taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E715280A053C35E4FD2BC0FD9F03B4.taxon	description	The genus Baryssinus Bates, 1864 is composed of 15 species (Tavakilian & Chevillotte 2024). Up to now, the immatures of this genus were unknown. Larva and pupa of Baryssinus marisae Martins & Monné, 1974 are herein described and illustrated for the first time.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A063C32E4FD2DBCFEC60110.taxon	description	(Figs 1 – 26) Description Larva (Figs 1 – 23). Length: 14 – 21 mm. Body (Figs 12 – 14, 21 – 23) soft, smooth, yellowish-white, subcylindrical, slightly dorsoventrally depressed; mesothorax and abdominal segments VII – IX widened. Head light yellow on distal third, with brown mouth frame and black mandibles; labrum light yellowish; maxillae and labium membranous, partially brownish. Pubescence sparse, long and ferruginous, irregularly distributed, denser and longer ventrally and dorsally on prothorax, and laterally on all other segments, including abdominal apex. Head (Figs 1, 2, 12 – 14, 21 – 22) moderately convex, deeply retracted into prothorax, only anterior third exposed, longer than wide, slightly narrowed, converging and rounded posteriorly. Median frontal endocarina short, not reaching epistomal margin; dorsomedian cranial duplicature visible. Frontal suture distinct only at antennal base; antennal ring bisected by anterior end of frontal lines. Epistomal margin (Figs 1, 3) almost straight; frons anteriorly with transverse carina, parallel to epistomal margin; anterior fourth of cephalic capsule with sunken sensilla; three pairs of epistomal setae almost equidistant; dorsally, each epicranial half with six short setae: five anterior frontal setae; one epicranial seta below frontal line. Stemmata absent, even translucent lens. Foramen entire. Hypostomal line elongate, not reaching foramen; an internal carina parallel to each hypostomal line. Gular lines absent; gular area with two pairs of setae. Antennae (Figs 5, 6) short, extensible, slightly sclerotized and with one antennomere; antennifer elongate and membranous; antennomere elongate, sclerotized except at apex, with two ventral and four dorsal campaniform sensilla; apex with one cupuliform membranous sensorium, sclerotized basally, and two long and two short and thick dorsal setae, and one short and four long and thick ventral setae. Clypeus transverse, trapezoidal and membranous, with six campaniform sensilla on each side. Labrum (Figs 1, 3, 12) 1.6 times wider than long with rounded sides; thick and long setae more concentrated on distal third; campaniform sensilla dispersed near base. Epipharynx (Fig. 4) densely covered with thick setae directed medially; basal region with microspines and campaniform sensilla distributed in two longitudinal bands near middle; one sclerite on each side of basal half (tormae). Mandibles (Figs 15 – 20) strongly sclerotized, wide, symmetrical; apex widely rounded and declivous; one subapical dorsal triangular tooth (outworn on right mandible); mesal face of apical half with two inclined irregular keels; external margin irregularly striate on basal half and bearing two setae (broken in Figs 19 – 20). Maxillolabial complex (Figs 9, 14) partially membranous; submentum, maxillary articulating areas and cardines fused; maxillary articulating areas with a few thick and moderately long setae and some campaniform sensilla. Distal part of maxilla: stipes brownish, sclerotized on latero-internal band, continues with transverse, inclined and punctuate band; long setae near band and on lateral margins; mala wider and shorter than palpus, with rounded apex, transverse sclerotized band near base and numerous long setae ventrally at apex; dorsal setae longer and dense laterally and apically. Palpifer membranous, almost totally sclerotized ventrally, with long setae more concentrated dorsally; sunken sensilla ventrally near base. Maxillary palpi trimerous, with complete rings pigmented; basal palpomere elongate, ventrally with four moderately long setae and two campaniform sensilla and dorsally with four setae and four campaniform sensilla; second palpomere almost as long as wide, ventrally with two setae and one campaniform sensillum and dorsally with one seta and one campaniform sensillum; distal palpomere (Fig. 10) with a medio-apical seta; ventrally with one digitiform sensillum, and a well-developed round apical membranous area with six peg-like sensilla. Distal part of labium: mentum wider than long with lateral angles rounded; five setae (one longer) on each side near base. Prelabium well separated; prementum narrowed basally, with some setae near middle and many sunken sensilla near base; palpiger with a fringe of setae of varied sizes, pigmentation not divided medially; ligula rounded, margined by a band of thick and long setae. Labial palpi dimerous, palpomeres with complete rings pigmented; palpomeres elongate; basal palpomere with a fringe of long setae near apex and one ventral campaniform sensillum; distal palpomere (Fig. 11) with one lateral campaniform sensillum, and a rounded apical membranous area bearing five peg-shaped sensilla. Hypopharynx (Fig. 8) continuous with dorsal ligula, soft and swollen, covered with thick setae, except on median anterior region; with microspines and campaniform sensilla near base. Prothorax (Figs 12 – 14, 21 – 22) longer than meso- and metathorax combined; wider than long, widened basally; hind angles rounded; convex dorsally and flat ventrally. Pronotum strongly convex near anterior margin; median impressed line incomplete anteriorly; anteriorly with one transverse, short and irregular yellowish patch near anterior margin, extending laterally on alar lobes; one basal, transverse, subpentagonal and microspiculate patch, almost reaching pronotum midlength, finer medially, with anterior margin darker yellowish and deeply sinuate; anterior pronotal margin and alar lobes bearing sparse ferrugineous setae; alar lobe adjacent to basal pronotal microspiculate; epipleuron partially yellow; prothoracic venter with a pair of small elliptical yellowish patches of microspicules on coxosternum; mediopresternum glabrous; anterior and anterolateral prosternal regions bearing many ferrugineous setae. Meso- and metathorax dorsally and ventrally with sparse setae, denser on epipleura and longer ventrally. Mesothorax dorsally shorter than metathorax; scutum straight and glabrous; alar lobe setose; mesothoracic spiracle elliptical, with many marginal chambers on both margins (Figs 7, 22); epipleura distinct and setose; ventrally with a transverse impression and a fringe of setae anteriorly. Metathorax dorsally with a transverse row of tubercles and sparse setae, denser laterally; alar lobe and epipleura setose; venter with a transverse groove margined anteriorly by a row of setae. Legs absent. Abdomen. Segments I – III transverse similar in length; segments I – VI decreasing in width, and IV – VI increasing in length; segment VI narrower and longer than previous ones; segments VII – IX wider due to protuberant epipleuron; in preserved material, segments III – VII with one transverse fold each; segments I – VIII bearing one elliptical spiracle on each side (larger on segment I); segments I – VII each with one dorsal and one ventral elliptical medially impressed irregularly tuberculate ampulla; parascuta and spiracular areas setose; tergum IX (Figs 12, 23) with distinct elliptical sclerite near apex; segment X terminal with trilobate apex. Epipleural tubercles present on segments I – VII, oval, each with two setae and one dorsal and one ventral sclerotized pit (ventral smaller). Dorsal and ventral abdominal intersegmental zones do not meet each other and overlap. Pupa (Figs 24, 25). Length: 11 mm. Coloration cream yellowish (darkened after fixation). Pubescence fine, short and brownish; each seta inserted at base of a sclerotized short spine, larger on abdomen; setigerous spines sometimes tiny and not well visible. Head partially visible from above. Frons with 4 – 5 setigerous spines at antennal base. Three setigerous spines on internal margin of each eye; clypeus with a basal row of eight setae; labrum basally with three long setae on each side. Antennae separately recurved beneath, loop reaching third ventrite. Pronotum wider than long, trapezoidal, with rounded lateral upturned tubercles near base; each tubercle with three long setae; a group of three setae near middle of each tubercle; other setae dispersed on pronotum; one row of about six pairs of rounded verruciform tubercles near base. Mesonotum with one seta at elytral base; each elytron laterally with a patch of several setae, distant of base; scutellum glabrous. Metanotum with 2 – 3 setae on each side; posteromedial area slightly prominent. Elytra and wings reaching ventrite 2. Apices of femora with crown of setae. Abdominal segments I – II dorsally with two patches of setae near middle and a few scattered setae laterally; segments III – VI each with one patch anterior (sometimes divided), two patches near posterior margin, and two or three dispersed setae on each side; segment VII narrow and longer with setae concentrated at middle; segment VIII C-shaped, surrounding apex of segment VII, with irregular transverse median row of setae; basal setigerous spines very long; segment IX narrow, margined by eight long setigerous spines on distal margin, without a distinct terminal spine or urogomphi. Functional spiracles laterally on segments I – VI; those on VII – VIII closed and probably non-functional; spiracles decreasing in size posteriorly.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A063C32E4FD2DBCFEC60110.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande (Mata da Querência), 09. IX. 1992 [in Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) new host plant record], Exp. MZUSP, 1 larva fixed, 1 larva reared to pupa (larval exuvia fixed), 2 larvae reared to adult (larval and pupal exuviae fixed) (MZSP 8703); idem, (Mata da Restinga, bairro Costa Verde), 11. IX. 1992, Exp. MZUSP, 6 larvae fixed (MZSP 8707).	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A063C32E4FD2DBCFEC60110.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Larvae of Baryssinus marisae are characterized especially by the body shape, wider on mesothorax and abdominal segments VII – IX, and narrower on segments V – VI; abdominal segments III – VII with one transverse fold each; abdominal segments VII – IX with protuberant epipleuron; head slightly narrowed posteriorly and frontal sutures distinct only at antennal base; frons anteriorly with a transverse carina parallel to epistomal margin; epistomal setae almost equidistant; stemmata absent; antennae with single antennomere; mandible with one subapical triangular tooth (but mandibles are subject to considerable wear); ambulatory ampullae irregularly tuberculate, each with a longitudinal median impression; and tergite IX with distinct elliptical sclerite. This is the first record of a host plant for this genus.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A023C32E4FD285EFD4D02A4.taxon	description	The genus Oedopeza Audinet-Serville, 1835 is composed of 15 species (Roguet 2024). Duffy (1960) described the immatures of O. ocellata (Fabricius, 1801) (larva and pupa, described as O. pogonocheroides (Audinet-Serville, 1835 )), from Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Brazil, and O. setigera (Bates, 1864) (larva and pupa, described as Chaetanes setiger Bates), from Guyana. Vitali (2001), described the larva of O. fleutiauxi (Villiers, 1980) (described as Chaetanes fleutiauxi Villiers), from Guadeloupe. Herein, we describe the larva of O. umbrosa (Germar, 1823), the fifth species with known larvae in this genus.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A023C3EE4FD2BE2FC2F012C.taxon	description	(Figs 27 – 50) Description Larva (Figs 27 – 47). Length: ca. 20 mm. Body soft, smooth, yellowish white, subcylindrical, slightly depressed dorsoventrally; mesothorax and abdominal segments VII – IX wider. Head yellowish on distal third, with brown mouth frame and black mandibles; labrum yellowish; maxillae and labium membranous, partially brown; basal region of clypeus and maxillolabial complex yellowish. Pubescence long, yellowish, more concentrate on prothorax, dorsally on anterior region and ventrally (except mediopresternum), and laterally on meso-, metathorax, and all abdominal segments, including abdominal apex. Head (Figs 27, 28) moderately convex, deeply retracted into prothorax, only anterior third exposed, longer than wide, slightly narrowed laterally near middle, converging and strongly rounded posteriorly. Median frontal endocarina short, not reaching epistomal margin; dorsomedian cranial duplicature visible. Frontal sutures visible lateroanteriorly; antennal ring bisected by anterior end of frontal lines. Epistomal margin almost straight; frons anteriorly with transverse carina, parallel epistomal margin; anterior fourth of cephalic capsule with sunken sensilla; three pairs of epistomal setae: one pair at middle and one pair (setae close each other) on each side, near each epistomal lobe; dorsally, each side with three long anterior frontal setae, and six short epicranial setae. Ventrally, each side with six lateral setae, below each stemma, and three hypostomal setae. Stemmata present, one on each side. Foramen entire. Hypostomal line elongate, not reaching foramen. Gular line present with three anterior setae on each side and two anteriorly on each side of gular area. Gular area with sunken sensilla. Antennae (Figs 31, 32) short, robust, extensible, slightly sclerotized with three antennomeres; antennifer long and membranous; first antennomere slightly wider than long, with one ventral campaniform sensillum; second, narrower than anterior, transverse, with two short ventral and one dorsal setae; apically, with one cupuliform membranous sensorium and distal antennomere; distal antennomere narrow, slightly longer than membranous sensorium, almost as long as wide, with rounded apex; apically with five thick setae (two longer) and three short, membranous sensoria. Clypeus (Fig. 29) transverse, trapezoidal and membranous. Labrum (Fig. 29) slightly shorter than clypeus, wider than long, widely rounded; thick setae more concentrated on distal third (six longer). Epipharynx (Fig. 30) densely covered with thick setae directed medially; basal region with short microspines and campaniform sensilla distributed into irregular bands near middle; one sclerite on each side on basal half (tormae). Mandibles (Figs 40 – 47) strongly sclerotized, wide, symmetrical; distal margin widely rounded and declivous; one dorsal, weak, rounded subapical lobe; mesal area without striae; external face concave, striate and with two setae near base. Maxillolabial complex (Figs 28, 34) partially membranous; submentum maxillary articulating areas and cardines fused; each maxillary articulating area with about four setae (one longer). Distal part of maxilla: stipes with brownish, sclerotized, transverse, inclined band; long setae forming an irregular row above sclerotized band; mala wider and shorter than palpus, with rounded apex, triangular sclerotized band near base and numerous long, stick apical setae, dorsally and ventrally. Palpifer membranous, sclerotized on basal 2 / 3, ventrally with long setae concentrated near apex and dorsally near internal margin. Maxillary palpi (Figs 34, 36, 37) trimerous, with complete rings pigmented; first palpomere elongate, ventrally with four moderately long setae and dorsally with six setae; second palpomere almost as long as wide, ventrally (Figs 37) with about seven setae near apex (two longer), and dorsally (Fig. 36) with one long seta and one campaniform sensillum; distal palpomere dorsally with one campaniform sensillum and numerous peg-shaped sensoria at apex. Distal labium: mentum wider than long; each side with three setae near middle. Prelabium well separated; prementum narrowed basally and sclerotized on basal half; membranous area, including papiger, prominent and rounded laterally, with many thick and long thick setae; ligula wide, prominent with rounded apex, with many thick and long setae; palpiger with many setae of varied sizes. Labial palpi dimerous; palpomeres elongate, with complete rings pigmented; first palpomere dorsally (Fig. 39) with one long seta, and ventrally (Fig. 38) with three to four setae on each side and two campaniform sensilla; distal palpomere narrower, with one dorsal campaniform sensillum and numerous peg-shaped sensilla apically; digitiform sensillum absent. Hypopharynx (Fig. 35) continuous with distal margin of ligula, soft and swollen, especially at middle, parallel anterior margin; partially covered with long setae, except median region; slightly sclerotized longitudinal medially. Prothorax, widest segment, longer than twice meso- and metathorax combined; slightly narrowed anteriorly; dorsally with narrow anterior yellowish band; basal ¾ of pronotum rugulose; ventrally with one yellowish patch on each epipleurum. Meso- and metathorax, dorsally and ventrally with two transverse rows of moniliform tubercles. Mesothorax anteriorly with one large elliptical spiracle (Fig. 33), with many marginal chambers on both margins. Abdominal segments I – VII with dorsal and ventral ambulatory ampullae more or less retractile, narrower and longer than thoracic. Ampullae with moniliform tubercles. Segments I – VI dorsally and ventrally with ampullae, each with four transverse rows of moniliform tubercles; segments VII – IX wider; VIII – IX transverse, without ampullae; VIII longer than IX; ampullae narrower and longer toward apex. Epipleural tubercles oval, each with two setae and two sclerotized pits, similar in size. Segments I – VIII with lateral elliptical spiracle. Segment IX without sclerotization; X narrower and rounded with trilobed apex. Dorsal and ventral abdominal intersegmental zones do not meet each other and overlap. Pupa (male) (Figs 48, 49). Length: 15 mm. Coloration cream, darker after fixation. Pubescence very fine and long; each seta inserted at base of one well-visible sclerotized spine of varied sizes; spines increasing in size toward body apex. Head partially visible from above. Each antenna with four setigerous spines at base and two above; two setigerous spines on each internal margin of eyes; six setigerous spines in a basal row at clypeus; each mandible with two setae (spines not visible); labrum with two long setae (spines not visible) near base and some very short at apex. Antennae separately looped back, loop longer than elytra, surpassing ventrite III. Pronotum wider than long and trapezoidal; each side with a triangular tubercle with one basal setigerous spine; a median longitudinal groove; each side of groove with a group of 4 – 5 setigerous spines near base, one group of about 12 setigerous spines just below, and another group with 3 – 5 near middle; at base, some smaller setigerous spines on each side. Mesonotum: each side with one setigerous spine near anterior margin and 4 – 5 setigerous spines on each side. Metanotum with 7 – 8 setigerous spines on each side. Each femur with a crown of setigerous spines near apex. Abdominal segments I – II dorsally, each with two well-developed patches of setigerous spines; segments III – VI, each with one smaller patch anteriorly (sometimes divided) and two wider patches posteriorly; segment VII longer, gradually narrowing apicad, with one patch of setigerous spines near base and one longitudinal band of spines distributed on distal half; segment VIII transverse with sides rounded, surrounding apex of VII, with six setigerous spines on each side; segment IX transverse, sub-rectangular, narrower than anterior, with two spines at apex and one terminal spine on each distal angle (left side with addition of one shorter spine). Six pair of well-visible spiracles.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A023C3EE4FD2BE2FC2F012C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BRAZIL. São Paulo: São Paulo (Parque Estadual da Cantareira), 18. X. 1988, Exp. BIZ 721, 3 dead and fixed larvae and 2 pupae (same sex) with last larval exuviae (MZSP 8663).	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A023C3EE4FD2BE2FC2F012C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Larva of Oedopeza umbrosa is characterized especially by epicranial sutures visible laterally, stemmata present, antennae with three antennomeres, ambulatory ampullae with moniliform glabrous tubercles, and the tergite IX without sclerotization. Each pair of epistomal setae almost equidistant: one pair at middle and one pair (close each other) on each side, near each epistomal lobe. Furthermore, the epistomal margin is almost straight, preceded by parallel carina, and basal ¾ of pronotum rugulose. According to Duffy (1960) the larvae of Oedopeza ocellator and O. setigera have a sclerotized process on tergite IX, not observed in O. umbrosa. Duffy did not describe that process in the former species, but stated: “ similar to that of Eutrypanus incertus Bates, but differing in the structure of the sclerotized process on tergite 9 ”. Eutrypanus incertus Bates, 1864 (currently, Neoeutrypanus incertus) has a transverse elliptical plate on tergite IX. He defined O. setigera as having “ subvertical, keel-shaped, sclerotized process ”, which in his fig. 144, it looks like a prominent narrow sclerotized tubercle; also described the abdominal ampullae of this species as non-tuberculate and microspiculate. Oedopeza fleutiauxi, also has a small transverse sclerotized plate. Comparing the larva of O. fleutiauxi with O. umbrosa, it is verified the following differences (O. umbrosa between parenthesis): basal half of the dorsal head with one longitudinal curved carina on each side (carinae absent); epicranial suture indistinct (visible laterally); pronotum microspiculate (without microspicules); antennae with two antennomeres (three antennomeres); tergite IX with sclerotized tergite (sclerotization lacking); abdominal ampullae microspiculated (with moniliform glabrous tubercles); and the mandible with one dorsal subapical rounded tooth (one dorsal weak rounded subapical tooth). The teeth of mandibles are very difficult to evaluate because they suffer attrition. Even defining whether they are symmetric or asymmetric is not easy; sometimes, the left and right mandibles are a little different, considered here as symmetric and outworn.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A0E3C3EE4FD2875FECA0228.taxon	description	The genus Oxathres Bates, 1864 is composed of 16 species (Tavakilian & Chevillotte 2024). Up to now, the immatures were unknown. Herein we describe the larva and pupa of O. sparsa Melzer, 1927, based on larval and pupal exuviae.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A0E3C3FE4FD2B71FEA70308.taxon	description	(Figs 51 – 70) Descriptions (based on exuviae). Larva (Figs 51 – 60, 62 – 69). Integument of body smooth. Epistomal margin (Fig. 51) almost straight, with a weak anterior carina on clypeus, parallel epistomal margin; three pairs of moderately long epistomal setae, almost same length: one pair at middle and one pair (setae near each other) on each side, near each epistomal lobe. Frontal suture distinct only at antennal base. Stemmata absent, even translucent lens. Antennae (Figs 53, 54) short, extensible, slightly sclerotized with antennifer long and membranous; two antennomeres sclerotized, except apex; first antennomere elongate; second antennomere slightly wider than long, with two ventral campaniform sensilla near base; apex with one elongate cupuliform membranous sensorium, three moderately long setae, and three stout setae of varied sizes. Clypeus (Fig. 51) wider than long, trapezoidal and membranous, with six campaniform sensilla on each side. Labrum (Fig. 51) almost twice wider than long with rounded margins, slightly narrowed basally; moderately long and thick setae more concentrated on distal third; campaniform sensilla disperse near base. Epipharynx (Fig. 52) densely covered with thick setae directed medially; basal region with microspines and campaniform sensilla near middle; basal half with one sclerite (torma) on each side. Mandibles (Figs 62 – 69) strongly sclerotized, symmetrical, short and very wide; apex widely rounded and declivous dorsally; on external view (Figs 64 – 65) with condyle and acetabulum visible, apex almost straight (very worn out); internally without striae; external face concave, striate near condyle, and with two setae near base. Maxillolabial complex (Fig. 55) partially membranous and densely setose; submentum, maxillary articulating areas and cardines fused; maxillary articulating areas with few short setae. Distal maxilla: stipes brownish with sclerotized latero-internal narrow band, continuous with transverse, inclined, punctuate band near base; moderately long setae above sclerotized band and lateral margins; mala wider and shorter than palpus, with rounded apex, with transverse sclerotized band near base and numerous long and thick apical setae dorsally and ventrally. Palpifer dorsally and ventrally almost totally sclerotized and with long and thick setae near apex; dorsally with a lateral triangular sclerotized area near base, long thick setae above triangular area and microtrichiae near apex. Maxillary palpi trimerous, with complete rings pigmented; first palpomere elongate with four moderately long setae and one campaniform sensillum ventrally and four setae dorsally (three lateral) and lateroapical microspines; second palpomere elongate (Fig. 58), narrower than anterior with two ventral setae, and dorsally with one long lateral setae and microtrichiae near apex; distal palpomere narrow and elongate, ventrally with one laterointernal short seta and one lateroexternal campaniform sensillum, dorsally with one campaniform sensillum near middle and one long digitiform sensillum, and at apex several peg-shaped sensoria. Distal labium: mentum wider than long, with several long setae near base (broken, represented by punctures). Prelabium: prementum wider and rounded on distal half, membranous on distal third; palpiger with rounded apex and many thick and long setae; ligula widely rounded with many moderately long and thick setae; Labial palpi dimerous; palpomeres elongate with complete rings pigmented; basal palpomere longer, ventrally with a laterointernal campaniform sensillum and five long setae near apex; distal palpomere narrow, with one ventral campaniform sensillum near middle and several peg-shaped sensilla on apex. Hypopharynx (Fig. 56) soft and swollen covered with thick setae, directed frontally and medially; microsetae laterally near base and short setae near middle; many sensilla at middle. Pronotum with two large slightly sclerotized bands at middle, surrounded by long, stout and dense setae; microspiculate on anterior and basal narrow bands. Thoracic spiracle (Fig. 59) elliptical with many marginal chambers in both sides. Abdominal ampullae (Fig. 61) with microspiculate moniliform tubercles. Tergite IX (Fig. 60) with small dorsal transverse sclerite; abdominal spiracles slightly elliptical. Pupa (exuvia) (Figs 61). Integument dorsally with short setigerous spines of varied sizes; spines increasing in size apicad. Segment VII longer, gradually narrowing apicad, with rounded apex and many well-developed setigerous spines longitudinal medially; segment VIII transverse with sides rounded, four pairs of long setigerous spines near margin, and dorsally, three setigerous setae (one longer) near base; segment VII elongate with apex rounded and several long setigerous spines; segment VIII shorter and narrower than apex of VII, with sides rounded, with four long setigerous spines near anterior margin, and two groups, each with three setigerous spines (one longer) near base; segment IX transverse, sub-rectangular, narrower and shorter than anterior, with four long setigerous spines at distal margin.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A0E3C3FE4FD2B71FEA70308.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BRAZIL. São Paulo: São Paulo (Pq. Estadual da Cantareira), 20. X. 1994, 1 pupa reared to adult (larval and pupal exuviae fixed) (MZSP 8679).	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A0E3C3FE4FD2B71FEA70308.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Larva of Oxathres sparsa is characterized especially by the epistomal margin almost straight; epistomal setae short and not equidistant: one pair at middle and one pair (setae near each other) on each side, near each epistomal lobe; antennae with two antennomeres; stemmata absent; posterior region of the pronotum microspiculate; ambulatory ampullae with microspiculate moniliform tubercles; and the tergite IX with transverse sclerotized plate.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A093C39E4FD286AFDA501E9.taxon	description	The genus Xylergatoides is monotypical and up to now, the immatures were unknown. Herein, the larva and pupa of X. asper (Bates, 1864) are described.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A093C25E4FD2B32FB070158.taxon	description	(Figs 73 – 94) Description Larva (Figs 71 – 89). Length: 19 – 21 mm. Body (Figs 81 – 83) soft, smooth, yellowish white, subcylindrical, slightly depressed dorsoventrally; narrowed from mesothorax to abdominal segment VI abdominal segments VII – IX wider forming a flattened flap on each side. Coloration based in other specimen; Figs 83 – 85 represent larva just moulted. Head light yellow on distal third (exposed area), brownish laterally and ventrally; mouth frame brown; mandibles dark brown; labrum brown on basal 2 / 3; maxillae and labium membranous, partially brownish with brown palpi. Pubescence dense, fine and yellowish to ferruginous, denser and longer dorsally and ventrally on prothorax, and laterally on meso-, metathorax and all abdominal segments including abdominal apex. Ambulatory ampullae irregularly rounded, tuberculate. Head (Figs 71 – 72) moderately convex, deeply retracted into prothorax, only anterior third exposed, longer than wide, narrowed and slightly prominent posteriorly; posterior margin slightly prominent and rounded. Median frontal endocarina short, not reaching epistomal margin; dorsomedian cranial duplicature visible; one longitudinal narrow groove on each side reaching almost whole head length. Frontal suture distinct only at antennal base. Epistomal margin (Figs 71, 73) almost straight; three pairs of epistomal setae of different sizes: two shorter laterally near each epistomal lobe, and one longer more internally, distant from middle; dorsally, each side with four pairs of frontal setae (one shorter); three lateral setae below each antenna and a group of three short setae on each side, near anterior part of longitudinal sclerotized grooved band. Stemmata absent, even translucent lens. Foramen entire. Hypostomal line elongate, almost reaching foramen. Gular lines absent; gular area with two pairs of setae. Antennae (Fig. 75) short, extensible, slightly sclerotized and with two wide and slightly elongate antennomeres; distal antennomere with one dorsal campaniform sensillum near base, and apex with one cupuliform membranous sensorium, sclerotized basally, and two long and four short thick setae. Clypeus (Fig. 73) short, band-shaped with a transverse median irregular brownish band. Labrum (Fig. 73) 1.6 times wider than long; anterior margin widely rounded; lateral margins slightly narrowed on basal half; long and thick setae marginate on distal fourth. Epipharynx (Fig. 74) densely covered with thick setae directed to middle; median basal region with microspines and campaniform sensilla; basal half with one sclerite on each side (tormae). Mandibles (Figs 84 – 89) strongly sclerotized, symmetrical; apex widely rounded, declivous dorsally; one subapical, rounded, weak dorsal lobe; internally keeled near apex and striated at base; distal external half with two irregular, rounded, striate concavities; external face striate and with two setae near base. Maxillolabial complex (Figs 72, 76, 77) partially membranous; submentum, maxillary articulating areas and cardines fused; maxillary articulating areas with setae (broken and represented by punctures in Fig. 77). Distal part of maxilla: stipes with wide brownish, inclined, transverse band; long setae above inclined band and lateral margins; mala slightly sclerotized, wider and shorter than palpus, with rounded apex and numerous long and thick apical setae dorsally and ventrally. Palpifer slightly sclerotized, except apex, with long setae more concentrated ventrally and with microspines dorsally. Maxillary palpi trimerous; palpomeres with complete rings pigmented; first palpomere elongate with crown of setae near apex; second palpomere almost as long as wide, with five setae and one campaniform sensillum ventrally and one seta dorsally; distal palpomere (Fig. 78) with one campaniform sensillum ventrally, one laterointernal dorsal seta, one dorsal palpiform seta, and some peg-shaped sensoria at apex. Distal part of labium: mentum short, transverse, with six pairs of short setae near base. Prelabium well separated; prementum longer than mentum, narrowed and sclerotized at basal half; palpiger partially membranous, rounded laterally with many long setae; ligula elongate, narrow, with distal margin rounded, almost as long as palpi covered with thick short setae. Labial palpi dimerous; palpomeres elongate, with complete rings pigmented; first palpomere with crown of long setae near apex and one ventral campaniform sensillum; distal palpomere with one ventral campaniform sensillum and some peg-shaped sensilla at apex. Hypopharynx (Fig. 78) soft and swollen, marginate anteriorly by long setae; one anterior band of long setae near middle, parallel anterior margin; several campaniform sensilla near middle; one longitudinal, wide band of microspines near middle; one lateral sclerite each side on basal half (tormae). Prothorax trapezoidal, convex dorsally and flat ventrally; dorsally with wide band of yellowish setae anteriorly and laterally; one small yellowish patch on each side anteriorly; larger transverse basal patch covered with microtrichia on basal third of pronotum. Ventrally prothorax with one small yellowish patch on each side and covered with short setae (shorter than dorsal). Meso- and metathorax transverse, together shorter than prothorax; each with one dorsal and one ventral transverse band of setae and one rounded setose area on each side. Mesothorax with a lateroanterior elliptical spiracle with many lateral marginal chambers in both sides (Fig. 79). Abdominal segments, each with one dorsal and one ventral transverse band of setae and one rounded setose area on each side; segments VII – VIII wider; abdominal segments VII – IX with lateral flat and lateral rounded tubercle, slightly sclerotized; segment IX (Fig. 80) slightly narrower than VIII, subtriangular, with a lateral constriction near middle; setose near apex and with one tiny sclerotization near each constriction; segment X apical, rounded with trilobed apex. Segments I – VIII with an elliptical spiracle on each side; segments I – VII, each with one dorsal and one ventral pair of irregular rounded tuberculate ampullae; dorsal and ventral abdominal intersegmental zones do not meet each other and overlap. Pupa (female) (Figs 90 – 91). Length: 16 mm. Coloration yellowish cream. Head partially visible from above. Integument with sclerotized spines, each with one basal ferruginous seta; spines increasing in size to body apex. Frons with five pairs of setigerous spines on each side and one pair at base of each antenna; clypeus with three pairs of setigerous spines, labrum with four smaller setigerous spines with thinner setae; trochanter with a crown near apex. Antennae separately looped back, loop shorter than elytra, reaching ventrite III. Pronotum transverse, narrowed anteriorly; lateral margins forming one rounded and prominent tubercle near basal third and another smaller on hind angles; grooved longitudinal-medially; a transverse row of setigerous spines at middle near anterior margin; setigerous spines dispersed below previous row; a well-developed setigerous spine on each lateral rounded lobe and spines dispersed on basal third. Mesonotum transverse with posteromedial area slightly prominent, slightly grooved longitudinal-medially, with four small setigerous spines on each side. Metanotum almost as wide as long, grooved longitudinal-medially; one irregular inclined band of setigerous spines. Elytra surpassing ventrite III. Abdomen. Tergites I – VI transverse, grooved longitudinal-medially, decreasing in length apicad, with one wide band of well-developed setigerous spines near distal margin, interrupted on middle; tergites II – VI also with spines in a rounded area at middle, near anterior margin; basal band increasing in length apicad; tergite VII narrower and elongate, narrowed apicad with rounded apex, with many setigerous spines near middle; segment VIII narrower, transverse, with two setigerous spines on each side, near middle of lateral margins and four longer dorsal; ventrally segment VIII with 3 – 4 small setigerous spines; segment IX narrower than anterior, almost as wide as long, dorsally with two couples of setigerous setae (one setae shorter), and ventrally with two short spines on each side and three tiny setigerous setae at middle; X short, transverse with apex trilobed, dorsally with one pair of dorsal spines on each side (apical longer) and ventrally with four curved setigerous spines on each side. Functional spiracles laterally on tergites I – VI.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A093C25E4FD2B32FB070158.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Brazil. São Paulo: Peruíbe, 27 – 29. IV. 1981, Exp. MZUSP col., 1 larva reared to adult, 2 larvae and 1 pupa fixed (MZSP 8730).	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
03E715280A093C25E4FD2B32FB070158.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Larvae of Xylergatoides asper is characterized especially by the head slightly narrowed posteriorly, with two longitudinal dorsal narrow grooves; epistomal setae not equidistant: two shorter laterally near each epistomal lobe, and one longer more internally, distant from middle; antennae with two antennomeres; ambulatory ampullae irregularly tuberculate; body narrowed from mesothorax to segment VI; abdominal segments VII – IX wider forming lateral flaps; and tergite IX with one tiny sclerotization near each lateral constriction.	en	Casari, Sônia A., Biffi, Gabriel, Nascimento, Francisco Eriberto L. (2025): Morphology of larvae and pupae of four species of Neotropical Acanthocinini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Zootaxa 5590 (3): 325-344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.3.2
