins 8–12 pairs, slightly visible on upper surface only. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 0.8–1 cm diam.; stamens in a tetragonous mass. Pistillate flowers greenish white, solitary or in clusters of 2–4 terminal and axillary fascicles, 1–1.2 cm in diam., sessile. Sepals 4, almost equal, 0.25–0.3 × 0.2–0.35 cm; petals 4, ovate, imbricate, 0.8–0.9 × 0.4– 0. 45 cm, greenish white, margins fimbriate, 0.3–0.5 cm long; staminodes 0.2–0.25 cm long, united in lower half and enveloping ovary base; ovary obovate, quadrangular, 5–6-loculed, not grooved; style 0.1–0.2 cm long; stigma white, indistinctly 5–6-lobed. Berries oblong-ovoid, 5–6 × 4–5 cm, with 1–1.2 cm long curved tip. Seeds oblong, 2–4, compressed.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from March to April; fruiting from April to May.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen forests, up to 200 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Assam (India).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E6DC50D112A4E23F44B1021	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E6CC50A129F4C42F7761655.text	03E5C2316E6CC50A129F4C42F7761655.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia cambogioides var. mucrona (A. Begum, Brothakur & J. Sarma) T. K. Paul, Pleione	<div><p>Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. mucrona (A.Begum, Brothakur &amp; J.Sarma) T. K.Paul, Pleione 15(3): 454. 2021; G. morella var. mucrona A.Begum, Brothakur &amp; J.Sarma, Pleione 8 (2): 502. 2014. Type: INDIA, Assam, Tinsukia district, Digboi, Pangeri, 25.04. 2013, 160 m asl., Ajima Begum, Jatindra Sarma &amp; S. K. Borthakur 113 (holo, GUBH!; iso, ASSAM!) .</p><p>Dioecious trees, 10–13 m tall; exudation yellow. Branches obliquely horizontal; branchlets terete. Lamina elliptic-obovate, 9–13.5 × 4.2–6.5 cm, attenuate at base, margins entire, mucronate at tip, midrib raised abaxially, impressed adaxially; secondary veins 8–12 pairs, prominent on both sides. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 0.8–1 cm in diam.; stamens in a central tetragonous mass. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, greenish white, 1–1.2 cm in diam., terminal, axillary, solitary or in cluster of 2–4, sessile; staminodes 4–8 at the four corners, 0.2–0.25 cm long, very slender, united in lower half and enveloping the ovary base; stigma white, indistinctly lobed. Berries globose or sub-globose, 4–6 cm diam., 0.5–0.6 cm long mucronate tip.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from March to April; fruiting from May to June.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, up to 200 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Assam (India).</p><p>Garcinia cambogioides (Murray) Headland var. pictoria (Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.) Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, Rheedea 30(4): 468. 2020. Garcinia pictoria Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. Mem. Wern. Soc. 5: 346. 1826; [Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.]; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 627.1832; Wight, Ic. t. 102. 1839; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 417. 1851; Headland Man. Mater. Med. Therap. (ed. 3): 340. fig. 49. 1856; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4. 14: 355. 1860; Drury, Indian Fl. 1: 141.1864; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 86–87; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 32: t. 85B. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 476. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 55. 1902; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11(2): 341. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 133. 1964; Mabb., Taxon 26(5-6): 529. 1977. N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 122. 1993. Hebradendron pictorium (Roxb.) Royle, Man. Mat. Med. 305. 1847. Lectotype (designated by Shameer &amp; Mohanan, 2020 a): INDIA, Kerala, Wayanad, s.d., Samuel Dyer s.n. (BM [BM000611609 digital image!]).</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation yellow; branches spreading; branchlets angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, slender; lamina elliptic-ovate, 8–10 × 3–5 cm, acute or attenuate at base, margins entire, acute at apex; midribs prominent on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, c. 20 pairs per side. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary; 0.8–2 cm in diam.; stamens 35– 40, in a central sub-globose mass. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, 0.7–1 cm in diam.; staminodes c. 20, filaments connate at base in a sheath around ovary; ovary oblong, 0.2–0.4 cm in diam., 4-locular; stigma peltate, 4-lobed, tubercled. Berries globose or sub-globose, 3–5 × 1.5–2 cm, smooth, reddish when ripe, crowned by 4-lobed, persistent tubercled stigma. Seeds 1–3, oblongreniform, 0.8–1cm long. Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from February to May.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen forests, above 900 m elevation, usually on stream sides.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the southern Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, North Kanara, 02/01/1892, s.coll. 2662 (CAL) . Kerala, Wayanad district, Puthoorvayal, Manikunu Mala, 25.07.2012, P . S . Shameer 86640 (TBGT); Kuruva Island, 20.11.2014, P . S . Shameer 79656, 79657 (TBGT) .</p><p>Notes: The taxon is variously treated in Indian floras. Anderson (1874) and Dunn (1915) consider it as synonymous to G. morella (= G. cambogioides). Maheshwari (1964) treated it as a distinct species, with a note that “the species is closely allied to G. morella and scarcely distinguishable except by the female flowers”. Singh (1993) also considered it as distinct but commented that “this species is closely allied to G. morella, under which it is sometimes sunk”. Arisdason and Daniel (2005) followed Roxburgh and Maheshwari for inclusion of G. pictoria in their treatment. Headland (1856), though treated G. cambogioides and G pictoria as distinct species, has given a note about their close relationship, with the aid of illustrations.</p><p>During the present study, we collected specimens of G. pictoria from the type locality in Wayanad and compared them with G. cambogioides (= G. morella). Except for the difference in number and structure of staminal mass, staminodes and stigmatic lobes, listed in the key to the varieties above, both taxa are similar in all other characters such as habit, texture of bark, colour of exudate, size and shape of leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. Considering these, G. pictoria is reduced to a variety under G. cambogioides .</p><p>Garcinia celebica L., Herb. Amb. 7. 1754, Syst. Nat. ed. 12: 326. 1767 &amp; in Murray, Syst. Veg. (ed. 13): 368. 1774; Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 507. 1859; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. sér. 4, 14: 173. 1860; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 13. 1882; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 404. 1893; Boerl., Cat. Pl. Phan. 2: 69. 1901; Koord. &amp; Valeton, Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 9: 367. 1902; Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb. 373. 1917; Backer &amp; Bakh.f., Fl. Java (Spermatoph.) 387. 1963. “ Lectotype (designated by Merrill, 1917): “ Mangostana celebica ” in Rumphius, Herb. Amb. (Rumphius) 1. 134. pl. 44. 1741.</p><p>Garcinia affinis Wall. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1. 15. 1882 &amp; Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78C &amp; 79G. 1883; Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8: 410. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 122. 1964; N.P.Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 103.1993. pro parte. nom. illeg.</p><p>Garcinia cornea L. in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13: 368. 1774; Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 214. 1825; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 629. 1832; Miquel, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 506. 1859; Laness., Mem. Gen. Garcin. 21. 1872; T. Anderson in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 260. 1874. pro parte; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 12. 1882, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78 B. 1883; Vesque, Monogr. Phan. 8: 397. 1893; Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amb. 374. 1917. Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 122. 1964. Lectotype (designated by Merrill, 1917): “Lignum corneum” in Rumphius, Herb. Amb. (Rumphius) 3: 55. pl. 30. 1743.</p><p>Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 12. 1882, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1 pl.79D, 79E &amp; 79F. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 155. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 395.1893; Ridl., Fl. Maly Penin. 1: 171. 1922; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 223. 1925; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 115.1931; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 121. 1964; Whitmore, Tr. Fl. Malaya 2: 212. 1973; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 111.1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands 1: 139. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): Peninsular Malaysia, 1841, J.B. Hombron s.n. (P [P00329889 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia kingii Pierre ex Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 407. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 124. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 114. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands 1: 139. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): INDIA, Andaman Island, 1884, King’s coll. s n. (K [K000380453 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia kurzii Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. 14. 1882 &amp; Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1. pl. 78C. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 155. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 403. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 49. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 223. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 123. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 115. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands 1: 140. 1999; Dagar &amp; N.T. Singh, Pl. Res. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. 2: 416. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Nazre, 2010): INDIA, South Andaman, 1867, Kurz 24 (P [P00329891 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia speciosa Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3(11): 37. t. 258. 1832; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 14: 326. 1860; Kurz, Ennum. Pl. Andaman Islands 2. 1870, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43: 86. 1874, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 88. 1877; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 260. 1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: 14 &amp; pl. 79 H &amp; 79 I. 1882; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2 Nat. Hist. 59: 154. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 402. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 90. 1923; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.1: 117. 1931; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine Suppl. 3: 267. 1943; J.Sinclair, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9: 87. 1955; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 123. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 125. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 141. 1999; Dagar &amp; N.T.Singh, Pl. Resour. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. 2: 420. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): BURMA, Mertaban &amp; Amherst, Wallich 4855 (CAL [CAL46233!]). FiG. 3j–l</p><p>Dioecious semi-evergreen trees, up to 18 m tall; exudation pale yellow; branches horizontally spreading, branchlets slightly 4-angular. Petioles 1–2.5 cm long, stout, angular, rugous, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to oblong-elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, 11–20 × 5–10 cm, cuneate at base, margins sub-repand and entire, sub-acute or very shortly and abruptly acuminate at apex; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, 25–35 pairs per side; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–6, in terminal fascicles, 2–2.5 cm diam., pedicels 0.5–1 cm long, stout; sepals imbricate, orbicular, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm, unequally fleshy, margins membranous petals pale yellow, ovate-orbicular, 0.8–1 × 0.6–1 cm, concave, membranous on margins; stamens numerous, inserted on a fleshy, slightly 4-lobed annulus, filaments united; rudimentary pistil flat, stigma 8-lobed. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, 2–3.5 × 2–2.5 cm; pedicels 1.5– 2 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes absent; ovary globose, 0.5–1 cm in diam., 8–9-locular; style 0.2-0.3 cm long, stigmatic rays spreading, convex, recurved at the edge when young, forming 8 shallow crenations on ageing. Berries sub-globose, 4–5 cm in diam., smooth, green turning pinkish-red or orangered on ripening, crowned by disc-like remnant stigma and green leathery sepals at base. Seeds 4–6, oblong, 2.5–3 cm long, covered with soft, pulpy white aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Sea shore mangosteen (English); Parawa (Andamanese) .</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to March; fruiting from February to April.</p><p>Habitat: In tropical evergreen, semi evergreen and inland forests, almost from sea level to mid lands.</p><p>Distribution: Native to India, Bangladesh, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Thailand and Singapore.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, Nicobar district, Kamorta, February 1875, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL); Ibid., 1884, King’s coll. 483 (K [K000380452 digital image!); Passa, Car Nicobar, 02.06.1975, N.G. Nair 2653 (PBL); Ibid., Sawai, Car Nicobar, 24.02.1976, N.G. Nair 3526 (PBL); Car Nicobar, 10.06.1895, King’s coll. 47817 (CAL); North and Middle Andaman district, Interview Island, 06.03.1990, P. Lakshminarasimhan 15148 (PBL); Interview Island, Watch Tower No. 2, 26.02.2011, G.S. Lakhra 28882 (PBL); North Nicobar, Katchal Island, near Police Station, 29.12.1974, P. Chakraborty 2239 (PBL); Ibid., West Bay, 15.02.1977; Ibid., Pondha, 02.04.1979, M.K. Vasudeva Rao 7509 (PBL); South Andaman district, East coast, 1899, R.L. Heinig (CAL [CAL46785]); Ibid., s.d., S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL46779]); Ibid., 13/01/1884, King’s coll. 90 (CAL); Ibid., 1884, King s.n. (K [K000380453, image!]); Chiriatapau, 19.01.1916, C.E. Parkinson 884 (CAL); Ibid., 20.01.1916, C.E. Parkinson 888 (CAL); Boun- Boung-la, 04.02.1916, C.E. Parkinson 912 (CAL); Ibid., 10.02.1916, C.E. Parkinson 934 (CAL); Rutland Island, Barakhari, 21.01.1982 M.K. Vasudeva Rao 8617 (PBL); Manjeri, 31.01.2004, K. Karthigeyan 19633 (PBL); Mount Harriet, 11.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86610 (TBGT); Shoal Bay-17, 13.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86615 (TBGT); Nayashahr, Dhanikari Reserve forest, 16.02.2016, P.S. Shameer 86618 (TBGT); Ibid, 03.03.2017, P.S. Shameer 86645 (TBGT). Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Cultivated in JNTBGRI orchard, 02.11.2013, S.M. Shareef 702016 (TBGT); Ibid., 13.12.2014, P.S. Shameer 79668 (TBGT); Ibid., 23.03.2016, P.S. Shameer 86633 (TBGT). West Bengal, Cultivated Royal Botanic Garden, Howrah, s.d., Wallich 4852 (CAL); Ibid., s.coll. s.n., (MH [MH63569]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL4619]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CALO [CAL46190]); Ibid., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL461191]); Cultivated in Botanic Garden, 07.12.1961, S.K. Mukerji s.n. [CAL [CAL297414]); Ibid., Joe W. Helfer 270 (CAL). BANGLADESH, Chittagong, 1886, King’s coll. 274 (CAL); Sylhet, Wallich 4854 (K, image!); Ibid, Wallich 4854 (BR [BR0000006912758, image!]); Ibid., J.D. Hooker &amp; T. Thomson s.n. (GDC [G00458944, image!]). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO, 1898, Teysman 79 (CAL [CAL471149]). MALACA, 1841, Cuming 2296 (K [K000380448 digital image!); 1861, Griffith 857 (K [K000380447 digital image!). MANILA, Amboina, s.d., C.B. Robinson 323 (CAL). MALAY PENINSULA, Malaca, 1845, Griffith s.n. (CAL [CAL47015]); Perak, January 1884, King’s coll. 5460 (CAL). MYANMAR, Martaban, s.d., S. Kurz 538 (CAL). s.loc ., s.d., Wallich 4852 (CAL); s.loc . s.d., J.E. Smith s.n. (K [K000380450, image!]). Without precise locality, December 1869, Pierre 3633 (K [K000380455 digital image!).</p><p>Uses: Fruits are edible while roots and leaves are used as medicine. It yields an inferior gamboge. Timber is used for house building and also used for making bows in Andaman Islands. (Maheshwari 1964; Singh 1993).</p><p>Notes: Garcinia affinis, G. cornea, G. celebica ., G. hombroniana, G. kingii, G. kurzii and G. speciosa are variously treated in earlier Indian floras and revisions. Wight (1840) treated G. celebica, G. cornea and G. speciosa as distinct species. Anderson (1874) considered G. cornea and G. speciosa as distinct whereas G. affinis was synonymized under G. cornea . Kurz (1874) considered G. speciosa and G. cornea as distinct species. Parkinson (1923) included both G. kingii and G. kurzii under G. speciosa, noting that they were “nearly allied”. Maheshwari (1964) considered G. affinis, G. cornea, G. hombroniana, G. kingii, G. kurzii, and G. speciosa as distinct, and commented on the close similarity between G. hombroniana and G. cornea . Singh (1993) treated G. affinis, G. hombroniana, G. kingii, G. kurzii, and G. speciosa as distinct. He has excluded G. cornea and also commented that he has not seen specimens of G. kingii . Except for Wight (1840), G. celibica is not recorded in any earlier Indian works.</p><p>After a detailed study of all specimens kept under the aforementioned names, Nazre (2010) concluded that ‘morphological evidences based on the literature and herbarium specimens suggested that there are no clear cut discontinuities in morphological characters or any characters exclusive to certain geographical areas between G. hombroniana with G. celebica and G. cornea and many other names including G. affinis, G. kingii, G. kurzii and G. speciosa . Because of that, the correct name that should be used is G. celebica as it was published much earlier and all oher names should simply be synonyms of G. celebica . This treatment, accepted in International Plant Name Index (www.ipni.org) and World Flora Online (www.worldfloraonline.org) is followed here. In our expedition to Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, we could collect specimens showing variations, but all were continuous and within the range.</p><p>Garcinia conicarpa Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 121. 1839, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1. 126. 1840; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 14: 347. 1860; Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, Phytotaxa 490(2): 191–196. 2021. G. cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. var. conicarpa (Wight) T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 262. 1874; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 428. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 130. 1964. G. gummi-gutta var. conicarpa (Wight) N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 110. 1993; Nazarudeen, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 25: 607. 2001; Sasidh., Biod. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2004; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 275. 2014; Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 336. 2005. Lectotype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Shevagherry hills, August 1836, R. Wight 141 (K [K000677578] digital image!); isolecto, (K [K000677579, K000677580] digital image!).</p><p>Garcinia darwiniana Kesha.Murthy, Yogan. &amp; K.V.Nair, Curr. Sci. 56: 425. 1987. Type: INDIA, Karnataka, Coorg district, Mercara, 19.03.1984, K.R. Keshavmurthy et al. 4828A (RRCBI). FiG. 3m –o</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches usually horizontal, branchlets terete. Petioles 0.7–0.9 cm long, stout; ligule absent; lamina obovate-ovate to rarely oblong, 6–10 × 4–8 cm, acute at base, margins entire, acute or obtuse at apex, coriaceous, reddish when young; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins inconspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary or terminal, solitary or 2–5 in fascicles, 1–1.5 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels c. 0.5 cm long, stout; sepals ovate, convex, 0.5–0.6 × 0.5–06 cm, coriaceous, margins membranaceous with fimbril like projections; petals, yellow, oblong-orbicular, coriaceous, 0.1–0.13 × 0.7–0.9 cm, concave with slightly membranaceous margins; stamens numerous in a convex torus; rudimentary pistil absent or present. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, 1–3, terminal or sub-terminal, 1–1.5 × 1–3 cm, sessile; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes c. 20, arranged in a ring around the ovary; ovary globose, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 3–5-locular, grooved; stigmatic rays 3–5, irregularly tuberculate. Berries ovoid-conical, 4–5 cm in diam., 3–5-grooved, mamillate at apex, yellowish green on ripening, pericarp very thick, fleshy. Seeds 2–4, ovate-oblong, 0.2–0.3 × 0.8–1 cm, enclosed in a thin, fibrous aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Kattupuli (Malayalam).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from April to June; fruiting from June to October.</p><p>Habitat: Sholas and high altitude evergreen forests, between 1350–1950 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats, very rare.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Kodagu district, Bhagamandale, 22.07.1979, Ramesh &amp; Manohar KFP8441 (MH). Kerala, Idukki district, Devicolam, December 1909, Meebold 13533 (CAL); Rajamalai, 03.09.1992, Nazarudeen 14810 (TBGT); Ibid., 22.02.1995, Kalesh 21227 (TBGT); Ibid., 18.11.2005, Rama Subbu &amp; Kulloli 57832 (TBGT); Ibid., 19.06.1998, Biju 37483 (TBGT); Bhadrakali shola, 01.10.2012, Deepthy 74641 (TBGT); Vellimala, 12.12.1993, Jomy Agustine 12902 (KFRI); Rajamalai, 22.02.1995, Kalesh 21227 (TBGT); Hut near Rajamala, 19.06.1998, Biju 37483 (TBGT); Rajamalai, 18.11.2005, Rama Subbu &amp; Kulloli 57832 (TBGT); Bhadrakali shola, 01.10.2012, Deepthy 74641 (TBGT); Kottamala, 25.05.1995, Jomy Augustine 15379 (KFRI); Ibid., 1385 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79648 (TBGT); Ibid., 1640 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79649 (TBGT); Ibid., 1638 m, 25.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79650 (TBGT); Ibid., 1362 m, 26.09.2014, P.S. Shameer 79651 (TBGT); Perumudishola, 12.11.2014, P.S. Shameer 79654 (TBGT); Ibid., 12.11.2014, P.S. Shameer 79655 (TBGT); Ibid., 08.12.2016, P.S.Shameer 86637 (TBGT);Kozhikode district, Vellarimala, 24.03.2013, P.S. Shameer 86604 (TBGT); Wayanad district, Thollayiram forest, 20.02.2017, P.S. Shameer 86647 (TBGT). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, between Olliar and Thorakadvuar, 10.10.1901, C.A. Barber 3701 (MH); Annamalai, 18.02.1980, Chandrabose 65842 (MH);</p><p>Uses: Fruits are edible; dried fruit rinds are used in fish curries.</p><p>Notes: Though Wight (1840) described G. conicarpa as a distinct species, later authors considered it as a variety only under G. gummi-gutta ( G. cambogia). Based on live specimens, the authors made a detailed study of all the three varieties of G. gumigutta (var. gummi-gutta, var. conicarpa, and var. papilla). It was found that in certain characters var. conicarpa differed from the other two varieties (ovate oblong leaves against elliptic leaves, absence of ligule against its presence, sessile pistillate flowers against pedicelled ones and ovoid conical, 3–5-grooved berries against globose, subglobose or oblong, 5–10-grooved berries), which supports Wight (1839, 1840), who treated the plant as distinct species. Hence G. conicarpa Wight was reinstated (Shameer et al., 2021).</p><p>Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC., Prod. 1: 561. 1824; Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 622. 1832; Wight &amp; Arn., Prod. 1: 101. 1834; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 12. 414. 1851; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 186. 1860; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 54. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1. 262. 1874; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 87. 1874 &amp; Forest Fl. Burma 1: 90. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 28: t. 82D–H 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 163.1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 449. 1893; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bihar &amp; Orissa 2: 53. 1921; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 89. 1923; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 226; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum.1: 114. 1931; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 105. 1934; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo– Chine Suppl. 3: 261. 1943, excl. syn.; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11(2): 341. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 131. 1964; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2: 208. 1973; D.B.Deb. Fl. Tripura, ser. 9. 1: 363. 1981; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 108. 1993; A.S.Chauhan et al., Fl. Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh 113. 1996; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 138. 1999; B.K.Sinha et al., Fl. Great Nicobar Island 1: 152. 1999; N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 142. 2000; Kam.P.Singh in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 210. 2002. Stalagmitis cowa G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari 1964; second step designated here): INDIA, without exact locality, s.d., W. Roxburgh s.n. (BR [BR0000005108138 digital image!]); isolecto BR [BR0000006915667, BR0000006912420 digital images!]).</p><p>Oxycarpus gangetica Buch.-Ham., Mem. Wern. Soc. 5: 344. 1824, nom. superfl.</p><p>Garcinia lanceifolia Wall., Cat. 4861C. 1831, non Roxb. 1832.</p><p>G. roxburghii Wight, Ic. t. 104. 1840, Illustr.1: 125. 1840, pro parte.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E6CC50A129F4C42F7761655	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E6BC50412A64D35F7051755.text	03E5C2316E6BC50412A64D35F7051755.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia cowa var. cowa Roxb. ex DC. var. cowa	<div><p>Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC. var. cowa FiGS. 5 &amp; 6a–c</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, 9–18 m tall; exudation yellow; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.8–1.3 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina broadly lanceolate, 8–13 × 2.5–7 cm, cuneate at base, entire on margins, acute at apex, sub-coriaceous; midrib flattened abaxially, prominent adaxially; lateral veins 12–16 pairs, obliquely parallel, not conspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–8, fascicled, axillary or terminal, 1–1.3 × 1–1.5 cm; pedicels 0.5–0.7 cm long; sepals broadly ovate, 0.3–0.4 × 0.5–0.6 cm, margins membranous; petals yellow with a red tinge, imbricate, oblong, 0.7–0.8 × 0.8–1 cm; stamens 50 or more on tetragonous convex fleshy receptacle, anthers reddish; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, 2–3, fascicled, terminal, 1.8–2 × 1.5–2 cm, pedicels 0.5–0.6 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 3–8, in 4-phalanges around the ovary; ovary 0.3–0.5 cm in diam., sub-globose, 6–8-locular, stigma sessile, flat, deeply divided into 6–8 wedge-shaped rays, papillose. Berries globose, 2–4 × 2.5–4 cm, depressed, dark yellow, vertically 4–6-grooved from base to apex, non-mamillate, pericarp thin. Seeds 4–8, oblong, 1–1.25 × 0.8–1cm, in pulpy aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Kau-thekera, Kaugach (Assamese): Kowa, Kau, Duffla, Blachung-Changne; (Bengali): Tekra, Rengram (Garo); Kattaphal (Hindi); Sarbana (Orissa); Kau (Manipuri and Naga): The Cowa fruit, The Cowa mangosteen (English).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from February to March; fruiting from April to July.</p><p>Habitat: Fairly common in evergreen, semi-evergreen and tropical forests, up to 1200 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Thailand.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman district, 1890,</p><p>King’s coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL47066]); Dhanikharihill jungle, 22.04.1892 , King’s coll. (CAL); Rangat Bay, May 1915 , C. E. Parkinson 580 (CAL); Mt. Harriet, 11.02.2016 , P. S. Shameer 86609 (TBGT); Shoal Bay-18, 13.02.2016 , P. S. Shameer 86613 (TBGT); Shoal Bay-16, 13.02.2016 , P. S. Shameer 86614 (TBGT); Nayashahr Reserve Forest, 16.02.2016 , P. S. Shameer 86619 &amp; 86620 (TBGT); North and Middle Andaman district, Saddle Peak, 20.02.2016 , P. S. Shameer 86624 (TBGT). Assam, Cachar district, August 1903 , Shaik Mokim s.n. (ASSAM); Tupidhar, 04.04.1940 , R. N. De 19258 (ASSAM); Jorhat district, Seebsagar, 30.04.1885 , C. B. Clarke 38037 (CAL); Kamrup district, Andherijuli, 13.04.1915 , U. N. Kanjilal 5463 (ASSAM); Chhaygaon, 05. 04.1915 U. N. Kanjilal 5427 (ASSAM); Lukikhas forest about 2 miles south of Singra, 26.06.1964 , A. K. Rao 39129 (ASSAM); Ranigodam, June 1898 , Prain’s coll. s.n. (CAL); Karimganj district, Longai Resreve forest, 28.03.1932 , P. C. Kanjilal 10123 (ASSAM); Ibid., 01.06.1932 , P. C. Kanjilal 10245 (ASSAM); Kokrajhar District, Chakrasila, 11.07.2008 , Ranjit Dainmary 117864 (ASSAM). Sivasagar district, Amgori, 22.04.1895 , s.coll. 11174 (CAL); Jorhat, 30.04.1885 , C. B. Clarke 38037 (CAL); Sivasagar, 1891, S. E. Peal, s.n. (CAL). Bihar, Madhubani district, Majhaura, 305-365 m, 07.05.1947 , H. F. Mooney 2868 (DD). Meghalaya, Singbhum Garo Hill district, 35 km, Dalu Road, 22.03.1915 , U. N. Kanjilal 5276 (CAL, DD); United Khasi &amp; Jaintia Hills District, Khasi hills, 07.10.1886 , C. B. Clarke 45150D (CAL); Khasi Hills, April 1877 , s. coll. 248 (ASSAM); Tharia forest, 03.07.1940 , G. K. Deka 19604 (ASSAM); Umtewswaqr Forest, 07.07. 1935 . S. R. Sharma 12207 (ASSAM). Mizoram, Kolasib district, Kawnpai, 31.01.1962 , A. B. Arb 2733 (ASSAM). Nagaland, Naga Hill district, May 1899 , Prain’s coll. 100010 (CAL). Odisha, Angul district, Athmallik, near river, 26.02.1917 , H. H. Haines 4711 (CAL); Kendujhar district, Bangura 04.07.1957 , G. Panigrahi 8651 (ASSAM). West Bengal, Alipurduar district, Rajbhatkawa, 24.03.1932 , A. H. Khan s.n. (DD); Buxa Division, 152 m, 24.03.1931 , A. E. Osmaston s.n. (DD); Jalpaiguri district Apalchand, Kathambari, 24.04.1962 , S. K. Mukerji 5516 (CAL); Kalabari, Darrang, April 1914 , U. N. Kanjilal 3726 (CAL, DD). Uttarakhand, Dehradun district, cultivated, s.d., M. B. Raizada s.n. (DD). BANGLADESH, Chittagong Hill Track, 03.03.1876 , J. L. Lister 331 (CAL); s.loc . 06.03.1876 , J. L. Lister 150 (CAL); s.loc . April 1887 , King’s coll. 325 (CAL); s.loc . February 1886 , King’s coll. 572 (CAL); MYANMAR, Rangoon, March 1911, A. Meebold 14029 (CAL); Ibid., s.d., A. Meebold 14080 (CAL); Inoun district, 22.02.1915 , C. E. Parkinson 81 (CAL); s.loc ., February 1991 , Shaik Mokim 449 (CAL). SINGAPORE, Alor Star, Kedah, 1937, Tungku Yacob 32770 (CAL). THAILAND: Siam, 17.04.1910 , A. F. G. Kerr 1124 (CAL) .</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 2020).</p><p>Uses: The species yield an inferior yellow dye. The ripe fruits are edible. The sliced fruits are sun dried and preserved in Assam and used against dysentery (Maheshwari, 1964).</p><p>Typification: Garcinia cowa was validly published by Candolle (1824), based on Roxb. Cat. p. 42, 1814. In the protologue, it is mentioned that ‘India’ is the ‘type locality’, but no specimens were cited. Subsequently, Roxburgh (1832) in Flora India indicated ‘Chittagong’ as the locality. Maheshwari (1964) designated ‘Roxburgh, Chittagong, East Pakistan (Herb. Martius, BR) as type. We could locate 3 herbarium specimens at BR, all collected by Roxburgh, but without any collection numbers (BR0000006915667, BR0000005108138, BR0000006912420) and labelled with country of origin as India. Since there are 3 specimens and Maheshwari did not specifically designate a single specimen as type, Maheshwari’s typification is considered as the first step, and we select the best specimen among them, Roxburgh s.n. (BR0000005108138) as a second step lectotype here and other two specimens as isolectotypes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E6BC50412A64D35F7051755	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E65C50512A64B16F6DE1342.text	03E5C2316E65C50512A64B16F6DE1342.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia cowa var. kydia (Roxb.) Shameer & N. Mohanan 2023	<div><p>Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC. var. kydia (Roxb.) Shameer &amp; N.Mohanan, comb. nov. FiG. 7</p><p>Garcinia kydia Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 623. 1832; Wight &amp; Arn., Prod. 1: 101. 1834; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 14: 347. 1860; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 59. 1872; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 164. 1890; C.E. Parkinson, For. Fl. And. Isls. 90. 1923; Kanjilal, Fl. Assam 1: 105. 1934; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11(2): 341. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 130. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 115. 1993. Lectotype (designated here): Roxb. Ic. t. 2282.</p><p>Garcinia kydiana Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.</p><p>Garcinia cowa T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 262. 1874, pro parte. non Roxb. ex DC., 1824.</p><p>Garcinia wallichii Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 417. 1851, pro parte.</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 7–15 m tall; exudation yellow; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.6–1.2 cm long; lamina ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 6–15 × 2–4 cm, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex; nerves distinct when dry. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–5 in axillary and terminal umbels, rarely solitary, c. 2 cm in diam., peduncles 1–1.5 cm long; pedicels 4–6 cm long; sepals 0.4–0.5 cm long, ovate; petals 4, pale yellow, 0.6–0.8 cm long, broadly ovate; stamens numerous, on 4-angled torus; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, axillary and terminal; sepals and petals same as in staminate flower; staminodes in 4 phallenges. Ovary globose, 3–4 cm in diam., 6–8-loculed; style short; stigma 6–8-rayed. Berries depressed globose, 2.5–4 cm in diam., 6–8 grooved towards apex with a short mammellate tip. Seeds oblong, 5–8, 1.5–2 cm long, pulpy aril.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to March; fruiting from April to July.</p><p>Habitat: Unusually found in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests up to 800 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, North and Middle Andaman district, Saddle Peak, foot hill along Chota Thambu Nallah, 11.05.1982, M . K . Vasudeva Rao 8977 (PBL); Ibid., 20.02.2016, P . S . Shameer 86625 (TBGT); South Andaman district, North Corbyn’s Cove, Hill Jungle King’s coll. s.n. (CAL); Bamboa Filleet, Port Blair, 05.03.1884, King’s coll. 150 (CAL); Andamans, 20.04.1901, Prain’s coll. 28, (CAL); Mt. Harriet, 02.01.1916, C . E . Parkinson 837 (DD); Wilson Island, February-March 1934, Kirat Ram 3745 (DD); Shoal Bay, 03.03.2017, P . S . Shameer 86646 (TBGT) .</p><p>Uses: Ripe fruit pulps are eaten raw. Dried sliced pericarps of fruits were used as medicine for stomach disorders (Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Typification: Roxburgh (1832) did not designate a type for Garcinia kydia . In the protologue he mentioned ‘a native of the Andaman Islands, where it was discovered by Col. Alexander Kyd and by him introduced into the Botanic Garden at Calcutta in 1794, where when about 10 years old, it began to blossom in February and the fruit to ripen in July’. But he has made a detailed illustration of the plant (Roxb. Ic. t. 2282, Garcinia kydiana in Roxb. Fl. India MS). Maheshwari (1964) in his revision, simply note under type as ‘ex Kyd (Andaman Islands); cult. in Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta’ but no specimen is cited. Hence the the typification by Maheshwari could not be considered legitimate. In this circumstance, as the best choice, we here designate Roxb. Ic. t. 2282 as the lectotype for Garcinia cowa var. kydia, as it is a detailed illustration of the plant, made by the original author himself.</p><p>Notes: Garcinia kydia Roxb. was variously treated by later scientists. Anderson (1874) considered G. kydia synonymous to G. cowa whereas Planchon and Triana (1860), King (1890), Parkinson (1923), Maheshwari (1964) and Sing (1993) treated both as separate species. Singh (1993) also remarked that “this species is clearly allied to Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex DC, under which it is sometimes merged”. On studying live specimens, herbarium and earlier descriptions we found that both taxa show almost similar characters, except for a few differences in certain characters, (pistillate flowers 2–3, fruits non-mamillate and grooved from base to apex in G. cowa against pistillate flowers solitary, fruit mamillate and grooved only towards the apex in G. kydia). In our observation, the differences are not distinct enough to treat both as separate species, but only as varieties of the same species. Hence, G. kydia is treated here as a variety of G. cowa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E65C50512A64B16F6DE1342	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E64C507129F4FE2F2A017B7.text	03E5C2316E64C507129F4FE2F2A017B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia dhanikhariensis S. K. Srivast., Nord. J. Bot.	<div><p>Garcinia dhanikhariensis S.K.Srivast., Nord. J. Bot. 14: 51-53. 1994. Type: INDIA, Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, South Andaman, Nayashahr forest, alt. + 30 m, 18.01.1992, S. K. Srivastava 21068 (CAL!). FiG. 8</p><p>Dioecious semi-evergreen trees, up to 10 m tall; exudation yellow; branchlets terete, ribbed. Petioles c. 0.5 cm long, stout, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 9–14 × 3–5 cm, cuneate at base, entire on margins, acuminate at apex; midrib flattened abaxially, prominent adaxially; lateral veins 9–12 pairs, obliquely parallel, not conspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers unknown. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal, solitary or 2–3 fascicled, 1–1.2 cm in diam.; pedicels 0.5–0.6 cm long; bracteoles 2, 0.2–03 cm long, ovate, mucronate, attached at the base of sepals; sepals orbicular, c. 0.4 cm in diam., margin membranous; petals crimson-red, 0.5–0.7 × 0.4–5 cm, broadly ovate, convex; staminodes c. 12, in 4 bundles of 3 each, 3–4 cm long; ovary 0.3–0.4 cm long, ovoid, 3–4-locular, covered with numerous, imbricate, fleshy scales or warts; stigmas peltate, irregularly lobed. Berries sub-globose, 3–4 cm in diam., dark red on ripening, slightly projected at apex, with persistent sepals and stigma. Seeds 3–5, oblong, compressed, 1–1.5 cm long, in pulpy arils.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to February; fruiting March to April.</p><p>Habitat: Growing in semi-evergreen forests, up to 30 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India: Endemic to Andaman Islands, India.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar, South Andaman district, Nayashahr forest, Ibid., S. K. Srivastava 21068 A, 21068 B &amp; 21068 C (PBL); Nayashahr forest, Experimental Garden, 16.02.2016, P. S. Shameer 86621, 86622</p><p>&amp; 86623 (TBGT); Ibid., 03.03.2017, P . S . Shameer 86643 &amp; 86644 (TBGT).</p><p>Notes: Srivastava (1994) described G. dhanikhariensis based on a single specimen viz., S.K. Srivastava 21068, from Nayashahr Reserve forest, in Dhanikari, South Andaman. Srivastava had included a description of staminate flowers in his protologue. The holotype (CAL) is a vegetative twig along with some detached flowers pasted separately. The isotype 21068 (A) is an imperfect specimen of detached twigs and leaves, with an illustration of a fruit; 21068 B (PBL) a specimen with immature fruits and 21068C (PBL) is a vegetative twig. Hence, the genus being dioecious, the type specimen bearing fruits belonged to a female plant, the description of stamens by Srivastava may be a wrong interpretation of staminodes found in pistillate flowers. No male plants were found during this study, either. Though hitherto known only from female specimens, the characters are good enough to consider it a distinct species, allied to G. indica . Further, thorough exploration of nearby localities is suggested for locating male plants and thus confirming the distinctiveness of the species .</p><p>Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 88. 1874, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 92. 1877; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 169. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 312. 1893; Backer, Fl. Bat.1: 85. 1907; Merr., Philip. J. Sci. (Bot.) 3: 362. 1908, Enum. Philip. Pl. 3: 84. 1923; Ridl., Fl. Mal. Penins.1:179. 1922; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 219. 1925; Burkill, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. 1: 1049. 1935. Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 115. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 109. 1993. Xanthochymus dulcis Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: 66. 1819, Fl. Ind. 2: 631. 1832; Curtis’s, Bot. Mag. t. 3088. 1831; Wight, Ic. 1. t. 192. 1840. Lectotype (designated here): India, 1814., Wallich s.n. (CAL [CAL0000065123!]).</p><p>Stalagmitis dulcis Cambess., Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Parris) 16: 426. 1828, nom. superfl.</p><p>Stalagmitis cambogioides sensu Blanco, Fl. Filip. (ed. 2) 301. 1845, (ed. 3) 2: 195. 1878, non Murr. 1789.</p><p>Garcinia elliptica Choisy, Mem. Nouv. Gen. Guttif. 17. 1824. nom. superfl.</p><p>Garcinia nervosa sensu Dutta et al., Indian J. Pl. Sci. 3 (3): 34–36. 2014. non Miq. 1864. FiG. 9 Dioecious evergreen trees, 9–12 m tall; exudation milky; branches horizontal; branchlets tetra-angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, stout, angular, rugous, adaxially ligulate at base. oblong to ovate-oblong, 12–30 × 5–15 cm, obtuse or rotundate at base, margins sub-repand and entire, shortly acuminate at apex; midribs conspicuous above and below; lateral veins conspicuous, c. 20 pairs per side, raised above and below; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, 5–12, axillary fascicled, 1.5 cm in diam., pedicels c. 1 cm long, stout; sepals 0.6–0.8 cm long, orbicular, concave, fleshy, margins membranaceous; petals orbicular, 0.8–1 cm across. concave; stamens 5-phalangiate, 6–8 per bundle, glands 5, alternating with staminal phalanges; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers pentamerous, 2–8, fascicled axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, rarely solitary; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long; sepals and petals same as in staminate flowers; staminodes 5-phalangiate; glands 5, alternating with phalanges; ovary ovoid-sub-globose, 0.5– 0.6 cm in diam., 5-locular; style short, thick; stigmatic rays 5, spreading. Berries obliquely globose-ovoid, 2–3 cm in diam., smooth, with a curved acuminate tip of persistent stigma, green turning yellow on ripening. Seeds oblong, 1–5, 1–1.2 cm long, enclosed in a pulpy aril.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from March to May; fruiting from May to July.</p><p>Habitat: Common in moist deciduous to evergreen forests, below 500 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Malay Peninsula.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman district, Namunaghar Hill jungle, 13.12.1890, King s.n. (CAL [CAL46959]). Assam, Dibrugarh district, Jakoi Reserve Forest, 27.06.2014, P.S. Shameer 79640 (TBGT). West Bengal. Indian Bot. Gard. Calcutta, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (LINN [LINN- HS1240-2]). Without precise locality: India 1832, Wall . s.n. (K [K000677636] digital image!); Ibid., 1822, E.I.C. (Wallich?) s.n. (K [K000677635 digital image!]); Ibid. s.d., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL0000065128]). PHILLIPINES, Macaharing, Hontalban, Marila, 22.04.1891, A. Loher 74 (CAL); Island of Palwan, Brooks Island (Addison peak), March 1911, A.D.E. Elmer 12711 (CAL); bid., Puerto Princesa (Mt. Pulgar), May 1911, A.D.E. Elmer 13154 (CAL); bid., Lake Manguao, April 1913, E.D. Merril 9448 (CAL); Jamindan, Capiz province, Panay, April–May 1918, M. Ramos &amp; G. Edano 31319 (CAL); Blancoanae, s.d., E.D. Merril 881 (CAL). MALAYSIA, Penang, 1822, Wallich s.n. (K [K001104038 digital image!]); s.loc . s.d., s.coll. 4839b (CAL [CAL0000066396]); s.loc ., March 1884, King’s coll. 5750 (CAL).</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN, 2018).</p><p>Uses: Fruits are edible and has a juicy pulp suitable for preparing jams and preservatives. Exudates from the bark are used as a dye (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Typification: Roxburgh (1819, 1832) indicated that the species is described based on a plant grown in Calcutta Botanic Garden, brought from Molucca Islands. Maheshwari (1964) noted under Type: ‘ex Molucca Islands: cult. in Indian Botanic Garden Calcutta’, but did not cite a specific herbarium specimen deposited in any herbaria. Since no specimen is designated, the typification of Maheshwari is invalid. On perusal of herbarium we could locate several specimens at CAL and K, collected by Wallich, with place of collection noted as India, possibly collected from the plant grown in Calcutta Botanic Garden. But except for one specimen bearing collection year 1814 (CAL0000065123), all others bare collection dates after the year of publication, 1820. It is possible that the specimen with collection year 1814 be an original collection seen by Roxburgh for describing this species. Hence specimen CAL0000065123 is designated here as the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E64C507129F4FE2F2A017B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E66C50111244BF4F5B3101E.text	03E5C2316E66C50111244BF4F5B3101E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia gamblei Shameer, T. Sabu & N. Mohanan, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Garcinia gamblei Shameer,T.Sabu&amp; N.Mohanan, Phytotaxa 297(1): 71. 2017. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Ponmudi, N 080 46’ 11.1’’ E 0770 06’ 32.6’’, 1031 m, 18.05.2016, P.S. Shameer 86601 (TBGT!). FiG. 10a–c</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, 10–15 m tall; exudation milky; crown pyramidal with horizontal spreading branches; branchlets tetra-angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, stout, transversely rugose with longitudinal ridges, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina comparatively ovate or broadly elliptic, 20–28 × 10–12 cm, obtuse-cuneate at base, margins sub-revolute, acute at apex, coriaceous; midribs prominent on both sides; lateral veins conspicuous, 25–40 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, 3–15 flowered, fascicled axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, sessile; sepals orbicular, convex, c. 0.5 × 0.3 cm, margin membranous, ciliate; petals obovate, c. 0.8 × 0.6 cm, green, membranous on margins; stamens 5-phalangiate, 8–17 in each phallenge; disc 5-glandular, alternating with staminal bundles; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers pentamerous, solitary, rarely 2–3, axillary or axils of fallen leaves, sub-sessile; sepals orbicular, c. 0.5– 0.6 cm across; petals orbicular-obovate, 0.9–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, membranaceous on margins; staminodes many in loose bundles of 2–3 united; ovary globose, c. 0.5 cm in diam., 5-locular; stigma peltate, 5-lobed. Berries discoid, 6–8 × 5–6 cm, irregularly ridged on surface, depressed on distal end. Seeds 1–3, rarely 5, oblong, c. 2.3 × 1.7 cm.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from March to May; fruiting from May to August.</p><p>Habitat: Shola forests, between 850–1150 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to India.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Ponmudi, 850 m, 07.3.1980, K . Vivekanandan 66141 (MH); Ibid., 1100 m, 08.03.1980, M . Mohanan 66618 (MH); Ibid, 1040 m, 05.11.2015, P. S . Shameer 86602 (TBGT); Ibid., 1022 m, 14.03.2016, P. S . Shameer 86631 (TBGT); Ibid., 1005 m, 26.05.2016, P. S . Shameer 86636 (TBGT) .</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN, 2018).</p><p>Notes: A new species described during the present study. Two specimens (K. Vivekanandan 66141 and M. Mohanan 66618) collected earlier from the type locality were found at Madras Herbarium, erroneously identified as Garcinia xanthochyma . Being doubtful, the locality was thoroughly explored and the plants were relocated. On detailed studies they were proved to be new. Garcinia gamblei is allied to G. pushpangadaniana in general habit; tetragonous branchlets; milky exudation; arrangement of staminate flowers in axillary fascicles; arrangement of stamens in 5-phalanges and shape of stigma lobes; but differs from the latter in having horizontal branches against drooping branches; sessile flowers against pedicellate flowers; arrangement of staminodes in loose bundles or sometimes even free against staminodes always in 5- phalanges; ovary locules and stigma lobes 5 against 6–8 and fruits vertically grooved with depressed apex against non-grooved and warty with mamillate apex.</p><p>Garcinia gummi-gutta ( L.) N.Robson, Brittonia 20: 103. 1968; N. C.Nair &amp; A. N. Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 27. 1983; Nicolson et al., Regnum Veg. 119. 82. 1998; C. N.Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 80. 1984; C. J. Saldanha &amp; Eswar Rao, Fl. Karnataka 1. 205. 1984; R.Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Dist. 70. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 19. 1988; V. S.Ramach. &amp; V. J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 54. 1988; V. T.Antony, Fl. Kottayam Dist. 72. 1989; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 70. 1990; N. P.Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 110. 1993; M.Mohanan &amp; A. N.Henry, Fl. Thiruvananthapuram Dist. 71. 1994; K. N.Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 24. 1995; Sasidh. &amp; Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 52. 1996; Sivar. &amp; P.Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 68. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary 30. 1997, Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 25. 1998, Fl. Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary 30. 1999; Sunil &amp; Sivad., Fl. Pl. Alappuzha Dist. 79. 2000; N. Mohanan &amp; Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 84. 2002; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 22. 2002, Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2004; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta Dist. 70. 2005; Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 335. 2005; T. S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1. 275. 2014. Cambogia gummi-gutta L., Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 522. 1754. Lectotype: ‘ Coddam pulli’ in Rheede, Hort. Malab. Ind. 1: 41. t. 24. 1678.</p><p>Garcinia cambogia (Gaetrn.) Desr. in Lamk., Encyc. 3: 701. 1792 nom. illeg.; Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 848. 1800; Roxb., Pl. Corom. 3: 94. t. 298. 1820, Fl. Ind. 2: 621. 1832; Choisy in DC., Prod.1: 561. 1824; G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 620. 1831; Wight &amp; Arn., Prod. 1: 100. 1834; Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 1: 48. 1858; Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat.1: 507. 1859; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 332. 1860; Drury, Handbook Indian Fl. 1: 139. 1864; Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 85. 1869– 1873; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 36. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 261. 1874, Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 94. 1893; T.Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 77. 1901; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 54. 1902; Brandis, Ind. Trees 50. 1907; Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay Pres. 1: 91. 1909; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 29. 1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 73. 1915; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 219. 1925; Sealy in Kew Bull. 11 (2): 341. 1956; Mac Millan, Trop. Pl Gard. ed. 2, 257.1956, Maheshw; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 128. 1964, 880.</p><p>Cambogia gutta L., Sp. Pl. 728. 1753, nom. illeg.</p><p>Mangostana cambogia Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 106. 1790, nom. illeg.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E66C50111244BF4F5B3101E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E60C53D11224F4CF2B81176.text	03E5C2316E60C53D11224F4CF2B81176.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia gummi-gutta	<div><p>Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. gummi-gutta FiG. 10D–f</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation pale yellow, sticky; branches horizontal with drooping tip; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.6–1.2 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 6–13 × 2.5–6 cm, acute or cuneate at base, margins revolute and entire, acute or rarely retuse at apex; midribs conspicuous above; lateral veins conspicuous above, 8–10 pairs per side, exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–8 in axillary fascicles, 1–1.7 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels 0.7–1.2 cm long; sepals 0.4–0.5 cm across, orbicular, convex, margins membranous with fimbril like projections; petals pale yellow or orange yellow, 0.7–0.9 × 0.3– 0.4 cm, oblong, concave, margins membranous; stamens 12–20 arranged in a globose head, on a short receptacle or androphore; rudimentary pistil absent or if present stigma discoid and 4-cleft. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal or axillary, solitary or up to 3 flowered, 1.5–2 cm in diam.; pedicels 0.4–0.6 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 10–20, connate at base in a ring around the ovary or grouped in unequal bundles; ovary sub-globose or ovoid, 0.1–2 cm in diam., 6–10-locular and grooved; stigmatic rays 6–10, spreading. Berries globose or oblong, 6–8 cm in diam., 8–12-grooved, yellow or orange yellow when ripe, pericarp very thick, fleshy. Seeds 6–8, ovoid-oblong, compressed, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 cm, enclosed in a pulpy aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Kudampuli, Pinaru, Kodakapuli (Malayalam); Penampuli, Kodakapulai (Tamil); Upagimara, Seemaehunse (Kannada); Malabar tamarind, Malabar Gamboge (English) .</p><p>Flowering: Flowering from January to April; fruiting from May to July.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests, up to 900 m elevation and sides of streams and lakes in plains. Widely cultivated in homesteads.</p><p>Distribution: India and Sri Lanka.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Kodagu district, Coorg, 1869, Beddome s.n. (MH); Uttara Kannada district, Arbail, October 1888, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Dodmane, 05.03.1890, W. A . Talbot 3586 (BSI); Kumpta, 01.06.1901, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Nilkund Ghat, 02.03.1889, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Sonda, 09.05.1889, W. A . Talbot 3660 (PBSI) . Kerala, Alapuzha district, Changanasery, Nalikodi, 16.04.1984, Antany 384 (MH); Ernakulam district, Cochin, 1884, M. A . Lawson s.n. (MH); s.loc ., s.d., Sarojini Menon 12253 (TBGT); Idukki district, Chinnar, Coimbatoretravancore frontier, 14.05.1912, C. E. C . Fischer 3431 (CAL); Kannur district, Chanthanathode, 30.04.1979, Ramachandran 61659 (MH); Karimbam, 23.06.1980, Ansari 67819 (MH); Ponoth, 22.04.1980, Ramachandran 66929 (MH); Kollam district, Konni, 762 m, 12.01.1905, T. F . Bourdillon 129 (TBGT); Konni, 762 m, 12.01.1905, T. F . Bourdillon 127 (TBGT); Thenmalai Estate, 19.04.1964, Sebastine 18324 (MH); Kulathupuzha, 13.02.1979, C. N . Mohanan 61169 (MH); Rosemala, 13.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79626 (TBGT); Kozhikode district, Vellarimala, 24.03.2013, P. S . Shameer 86605 (TBGT); Palakkad district, Karivara forest, 12.03.1975, E . Vajravelu 46290 (MH); Shola above Varadimalai estate, 19.04.1978, P . Bharghavan 53908 (MH); Vallakadavu, 11.12.1992, Jomy Augustine 13431 (KFRI); Pathanamthitta district, Cherukol, Kozhancheri, 31.08.1977, Nair 50740 (MH); Thekkinthode, Kozhancheri, 11.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79618 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, JNTBGRI Arboretum, 16.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79621 (TBGT); Chullimanoor, 14.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79625 (TBGT); College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 16.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79627 (TBGT); Wayanad district, Kurichiarmala, + 1350 m, 13.03.2000, M. K . Ratheesh Narayanan 3477 (CALI); Churam rock forest, 29.03.2002, M. K . Ratheesh Narayanan 3059 (CALI) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamallayis, 1871, Beddome s.n. (MH); Nilgiri district, Jhai shola, May 1889, J. S . Gamble 20711 (BSI, CAL); Tinnevelly district, Sengatheri, 26.09.1916, s.coll. 13683 (MH). Without precise locality, s.d., W . Roxburgh s.n. (CAL [CAL572728]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63574]) .</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Uses: Dried fruit rind is used as condiments as substitute for tamarind for preparing fish curries. A source of valuable chemical components like hydroxy citric acid (HCA) which act as an antiobesity agent (Maheshwari, 1964, Singh 1993).</p><p>Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. papilla (Wight) N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 110. 1993; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2004; Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P.Daniel Fl. Kerala 337. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 275. 2014. G. papilla Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 96. 1839; Drury, Handb. Indian Fl. 1: 141. 1864; N.C.Nair &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 28. 1983. Lectotype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): Wight Ic. t. 960/2, 1845 (female). Epitype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): INDIA, Kerala, Cochin, 04.1848, R. Wight 143 (K [K001273085 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia cambogia Desr. var. papilla (Wight) T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1:262.1874 nom. illeg.; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 428. 1893; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 94. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 130. 1964. FiG. 10G–i</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches usually horizontal; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.4–0.5 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic, 6–9 × 1.5–3 cm, attenuate at base, margin revolute and entire, acute at apex; midribs conspicuous above and below; lateral veins inconspicuous, 8–12 pairs per side; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–5 in axillary fascicles, 1–1.5 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels 0.5– 0.7 cm long, stout; sepals ovate to oblong, 0.25– 0.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, convex, membranaceous on margins; petals oblong, concave, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, margins membranaceous, brick red; stamens 25 or more, on a globose androphore; rudimentary pistil absent or rarely present. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal or axillary, solitary or 1–3 in fascicles, 0.1–0.12 × 0.7–1 cm; pedicels 0.4–0.5 cm long; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes 9–12, in a ring around the ovary, filaments unequal; ovary sub-globose, 3–8-locular and grooved, stigmatic rays 3–8. Berries sub-globose, 4–6 cm in diam., 3–8-grooved, with a terminal mamilla; pericarp thick, fleshy. Seeds 3–5, sub-triangular, 0.2–0.3 × 0.8–1 cm, enclosed in a thick fibrous aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Kattupuli (Malayalam).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from Ferbuary to June.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen forests and shola vegetation between 800–1850 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Southern Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idduki district, Devikulam, December 1909, A . Meebold 13533 (CAL); Palakkad district, Mukkali forest, 05.11.1976, E . Vajravelu 48852 (MH); Silent Valley, Wallakkad, 1867 m, 01.04.2013, P . S . Shameer 79614 (TBGT); Ibid., 16.12.2014, P . S . Shameer 79666 (TBGT) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamallay Hills, 08.04.1912, C . E .C. Fischer 3350 (CAL); Kanyakumari district, Nagariyar Estate, Serhur Hills, 23.10.1988, Srinivasan 89492 (MH); Nilgiri district, Carrington, 18.06.1970, Shetty 34299 (MH); Near Gundvada river, Kodanad R . F ., 10.10.1970, E . Vajravelu 36813 (MH); Hill Grove Estate, 1525 m, January 1883, J . S . Gamble 11906 (DD); Kaikatty to Vannathi, 05.05.1971, E . Vajravelu 38870 (MH); Lambourk shola, 1525 m, April 1883, J . S . Gamble 11339 (DD); Nilgiris, Wight 143 (CAL) .</p><p>Uses: Fruits are edible. The dried fruit rinds used as a substitute of tamarind in preparing fish curries.</p><p>Garcinia imberti Bourd., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 349. t. 1. 1899, Forest Trees. Travancore 24. 1908; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 57. 1902; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 31. 1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 117. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 112. 1993; N.Mohanan et al., Indian J. For. 20: 383. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruy Wildlife Sanctuary 31. 1997, Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2000; R.Gopalan &amp; A.N.Henry, End. Pl. India southern Western Ghats 206. 2000; N.Mohanan &amp; Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 85. 2002; Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 337. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 275. 2014; Shareef &amp; Krishnaraj, Taiwania 60(3): 148‒149. 2015. Lectotype (designated by Shereef &amp; Krishnaraj, 2015): INDIA, Kerala, Travancore, Strathmore estate, 1065 m, 17.04.1895, T.F. Bourdillon 603, (TBGT [TBGRI02242!]). FiG. 10 j–l</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation white, sweet-scented; branches horizontal spreading; branchlets 4-angled. Petioles 0.3–0.6 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina oblanceolate, 6–12 × 2–6 cm, attenuate or cuneate at base, margins entire, shortly caudate acuminate at apex, acumen up to 0.8 cm long; midribs raised above and below; lateral veins not conspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–6 or 9 in terminal fascicles, 0.5–0.6 cm in diam.; sepals sub-orbicular, concave, c. 0.3 × 0.3 cm, membranous; petals pale yellow, orbicular, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 cm, membranaceous; stamens c. 16 in a central globose mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal, solitary, rarely up to 3, 0.6–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 cm; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.15–0.2 cm in diam., margins membranous; petals yellow, broadly ovate, 0.35–0.4 × 0.3–0.4 cm; ovary globose, 0.15–0.2 cm in diam., 2-loculed; stigma sessile, convex, capitate; staminodes c. 16, united in a ring around the ovary. Berries ovoidcompressed, 2–2.5 × 1–1.2 cm, smooth, slightly Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 127. 1964; Saldanha &amp; beaked at apex. Seeds 1 or 2, oblong, 1–1.5 × 0.5– M.S.Eswar Rao, Fl. Karnataka 1. 206. 1984; 0.8 cm, compressed, enclosed in a pulpy aril. N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 113. 1993; M.R.Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra</p><p>Vernacular names: Manja-kanji, Attupuli (Malayalam):</p><p>1: 87. 1996; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl .</p><p>Manja-kanji (Tamil).</p><p>6: 41. 2004; S.R.Yadav &amp; Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from June to Dist. 63. 2002; K.G.Bhat, Fl. Udupi. 47. 2003; August; fruiting August to January. Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 337. Habitat: Evergreen forests, between 900–1200 m 2005; J.Sarma et al., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 38: 1211– elevation. 24. 2014; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 275. 2014. Brindonia indica Thouars, Dict. Sci.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats. Nat. 5: 340. 1804. Oxycarpus indica Poir., Encyc. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Suppl. 4: 257. 1816. Stalagmitis indica G.Don, Gen. Thiruvananthapuram district, Bonaccord, Hist.1: 621.1831. Lectotype (first-step designated 22.06.1992, N. Mohanan 11912 (TBGT); Ibid., by Maheshwari, 1964; second-step by Prasanth et 924 m, 18.05.2016, Anto Mathew 88404 (TBGT); al., 2019) INDIA, s. loc ., Du-petit Thouars s.n. (P Cheenikkala, 1124 m, 19.03.2016, Anto Mathew [P030773, digital image!]). Epitype (Prasanth et 88416 (TBGT); Chemmunji, 16.05.1896, T.F. al., 2019): INDIA, Goa, 22.5.2018, Arun Prasanth Bourdillon s.n. (TBGT [TBGT02243]); Ibid., R. &amp; V. Sundaresan 103 (MH!).</p><p>24.12.2014, Shareef 79267 (TBGT); Ibid., 1140 m, Garcinia celebica sensu Desr. in Lamk., Encyc. 3 : 24.04.2016, Anto Mathew 88401, 88402 (TBGT);</p><p>700. 1789, non L. 1754. nom. illeg.</p><p>Ibid., 14.03.2014, P. S . Shameer 79619 (TBGT);</p><p>Meenmuttii, 06.11.1990, N. Mohanan 10158 Garcinia . purpurea (G.Don) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 624. (TBGT); Ibid., 07.11.1990, N. Mohanan 10231 1832. Type: (HBC, Calcutta Herbarium, s.d., s.coll. (TBGT); Pandimotta, s.d., G. Rajkumar &amp; M. Alister 4862 CAL (CAL00065141!)</p><p>77333 (TBGT); Ponmudi, 1003 m, 19.04.2016, Stalagmitis purpurea G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 621. Anto Mathew 88408 (TBGT; Sankili, 1185 m, s.d., 1831. nom. superfl. FiG. 11 Anto Mathew 88414 (TBGT); Strathmore, 1894, T. F.</p><p>Bourdillon 867, 871 (K [K000677617, K000677616, Dioecious evergreen to semi-evergreen trees, up digital image!]); Ibid., 17.04.1895, T. F. Bourdillon to 15 m tall; exudation milky; branches horizontal, s.n. (FRC [FRC02242]). Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli ending with pendulous tips; branchlets subdistrict, Kannikatty, 12.02.1989, R. Gopalan 90135 terete. Petioles 0.5–1.2 cm long, slender, reddish, (MH). adaxially ligulate at base; lamina lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 6–12 × 1.5–5 cm, narrowed</p><p>Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN, at base, margins entire, acute to acuminate at 2020). apex; midribs raised above and below; lateral Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy, Mem. Nouv. veins 7–18 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Gen. Guttif. 17. 1823; A.DC. Prodr. 1: 561.1824; Staminate flowers tetramerous, 4–8, in axillary or Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: terminal fascicles, 0.5–0.9 cm in diam.; pedicel c. 338. 1860; Laness., Mem. Gen. Garcin. 45. 1872; 0.4 cm long; sepals, yellowish to pinkish, ovate- T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 261. 1874; rotundate, convex, 0.3–0.45 × 0.3–0.4 cm; petals Hook.f., J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 14. 484. 1875; Pierre, creamy white, ovate-oblong, convex, 0.5–0.6 × Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 18: t. 80 (1). 1883; Vesque in 0.4–0.5 cm, membranous; stamens many, inserted A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 423.1893; T.Cooke, Fl, on hemispheric sub-quadrate torus; rudimentary Pres. Bombay 1: 76. 1901; Gamble, Man. Indian pistil absent or if present as long as stamens. Timb. 54. 1902; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary or 2–3, in 73. 1915; Brandis, Indian Trees 52. 1907; Talbot, terminal cymes, pedicel c. 0.3 cm long; sepals and For. Fl. Bombay Pres. 1: 90. 1909; Rama Rao, Fl. petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes in 4 Pl. Travancore 28. 1914; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. phalanges, 0.1–0.3 cm long; ovary sub-globose, (ed. 2) 21: 219 &amp; t. 87 H–J. 1925; Santapau, Rec. 0.2–0.3 cm in diam.; stigmas 4–8-rayed, convex, Bot. Surv. India (ed. 2) 16: 14. 1960; Maheshw., sessile. Berries globose, 3–4 cm in diam., orangepink or deep purple when ripe; sepals persistent in fruit. Seeds 5–8, 2.5–3 cm long, oblong, compressed, in pulpy aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Kokum (English); Murgali (Tamil); Murgahuli (Kannada); Punerpuli Katamb (Malayalam); Prangso-arong (Assamese).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from December to March.</p><p>Habitat: In evergreen forests and midlands.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, Tinai Ghat, 10.03.1917, L. J . Sedgwick 3352 (CAL, BLAT); Karvar in coastal forest, December 1917, L. J . Sedgwick 5062 (BLAT); Ibid., December 1918, L. J . Sedgwick 5043 (BLAT); Arabil Ghat, December 1918, L. J . Sedgwick 5127, 5131 (BLAT); North Kanara, Ambi, January 1888, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Anmodi, 10.02.1889, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); 15.11.1882, W. A . Talbot 276 (CAL); Yellapur, March 1883, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Ibid., April 1919, L. J . Sedgwick 5855 (BLAT); Yellapur, Teligeri, 12.03.1957, S. K . Jain 16504 (BSI); Devimani Ghat, 20.11.1908, B . Kulkarni s.n. (BSI) . Kerala, Kannur district, Thaliparampa, cultivated in District Agricultural Farm, 08.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79617 (TBGT); Wayanad district, Chandanathode, December 1937, N. L . Bor 9426 (DD) . Maharashtra, Pune d istrict, Lonavala, Picchi Hills, 06.05.1956, S. K . Jain 918 (BSI); Khandala, 21.03.1903, G. A . Gammie 16162 (BSI); Ibid., 23.01.1943, H . Santapau 1526 (BLAT); Ibid., Echo. Point. Ravine, 24.01.1943, H . Santapau 1554 (BLAT); Ibid., 08.11.1943, H . Santapau 3122 (BLAT); Ibid., 25.02.1956, N. A . Irani 1733 (BLAT); Ibid., 07.07.1959, Y. A . Merchant 1116 (BLAT); Raigad district, Mt. Berry, 21.12.1959, N. A . Irani 4816, 4817 (BLAT); Sindhudurg district, Mobar near Malvan, 01.03.1941, H . Santapau 62 (BLAT); Thane district, Ghodbunder, Bombay, 23.01.1954, H . Santapau 17921, 17922 (BLAT); Tungar hill, Mandri Range, 19.01.1968, Billok 113659 (CAL); Tungar, 19.04.1983, K. C . Koshy 1881 (TBGT); Victoria Gardens, Bombay, 17.01.1957, R. R . Fernandze 3550 (BLAT) . West Bengal, Indian Botanic Garden cult. 16.12.1912, S. C . Banerji 11353 (CAL); Ibid., 31.01.1912, A. T . Gage s.n. (CAL). Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. 95 (CAL [CAL48274]) .</p><p>Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN, 2015).</p><p>Uses: Fruit is used for medicine, food, dyes, oil and soft wood. The seeds yield valuable fat known as ‘Kokum butter’. It is used as an edible fat, good as an anti-obesity agent. (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021). Traditionally, Kokum has been used for treatment against diarrhea, skin infections and wounds. Life enhancing antioxidant xanthone is found in Kokum pericarp. Potential benefits of Kokum are anti-viral, anti-bacterial, cardio support, immune system enhancer, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant (Lim et al., 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E60C53D11224F4CF2B81176	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E5CC53E11244D35F5DC1723.text	03E5C2316E5CC53E11244D35F5DC1723.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia keenania Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. Fasc.	<div><p>Garcinia keenania Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. Fasc. 5: 8. 1883; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 114. 1993. Type: INDIA, Assam, Cachar, June 1874, R.L. Keenan 2672 (K [K000677639 digital image!]).</p><p>Dioecious, evergreen shrubs or small trees; branchlets tetragonous. Petioles 0.5–1 cm long, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-oblong, 7–11 × 2.8–5 cm, attenuate at base, margin entire, shortly acuminate at apex, acumen 0.5–1 cm long; midribs raised above and below; lateral veins more than 30 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers not known. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, 5–6, axillary fascicled, 0.5–0.7 cm in diam., pedicel c. 0.5 cm long; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.15–0.3 cm in diam.; petals orbicular or slightly oblong, white, 0.4–0.45 cm, concave; staminodes absent or sometimes minute; ovary globose, 0.4–0.5 cm in diam., 2-locular; stigma fleshy, convex, undulate on margin. Fruits not known.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from April to September; fruiting not known.</p><p>Habitat: No data available, hitherto known only from the type specimen.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to India.</p><p>Notes: Pierre described the species based on a single specimen (Keenan 2672), which is a female flowering specimen and still remains not recollected. Maheshwari (1964) did not include this species in his revision on Indian Garcinia . Singh (1993) included it in the Flora of India. Though described from a single female specimen, it possesses characters to be treated as a distinct species, but could be confirmed only after collecting male and fruiting specimens. A thorough exploration of Cachar district in Assam is needed to find the species in the wild.</p><p>Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 623. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 103. 1839; F.Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 87. 1845; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4., 14: 341. 1860; Drury, Indian Fl. 1: 140. 1864; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 48. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1. 263. 1874; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 87. 1874, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 91. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 19: t. 80D–E &amp; t. 81A. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 429. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 219. 1925; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 196. 1934; C.E.C.Fisch, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 12 (2): 81. 1938; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11 (2): 342. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 125. 1964; N.P.Balakr., Fl. Jowai 1: 88. 1981; Malick &amp; Safui, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 10: 2. 1987; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 116. 1993; A.S.Chauhan in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 143. 2000; N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 210. 2002. Stalagmitis lanceifolia G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831; Ngerns., Diversity, 14(556): 8. 2022. Lectotype (designated by Ngernsaengsaruay, 2022): INDIA, cultivated in H.B.C. (Calcutta Botanic Garden), s.d., s.coll. East India Company Herbarium 4861B (K [K000639523 digital image!]); isolecto CAL!; P [P04700745!, P04700755 digital images!].</p><p>Garcinia . purpurea Wall. ex Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12. 416. 1851, non Roxb. 1832.</p><p>Stalagmitis lanceifolia G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831, nom. superfl.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E5CC53E11244D35F5DC1723	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E5FC53F112A4A5BF7EE1157.text	03E5C2316E5FC53F112A4A5BF7EE1157.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia lanceifolia var. lanceifolia Roxb. var. lanceifolia	<div><p>Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. var. lanceifolia</p><p>Dioecious evergreen shrubs or small trees, 4–12 m tall; exudation yellow; branches profusely spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.8–1 cm long, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina linear-lanceolate, 6–10 × 2.5–3.5 cm, attenuate or cuneate at base, margins entire, cuspidate-acuminate at apex; midribs raised above and below, glabrous; lateral veins 8–10 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, solitary or in pairs, terminal or axillary; pedicel 0.8–1.2 cm long; sepals oblong, c. 0.2 × 0.4 cm, yellowish green; petals red, 0.3–0.4 cm long, somewhat smaller than sepals, slightly oblique; stamens 18–40, on a globose receptacle; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal or axillary, sessile; sepals and petals almost similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 4–8 each, in four bundles, connate at base of ovary in an irregular ring; ovary globose-obovoid or somewhat turbinate, 0.3–0.4 cm long, 6–8-loculed; stigma 6–8-rayed, sessile, tubercled. Berries obovoid or turbinate, 2.5– 3 cm in diam., smooth, orange-yellow on ripening, with persistent sepals. Seeds oblong, 6–8, 1–1.5 cm long, compressed.</p><p>Vernacular names: Bapohi-thekera, Kan tekera, Prangsu, Prango-arong (Assamese); Thisuru (Garo); Dieng-sohjadu (Khasi); Dieng-sohsint (Jain); Pelte (Lushai).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from February to March; fruiting from April to July.</p><p>Habitat: Commonly found in evergreen forests, between 200–1400 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Chirang district, Thorasim hills, Schlich s.n. (DD); Cachar district, Bomail WLS, 04.06.2012, A. A . Barphuiya 928 (ASSAM); Dibrugarh district, Jakoi Reserve forest, 27.06.2014, P. S . Shameer 7964 (TBGT); Sivasagar district, s.d., S. C . Peal 297 (CAL); Amgori, January 1888, G . Mann s.n. (CAL); Gaurisagar, 06.03.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 3556 (ASSAM); Sibsagar, Chrigori, 22.04.1895, R. E. P . India ( Annon.) 11166 (MH) . Manipur, Tamenglong district, 26.05.1986, C. B . Clarke 44024 (CAL) . Meghalaya, Khasi &amp; Jaintia Hills, Khasi, s.d., Wallich s.n. (CAL [CAL46421]); Nartining, 27.11.1907, s.coll. 16055 (ASSAM) . Without precise locality, February 1848, s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL46436]); s.d., Jenkins s.n. (MH [MH68587]) . BENGLADESH, Rajabari, 18.04.1895, R. E. P . India ( Annon.) 11152 (CAL) ; MYANMAR, Tainjuup, 365 m, December 1911, S. M . Toppin R. A . 4169 (CAL).</p><p>Uses: The fruit pericarp is eaten raw. Dry sliced pericarps are used in fish curry; also used for treating dysentery. Gamboge, the gum resin is used as medicine and as yellow dye. (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E5FC53F112A4A5BF7EE1157	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E5EC538129F4D14F5C9161B.text	03E5C2316E5EC538129F4D14F5C9161B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia lanceifolia var. oxyphylla (Planch. & Trian.) Laness., Mem. Garcin.	<div><p>Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb. var. oxyphylla (Planch. &amp; Trian.) Laness., Mem. Garcin. 48. 1872; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 126. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 117. 1993. Garcinia oxyphylla Planch. &amp; Trian., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4., 14: 342. 1860. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): Assam, 1845, W. Hooker &amp; Jenkins s.n. (K [K001273091 digital image!]). FiG. 12</p><p>Dioecious evergreen large shrubs or small trees, 4–10 m tall; branches horizontally spreading; exudation yellow; branchlets terete. Lamina linear-oblong, 5–8 × 2.5–3.5 cm, attenuate at base, margins entire, acute at tip. Flowers almost similar to var. lanceifolia; staminodes 8–13, in 2–4 bundles; ovary globose, 0.3–0.4 cm in diam., 7–10-locular. Berries ovoid-disciform, 3.5–4 cm in diam., obscurely grooved, red on ripening.</p><p>Vernacular names: Rupohi-thekera (Assamese).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from Ferbuary to June.</p><p>Habitat: Commonly found in evergreen forests;</p><p>between 75–1250 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Jorhat district, Sibpur, 11.08.2015, P. S. Shameer 79697 (TBGT); Karbi Anglong d istrict, Bokajan, 21.06.1963, D. B. Desh 35243 (ASSAM); Mikir Hills, Kalioyi Reserve, 04.02.1977, S. K. Borthakur 69152 (ASSAM); Kokrajhar district, Chakrasila WLS, 11.06.2008, Ranjit Daimary 111425 (ASSAM); Chakrasila WLS, 11.07.2008, Ranjit Daimary 117863 (ASSAM); Lakhimpur district, Jokai Reserve, 18.03.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 4085 (ASSAM); Sivsagar district, Bokajau Reserve, 85 m, 15.12.1913, U. N. Kanjilal 121 M (ASSAM); Dimapur, 24.03.1913, U. N. Kanjilal 2166 (ASSAM); Sibsagar, July 1882, G. Mann s.n. (CAL); Sibasagar, s.d., S. Peal 83 (CAL) . Meghalaya, Khasi &amp; Jaintia Hill district, Jarain, 1250 m, 22.05.1965, A. S. Rao 42512 (ASSAM); Khonshnong, 05.02.1915, U. N. Kanjilal 713 P (ASSAM); Nartiang, 27.11.1937, S. R. Sharma 16055 (ASSAM) . Mizoram, Mamit district, Saitahl, 04.09.1990, D. K. Singh 98940 (ASSAM); Dampatlaung, 1100 m, 03.09.1990, D. K. Singh 99161 (ASSAM); Dampa Tiger Reserve, Saithal Hill, 450 m, 25.09.2006, B. K. Singha &amp; N. Odyuo 112963 (ASSAM) . Nagaland, Dimapur district, Balijan, Rangapahar, 02.05.1946, G. K. Deka 22091 (ASSAM); Ibid., 02.05.1946, G. K. Deka 22091 (ASSAM) . Tripura, Tripura district, Deoracherra, 30 m, 19.01.1962, D. B. Deb. 26877 (ASSAM). Without precise locality, s.d., Wallich 4862 (CAL); s.d., Wallich s.n. (CAL [CAL46423]) .</p><p>Uses: The fruits are acidic and eaten raw (Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Notes: Garcinia lanceifolia var. lanceifolia and var. oxyphylla looks similar in vegetative stages and can be distinguished only in the fruiting stage. G. lanceifolia only is recorded in most of the recent floras (Kanjilal et al., 1934; Balakrishnan, 1981; Chauhan, 2000; Singh, 2002).</p><p>Garcinia microstigma Kurz, Jour. Bot. 13: 324. 1875, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 91. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 4: t. 19. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 157.1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 434. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees 52; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 90. 1923; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 125. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 119. 1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman Islands 1: 140. 1999; Dagar &amp; N.T.Singh, Pl. Resour. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. 2: 419. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): INDIA, South Andaman, Mount Harriot, 02.02.1875, S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL0000208110!]); isolecto (K [K000677640 digital image!]).</p><p>Dioecious semi-evergreen shrubs, 2–3 m tall; exudate yellow; branchlets tetra-angular, glabrous. Petioles 1.2–2 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 10–13 × 3.5–6 cm, cuneate at base, margins entire, obtuse or acuminate at apex; midrib prominent above; lateral veins 7–8 pairs, parallel, inconspicuous. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary or terminal, solitary or 2–3, fascicled, 0.8–1 cm in diam., pedicel 0.5–0.6 cm long; sepal orbicular, 0.5–0.6 cm long, outer pair keeled, larger than inner, margins membranous; petals red, obovate-orbicular, 0.5 cm in diam., concave; stamens 20–35, on a tetragonous torus, filaments c. 0.1 cm long; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal, solitary; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; ovary globose, 0.5–0.8 cm in diam. Berries globose, 3.5–5 cm in diam., smooth, slightly depressed, with persistent sepals and very minute discoid, persistent stigma. Seeds 2 or more, oblong, 3–4 cm long, with scanty aril.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from September to November; fruiting from December to February.</p><p>Habitat: Semi-evergreen forests, very rare.</p><p>Distribution: India and Myanmar.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman district, s.d., S .</p><p>Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL0000208111]); Bommungla, 16.09.1916, C. E . Parkinson 1000 (CAL); North and Middle Andaman district, Baratang Island, December 1913, C. E . Parkinson 165 (DD); Betapav, 28.03.1916, C. E . Parkinson 1140 (CAL, DD); Rangat, May 1915, C. E . Parkinson 580 (DD) .</p><p>Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Notes: Kurz (1875), in the protologue noted that the species is similar to Garcinia kydia in leaf characters. Only very few old specimens are represented in herbaria, and there were no recent collections made. In our observation both species show some distinct differences, viz. smooth, slightly depressed fruits with a persistent discoid stigma in G. microstigma against globose-ovoid fruits 6–8 grooved towards apex and with a short mamillate tip in G. kydia (= G. cowa var. kydia).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E5EC538129F4D14F5C9161B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E59C534112A4A28F7BE145F.text	03E5C2316E59C534112A4A28F7BE145F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia nervosa (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludge. - Bat.	<div><p>Garcinia nervosa (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludge.-Bat. 1: 208. 1864; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 169. 1890; Merr., Philip. J. Sci. 10: 325. 1915; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 121.1993; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman &amp; Nicobar Isl. 1: 141. 1999. Stalagmitis nervosa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. Eerste Bijv. 3: 496. 1861. Neotype (designated here): Malaysia, Perak, 07.1886, King’s Coll.10491 (CAL [CAL0000005829!]).</p><p>G. andersonii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 270. 1874; N. G. Nair in Geobios 4: 221.1977. Type: Malaysia , s.d. A. C. Maingay 157. (K [K000677676 digital image!])</p><p>Garcinia macrophylla T.Anderson ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 270. 1874, nom. inval. FiG. 13</p><p>Dioecious semi evergreen trees, 10–12 m tall; exudate yellowish; branchlets tetra-angular. Petioles 1–3 cm long, stout, rugous, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina comparatively large, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-ovate, 20–60 × 8–22 cm, rounded or minutely cordate base, margins revolute, sub-acute or obtuse at apex; midrib and lateral veins bold, raised on both surfaces; lateral veins 17–25 pairs, parallel; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous; 5–8, fascicled on axils of fallen leaf; stamens many in groups of 1–5, around the rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers pentamerous, solitary or a few fascicled on axils of fallen leaves, 1.7–2 cm in diam., pedicel 2.5–3.5 cm long, slender; sepals 0.3–0.5 cm long, orbicular, concave, pubescent; petals pale green, 0.8–1.2 cm long, orbicular, concave; staminodes 5-phalagiate, 0.3–0.4 cm, alternating with glandular disc; ovary ovoid, 0.5–1 × 0.4–0.6 cm, 5-locular; stigmas 5-lobed. Berries ovoid or obovoid, 4.5–6 × 3.5–4 cm, yellow with red blotches, with large eccentric mamilla, crowned by persistent 5-lobed stigma. Seeds 2 or 3, ovoid, 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.8 cm, elongated.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from October to December; fruiting from December to March.</p><p>Habitat: Occur in undisturbed mixed forests, usually on hill slopes, and on alluvial rivers bank; up to 175 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Malaysia to Philippines.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, Nicobar district, South Nicobar,</p><p>Arong, Car Nicobar, 31.05.1975, N. G . Nair 2644, 3571, 3572 (PBL); Camplell ferry, 02.03.1966, K . Thothathri 11336 (PBL); Ibid., East-West road, 18 km from C Bay, 23.08.1975, N. P . Balakrishnan 3049 (PBL); Ibid., South Nicobar, 35 km on East-West road, 20.07.1976, N. P . Balakrishnan 3884 (PBL); North Nicobar, Mildera, Katchal Islands, 03.05.1977, P . Chakraborty 5595 (PBL); Ibid., School point, 12.04.2010, C . Murugan 28130 (PBL); South Nicobar, GT. Nicobar, 38 km on North-South road from Campbell Bay, 27.11.1978, N. G . Nair 7110 (PBL); Ibid., GT. Nicobar, 27 km on East-West road, 20.10.1979, D. K . Hore 7231 (PBL); Ibid., GT. Nicobar 40 km East-West road, 10.02.1980, R. P . Dwivedi 7859 (PBL); Ibid., GT. 16 km from East-West road, 15.11.1993, B. K . Sinha 16351 (PBL); Little Nicobar 17.04.2011, C . Murugan 28493 (PBL). SINGAPORE: 1894, H. N . Ridley 5966 (CAL); Bidadari, April 1897, H. N . Ridley 8454 (CAL). MALAYSIA. Malaya, s.d., A. C . Maingay 157 (K [K000677676 digital image!]; Perak, July 1886, King’s coll. 10491 (CAL); Perak, s.d., Revd. Father Scortechini s.n. (CAL [CAL46722]); 1882, King’s coll. 3197 (CAL). PHILIPPINES: Tayyay, Palawan, May 1913, E . D. Merril 9387 (CAL) .</p><p>Uses: Fruit pulp is edible and sour in taste. Ripe fruits cure dysentery (Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Typification: Miquel (1864) described Garcinia nervosa without assigning a type. We could not locate any original specimens in any herbaria. Hence, a neotype is selected from the later collections available at CAL. Among the various specimens examined, we could locate the specimen ‘King’s collector 10491’ cited by King (1890) at CAL [CAL0000005829!]. This specimen authenticated by King, in the detailed description of the species, is designated here as the neotype of G. nervosa .</p><p>Notes: Anderson (1874) in Hooker’s Flora of British India erected G. andersonii Hook.f., with its distribution in eastern Peninsula. King (1890) treated it as a synonym under G. nervosa . Maheshwari (1964) did not include G. nervosa or G. andersoni in his revision; whereas Nair (1977) included G. andersoni in his report for Car Nicobar Island. Singh (1993) included G. nervosa, with its distribution as Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Dutta et al. (2014) reported G. nervosa as new distributional record for the mainland, but on closer observation of literature and specimens, we found that it was an erroneous identification for G. dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz.</p><p>Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Edinburgh J. Sci. 7: 45, t. 1. 1827; Roxb., [Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.] &amp; Fl. Ind. 2: 625. 1832; G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 620. 1831; Wight, Ic. t. 114–115. 1839, Illustr. 1: 125. 1840; F.Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 86. 1845; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 415. 1851; Drury, Useful Pl. India 228. 1858 &amp; Handb. Indian Fl. 1: 140. 1864; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4. 14: 347. 1860; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 42. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Brit. India 1: 264. 1874; Prain, Bengal Pl. 1: 247. 1903; Brandis, Indian Trees 49. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 220. 1925; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 107. 1934; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11 (2): 342. 1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 119. 1964; Mabb., Taxon 26(5–6): 535. 1977; N.P.Singh, Fl. Jowai 1: 89. 1981; Harid. &amp; R.R.Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 108. 1985; A.S.Chauhan in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 143. 2000; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 121. 1993; Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 185. 1996; Kam.P.Singh in Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1. 211. 2002; Ngerns., Diversity 14(556): 16. 2022. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari 1964); India, Goalpara, 10.10.1808. Wallich 4860 (CAL [CAL0000065121!]); isolecto, (K [K001104082 digital image!]). FiG. 14a–c</p><p>Dioecious trees, up to 20 m tall; exudate yellow; branches short, spreading with oval crown; branchlets terete, apically quadrangular. Petioles 2–4 cm long, stout, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, 9–30 × 5–15 cm, cuneate at base, margins undulate, acute or obtuse at apex; midrib stout, prominent on both sides; lateral veins 10–30 pairs, obliquely parallel; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 8–12 in terminal, trichotomous panicles, c. 1.5 cm across; pedicel 5–6 cm long, slender; sepals pale green, orbicular, 1–1.2 cm across; petals pale yellow, oblong-obovate, 0.9–1.1 × 0.6–0.8 cm; stamens more than 75, in a tetragonous torus, filaments very short; rudimentary pistil broad disciform. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, yellow green to pale green, 1.8– 2 cm across; pedicel 2.5–3 cm long, very stout, 4-angled; sepals and petals same as in staminate flowers; staminodes in 4 phalanges; ovary globose, 0.6–0.8 cm in diam., 8–12-locular; stigmas peltate, rays spreading. Berries globose, 7–11 cm in diam., smooth, orange yellow on ripening. Seeds 8–10, ovoid-reniform, 2–3 cm long, in fleshy aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Bor-thekera (Assamese); Tikul, Tikur (Bengali &amp; Hindi); Soh-iyntraw, Dieng-sohdanei (Khasi); Thaipomlein, Vawm-va (Lushai); Ampri-arong (Mikiri); Tabing-asing (Miri &amp; Abor); Heibung (Manipuri).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from September to November; fruiting from November to June.</p><p>Habitat: Found in tropical mixed forests, up to 915 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Papum Pare district, Harjuli, Duphla hills, 23.12.1874, J. L . Lister 112 (CAL); Lohit district, Parasuram Road, Tezu, NEFA , 03.02.1939, R. N . De (ASSAM) . Assam, Cachar district, Barak Reserve Forest, Bhuban Hill, 22.12.2012, Hussain Ahmed Barbhuiya 987 (ASSAM); Barpetta district, Nityananda, near Khaladia river, 03.08.2015, P. S . Shameer 79677 (TBGT); Darrang district, Panbari camp, November 1952, G. M . Nath s.n. (DD); Ibid., May 1952, G. M . Nath s.n. (DD); Dibrugarh district, Jakoi Reserve Forest, 27.06.2014, P. S . Shameer 79642 (TBGT); Golapara district, Golapara, 10.10.1808, Buchanan-Hamilton Francis 1123 (E [E00438017]) digital image!); Sibsagar district, March 1879, s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL46451]); Lakhimpur district, Jokai Reserve, 100 m, 01.04.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 4083 (ASSAM); Upper Assam, s.d., G . Mann 41 (CAL). Bihar, Sarai Korang, 28.03.1895, s.coll. 11103 (CAL) . Meghalaya, East Khasi hill district, Near Sohrha, 03.06.1965, Krishnan 42694 (ASSAM) . Nagaland, Naga Hills district, 1882, H . Collett 192 (CAL) . West Bengal, H. B . Calcutta, s.d., R . Wight s.n. (K [K000677592 digital image!]). Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63598]); Wallich 4860 (CAL, K [K000742485, K000677593 digital image!]); s.d., s.coll. 41 (ASSAM). BENGLADESH, Rajbare, November 1873, J. S . Gamble 1645 A (MH); Sylhet district, Karimganj, 08.03.1947, Dinanath Paul 22090 (ASSAM); Sylhet, s.d., s.coll. 4860 C (CAL) . MYANMAR, Thapanhun, 120 m, November 1909, G. E. S . Cubitt 326 A (CAL); Mergui, March 1911, Meebold 16555 (CAL) .</p><p>Uses: The fruits are edible; fleshy pericarp is used insted of lime or lemon. Dried pericarps of fruits are used to treat dysentery. It is used as root stock for grafting mangosteen. Gum is used as a fixative or as a mordent in saffron dye (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E59C534112A4A28F7BE145F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E55C53412A648ECF21110D8.text	03E5C2316E55C53412A648ECF21110D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia pushpangadaniana T. Sabu, N. Mohanan, Krishnaraj & Shareef, Phytotaxa	<div><p>Garcinia pushpangadaniana T.Sabu, N.Mohanan, Krishnaraj &amp; Shareef, Phytotaxa 116(2): 52. 2013; T.S. Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 2: 1237. 2014. G. xanthochymus sensu Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2000. Type: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Kadalar, N 100 7’46.1˝ E 0770 01’18.7˝, 1379 m, 15.05.2012, Sabu, Shareef &amp; Krishnaraj 72601 (holo TBGT!; iso CAL!, CALI!, MH!). FiG. 14D–f</p><p>Dioecious, evergreen to semi-evergreen trees, 15–20 m tall; exudation milky; crown pyramidal with horizontally spreading branches, ending with drooping branchlets; branchlets 4-angled, Petiole 1.5–2 cm, transversely rugose and with longitudinal ridges, adaxially ligulate at the base; lamina elliptic-oblong, 14–20 × 6–8 cm, obtuse at base, margins sub-repand or revolute, acute to obtuse at apex, midribs prominent on both sides, glabrous; lateral veins 28–34 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, 2–10, fascicled axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1 cm; pedicels 0.7–1 cm long, stout; sepals orbicular to sub-orbicular, c. 0.5 cm across, convex, coriaceous, margins membranous, ciliate; petals pink or pale green, 0.8–1 cm across, orbicular, shortly clawed at base, membranous on margins, stamens 12–15 each, 5-phalangiate; disc 5, glandular, alternating with staminal bundles; filaments c. 0.1 cm long; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers pentamerous, 2–8, fascicled axillary or on axils of fallen leaves, 1–1.5 × 1–1.3 cm; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long, stout; sepals imbricate, orbicular to sub-orbicular, c. 0.6 cm wide, convex; petals pink or white with reddish tinge, orbicular, 1–1.2 cm wide, membranaceous and ciliate at margin; staminodes 3–5 each, in 5 phalanges; ovary globose, c. 0.6 cm in diam., 6–8-loculed, stigma 6–8-lobed, stellate, Berries top shaped, 10–12 × 8–11 cm, shortly mamellate at tip, fleshy, irregularly wrinkled on surface. Aril inconspicuous. Seeds 1–4, plano-convex, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 cm, with rugous testa.</p><p>Vernacular names: Manthipuli (Malayalam).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from March to</p><p>May; fruiting from May to August.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen and shola forests, between 850– 1450 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Mankulam, 10.05.1915, R. Venkada Rao 3433 (TBGT) ; Irumbuthara, 1300 m, 29.03.2012, Shareef &amp; Roy 72414 (TBGT) ; Kadalar, 14.05.2015, P. S. Shameer 86607 (TBGT) ; Wallakkad, 01.04.2014, P. S. Shameer 86606 (TBGT) . Palakkad district, Walakkad, Silent Valley, 1700 m, 24.03.1982, Prasannakumar 10320 (CALI) ; Ibid., 15.11.1983, Prasannakumar 11430 (CALI) ; Ibid., 30.05.1984, T. Sabu 11448 (CALI) ; Ibid., 28.02.1988, T. Sabu 11334 (CALI) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Ayerpady, 20.04.1903, Barber 2841(MH) ; Ibid., 20.04.1903, Barber 5420 (MH) ; Ibid., 06.11.1901, Barber 3963 (MH) ; Ibid., s.d., Barber 3841 (CAL) ; Ibid., 4100’, 25.04.1912, Fisher 3387 (FRC) ; Coimbatore, 1250 m, 22.10.1961, Joseph 13093 (MH) ; Ibid., 1400 m, 22.07.1978, Chandrabose 57234 (MH) ; Ibid., Lower Nirar to Italiar Forest, 1250 m, 06.09.1983, Ramamurthy 78412 (MH) .</p><p>Notes: The authors could find a few specimens of this taxon in different herbaria (CAL, CALI, FRC, and MH), collected from different localities in the Western Ghats. Because of the resemblance in vegetative characters, they were previously identified erroneously as G. xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson and are correctly identified here as G. pushpangadaniana . This species has the largest fruit (10–12 × 8–11 cm) among Indian Garcinia and weighs 500–600 gm.</p><p>Uses: Rind is used as a substitute to camboge in curries by tribal people.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E55C53412A648ECF21110D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E55C535112F4F6BF5911179.text	03E5C2316E55C535112F4F6BF5911179.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia rubro-echinata Kosterm. (Kostermans 1977	<div><p>Garcinia rubro-echinata Kosterm., Ceylon J. Sci. (Biol. Sci.) 12(2): 128. 1977; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. Ind. 3: 123. 1993; Sasidh., Biodiv. doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 41. 2004; Arisdason &amp; P. Daniel in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 341. 2005; T.S. Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 276. 2014. Lectotype (designated by Kostermans, 1977): INDIA, Kerala, Strathomore, 17.04.1895, T.F.Bourdillon 611 (K [K000677641 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia echinocarpa sensu Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 264. 1874; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Bourd., For. Trees. Travancore 23. 1908; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 29. 1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 73. 1915; N.C.Nair &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 27. 1983; M.Mohanan &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Thiruvananthapuram 71. 1994; N.Mohanan &amp; Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 83. 2002, non Thwaites, 1854.</p><p>Garcinia echinocarpa var. monticola sensu Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 126. 1964. FiG. 14G–i</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudate brownish-white; branchlets terete, apically quadrangular. Petioles 1–2.5 cm long, stout, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina sub-obovate to broadly elliptic, 8–15 × 3–8 cm, shortly acute at base, slightly revolute at margins, obtuse or subretuse at apex, coriaceous; midrib prominent above, flattened below, lateral veins 30–40 pairs, obliquely parallel, prominent; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 5–8 in axillary or terminal fascicles, pale green, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.5 cm; sepal orbicularobtuse, convex, 0.5–0.7 cm wide, shortly clawed at base, margins membranous; petals pale green, sub-orbicular to oblong, c. 1.3 × 0.7 cm; stamens 30–70 on tetragonous torus; rudimentary pistil present. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, pale green, 1.8–2.5 × 1.5–1.8 cm; sepals obtuse, convex, 0.6–0.8 × 0.8–1 cm, coriaceous; petals pale green, orbicular, convex, 1.5–1.9 cm wide; staminodes c. 22, free, around the ovary; ovary 0.2-–. 3 cm, 3–4-locular, covered with numerous, fleshy scales or warts; stigma peltate, irregularly 4-lobed. Berries sub-globose or ellipsoid, 4–6 × 2.5–4 cm, covered with spines or tubercles. Seeds 1–3, oblong, 3–4 cm long; aril scanty.</p><p>Vernacular names: Malayalam: Para or pura, Malamkongu; Tamil: Madul.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from December to March; fruiting from March to May.</p><p>Habitat: Moist evergreen forests, between 950– 1100 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the southern Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Agasthyamala, 05.10.1989, N . Mohanan 7949 (TBGT); Athirumala, 1300 m, 07.01.2013, S. M . Shareef 792257 (TBGT); Chemmunji, 17.11.2009, G . Rajkumar 44747 (TBGT); Ibid., 22.01.2014, P. S . Shameer 79604 (TBGT); Travancore, 08.04.1898, T. F . Bourdillon 953 (FRC); Ibid., 05.04.1895, T. F . Bourdillon s.n. (MH); Ibid., s.d., R. H . Beddome s.n. (MH) ; Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli district, Tinneveli hills, 1879, R. H . Beddome s.n. (MH); Kannikatti, 21.02.1913, Hooper &amp; Ramaswami 39428 (CAL); Ibid., 19.03.1917, s.coll. 14650 (MH); Ibid., 05.06.1964, K. N . Subramanian 1606 (MH); Ibid., 30.07.1989, Shanavas Khan 5866 (TBGT); Ibid., 30.07.1989, Shanavas Khan 5325 (TBGT). Without precise locality, 1873, R. H . Beddome s.n. (MH [MH2939]) .</p><p>Uses: Oil from the seed is used for lighting lamp (Maheshwari, 1964).</p><p>Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Notes: Garcinia echinocarpa Thwaites was earlier considered as a species distributed in South India and Sri Lanka. Thwaites (1858) identified two varieties under this taxon, var. α and var. β. Maheshwari (1964) in his revision named the var. β. as G. echinocarpa var. monticola and treated the south Indian and high-altitude specimens of Sri Lanka under this taxon. Kostermans (1977) separated the South Indian taxon from Sri Lankan, as a distinct species viz., G. rubro-echinata Kosterm, endemic to South India.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E55C535112F4F6BF5911179	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E54C53111224D0BF6CA1786.text	03E5C2316E54C53111224D0BF6CA1786.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia sibeswarii Shameer, J. Sarma, N. Mohanan & A. Begum. Phytotaxa	<div><p>Garcinia sibeswarii Shameer, J.Sarma, N.Mohanan &amp; A.Begum. Phytotaxa 507(2): 191–197. 2021. Type: INDIA, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Dulang Reserve Forest, N 270 25’ 17.80’’, E 940 10’ 59.40’’, 110 m, 24.02.2021. J. Sarma 1656(1) (CAL!). FiG. 14j–l</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, 10–12 m tall; exudation milky; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete to slightly angled. Petioles 2–2.5 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina ovate-oblong, 17–20 × 10–12 cm, coriaceous, acute or acuminate at base, margins entire, acute or very shortly and abruptly acuminate at apex; midribs conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins 40 or more pairs; exudates canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 5–10, in terminal fascicles, 2–3 cm diam.; pedicel 0.8–1.2 cm long, stout; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm, margin membranaceous; petals pale yellow, ovate-orbicular, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–1 cm, concave, membranaceous on margins; stamens numerous, inserted on fleshy white, 4-lobed torus, wavy on margins; anthers brownish-white, rudimentary pistil columnar, with a convex, peltate, reddish stigma. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, terminal, 1.5–3 cm across; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long; sepals orbicular, concave 0.6–0.8 × 0.4–0.5 cm, margin membranaceous; petals greenish-yellow, ovate, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, concave, membraneous on margins; staminodes absent; ovary sub-globose, 0.2–0.4 cm in diam., 4-locular; style very short; stigma red, sticky, peltate, convex. Berries sub-globose to globose, 8–10 cm in diam., smooth, green, turning yellow on ripening, crowned by disc-like remnant stigma and green leathery sepals at base. Seeds 3 or 4, oblong, c. 3 × 6 cm, reticulatenoduled on surface, covered with brownish-white, fibrous aril.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from February to May; fruiting from May to June.</p><p>Habitat: Semi evergreen forests, between 100–300 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Assam.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Lakhimpur district, Dulang Reserve Forest, March 1962, G . Panigrahi 27621 (ASSAM); Diya, 04.04.1914, U . Kanjilal 444 M (ASSAM).</p><p>Common name: ‘ Gela thekera’ (Assamese), meaning rotten camboge.</p><p>Uses: As the common name indicates, the fruit is not generally preferred for human consumption. But they are highly relished by the primates such as the Rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) and the rare Assamese macaque ( Macaca assamensis), very common in the area.</p><p>Garcinia sopsopia (Buch.-Ham.) Mabb., Taxon 26: 529. 1977; Grierson &amp; D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 57. 1984; N.P.Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 124. 1993; Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1:186. 1996; A.S.Chauhan in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 143. 2000; Kam.P. Singh in Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1. 212. 2002. Oxycarpus sopsopia Buch.- Ham., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 345. 1824. Lectotype (designated by Mabberley, 1977): Golpara, 01.06.1808, Buchnan 1120 (E, [E00438015 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia paniculata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 626. 1832; Wight, Ic. t. 112. 1839, Illustr. 1: 125. 1840; Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 87. 1845; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 12: 415. 1851; Planch. &amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 349. 1860; Drury, Indian Fl. 1: 140. 1864; Laness., Mem. Garcin. 60. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 266. 1874; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 92. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 25: t. 83J. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 415. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 53. 1902; Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 224. 1925; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 108. 1934; Sinclair. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9 (2): 87. 1955; Sealy, Kew Bull. 11 (2): 342.1956; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 124. 1964; N.P.Singh, Fl. Jowai 1: 89. 1981; Deb, Fl. Tripura 1: 364. 1981. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari 1964, second step designated here): HBC (Calcutta Herbarium), 31.12.1814, Wallich 4857 (CAL [CAL0000065167!]); isolecto, (K [K001104077 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia bobeecowa Roxb., Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud.</p><p>Stalagmitis paniculata G.Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 621. 1831, nom. superfl.</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, 15–18 m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets terete. Petioles 1.5–2.5 cm long, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina obovate to oblanceolate 15–25 × 5–9 cm, cuneate at base, margins repand, acuminate at apex; midribs raised above and below, more conspicuous below; lateral veins,1-12, raised on both surfaces; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, many, in terminal brachiate panicles, sweet scented; pedicel c. 0.4 cm long; sepals sub-orbicular, 0.2–0.3 cm wide, convex; petals white, ovate, concave, 0.6–0.8 × 0.3–0.4 cm; stamens numerous, in a central sub-globose mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, fewer than staminate flowers, in 5–8 cm long terminal racemes; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes absent; ovary sub-globose, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., tubercled, 5-locular; stigma sessile, convex, tubercled. Berries globose or sometimes ellipsoid, 3–3.5 cm in diam., smooth, yellow on ripening. Seeds 3–5, 1–1.5 cm diam., reniform, embedded in pulpy aril.</p><p>Vernacular names: Sochopa-tenga (Assamese); Diengsoh-jadu, Dieng-soh-longkor, Dieng-soh-longkydaw (Khasi); Bombhathei, Vawmva (Lushai); Thirsu (Garo).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to February; fruiting March to May.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen forests of foot hills, between 100–900 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Assam, Kamrup district, Burni Forest, 13.02.1932, Sri Ram 9897 (ASSAM); Burdwan Reserve, 08.04.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5439(DD); Sibsagar district, Nayajanka, 90 m, 23.04.1911, U. N . Kanjilal 1656 (ASSAM); Garampani, 20.11.1913, U. N . Kanjilal 3007 (ASSAM); Holongapal Reserve, 20.12.1910, U. N . Kanjilal 7074 (ASSAM). Nagajanka, 23.04.1911, U. N . Kanjilal 1656 (ASSAM) . Bihar, Buxar district, Sarai Korang, 28.03.1895, Herb. G . Watt 11103 (CAL) . Manipur, Tamenglong district, Phalong, A . Meeebold 6471 (CAL) . Meghalaya, West Garo Hills district, Rangnlachakgiri to Samphaligiri road, 01.03.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5195 (ASSAM, CAL); West Jaintia Hills district, Dawki, 01.11.1935, G. K . Deka 12875 (ASSAM); Khasi &amp; Jaintia Hills district, 21.11.1872, C. B . Clarke 17905 B. (CAL); Syndai, 19.10.1913, U. N . Kanjilal 2771 (ASSAM); Dombu Reserve, 26.03.1915, U. N . Kanjilal 5373 (ASSAM, DD); Dawgiri Reserve Forest, 14.03.1975, M. K. V . Rao 61422 (ASSAM); Near 62 km on Baghanara- Maha deo road, 15.09.1990, M. K. V . Rao 64128 (ASSAM); Ri-Bhoi district, Nongpoh, 30.05.1914, U. N . Kanjilal 3981 (ASSAM); Barpani, 05.12.1916, U. N . Kanjilal 7106 (ASSAM, DD); near soil conservation Umling, s.d., J . Joseph 43780 (ASSAM); Umsaw forest, 30.11.1934, C. S . Purkayastha 10938 (ASSAM); Ibid., 26.10.1938, S. R . Sharma 17926 (ASSAM); Ibid., 26.10.1938, K . Biswas 3767 (CAL) . Mizoram, Mamit district, Saitah, 03.09.1990, D. K . Singh &amp; K. P . Singh 98852 (ASSAM). Without precise locality, 12.06.1814, Wallich s.n. (CAL [CAL46524]); East India, Roxburgh s.n. (K [K000677602 digital image!]) ; BANGLADESH: Sylhet, s.d., Wallich 4858 (CAL, K [K000677604 digital image!]); Rajbari Talpigre, November 1873, J. S . Gamble 1645 A (MH); W . Roxburgh s.n. (BM [BM000611602 digital image!]) ; Chittagong Hill Track, 31.03.1876, J. L . Lister 330 (CAL); Ibid., Burkhal, March 1880, J. S . Gamble 7800 (CAL) . Chittagong, s.d., F . Fihlish s.n. (CAL [CAL46507]) . NEPAL, without locality, s.d. Wallich s.n. (CAL) .</p><p>Typification: Under G. paniculata Roxb., Maheshwari 1964 cited ‘Type: ex Sylhet, E. Pakistan; cult in Indian Botanic Garden, Calcutta’, without citing a specimen or herbarium. We could locate two specimens of Wallich 4857, noted locality as ‘HBC (Calcutta Herbarium)’ one each at CAL and K. Maheshwari’s typification could be considered as first-step lectotypication and need narrowing down to a single one of these specimens by subsequent lectotypification. Hence we designate the CAL specimen [CAL0000065167!]) as lectotype (second step) and the K specimen [K001104077) as isolectotype.]</p><p>Use: The pulpy aril of the highly flavored fruit is edible (Maheshwari, 1964).</p><p>Garcinia spicata (Wight &amp; Arn.) Hook.f., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 486. 1875; Brandis, Indian Trees: 49. 1906; Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 53. 1915; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 112. 1965; N.C.Nair &amp; A.N.Henry Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 28. 1983; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 125. 1993; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 72. 2005; Palkar et al., Rheedea 27(2): 143. 2017. Xanthochymus spicatus Wight &amp; Arn., Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 102. 1834. Type: s.loc ., s.d., R. Wight 346a (E [00179065 digital image!]).</p><p>Garcinia ovalifolia Hook.f., ( ‘ ovalifolius ’), Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 269. 1874, non Oliver 1868, var. spicata (Wight &amp; Arn.) Hook.f.</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, 10–20 m tall; exudate white; branchlets 4-angled. Petioles 1–2 cm long, ligulate at base; lamina broadly elliptic-oblong or ovate, 10–20 × 4–8 cm, rounded or obtuse at base, margins entire, obtuse to retuse at apex, thick-coriaceous; midrib raised on both surface; lateral veins 15–18 pairs, prominent on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, many, spicate or sometimes fascicled; pedicel 0.1–0.5 cm long; sepals sub-orbicular, 0.25–0.3 cm wide; petals obovate, 0.5–0.7 cm, concave, pale green or greenish yellow, ciliate on margins; stamens in 5 phalenges, each with 8–10 stamens; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary or on leafless stem; pedicel 0.1–0.35 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 5; ovary oblong, 0.1–0.2 cm across, 2–4-loculed; style c. 0.1 cm long; stigma 3–5-lobed, peltate, spreading, persistent in fruit as thick black spot. Berries broadly to depressed globose, 3–4 cm in diam., pale green turning yellow on ripening; young fruit with shallow ridges and furrows; aril pulpy. Seeds 1–3, broadly oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.3 cm, slightly compressed. 1964; second step designated by Ranjan et al.,</p><p>2022): INDIA, Sikkim, s.d., J.D. Hooker &amp; T. Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from February to</p><p>Thomson 17 (CAL [CAL0000005830!]); isolecto March; fruiting from April to June.</p><p>CAL[CAL0000005831!]).</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests.</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; Distribution: India and Sri Lanka. exudation yellow; branches spreading; branchlets Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, angular. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, adaxially ligulate Nellore district, Nellore, July 1883, Gamble 12819 at base; lamina elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, 12–23 (MH); Tirupati district, Sriharikota forest, May × 4–9 cm, cuneate or obtuse at base, margin entire, 1904, s.coll. 3034, 3035, 3036 (MH). Karnataka, shortly acuminate at apex; midribs raised above and Agumbe district, Barakana, Balehalli, 19.05.1960, below, more conspicuous below; lateral veins 10– R. Sundara Raghavan 62720 (BSI). Kerala, 15 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces; stipules Kasargod district, Cherpady, Uduma, 12.03.1993, subulate, 0.5–0.7 cm long, deciduous. Staminate A. Nazarudeen 16408 (TBGT); Uduma, Kavu, flowers tetramerous, axillary, 4–6-flowered cymes, 09.06.1990, Sarojini Menon 17054 (TBGT); Kollam 0.4 cm across, pedicel 2–2.5 cm long; 2-bracteolate district, Kolaturpolay(Kulathoorpuzha) 27.04.1904, near base; bracts scale like; sepals sub-orbicular, Bordillon 1524 (MH); Karingalodathodu area, concave, 0.9–1.2 × 1.0– 1.2 cm; petals yellow, Tenmalai range, 07.12.1961, K.N. Subramanian obliquely ovate, 2.0–2.5 × 1.2–1.5cm, membranous; 77529 (BSI); Kottayam district, Koruthode, 200 m, stamens numerous, in a ring around rudimentary 12.11.1995, Jomy Augustine 16906 (CALI, KFRI); pistil; rudimentary pistil fungiform; stigma peltate, Puthupalli, s.d., G.S. Puri 36572 (BSI); Palakkad convex. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, district, Mukkali forest, 07.03.1975, E. Vajravelu solitary or paired; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long; sepals and 46240 (MH); Pathanamthitta district, Pamba, 200 petals similar to staminate flowers; ovary 0.5–0.8 m, 12.02.1994, Jomy Augustine 13370 (CALI); cm in diam., 2-locular; stigma orbicular, tubercled. Pamba, 18.03.1994, A. Nazarudeen 19587 (TBGT); Berries oblong, smooth, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 cm, pointed Muzhiyar, 07.02.1994, Nazarudheen 19082 at apex. Seeds 2, c. 2. 2 × 0.8 cm, oblong, flattened (TBGT); Triveni, 25.03.1995, Pandurangan &amp; embedded in pulpy aril.</p><p>Raveendran 12747 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from October to district, Rockwood estate 21.04.1904, T.F. December; fruiting from December to March.</p><p>Bordillon 742 (TBGT). Tamil Nadu, Pudukkottai</p><p>Habitat: In moist subtropical forests, in valleys of district, Pudukkottai, November 1909, C.A. Barber</p><p>rivers and streams, between 800–1500 m elevation. 8498 (MH); Villupuram district, Marakkanam,</p><p>03.06.1907, C. A. Barber 8321 (MH); Coimbatore Distribution: Bhutan and India .</p><p>district, Annamalais, Karian shola, 19.03.1939, V .</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, Narayanaswamy 5444 (MH); SRI LANKA, Ceylon</p><p>Abor Hill district, Upper Rotung, 03.03.1912, I. H. Southern Province , Hambantota district, Yala ,</p><p>Burkill 38198 (CAL); South slope Bapu, 7.03.1912, Talgasmankade, 26.04.1973, L. H. Cramer 4124</p><p>I.H. Burkill 36917 (CAL); Near the Dihong, 250 (MH).</p><p>m, 19.01.1912, I.H. Burkill 36124 (CAL); Piri Garcinia stipulata T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Mountain, 2360 m, November 1934, N.L. Bor 2461 A India 1: 267. 1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 9: (DD); Kameng district, Kameng Forest Division, t. 79K. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 13.11.1951, G.K. Deka 27 (ASSAM); Bora hills, 365. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 52. 1902; 10.05.1958, G. Panigrahi 15350 (ASSAM); Papum Brandis, Indian Trees 50. 1907; Engl. in Nat. Pare district, Dafla Hills, 19.01.1876, J.L. Lister Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 225. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. 187 (CAL). Meghalaya, East Khasi Hill district, Bot. Surv. India 6: 116. 1964; Grierson &amp; D.G.Long, Mowpoot, 762 m, 14.11.1871, C.B. Clarke 14609 Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 57. 1984; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma (CAL). Sikkim, South Sikkim district, Rayong, &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 126. 1993; Hajra et al., 20.10.1879, G. King s.n. (DD); Sikkim, August 1881, Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 186. 1996; G.D.Pal, J.S. Gamble 9670 (K [K000677613 digital image!]; Fl. Lower Subansiri Dist. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 119. Sikkim, s.d., J.D. Hooker 105 (K [K000677611 2013. Lectotype (first step designated by Maheshwari, digital image!]); West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Darjeeling, 1525 m, August 1881, J.S. Gamble 9760 (CAL, MH); Lebong, T. Anderson 789 (CAL); Pomong, 23.08.1869, C.B. Clarke 8803 (CAL); Kalimpong district, 1420 m, 09.12.1879, J.S. Gamble 7500 (CAL); Mungpoo, 1066 m, 24.08.1884, G.A. Gammie s.n. (BSI). Without precise locality, 915 m, 04.09.1876, J. Sykes 1648A (MH); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63589]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH63584]); s.d., s.coll. 1246 (CAL); s.d., S. Kurz s.n. (CAL [CAL46590]). BHUTAN: S. loc ., s.d., Griffith 860 (CAL).</p><p>Uses: The fruits are eaten by Lepchas in Sikkim and the tree produces an inferior gum (Maheshwari, 1964).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E54C53111224D0BF6CA1786	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E50C52F129F4BA5F2B814E1.text	03E5C2316E50C52F129F4BA5F2B814E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia succifolia Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt.	<div><p>Garcinia succifolia Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41(2): 293. 1872, Forest Fl. Burma 91. 1877. Garcinia loniceroides T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 264. 1874; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 126. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 118. 1993; A.S.Chauhan in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1. 143. 2000. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): Myanmar, Griffith 870 (K [K000677591 digital image!]).</p><p>Dioecious evergreen shrubs or small trees; exudation yellow, sticky; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.6–0.8 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base, 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, margins entire, acute-acuminate at apex; midrib raised above and below; lateral veins conspicuous, 8–12 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3 or rarely more in terminal or axillary fascicles, 0.4–0.5 cm across; sepals broadly ovate, concave, 0.2–0.3 cm long; petals pale green, ovate, 0.3–0.4 cm long; stamens numerous, in a central sub-tetragonal mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary, axillary, yellowish green; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes in 4-bundles. Berries globose, smooth, 6–10 cm in diam., yellow; aril pulpy.</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from September to November; fruiting from November to January.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, up to 1100 m elevation. It is fairly found in the river banks.</p><p>Distribution: India and Myanmar.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Manipur, Tamenglong district, Nungba, 1525 m, November 1907, A . Mebbold 6326 (CAL) . Nagaland, Naga Hill district, Kungba, 1525 m, December 1907, A . Meebold 7399 (CAL). MALAYAN PENINSULA, Perak, 60–90 m, September 1881, King’s coll. 2718 (CAL); Perak, 150– 150 m, January1885, King’s coll. 7077 (CAL); Perak, 150– 150 m, September 1885, King’s coll. 8196 (CAL) . MYANMAR, Joukyaghat, s.d., S . Kurz 535; Martaban, s.d., S . Kurz 536 (CAL)) .</p><p>Notes: Kurz (1872) described Garcinia succifolia from Myanmar, without mentioning any specimens. Anderson (1874) described Garcinia loniceroides based on the specimen ‘ Myanmar, Griffith 870’. But Kurz (1877) synonymized G. loniceroides under G. succifolia . However, the subsequent Indian authors Maheshwari (1964), Singh (1993) and Chauhan (2000), followed Anderson (l. c.) in their treatments, whereas IPNI (https://www.ipni.org) and WFO (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) accept priority of G. succifolia over G. loniceroides .</p><p>Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India (ed. 2) 16: 14. 1960; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 113. 1964; N.P. Singh in B . D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. Ind. 3: 127. 1993; M. R . Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra 1: 88. 1996; Arisdason &amp; P . Daniel in P . Daniel, Fl. Kerala 343. 2005; T. S . Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 276. 2014; Palkar et al., Rheedea 27(2): 146. 2017. Type: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, Gairosoppah Ghat, 20.01.1896, W. A . Talbot 3713 (holo, BSI [BSI0000000003!]; iso, CAL!) .</p><p>Garcinia ovalifolia sensu Hook.f., ( ‘ ovalifolius ’), Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 269. 1874, non Oliver, 1868, macrantha Hook.f. ex T.Anderson.</p><p>Garcinia malabarica Talbot, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11: 234. t. 1. 1897, For. Fl. Bombay Pres. 1: 96. 1909, nom. illeg., non Desr., 1792.</p><p>Xanthochymus ovalifolius sensu J.Graham, Cat. Pl. Bombay. 26. 1839, non Roxb., 1832.</p><p>Garcinia spicata var. macrantha sensu Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 311. 1893; T.Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bombay 1: 79. 1901. FiG. 15a–c</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; branches horizontal spreading; exudate white, turning brownish on exposure; branchlets apically quadrangular. Petioles 0.8–1.7 cm long, rugose, greenish, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-ovate, or ovate-oblong, 7.5–18 × 3–10 cm, acute or rarely attenuate at base, retuse or acute at apex; midrib conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins 16–32 pairs, not raised on the surface; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers pentamerous, many, fascicled axillary or terminal, 1.8–2.3 cm in diam.; pedicel c. 1 cm long, slender; sepal orbicular, concave, 0.4–0.5 cm wide; petals, creamy-white or greenish-white, orbicular-obovate, 0.6–1 × 0.5–0.8 cm, margins membranous; stamens 4–18 each, in 5-phalanges, antipetalus, disc 5, alternating with staminal bundles; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers pentamerous, many, axillary fascicled, often on old branchlets, 1.8–2.7 cm across; pedicel 1–1.5 cm long; sepals free, orbicular, concave, 0.5–0.6 cm wide, rarely ciliate on margins; petals creamy white or pale green, orbicular-obovate, concave, 1.3–1.8 × 1.5–1.9 cm, membranous; staminodes 3–5 each, in 5 phalanges, disc 5; ovary globose, 0.3–0.4 cm long, 3-locular, very rarely 4; stigmas peltate, 3-lobed, thick. Berries globose, 4–6 × 3.8–5 cm, smooth, yellow at maturity; aril pulpy. Seeds 1–3, oblong, up to 3 cm long.</p><p>Vernacular names: Haldi, Ont (Kannada); Limboti, Pansara, Tavir (Marathi).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to March; fruiting from March to June.</p><p>Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests, up to 350 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to the Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, Gerusoppa Ghat, s.d., W. A . Talbot 2693 (BSI, CAL); Diggi, 09.05.1988, W. A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Devimane, October 1919, Hallberg &amp; McCann 34583 (BLAT); Guddhehalli, Karvar, s.d., T. R . Bell 7811, 7844 (BLAT); Castle Rock, 16.04.1909, R. K . Bhide (BSI); North Kanara, 03.01.1902, s.coll. 2693 (MH); Shimoga district, Barakan, Agumbe, 28.03.1964, Sundhara Raghavan 97275 (BSI); Shimoga, Hulikal Ghat, 04.05.1978, Saldanha 7629 (MH); Hassan district, Bisle Ghat 08.01.1970, Saldanha 13013 (MH) . Kerala, Malappuram district, Cherupadi Kavu, 29.01.2014, P. S . Shameer 79607 (TBGT); Ibid., 28.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79609 (TBGT); Palakkad district, Nelliampathy ghat, 29.06.1914, S. T . Dunn s.n. (MH [MH3018]); Palakkad district, Mandampatty, 12.04.1978, Nair 56755 (MH); Thiruvananthapuram district, JNTBGRI, Arboretum cult. s.d., P. S . Shameer 72615 (TBGT) . Maharashtra, Nashik district, Nandgaon forest, Pune, 01.02.1964, Venkata Reddi 95862 (BSI); Palghar district, Shirgaon, 21.04.1957, J. A . Vasudeva 17031 (BSI); Pune district, Bhimashankar, s.d., W. A . Talbot 5024 (BSI); Auhpe forest, 23.03.1907, G. M . Ryan 1751 (BSI); Ambavne, Kakepano forest 25.03.1964, Venkata Reddi 96030 (BSI); Bhimashankar, 25.10.1956, L. A . Vasavade 8575 (BSI); Ibid., 13.06.1961, K. P . Janardhanan 72256 (BSI); Ibid., 07.06.1962, K. P . Janardhanan 76642 (BSI); Ibid., s.d., J. A. V . 9314 (BSI); Ibid., 24.02.1961, K. P . Janardhanan 69201 (BSI); Ibid., 22.04.1961, K. P . Janardhanan 72108 (BSI); Choura hill, 04.04.1962, K. P . Janardhanan 76581 (BSI); Raigad district, Lakeview, Matheran, 29.01.1957, Puri 9895 (BSI); Picnic spot, Matheran, 26.02.1959, N. A . Irani 2994 (BLAT); Ibid., 02.11.1907, H. P . Paranjpe s.n. (BSI Acc. No. 6751); Ibid., 09.11.2006, S. C . Majumdar &amp; S. K . Das 192443 (BSI); Sudagarh Fort, Pali, 09.03.1979, M. J . Kothari 156423 (BSI); Satara district, Khandala, 21.03.1903, G. A . Gammie 16163 (BSI); Koyna, 23.11.1978, R. K . Kochhar 157811 (BSI); Jaigad, Koyna, 11.02.1979, R. K . Kochhar 158332 (BSI); Sindhudurg district, Amboli, 28.04.1902, G. A . Gammie 15025 (BSI); Amboli, 09.11.1965, B. G . Kulkarni 107936 (BSI); Meroli Plateau, Khandala H . Santapau 3566, 4210 (BLAT); Ibid., 21.03.1903, G. A . Gammie 16163 (BSI); Ibid., Elphinstone slopes, 20.12.1949, H . Santapau 10585 (BLAT); Ibid., 26.01.1959, H . Santapau 866, 23053 (BLAT); Ibid., Coona River, October 1918, H . Santapau 28438 (BLAT); St. Xavier’s Rivine, s.d., H . Santapau 1747, 3251, 3252, 15422, 15423 (BLAT) .</p><p>Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Uses: The fruits yield an inferior quality of yellow gum. Its dried fruits are used like tamarind in curries (Singh, 1993).</p><p>Notes: Garcinia talbotii and G. spicata are two closely resembling species, but distinct. Garcinia talbotii is endemic to the Western Ghats whereas G. spicata is distributed in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. In almost all herbaria, both species are found erroneously identified both ways. Palkar et al. (2017) confirmed the identity of both species and demarcated their distribution as G. talboti endemic to central and northern Western Ghats, whereas G. spicata, besides Sri Lanka, has scattered distribution in southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu and Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. Garcinia malabarica Desr. (in Lam. Encycl. 3: 701, 1792) was an erroneous identification and naming for the Rheede’s ‘ Panitsjika-maram’ (Rheede, Hort. Malab. 3: 45-47, t. 41. 1682). This was later correctly identified and named as Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. (Kosteletzky, 1834; Nicolson et al., 1988).</p><p>Garcinia travancorica Bedd., Fl. Sylv. t. 173. 1872; T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 268. 1874; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb, 52. 1902; Bourd., Forest Trees Travancore 25. 1908; Brandis, Indian Trees 49; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 30.1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 224. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 120. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 128. 1993; M.Mohanan &amp; A.N.Henry Fl. Thiruvananthapuram 72. 1994; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruy WLS 32. 1997; Gopalan &amp; A.N.Henry, Endemic Pl. India Southern Western Ghats 206. 2000; K.Ravik. &amp; D.K.Ved, Illustr. Field Guide 100 Red Listed Med. Pl. 157. 2000; N.Mohanan &amp; Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 87. 2002: Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 343. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 276. 2014. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): INDIA, Travancore &amp; Tinnevelly Ghats, 01.12.1871, Beddome s.n. (GDC [G00458915 digital image!]). FiG. 15D–f</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; exudate yellow; branches horizontal; branchlets terete. Petioles 1–1.5 cm long, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina linear-oblong to sub-spathulate, 5.5–10 × 1.5–3 cm, acute at base, margins repand, acute or obtuse at apex; midribs raised above and below, conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins more than 50 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces, closely parallel, exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, usually 3 in terminal or sub-terminal, trichotomous short cymes, 1.2–1.5 × 0.8–1 cm; pedicel 0.2–0.3 cm long, stout; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.2–0.3 cm wide, margins membranous; petals creamy white, orbicular, concave, 0.5–0.7 cm wide; stamens numerous, arranged on 4 polyandrous bundles; rudimentary pistil columnar, with a circular peltate stigma. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal or sub-terminal, solitary or rarely paired, 1.3–1.5 × 8– 1.2 cm; sepals orbicular, convex, 0.4–0.5 cm wide; margins membranous; petals milky white, orbicular to sub-orbicular, 0.6–0.8 cm wide; staminodes many, free or 2–3-united, arranged in a circle around ovary; ovary sub-globose or pyriform, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 1–2-locular; stigma sessile, peltate-discoid, convex, yellow, waxy shining. Berries ovoid-oblong, 2–3 × 1–2.5 cm, smooth, with persistent discoid stigma. Seeds 1 or 2, ovoid, 2–2.5 × 0.7–1 cm.</p><p>Vernacular names: Malampongu (Malayalam).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from January to May; fruiting from April to August.</p><p>Habitat: In evergreen forests, between 950–1250 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Travancore, Beddome s.n. (MH) ; Travancore, 02.10.1894, T. F. Bourdillon 327, 328 (CAL, MH) ; Chemmunji, 22.01.1992, N. Mohanan 11037 (TBGT) ; Agasthyamalai, 20.06.1999, William Decruse &amp; Gangaprasad 15168 (TBGT) ; Chemmunji, 19.01.2000, Rajkumar 41848 (TBGT) ; Ibid., 29.02.2000, Rajkumar 38787 (TBGT) ; Ibid., 30.09.2013, Rajkumar &amp; Alister 77159 (TBGT) . Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli district, Travancore and Tinnevelley, s.d., s.coll. 2997 (MH) ; Tinnevelly hills, 1200 m, s.d., s.coll. s.n. (MH [MH2992]) ; Kalivayalpil, Tinnevelley, 01.06.1901, Barber 3051 (MH) ; Kalivayalpil to Hamington Bungalow, Travancore, 02.06.1901, Barber 3071(MH) ; Agasthyamalai, 20.08.1963, Henry 17337 (MH) ; Kanyakumari district, Upper Kodayar, 23.03.1984, Gopalan 81418 (MH) ; Muthukulyvagal, Travancore, 03.10.1904, T. F. Bourdillon 328 (MH) . Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. 411 (BM [BM000946509, digital image!]) ; December 1871, Beddome 211 (K [K000677615, digital image!]); Ibid., 212 ([K000677614 digital image!]) .</p><p>Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Uses: It yield a soluble yellow pigment used as a water colour.</p><p>Garcinia wightii T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 265.1874; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Chochinch. 33: t. 86A. 1883; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 427. 1893; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 55. 1902; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Brandis, Indian Trees 53. 1907; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 30. 1914; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 226. 1925; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 134. 1964; N.C.Nair &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu, ser. 1, 1: 28. 1983; M.Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 80. 1984; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (edn.), Fl. Ind. 3: 129. 1993; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta Dist. 62. 1994; Sasidh. &amp; Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 53. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 26. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary 22. 2002; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 42. 2004; Arisdason &amp; P.Daniel in P.Daniel Fl. Kerala 344. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 277. 2014. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): Southern India, without presise locality, 1866, R. Wight 145 (K [K000677600 digital image!]). FiG. 15G–i</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15m tall; exudation deep yellow; branches horizontally spreading; branchlets tetra-angular. Petioles 0.6–0.8 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina linear-lanceolate, 6–14 × 1.5–3 cm, acute at base, margins entire, attenuated towards tip.; midribs raised above and below, conspicuous on both sides; lateral veins 12–18 pairs per side; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary or 2–3 together, 1–1.2 × 0.8–1 cm, sessile; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.4–0.5 cm wide, margins membranaceous; petals creamy white, obovate, concave, 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.35 cm, membranaceous; stamens 12–15, arranged in a tetragonus mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, 0.5–0.7 × 1–1.5 cm, sessile; sepals orbicular, convex, 0.3–0.4 cm wide, margins membranous; petals pinkish white, obovate, 0.4–0.45 × 0.35–0.4 cm; staminodes 12–16, free or 2–3united, arranged in a ring round the ovary; ovary globose, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 4-locular; stigma sessile, large, 4-lobed. Berries sub-globose, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1 cm, smooth; stigma and sepals persistent. Seeds 4, oblong-ovoid, 0.7–0.9 × 0.4–0.45 cm.</p><p>Vernacular names: Attukaruka, Pulimaranga, Kolivala (Malayalam).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering from November to February; fruiting from January to February.</p><p>Habitat: Usually on stream sides in evergreen forests, up to 700 m elevation.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Southern Western Ghats of Kerala.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idukki district, Udumanparai, Annamalai hills, 22.11.1901, Barber 4085 (MH); Eranakulam district, Malayatur river bank, Travancore, March 1889, T. F . Bourdillon 58b (MH); Banks of Periyar river, Travancore, 10.12.1895, T. F . Bourdillon 1575 (MH); Ibid., 06.12.1904, s.coll. s.n. (TBGT [TBGT02250]); Kottayam district, Mundakayam, December, 1910, A . Meebold 12839 (MH, DD); Pathanamthitta district, Panamkutty, 22.01.1983, C. N . Mohanan 77940 (MH); Attathode, 20.03.1994, Nazarudeen 19596 (TBGT); Perumthenaruvi, 12.03.2011, S. M . Shareef 70653 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, JNTBGRI Arboretum cult., P. S . Shameer 79601 (TBGT); Ibid., 18.12.2013, P. S . Shameer 79602 (TBGT) .</p><p>Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN, 2020).</p><p>Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1. 269. 1874; Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43: 88. 1874, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 93. 1877; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 3: t. 71A. 1883; King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 168. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 315. 1893; Woodrow, J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 11: 125. 1897; T.Cooke, Fl. Pres. Bomb. 1: 78. 1901; Brandis, Indian Trees 49. 1907; Haines, Bot. Bihar &amp; Orissa 2: 53. 1921; C.E.Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 89. 1923; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 118. 1931; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 104. 1934; Burkill, Dict. Econ. Prod. Mal. Penins. 1: 1056. 1935; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine suppl. 3: 257. 1943; J.Sinclair, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 9: 87. 1955; Mac Millan, Trop. Pl. &amp; Gard (ed. 5) 258. 1956; Maheshw. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 114. 1964; Kosterm., Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 12(1): 67. 1976, in Dassan., Hand. Fl. Ceyoln 1: 87. 1980; N.R.Ugemuge, Fl. Nagpur Dist. 63. 1986; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. Ind. 3: 129. 1993; M.Mohanan &amp; A.N.Henry, Fl. Thiruvananthapuram Dist. 72. 1994; N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 144. 2000; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 42. 2004; Li Xiwen &amp; al., Fl. China 13: 41. 2007; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats. 1: 277. 2014. Lectotype (designated by Maheshwari, 1964): Herb. Martius, Brussels, Circars, W. Roxburgh s.n. (BR [BR6102010489135 digital image!]).</p><p>Xanthochymus pictorius Roxb., Pl. Cor. 2: 51. t. 196. 1805, Fl. Ind. 2: 633. 1832.</p><p>Stalagmitis pictoria G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 620. 1831.</p><p>Garcinia pictoria (Roxb.) D’Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 998. 1980, ‘ pictorius ’, (non Garcinia pictoria Roxb. 1832 .), isonym.</p><p>Vernacular names: Raja puli, Thamalam (Malayalam); Tepol-tenga (Assamese).</p><p>Flowering &amp; fruiting: Flowering and fruiting throughout the year.</p><p>Xanthochymus tinctorius DC., Prod. 1: 562. 1824; Habitat: In moist deciduous to evergreen forests, A.C.White &amp;Arn., Prod. 102. 1834; Choisy, Mem. between 100–1000 m elevation.</p><p>Sos. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 12: 43. 1851; Planch.</p><p>Distribution: India, Myanmar to Malaysia and China.</p><p>&amp; Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4., 14: 304. 1860,</p><p>orth. var. Specimens examined: INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman district, Near</p><p>Garcinia tinctoria W.Wight, Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr.</p><p>Mt. Harriet, 05.04.1884, King 242 (CAL); South</p><p>U.S. D.A. 137: 50 1909; Dunn in Gamble, Fl.</p><p>Andaman, s.d. Kurz s.n. (MH [MH46697]); Near</p><p>Madras 1: 741915; Gamble in Kew Bull. 64.1916,</p><p>port Blair, 24.07.1884, King’s coll. 205 (CAL) ;</p><p>orth. var. FiG. 15j–l</p><p>s.loc . 29.06.1914, s.coll., 6224 (MH); Manjerry,</p><p>Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15 m tall; 23.08.2003, K . Karthigeyan 19576 (PBL); Mt. exudation milky or pale green turning yellow Harriet, 11.02.2016, P . S . Shameer 86612 (TBGT); on exposure; branches usually drooping; Rutland, Bada khadi, 20.02.2004, K . Karthigeyan branchlets tetra-angular. Petioles 1–2.5 cm 21309 (PBL); North and Middle Andaman district, long, stout, angular, adaxially ligulate at base; East Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 10 m, 27.12.2011, lamina linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, M . Y . Kamble 30509 (PBL); Entrance Island, 12–45 × 4–13 cm, cuneate at base, margins 08.11.1990, P . Lakshminarasimhan 15206 (PBL); sub-repand and entire, acute-acuminate at Jharnanala Tikri, Baratang Island, 27 Octobor apex, coriaceous; midribs conspicuous above 1979, Basu 7373 (CAL); Interview Island, + 5 m, and below; lateral veins conspicuous 15–20 25.04.1964, K . Ramamurthy 18946 (PBL); Lamia pairs per side, raised above and below; exudate Bay to Kalipur, 01.04.1977, N . P . Balakrishnan 5436, canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate 5444 (PBL); Long Island, 19.10.1990, G . S . Lakhra flowers pentamerous, 4–10, fascicled axillary or 15524 (PBL); Saddle Peak Range, 28.03.1977, axils of fallen leaves, 2–3 cm across; pedicel c. 2.5 Balakrishnan 5198 (PBL); Saddle peak on the way cm long, stout; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.8–1 to hill top, 07.09.2002, R . Sumathi 18583 (PBL); cm wide, fleshy, ciliate on margins; petals pale Interview Island way to west coast, 23.09.2010, greenish, orbicular, concave, 0.8-1 cm wide, G . S . Lakhra &amp; V . M . Radhakrishnan 28730 (PBL); slightly membranaceous on margins; stamens Kalpong dam site, 21.02.2016, P . S . Shameer 86626 3–5 each, in 5 phalanges, glands 5, alternating (TBGT). Paget Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 15 m, stamina phalanges; rudimentary pistil absent. 14.03.2012, M . Y . Kamble 30622 (PBL); Saddle Pistillate flowers pentamerous, axillary, 1–10 peak foot hills, 20.02.2016, P . S . Shameer 86627 in axillary fascicles, 2.5–3 cm in diam.; pedicel (TBGT). Andhra Pradesh, Godavari district, 2–4 cm long; bracts minute, sub-orbicular, red; Vathangi, 05.02.1916, s.coll. 12677 (MH). Assam, bracteoles 2, minute, c. 1 cm long; sepals pale Kamarup rural district, 31.10.1954, Deka 23361 greenish, orbicular, concave, 0.4–0.6 × 0.4–0.5 (ASSAM); Upper Assam, G . Mann 589 (DD); cm, shortly clawed, ciliate on margins; petals pale Lakhimpur district, Digboi, 15.06.1938, Deka greenish, orbicular, concave, 0.7–1 cm wide, 17012 (ASSAM);. Karnataka, Udupi district, margins membranous; staminodes 5-phalangiate Karkala, South Kanara, 06.04.1970, Rajagopal bundles, alternating with 5 fleshy glandular disc; Shetty 3999 (MH); Uttara Kannada district, ovary ovoid, 0.2–0.3 cm in diam., 5-locular; Karvar, April 1928, T . R . Bell 3969 (BLAT); Sirsi, style very short; stigma 5-rayed, spreading, 01.04.1886, W . A . Talbot s.n. (BSI); Sirsi-Siddhipur, entire, peltate. Berries sub-globose, 5–6 cm October 1919, Hallberg &amp; McCann 34784 (BLAT); in diam curved-mamellate, bright yellow on Sonda, 06.05.1896, W . A . Talbot 3656 (BSI); ripening; remnants of stigma persistent. Seeds Yellapur, Saharahalli, 26.05.1954, H . Santapau 1–4, oblong-compressed, 2–3 × 1.2–1.5 cm, 18741 (BLAT); Ibid., 17.11.1950, A . R . Baraganza embedded in pulpy aril. s.n. (DD). Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram district,</p><p>Thumpa, VSSC campus (cult.) 07.01.2016, Teema Joseph 87099 (TBGT); JNTBGRI orchard (cult.), 21.04.2018, S. M . Shreef 79297 (TBGT). Maharashtra, Mumbai city district, Victoria Garden, Bombay, January, 1917, s.coll. 13815 (BLAT); Malabar Hill, Bombay, April 1917, s.coll. 13817 (BLAT). Pune district, College Garden, Pune, 09.06.1902, L . D. Garade 377 (BLAT, BSI); Meroli Plateau, Khandala, 10.04.1943, H . Santapau &amp; MCMcnnan 1892 (BLAT); Meghalaya, East Khasi Hill district, Shillong, 915 m, 20.08.1886, C. B . Clarke 44626 (GDC, image!); Khasi, J . D. Hooker &amp; T . Thomson s.n. (CAL). Mizoram, Mizo district, South Lushai, between Luichong and Demagiri, A. T . Gage 205 (CAL). West Bengal, Dargling district, Mungpoo, s.d., Prain’s coll. s.n. (CAL); Kurseong, 31.03.1911, Rihu &amp; Rhomboo 4984 (CAL). Without precise locality, 1901, s.coll. 131 (CAL). BANGLADESH, Chittagong hill tracks, 1875, J. L . Lister 238 (CAL); Chittagong Hill Track, 1876, Lister s.n. (MH [MH63602]); J . D. Hooker &amp; Thomson s.n.. (CAL); Kodala hills Chittagong, February 1886, Badul Kha n 421 (CAL); Barkul, Chittagong, 30.03.1876, J. L . Lister s.n. (CAL). MYANMAR: Martaban, s.coll. 542 (CAL). SRI LANKA: s.d., Waltter 128 (CAL) .</p><p>Uses: Fruit is edible and has a juicy pulp with a pleasant acidic flavor, used for preserving jams and cool drinks. Exudates from the plant parts are used in dyeing. Bark of the tree and latex of unripe fruits are used to make yellow dye. (Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021).</p><p>Note: The authority of the species is differently given in floras and databases, either as G. xanthochymus Hook.f. or G. xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson. In the treatment of Guttiferae in Fl. Brit. Ind., J.D Hooker has given a preface note (Vol. 1. Page 259) that the account of the British India Guttiferae was drawn up by T. Anderson shortly before his death in 1870. But for the reduction of Xanthochymus to Garcinia, Hooker himself is answerable. In this context, the authors treat G. xanthochymus Hook.f. as the correct authority for the species.</p><p>Anderson (1874), Dunn (1915), Maheshwari (1964), and Singh (1993) reported G. xanthochymus as distributed throughout India. Floristic accounts pertaining to the Western Ghats (Cook, 1901; Nair &amp; Henry, 1983; Saldanha &amp; Ramesh, 1984; Sasidharan, 2004; Nayar et al., 2006, 2014), also considered it native to their respective areas. But on perusal of specimens in herbaria and through field studies, we found that the species occurring wild only in Northeast India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Whatever specimens are confirmed as G. xanthochymus from other parts of India are all from cultivated sources, as it is widely grown as a fruit plant throughout the country.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E50C52F129F4BA5F2B814E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E49C529112A4FF5F4911677.text	03E5C2316E49C529112A4FF5F4911677.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia jelinckii Kurz ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	<div><p>Garcinia jelinckii Kurz ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 172. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 487. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 135. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma &amp; Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 131. 1993; Dagar &amp; N.T. Singh, Pl. Res. Andaman and Nicobar Isl. Enum. 2: 418. 1999. Lectotype (designated by Marinho, 2017): INDIA, Nicobar Island, Tillangchong, s.d.,</p><p>Novara 169 / L. Jelinek 106 (W [W0073376]; isolecto CAL [CAL47010!]).</p><p>Notes: King (1890) treated this taxon based on a single collection (L. Jelinek 106). Maheshwari commented “a specimen with leaves like a Garcinia and detached fruit of a true Garcinia (Jelinek 106 Exped. Novara No. 169, Nicobar Island), collected by Dr. Jelinck, has been thus named in Calcutta Herbarium. The material is too imperfect to be dealt with”. Maheshwari (1964) and Singh (1993) included as a doubtful species. Though Parkinson (1923) did not include the species, Dagar and Singh (1999) included it in Andaman Flora . Though a duplicate of the specimen designated as type (Marinho 2017) is located at W (W 0073376 image!), with few leaves and a dried fruit, it is difficult to come to an otherwise conclusion. Hence it is treated here as doubtful species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E49C529112A4FF5F4911677	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E48C529129F4D42F7831341.text	03E5C2316E48C529129F4D42F7831341.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel, Ann.	<div><p>Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 927. 1989. Rheedia intermedia Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13: 454. 1912.</p><p>Dioecious, evergreen small trees, up to 5–6 m tall, native to southern Mexico and Central America. Fruits globose, smooth, c. 4 cm in diam., orange to red on ripening, with pulpy aril, is edible. The fruit commonly known as ‘ Lemon drop mangosteen’ is primarily consumed fresh, but can also be used to make juices, jams and jellies. Introduced and widely grown throughout tropics.</p><p>Specimen examined: Thiruvananthapuram, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden, cultivated in the garden, 100 m, 23.01.2015, S. M . Shareef 70677 (TBGT).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E48C529129F4D42F7831341	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E48C529129F4FE3F5FE14F1.text	03E5C2316E48C529129F4FE3F5FE14F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot	<div><p>Garcinia livingstonei T.Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot 9: 263. 1867; Oliv., Fl. Trop. Africa 1: 165. 1868.</p><p>Dioecious evergreen shrubs or bush-like trees, 4–15 m tall, native to a wide range in Tropical Africa from Ivory coast to Somalia and South Africa. Commonly known as African mangosteen, it is a traditional fruit plant throughout its range of distribution. Maheshwari included the plant based on cultivation in Indian Botanic Gardens. We found a plant growing in the Goa University Garden. Cultivated rarely in some parts of India.</p><p>Specimens examined: INDIA, Royal Botanic Garden, Kolkata, Cultivated, 17.04.1902, s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL46877]) ; Ibid., s.d., s.coll. s.n. (CAL [CAL47266]) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E48C529129F4FE3F5FE14F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
03E5C2316E48C529112448B1F548104A.text	03E5C2316E48C529112448B1F548104A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcinia mangostana	<div><p>Garcinia mangostana L., Sp. Pl. 443. 1753.</p><p>Garcinia mangostana is a dioecious, evergreen tree, that grows up to 20–25 m tall, known only in cultivation and is not found in wild (Richard, 1990). The fruit commonly known as ‘mangosteen’ considered as the most delicious among tropical fruits and is popularly known as the ‘Queen of fruits’ widely cultivated throughout wet tropical areas of Southeast Asian regions.</p><p>Specimens examined: Cultivated in INDIA, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, South Andaman district, Chiriatapau, Inland forests, 30.05.1974, K . Thothathri &amp; N. G . Nair 1093 (PBL). Tamil Nadu, Thenkasi district, Courtallam, November 1901, M . Rama Rao 126 (TBGT). Kerala, Kollam district, Rosemala, 16.02.1997, A . Nazarudeen 34103 (TBGT); Pathanamthitta district, Muzhiar, 07.02.1994, A . Nazarudeen 19076 (TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, Orchard, JNTBGRI, 10.03.2014, S. M . Shareef 79247 (TBGT); Ibid., 23.03.2016, P. S . Shameer 86632 (TBGT). MYANMAR, Mergui, March 1911, A . Meebold 14099 (CAL). Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. 5744 (CAL); Ibid.,1822, Wallich 4872 (CAL) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5C2316E48C529112448B1F548104A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	N., Mohanan;P. S., Shameer;Abstract, T. Sabu;L., Garcinia	N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu, L., Garcinia (2023): Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India. Rheedea 33 (3): 101-158, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.03.01
