taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E487D77205092D7ADBFDA62C27F818.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BOLIVIA. La Paz: Mapiri region, San Carlos, 850 meters, 15 March 1927, fl., O. Buchtien 906 (holotype: B (destroyed). Lectotype: US 00115034, designated here).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D77205092D7ADBFDA62C27F818.taxon	description	Description. Plant a strong tendrillate vine with branches 5 – 7 m long, glabrous to glaucous throughout, the glaucous vestiture especially potent on younger branches. Stem subterete to very obscurely striate, stark lavender-purple in colour, distinctly glaucous; stipules semi-oblong to rounded or widely reniform, 1.5 – 2.2 cm long, 0.7 – 1.2 cm wide, mucronate terminating into a mucro 3 – 4.5 mm long, becoming slightly yellowish at the tip, margins entire, persistent; petioles 2.5 – 4.2 cm long, distinctly caniculate, bearing 4 – 6 opposite to subopposite sessile glands about 0.8 – 1.0 mm in diameter, glands raised, consistently having 2 opposite glands located just below the blade. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 7.5 – 15 × 3.2 – 7.5 cm wide, gradually acute towards the apex, shallowly cordate at base, margins entire throughout, quintuple-veined with conspicuously reticulate veins, foliar texture thick coriaceous, persistently conduplicate folded, bright green above, glaucescent beneath. Inflorescence singular, with purple to lavender flowers; peduncles stout, 3 – 4.5 cm long, borne sub horizontally; bracts ovate-lanceolate, often deciduous, 6 – 7 mm long, 2 – 3 mm wide, acuminate at apex, cordulate, borne about 15 – 18 mm below the base of the flower. Flower showy, 8.5 – 10 cm in diameter, lavender with purple, sepals and petals slightly reflexed at anthesis, scented; hypanthium broadly campanulate, about 6 – 7 mm long, green and glaucous externally, white internally; sepals linear-oblong, 4.1 – 4.8 cm long, 1.2 – 1.5 cm wide, obtuse and slightly cucullate at apex, dorsally corniculate, awn a distinctly hooked, 3 – 4 mm long keel, lavender blue adaxially, a light green abaxially; petals linear-oblong, slightly shorter than sepals, 3.6 – 3.9 cm long, 1.0 – 1.2 cm wide, obtuse, very membranous, lavender-purple; corona in 5 – 6 series, purple of various shades of intensity; outer series liguliform, 2.8 – 3.4 cm long, wine red at base becoming purple-blue towards the apex terminating in a whitish tip, a single slightly paler band around 1 / 3 the length, slightly wavy in upper part; inner 2 – 3 series stubby, 1 – 2 mm long, dark wine-red; innermost 2 series capitellate, erect, increasing in size to 3 and 5 mm respectively, wine-red leading to a white to whitish tip; operculum complex, 8 – 11 mm high, connate and cleft nearly to base of the androgynophore into slightly overlapping segments giving the base a somewhat plicate appearance, upper portion becoming distinctly filamentose, wine red in basal half, white to light pink in upper half; limen closely surrounding base of gynophore, membranous; androgynophore greenish-brown with purple speckles, about 11 – 15 mm tall; ovary ovoid, glaucous; pollen orange-yellow; anthers greenish-yellow; stigma deep green throughout. Fruit [immature] globose to subglobose, greenish blue with glaucous covering.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D77205092D7ADBFDA62C27F818.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and conservation. Out of the two species collected by Otto Buchtien, Passiflora guentheri is noticeable the more common across Bolivia. The authors have sighted five new populations for the species, including regions such as Apolo, Mapiri, Caranavi and Villa Tunari where it grows in sub-Amazonian premontane forests at elevations between 800 and 1350 m. Two more populations were identified from nameless herbaria at Santa Cruz (USZ) and La Paz (LPB), Wood et al. 19897 and Landivar et al. 16, adding to a total extent of occurrence (EOO) of 9,200 km 2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km 2. This would class Passiflora guentheri as Vulnerable to Endangered in accordance with the IUCN (2022) guidelines. Plants were seen growing almost exclusively in the direct vicinity of water, whether it being next to a small river or in the wake of a waterfall. This strongly suggests that the species requires high levels of moisture year-round, but also poses a possible conservation risk as contamination upstream could mean adversity to plants growing alongside the river downstream. Mining is a significant conservation concern throughout the regions where Passiflora guentheri was found, alluding to further deterioration of habitats and rivers in the nearby future. For this reason, the authors agree EN (endangered) may be an adequate assessment for this species. Notes. Killip (1938) and Harms (1929) were correct keeping it as two separate species, for their differences extend both vegetative and floral morphology. The original opercular traits that Killip described for Passiflora guentheri are less unique than what he made out in his writings (Killip 1938). The virtually plicate structure is shared similarly with other species from this alliance (i. e. P loretensis Killip (1931: 349), and P. populifolia Triana & Planch. (1873: 150 )), including P. mapiriensis albeit lesser distinct. A new trait that showed to be rather consistent among the several populations sighted, however, were the remarkable purple stems which, against the fresh green foliage, marked a stunning contrast in colour and a ready means of identification for the species. The leaves are distinctly coriaceous in texture, and noticeable folded in a “ V ” shape (conduplicate) orientation throughout. Other differences include vestiture and vegetative texture, with Passiflora guentheri being distinctly glaucous with thick coriaceous laminas, while in P. mapiriensis the vestiture is sparingly pubescent to puberulent, and the leaves noticeably more membranous in texture. The distribution appears to be scattered, and although P. mapiriensis was explicitly named after the Mapiri region, we only found P. guentheri plenty within this region. Lastly, in regard to its taxonomic placement within the genus, despite the dissitate bracts, something seen also in P. populifolia and P. herthae Harms (1940: 49), the flower is consistent with the members of sect. Simplicifoliae and thus should be placed accordingly.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D77203092B7ADBFF6C2928FECC.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BOLIVIA. La Paz: Mapiri region, San Carlos, 850 meters, 13 May 1927, fl., O. Buchtien 903 (holotype: B (destroyed). Lectotype: US 00115064, designated here).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D77203092B7ADBFF6C2928FECC.taxon	description	Description. Plant a weakly tendrillate vine with branches 3 – 5 m long, essentially glabrous to very sparingly pubescent throughout (except for the ovary), with indument limited to younger stems. Stem subterete to slightly striate, slender, green throughout; stipules narrowly semi-lanceolate to narrowly reniform, 1 – 14 mm long, about 3 – 5 mm wide, longacuminate at apex turning into a mucro of 1.5 – 2 mm long, mucro slightly yellow at the very tip, semi-cordulate at base, soon deciduous; petioles 1.5 – 4.5 cm long, very slender, sparingly pubescent, caniculate, bearing 4 – 6 opposite to subopposite sessile glands about 0.6 mm in diameter, glands raised. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate oblong, 4.7 – 8.5 × 3.2 – 6.5 cm wide, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, entire throughout, quintupli veined, membranous, deep green above, dullish green below. Inflorescence in pairs, deep purple; peduncles 2 – 3 cm long, stout, erect; bracts borne about 7 – 9 mm below the base of the flower, lanceolate terminating into a mucro, 8 – 10 mm long, acuminate, membranous, green, mucro about 1 – 2 mm long. Flower showy, 6.5 – 8.7 cm in diameter, lavender to purple with a dark purple corona, sepals and petals reflexed at anthesis, scented; hypanthium deeply campanulate, 6 – 7 mm long, green to greenish yellow on the outside, green on the inside, sparingly pubescent; sepals narrowly oblong, 3.4 – 3.8 cm long, 7 – 8 mm wide, obtuse at apex, slightly cucullate, without dorsal awn or keel, lavender to purple adaxially, greenish and pubescent abaxially, central vein pronounced by a dark shade of green; petals lanceolate-oblong, subequal to sepals, obtuse, purple, very thinly membranous; corona in 4 – 5 series, purple of various shades of intensity; outer series filiform, 2.2 – 2.9 cm long, very dark purple becoming lighter towards the apex terminating in a whitish tip, a single slightly paler band around 2 / 3 the length; inner series filiform to liguliform, 2.2 – 3.8 mm long, very dark purple, slightly length increasing towards center; operculum filamentose, erect and cleft around the androgynophore, 7.5 – 9 mm long, connate at base, dark purple becoming wine-red towards apex; limen closely surrounding base of gynophore, membranous; androgynophore greenish with dark purple speckles, about 18 – 22 mm tall; ovary ovoid, puberulent to pubescent; pollen greenish-yellow; anthers light greenish-yellow; stigma deep green throughout. Fruit not seen.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D77203092B7ADBFF6C2928FECC.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and conservation. Despite its name, the new populations seen for the species were all limited to the Carrasco National Park in Cochabamba department. The type locality, within the south-east of the Mapiri region, is greatly altered by unsustainable farming and mining, and no species from this alliance were seen within its proximities. In the Carrasco National Park, the species was found only nearby Siquena at elevations of around 950 – 1250 m. Here, the vegetation becomes distinct tropical rainforest, and the species was found growing in the undergrowth along slopes and small bush. Evidently extremely rare, only three plants were seen within proximity, making it essentially a single population. This population covers an Extent Occurrence of about 0.150 km 2, with an AOO of <10 km 2, ranking it Critically Endangered in accordance with the IUCN (2022) guidelines. Were the original Mapiri location taken into this calculation the EOO would increase to 95 km 2, maintaining the CR rating in this category. The authors agree with this assessment, as either locality is under significant threat of forest clearance and unsustainable land-use resulted from mining. The current Carrasco population grows in very close proximity to an actively expanding hydroelectrical operation, marking the future of this population highly uncertain. Notes. Killip (1938) did not write any taxonomic comments for Passiflora mapiriensis and treated it simply as a member of P. sect. Simplicifoliae. The type specimen that was designated for this species showed the broadly ovate shape of the leaf and a large open flower, although the stipules were absent in that specimen. Killip did include a description of the stipules meaning he must have had this information, possibly from the original manuscript by Harms (1929). The large population we found in the Carrasco National Park match the botanical descriptors provided by both Harms (1929) and Killip (1938) perfectly, additionally showing the deciduous nature of the narrow stipules explaining why they were absent in the type. The flower, showing remarkably similar colours to P. bangii (Masters 1907: 363) found also within the same habitat, is typical for the species of that alliance. The partially plicated opercular structure, emphasized for in P. guentheri, shows somewhat of a similar resemblance in this species, although the linear filaments are much more pronounced. The differences between Passiflora mapiriensis and P. guentheri are best seen in the leaves and vegetative indument. P. mapiriensis appears to have very broadly ovate, membranous and “ flat ” leaves, whereas in P. guentheri the leaves are noticeably more elongate, coriaceous in texture and charismatically folded in a “ V ” shape. The stems of P. mapiriensis are green (opposed to purple) and are sparingly pubescent (vs. glaucous). The stipules, though deciduous, are very narrowly lanceolate to thinly reniform, while in P. guentheri the stipules are persistent, and semi-oblong to widely reniform. The flower, albeit it similar in general structure, is noticeably darker in the colour of the corona, with a much shorter inner coronal structure whereas in P. guentheri the corona appears to be more “ stepped ”, with the series gradually becoming longer towards the center of the flower. Lastly, just like Killip (1938) mentioned, the ovary of P. mapiriensis is distinctly pubescent, whereas in P. guentheri this organ is glabrous.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D7720109267ADBFF6F2C18FE14.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BOLIVIA. Cochabamba department, Carrasco National Park. Found along the Río Ivirizu just north of Sehuencas, 17 o 29 ’ 48.2 ” S, 065 o 16 ’ 20.4 ” W, 2224 m, 18 October 2021, M. H. Porcel, J. A. Balderrama, F. Bayá, B. Céspedes 102 (holotype: BOLV! [no barcode]. isotypes: BOLV!, USZ!).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D7720109267ADBFF6F2C18FE14.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Passiflora chaskajina is similar to P. dalechampioides and P. mapiriensis. It differs from the former by its consistently unlobed leaves, and numerous petiolar glands, and from the latter by the colour of the flower, the likewise larger number of glands along the petiole, and their glandular shape (stipitate vs. sessile).	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D7720109267ADBFF6F2C18FE14.taxon	description	Description. Plant a strong tendrillate vine with 5 – 6 m long branches, glabrous throughout; stem terete, fresh green; stipules semi-ovate to reniform, 1.3 – 2.0 × 0.8 – 1.2 cm wide at widest point, acuminate at apex, entire to marginally serrate along the lower half, membranous, persistent on the younger branches only; petioles 3.0 – 5.8 cm long, slightly caniculate in apical 3 / 4 th, glandular with (4 –) 6 – 10 (– 18) stipitate glands located along the upper half, glands placed in (sub-) opposite pairs, about 1.5 – 2.5 mm long, slightly hooked towards apex. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10 – 22 × 7 – 9 cm wide at widest point, gradually acute towards apex, cordate to shallowly cordate at base, septupleveined, conspicuously reticulate-veined, margins entire except for very obscure serration within the basal sinuses only, texture membranous to sub-coriaceous, deep green above, a dullish green beneath. Peduncles solitary, 0.8 – 1.3 cm long, subhorizontal to slightly pendent; bracts foliaceous, ovate, 1.1 cm long, about 0.7 cm wide, acute to acuminate at apex, terminating into a short mucro about 2 mm long, dissitate positioned about 3 – 5 mm below the base of the flower. Flowers very showy, white with purple-red, about 8.2 cm wide, strongly scented; hypanthium deeply campanulate, about 5 mm wide, about 3 mm deep, green externally; sepals linear-oblong, 3.6 cm long, about 0.7 cm wide, obtuse at apex, white adaxially, a light green abaxially, dorsally corniculate with a fleshy green awn just below apex, awn 9 mm long, green, acute; petals subequal to sepals, 2.2 cm long, about 0.9 cm wide, oblong, obtuse to rounded at apex, white on both sides, membranous; corona filaments in 4 – 5 series, white with purple stripes and reddish accents; outer series filiform, 0.8 – 1 cm long, radiate, reddish-pink in the basal quarter followed by white, becoming white-purple striped in the dorsal half; those of the succeeding 2 – 3 series much shorter, filiform, 3 – 5 mm long, capitellate, erect to slightly curved, reddish-pink in basal half becoming white to whitish in upper half; operculum fused into linear segments, slightly curved inwards over the edge of the raised limen floor, reddish with whitish apex, 3 – 4 mm high, cleft along the base of the androgynophore; limen floor raised, becoming a whitish-yellow disk at the base of the androgynophore; androgynophore greenish-yellow, about 5 mm tall; ovary ovoid to ellipsoid, very minutely ribbed with 5 swollen ridges, glabrous to glabrescent; pollen light yellow; anthers light greenish-yellow; stigma green throughout. [Immature] Fruit ellipsoid, glaucous, green. Phenology. Passiflora chaskajina was seen in flower between September and October, which in its native Carrasco corresponds with the onset of the wet season. Early fruiting was seen in the September.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D7720109267ADBFF6F2C18FE14.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet derives from the Quechua “ ch’aska jina ”, meaning “ like a star ”. This is a reference of the brilliant white flowers contrasting against the dark foliage of the dense forest.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
03E487D7720109267ADBFF6F2C18FE14.taxon	distribution	Distribution, habitat and conservation. This new species has been found across several locations scattered across the eastern Yungas of central Andean Bolivia. All of the locations fall within the department of Cochabamba, where the species were seen in valleys of the Carrasco National Park. The largest population of Passiflora chaskajina was found around the small Carrasco township of Sehuencas, where it grows in low river forests, mostly restricted to the understory of the umbriferous forest. Smaller populations were seen along the Río Espiritu Santo north of Villa Tunari, near to Cristal Mayu in the western quadrant of the Carrasco, and north of Comarapa, which marks the far eastern extreme of where this species has been sighted. At all these locations the plants were seen within similar habitats at elevations between 1600 and 2400 m, mostly in the vicinity of a small river or mountain creek. Conservation. In total, five populations of Passiflora chaskajina were seen across an extend occurrence (EOO) of 750 – 800 km 2, with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 20 km 2, scaling the new species as Endangered (EN) in accordance with the IUCN (2022) criteria B 2 ab (i, ii) and C. Given the mining and habitat fragmentation present within the natural area, combined with the low abundance of the species in situ, the authors deem this an appropriate assessment for the new species. Notes. First seen during a new road opening in as recent as 2020, Passiflora chaskajina marks the third Bolivian endemic member of P. sect. Simplicifoliae. The stipitate petiolar nectaries, positioned in poorly arranged pairs that are mostly distributed among the upper half of the stalk, can be as numerous as 18, making it the highest number of petiolar nectaries seen in any member of P. subg. Passiflora (thus by extension, P. sect. Simplicifoliae). The length of the peduncle is remarkable, reaching up to 14 cm long with a subhorizontal to slightly pendent orientation suggesting affinity to P. sect. Kermesinae (Killip ex Cervi) Feuillet & J. M. MacDougal (2003: 38). These two traits alone, make P. chaskajina stand out easily from any of the other members of P. sect. Simplicifoliae or even P. sect. Stipulatae native to Bolivia. The structure of the flower is rather unusual for its taxonomic alliance. The limen floor is noticeably raised forming what appears to be a physical barrier, loosely protected by the operculum and 2 – 3 filiform coronal series. Similar structures are seen only in some members of Passiflora supersect. Stipulatae such as P. urubicensis Cervi (2003: 53) and P. subulata Mast. (1872: 567), neither of which are native to Bolivia. By floral colour and size, the nearest related species seem to be P. dalechampioides Killip (1927: 429), which shares a Bolivian distribution albeit endemic to the western department of La Paz. P. chaskajina is easily distinguished however, by its unlobed foliage whereas P. dalechampioides is three-foliate; and by the inner structure of flower. Although the effective pollinator has not been observed within its habitat, from the position of the pollen it is likely that the pollinator is a medium to large species of bee.	en	Kuethe, J. R., Balderrama, José A., Fuentes, Alfredo, Justiniano, Hermes, Lanas, Mattias (2025): Resolving the Passiflora guentheri and P. mapiriensis enigma: identifying a third member of Passiflora sect. Simplicifoliae from the eastern Yungas, Bolivia. Phytotaxa 697 (2): 166-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.697.2.2
