taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Phrenapates bennettii Gray, 1832; by monotypy.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis In terms of body size, Phrenapates is the largest genus in the subfamily by a large margin (18 – 39 mm long vs Archaeoglenini Watt, 1974 <5 mm and Penetini Lacordaire, 1859 <10 mm). Additionally, Phrenapates is the only genus in the subfamily to possess both clypeal horns and supraorbital tubercles in males and females; other examples of armature in the subfamily include projections on the head (e. g., Peneta Lacordaire, 1859) and / or mandibles (Molion Champion, 1886). The only other genus in the tribe Phrenapatini, Delognatha Lacordaire, 1859, can be differentiated based on the following characteristics: clypeal horns and supraorbital tubercles absent, smaller (less than 8 mm), and mandibles less projected (<the length of the head). Archaeoglenines can be differentiated from Phrenapates by the following characters: extremely small size (<5 mm), procoxal cavity closed laterally by meso- and metaventrites, mesotrochantin not visible; prothorax with distinct anterolateral antennal cavities (Iwan et al. 2015). Phrenapates can be differentiated from penetines as they have mesocoxae with exposed trochantins and prominent mandibles (Watt 1974; Doyen & Lawrence 1979).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	etymology	Etymology No etymology was given in the original description. It potentially derives from the Greek roots ‘ Phren- ’ (‘ place of thought’ / ‘ head / mind’) and ‘ - apata’ (‘ deceitful’ / ‘ cheat’), possibly referencing the head’s morphological similarity to passalids.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 18 – 39 mm, width 6 – 13 mm, specimens measured (n = 105). Color nitidus dark brown to black. Body sub-cylindrical. HEAD. Antennae clavate 11 - segmented with last three antennomeres forming club, each with sensilla on apices. Subgenal ridge slightly dilated distally, tapering near mentum. Mandibles protruding and tridentate, equal to or greater than length of head, medial edge with or without teeth, inner margin crenulate or not. Mandibles with or without small setae on dorsal surface. Galea long and cylindrical with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint or toward apex. Mentum rectangular, slightly widening towards apex, strongly to weakly sculptured, apex with medial notch or not; lateral apices produced or not (Fig. 2). Clypeus apex dilated or not, all species with clypeal horn in both sexes. Clypeal horn variously shaped (Fig. 3) and occasionally slightly twisted or bent to left or right. Supraorbital tubercles present or absent. Eyes generally larger in males than females, roughly circular, undivided, and slightly protuberant. PROTHORAX. Pronotum rectangular, micro-punctate, lateral margin carinate. Posterior of head capsule tucked slightly beneath anterior margin. PTEROTHORAX. Scutellum sub-triangular. Elytral striae with large punctures evenly spaced and interstices with small irregularly spaced punctures. Macropterous. Metaventral groove shallow and broad. LEGS. Tibiae armed with 0 – 5 spines, apex with four pointed spines where tarsi attach. Sparse setae on apices of tibiae and on tarsi. Protibiae with cluster of long apical setae. Pulvilla with four setae. ABDOMEN. Glabrous, shining, and impunctate. Hind margins of abdominal ventrites three and four with membranes exposed. Aedeagus bipartite, parameres slightly dilated apically in lateral view, rounded apically in dorsal view with 4 – 5 setae on each paramere (Fig. 4). Median lobe exits ventrally. Ovipositor reduced to sclerotised coxite 4 and weakly sclerotised paraproct (Fig. 5).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	discussion	Remarks For information on larvae and pupae, see descriptions by Doyen & Lawrence (1979) and pupal descriptions by Bouchard (2019). Status Member of the subfamily Phrenapatinae in tribe Phrenapatini, which is unified by the mesocoxae lacking exposed trochantins and the possession of prominent mandibles (Watt 1974). Phrenapatini includes two genera, Phrenapates and Delognatha. Species included	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A1CFFBAFDCAFB89D46FBCB7.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Figs 6 – 7) Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A13FFBEFDFBFECDD09FB949.taxon	description	Figs 1 B, 2 A, 3 B, 4 A – B, 5 A, 6, 8 C – D, 9 B, 11	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A13FFBEFDFBFECDD09FB949.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates bennettii can be separated from all other known congeners based on the following characters: supraorbital tubercles present, separating this species from P. dux, P. latreillei, P. educator, and P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. The supraorbital tubercles in P. bennettii are shorter than wide (Fig. 8 C – D), separating them from P. gilloglyi (tubercles are taller than wide) and P. ohausi (tubercles are as tall as wide). Clypeal horn ends in a blunted point, unlike the smooth tapered horn in P. ohausi, short horn in P. fortunaensis, and three-pointed horn in P. gilloglyi. Mandibles have crenulations on the inside margin, which differs from P. gilloglyi and P. ohausi. Phrenapates bennettii have variation in the shape of their mentum but never have a notch like that of P. gilloglyi or P. ohausi (Fig. 2 B, H); the mentum has produced lateral apices which differs from P. fortunaensis with rounded lateral apices.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A13FFBEFDFBFECDD09FB949.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designated here) COLUMBIA • ♂; “ Phrenapates / Bennettii / Kirby, Columbia // F. Bates / 81.19 // (red label) LECTOTYPE / Phrenapates / bennettii / Gray 1832 // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23170 ”; Teneb _ base 23170; BMNH. Paralectotypes The two additional specimens from Kirby’s material should be considered paralectotypes. However, we were unable to locate them during this study. Other material examined COLUMBIA • 1 spec.; Bogota; 1924; Teneb _ base 23174; NHMB. COSTA RICA • 2 specs; Puntarenas, Cote Brus, Est Biol. Las Alturas; 8 ° 57 ' N, 82 ° 52 ' W; 26 Mar. 2002; in rotten logs; A. Cline and A. Tishechkin leg.; Teneb _ base 22871 to 22872; AAAG • 1 spec.; Provincia de Puntarenas, Canton Coto Brus. Agua Caliente; Aug. 1986; Nick Zakharoff gift to Cal. Acad. Soi. Coll.; Teneb _ base 23263; CASC • 1 spec.; Cartago 15 km NE of Turrialba; 18 – 21 Apr. 1981; E. Giesbert leg.; Teneb _ base 23261; CASC • 1 spec.; Bebedero [Underwood, 94]; Teneb _ base 23265; MNHN • 1 spec.; San Carlos [78 Plesiotype 161]; Teneb _ base 23186; NHMB • 1 spec.; Puntarenas 8 km S of San Vito; 25 May 1983; Dan Heffern leg.; Teneb _ base 23262; TAMU. ECUADOR • 2 specs; Cachabe. [low c.]; Nov. [96]; Rosenberg leg.; Teneb _ base 23254 to 23255; MNHN • 1 spec.; Equateur Loja Abbé Guajon; Teneb _ base 23253; MNHN. GUATEMALA • 3 specs; Teneb _ base 23250 to 23252; MNHN • 3 specs; St Cristobal, Verapaz; Teneb _ base 23156 to 23158; NHMB • 1 spec.; s. loc.; Teneb _ base 23172; NHMB. HONDURAS • 1 spec.; [Coll. Nonfried]; Teneb _ base 23256; MNHN • 1 spec.; s. loc.; Teneb _ base 23171; NHMB. NICARAGUA • 18 specs; Jinotega, Cerro Kilambé; 1000 m a. s. l.; Jul. 2001; col. M. A. Guatemala; Teneb _ base 23249, 22901, 22903 to 22916, 22935 to 22936; AAAG • 6 specs; Zelaya, Cerro Saslaya; 500 m a. s. l. (Bosque); 7 – 14 Jul. 1999; B. Hernandez leg.; Teneb _ base 22937 to 22942; AAAG • 1 spec.; San Carlos, Rio San Juan, Est. Biol. [Bartola] Selva alta perenfolia; 30 m a. s. l.; 10 ° 58 ' N, 84 ° 20 ' W; 11 Sep. 2000; J. Marquez leg.; en troncos caidos; Teneb _ base 22943; AAAG • 1 spec.; Bluefields; 1 – 3 Apr. 1949; L. E. Long leg.; Teneb _ base 23264; FMNH. PANAMA • 10 specs; Chiriqui prov., 5 km NE of Santa Clara, Hartmann's; 1515 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 50.68 ' N, 82 ° 44.58 ' W; 23 Aug. 2008; A. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22838 to 22847; AAAG • 1 spec.; 9.7 km W of Volcan Chiriqui prov.; 28 Dec. 1991; 1400 m a. s. l.; A. Gillogly and J. H. White leg.; Teneb _ base 22880; AAAG • 2 specs; Cocle Prov., 3 km N of El Yalle, La Mesa; 930 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 38 ' 13 " N, 80 ° 07 ' 28 " W; 21 Jul. 1999; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22848, 22867; AAAG • 2 specs; Cocle Prov., 3 km N of El Valle; Teneb _ base 22868 to 22869; AAAG • 1 spec.; La Mesa, NE side of Cerro Gaital, Cocle Prov.; 850 – 900 m a. s. l.; 13 Oct. 1991; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22870; AAAG • 4 specs; Cocle Prov., NE side of La Mesa, Cerro Gaital; 900 m a. s. l.; 1 Mar. 1992; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22876 to 22879; AAAG • 1 spec.; 10 km N of El Cope, Cocle Prov.; 750 m a. s. l.; 21 Dec. 1991; Teneb _ base 22881; AAAG • 22 specs; Darien Prov. Cana, Pirre Ridge; 1650 m a. s. l.; 7 ° 45.825 ' N, 77 ° 43.325 ' W; 5 May 2008; A. R Gillogly and M. Seid leg.; Teneb _ base 22944 to 22948, 23248, 23332 to 23347; AAAG • 25 specs; Darien Prov. Cana, Pirre Trail; 1560 m a. s. l.; 5 Jun. 1996; A. R Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22969 to 22984, 23348 to 23355, 22902; AAAG • 6 specs; Panama Prov. Cerro Jefe; 894 m a. s. l. 9 ° 13.339 ' N, 79 ° 22.257 ' W; 18 Aug. 2008; Gillogly and Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 22832 to 22837; AAAG • 2 specs; Veraguas Prov., 8 km W of Santa Fe Cerro Tute; 950 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 30 ' 26 " N, 81 ° 6 ' 49 " W; 24 Jul. 1999; A. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22873 to 22874; AAAG • 1 spec.; Veraguas Prov. 4 km N of Alto de Piedra, NW Sta Fe.; 900 m a. s. l.; 10 Apr. 1993; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22875; AAAG • 1 spec.; 4.8 km NNE of Santa Fe Veraguas, Panama Prov.; 700 m a. s. l.; 8 Dec. 1991; Teneb _ base 22882; AAAG • 1 spec.; Chiriqui, Powerline cut N of Lago, Fortuna; 1163 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 44.75 ' N, 82 ° 13.94 ' W; 31 Aug. 2008; A. D. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 18779; ADSC • 1 spec.; Barro Colorado, C. Z.; 3 Feb. 1936; W. J. Gertsch leg.; Teneb _ base 23300; AMNH • 1 spec.; Barriles, Chiriqui; 31 Jan. 1931; Teneb _ base 23302; CASC • 1 spec.; Potrerilles; 25 Jan. 1935; Teneb _ base 23303; CASC • 1 spec.; Bocas Del Toro, 10 km NE of Fortuna Dam; 1036 m a. s. l.; 23 – 26 May 1984; E. Giesbert leg.; Teneb _ base 23301; CASC • 1 spec.; Chiriqui; Champion ex. Gordon and Salvin leg.; Teneb _ base 23299; MCZ • 1 spec.; Chiriqui; Teneb _ base 23304; MNHN • 10 specs, Museum Paris ex coll. E. Oberthur; V. de Chiriqui m de Mathan; 1901; Teneb _ base 23305 to 23314; MNHN • 1 spec.; Cocle Prov. Cerro, Gaitai; 1000 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 36 ' N, 80 ° 10 ' W; 11 Nov. 1992; P. Jolivet leg.; Teneb _ base 23260; MNHN • 4 specs; Chiriqui; Teneb _ base 23162 to 23164, 23178; NHMB • 1 spec.; Chiriqui; Teneb _ base 23173; NHMB • 1 spec.; [Chiriqui 59]; Teneb _ base 23177; NHMB. UNKNOWN • 3 specs; patria; Teneb _ base 23159 to 23161; NHMB.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A13FFBEFDFBFECDD09FB949.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 26 – 39 mm, width 9 – 13 mm, specimens measured (n = 20). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin crenulated. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum weakly sculptured, apex without medial notch; lateral apices produced. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles present; shorter than wide. Clypeal horn arced (in lateral view); ending bluntly at tip. Status Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon (1832) did not designate a holotype from the type series of Kirby’s three specimens from Choco, Columbia. Therefore, a lectotype designation is needed to stabilize the taxonomic status of the species and genus. There is one specimen from Kirby’s collection held by the Natural History Museum in London (BMNH) with the correct locality, which is hereby designated as the lectotype.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A13FFBEFDFBFECDD09FB949.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; South America: Colombia, Ecuador (Fig. 6).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A11FFA1FDCBF998D533BD5E.taxon	description	Figs 2 C, 3 D, 4 C – D, 5 B, 6 – 7, 8 G – H, 12	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A11FFA1FDCBF998D533BD5E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates dux (27 – 36 mm) can be separated from the other large species P. bennettii (26 – 39 mm) and P. ohausi (28 – 39 mm) by its lack of supraorbital tubercles. Other species which lack supraorbital tubercles can usually be separated by size (P. dux 27 – 36 mm vs 18 – 28 mm and 21 – 26 mm in P. latreillei and P. educator, respectively). Phrenapates dux can be separated from P. latreillei through the presence of a tooth on the inner margin of the mandibles (present in P. latreillei, absent in P. dux). The horn in P. dux is especially unique within the genus, being constricted at the base, dorsally flattened on the top, and having an angular arc. Other species without supraorbital tubercles are differentiated by clypeal horns with strong, circular arcs (P. latreillei), or with weak arcs (P. educator). The lateral apices of the mentum are produced in P. dux, rather than rounded of P. ohausi. The dorsal ridge next to the clypeus is not dilated as in P. educator. Mandibles without the crenulations seen in P. bennettii.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A11FFA1FDCBF998D533BD5E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designated here) ECUADOR • ♂; (green label) “ O. Ecuador. / Macas // Phrenapates / dux / X Geb (red label) Cotype! / No. 166 // Sammlung / H Gebien // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23166 ”; Teneb _ base 23166; NHMB. Other material examined BOLIVIA • 1 spec.; Yungas de La Paz; Teneb _ base 23191; NHMB • 1 spec.; Yungas de LePaz, 1000 m; H. Rolle Berlin S. W. N. leg.; Teneb _ base 23184; NHMB. CHILE • 1 spec.; [northern] Chili; 29 Dec. 1973; [C]. G. Minet leg.; Teneb _ base 23259; NHMB. ECUADOR • 1 spec.; Napo, 3 km E of Huaticocha; 0 ° 45.22 ' S; 77 ° 27.84 W; 19 Aug. 1997; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 22949; AAAG • 2 specs; Napo Prov. Archidona, Rio Hollin; 21 Dec. 2001; P. Bravo and E. Vasquez leg; collection R. Diaz; Teneb _ base 23214 to 23215; AAAG • 3 specs; Zatzayacu Oriente; 10 Nov. 1932; Teneb _ base 23222 to 23224; AMNH • 5 specs; El Partidero; 17 – 27 Nov. 1935; Teneb _ base 23225 to 23228, 23233; AMNH • 1 spec; Zatzayacu Oriente; 10 Nov. 1932; Teneb _ base 23229; AMNH • 1 spec; [East] Ecuador Jivaria; 17 Nov. 1905; Ohaus leg.; Teneb _ base 22809; BMNH • 2 specs; Quito F 4724; Teneb _ base 23220 to 23221; CASC • 1 spec.; Macas er.; Teneb _ base 23275; CASC • 1 spec.; Guayaquil SA; Teneb _ base 23199; CASC • 4 specs; 3 – 12 m N of Puyo, Napo Pastaza; 935 m a. s. l.; 9 Nov. 1955; E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross leg.; Teneb _ base 23192 to 23195; CASC • 1 spec.; Lumbaqui; 23 Sept. 1977; Teneb _ base 23201; FMNH • 3 specs; Arajuno; Oct. 1960; L. E. Pena coll. acc. 17 - 422; Teneb _ base 23196 to 23198; FMNH • 1 spec.; Pastaza Jibaria Shurupe; 7 Nov. 1987; Mike Huybensz leg.; Teneb _ base 23202; FMNH • 1 spec.; 1853; Museum Paris Chimborazo, and Pichincha MANDEVILLE; Teneb _ base 23273; MNHN • 1 spec.; 1922; Teneb _ base 23274; MNHN • 2 specs; [East] Ecuador Macas No. 166; Zuña on Huilca MUSEUM PARIS de Macas Cap D'espanay Mars; Teneb _ base 23189 to 23190; NHMB • 2 specs; same location as for preceding; Teneb _ base 23179 to 23180; NHMB • 1 spec.; Panelos (?) [illegible]; Teneb _ base 23185; NHMB • 8 specs; Napo Prov. Archidona; Rio Hollin; 21 Dec. 2001; R. Diaz, P. Bravo and E. Vasquez leg.; Teneb _ base 23234 to 23241; TAMU. GUYANA • 1 spec.; Reg 8, Potaro River, 5 ° 18 ' N, 59 ° 54.635 ' W [WGS 84]; 5 Jun. 2012; R. A. Koch leg.; Teneb _ base 23242; PERC. PERU • 1 spec.; Upper Rio Huallaga; 1 Jan. 1926; Teneb _ base 23230; AMNH • 1 spec.; same data as for preceding; Oct. 1929; Teneb _ base 23231; AMNH • 1 spec.; Rio Huallaga; Oct. 1930; Teneb _ base 23232; AMNH • 1 spec.; same location as for preceding; Teneb _ base 23243; AMNH • 3 specs; Kaieteur, BG.; 6 Aug. 1911; Teneb _ base 23217 to 23219; AMNH • 2 specs; Marcapata; Teneb _ base 23187 to 23188; NHMB • 1 spec.; Cusco Dept. Villa Carmen field station, 1.2 km N of cafeteria; 12.87753 ° S, 71.40153 ° W; 525 – 1000 m a. s. l.; 27 May 2011; D. J. Bennett leg.; hand collecting; PER- 11 - DJB- 036.; Teneb _ base 18774; SEMC. VENEZUELA • 1 spec.; Mt Duida, 1158 m a. s. l., Amazonas; Feb. 1968; J. Rivero; MCZ-Ent 00753334; Teneb _ base 23244; MCZ • 1 spec.; La Escalera Bolivar, on rotten log near a stream; 1000 m a. s. l.; 22 Mar. 1968; J. A. Rivero leg.; MCZ-ENT 000753333; Teneb _ base 23216; MCZ.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A11FFA1FDCBF998D533BD5E.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 27 – 36 mm, width 10 – 12 mm, specimens measured (n = 20). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum weakly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices produced. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles absent. Clypeal horn with wide base, arced (in lateral view); dorsal surface flattened, ending bluntly at tip. Status While the original description does not provide a specific number of specimens examined; it does indicate that there were multiple individuals by providing a size range. Therefore, we designate here a lectotype from the presumed syntype series (see above for label data).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A11FFA1FDCBF998D533BD5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution South America: Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela (Fig. 7).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0EFFA2FDECFD80D3DDB9EF.taxon	description	Figs 3 F, H, 4 E – F, 6, 10 A, 13	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0EFFA2FDECFD80D3DDB9EF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The three species P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov., P. educator, and P. latreillei are noticeably smaller than the other five species (21 – 28 mm in length vs 26 – 39 mm in larger species). Phrenapates erratus was only represented here by the lectotype (Fig. 14), and no additional material was found during this revision. Gebien (1911) noted that P. erratus is very similar to P. educator. Characters he listed were: P. educator displays a strongly concave lower lip (clypeal apex) vs P. erratus, mandibles that are more deeply hollowed out, and the slightly weaker humeral angles of the elytra that show the epipleural keel (which is covered in P. erratus). Upon comparison of P. erratus vs P. educator, many of these characters were either difficult to delineate, or found to include some variation within P. educator. Phrenapates educator is best separated from P. erratus by the distinct carina near the attachment point of the mandible, P. erratus has, instead, a weak carinate bump. The dorsal depression on the mandible is deeply punctate without setae, while the mandible of P. erratus is semi-rugose and has setae. The mentum, though variable, tends to be arcuate in P. erratus and sinuate in P. educator.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0EFFA2FDECFD80D3DDB9EF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designated here) ECUADOR • ♂; (green label) “ W. Ecuador / Pucay 300 m / (Ohaus) XI. 05. // Phrenapates / educator / X Geb // (red label) Type / No. 163 // Sammlung / H Gebien // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23175 ”; Teneb _ base 23175; NHMB. Other material examined COLOMBIA • 1 spec.; Aguaral; Teneb _ base 23183; NHMB. ECUADOR • 1 spec.; St Domingo, Colorados; Jun. 1981; G. Onoré leg.; Teneb _ base 23245; CASC • 4 specs; Balzapampa Route de Quita Prov. de Bolivar; Sep. – Oct. 1893; M. de Mathan leg.; Teneb _ base 23285 to 23288; MNHN • 2 spec.; 1922; Museum Paris Quito Cap D'Espinay; Teneb _ base 23289 to 23290; MNHN • 1 spec.; W. Ecuador Pucay; 300 m a. s. l.; Nov. 1905; Ohaus leg.; Teneb _ base 23169; NHMB.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0EFFA2FDECFD80D3DDB9EF.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 21 – 26 mm, width 7 – 8 mm, specimens measured (n = 6). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated toward apex. Mentum moderately sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices produced. Supraorbital tubercles absent. Clypeal horn weakly arced (in lateral view); ending bluntly at tip. Status While the original description does not provide a specific number of specimens examined; it does indicate that there were multiple individuals by providing a size range (Gebien 1910). Therefore, we designate here a lectotype from the presumed syntype series (see above for label data).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0EFFA2FDECFD80D3DDB9EF.taxon	distribution	Distribution South America: Ecuador, Columbia (Fig. 6).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	description	Figs 2 D, 3 C, 6, 10 C, 14	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis For separation of Phrenapates erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. from larger species and from P. latreillei see the diagnoses for P. latreillei and P. educator, respectively. Morphologically, P. erratus can be difficult to differentiate from P. educator. Phrenapates erratus is best separated from P. educator in the weak carinate bump near the attachment point of mandible, P. educator has a distinct carina in the proximal end. The dorsal depression on mandible is rugose and has setae in P. erratus while in P. educator the dorsal depression is deeply punctate and does not have setae. The mentum, though variable, tends to be arcuate in P. erratus while it is sinuate in P. educator.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named in reference to remedying or editing previously authored taxon names.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designated here) UNKNOWN LOCATION • ♂; (green label) “ Nov. Granada // Phrenapates / Latreillei / Geb // (red label) Type / No. 166 // Sammlung / H Gebien // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23168 ”; Teneb _ base 23168; NHMB.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 23 mm, width 8 mm (n = 1). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated toward apex. Mentum strongly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices produced. Clypeal apex dilated. Supraorbital tubercles absent. Clypeal horn bent weakly downward (in lateral view); ending bluntly at tip. Status Gebien’s first treatment (1910) of Phrenapates presents P. latreillei as a new species in preparation for a subsequent treatment. In 1911, Gebien attempted to stabilize the nomenclature by officially introducing the name Phrenapates latreillei for specimens available to him that were, in his opinion, fitting the species concept. Gebien’s (1910, 1911) treatments appear to be based on the presumption that “ in litt. ” attributions to Dejean (i. e. Gebien 1911, Gemminger and Harold 1870) and Lacordaire’s (1859) species description were invalid. His initial description was based on more than a single specimen (inferred from size range provided) from New Granada (Gebien 1910); however, in 1911 when providing a more detailed redescription of this species, he stated that only a single specimen was available to him, which is here designated as the lectotype to stabilize the concept of the species (see label data above). Furthermore, in the same paper, Gebien (1911) also attributed this species to Dejean (“ in litt. ”), introducing organizational chaos in the nomenclature. Reevaluation of the literature has revealed that Lacordaire’s (1859) description of Phrenapates latreillei does, in fact, meet the requirements of the ICZN (1999) and should be treated as valid. As such, Gebien’s Phrenapates latreillei should be treated as a junior primary homonym of Lacordaire’s (1859) name. A replacement name, Phrenapates erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov., is hereby introduced for Phrenapates latreillei Gebien, 1910. Finally, verification of historical type material shows that Gebien’s (1910) concept of P. latreillei does not match the concept presented by Lacordaire (1859). As such, P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. is hereby treated as a separate species. The investigation conducted here supports a close relation between this species and Phrenapates educator; however, P. erratus remains diagnosable via the weak carina near the proximal end of the mandible and the rugosity of the mandible and the presence of setae. More material is needed to fully test the status of Phrenapates erratus. Finally, we designate a specimen identified as P. latreillei by Gebien in NHMB as the lectotype for Phrenapates erratus (see Type Material of P. erratus above).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0DFFA4FE1DF933D5B4B972.taxon	distribution	Distribution South America: the label information cannot be georeferenced as it refers to a large geographic region (New Granada), which includes areas of Columbia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 92 CCAB 44 - 7 C 22 - 4 F 30 - A 36 F- 79139 C 448612 Figs 2 G, 3 E, 6 – 7, 15	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates fortunaensis Rincon & Smith sp. nov. can be separated from all other known congeners based on the following characters: supraorbital tubercles present, separating this species from P. dux, P. latreillei, P. educator, and P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. The supraorbital tubercles are wider than tall, similar to P. bennettii, but different than in P. gilloglyi Rincon & Smith sp. nov. Mandibles with crenulations on inside margin, as well as with an extra tooth as in P. bennettii, which differs from the smooth inner margin of P. gilloglyi. The mentum lacks an apical medial notch, instead possessing a small projection, giving the appearance of a trilobate mentum (Fig. 2 G).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	etymology	Etymology Species named after the Fortuna Mountains where the specimens were found.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA • Chiriqui Prov., Reserva Fortuna, 3 rd Nov. Trail; 8 ° 45.468 ′ N, 82 ° 15.671 ′ W; 1234 – 1280 m a. s. l.; 1 Sep. 2008; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23482; PERC. Other material examined PANAMA • 1 spec.; Boca d. Toro Prov., 3 km NW of Fortuna Hwy border station; 900 m a. s. l.; 1 Aug. 1997; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23331; AAAG • 2 specs; Bocas del Toro Prov., La Culebra Trail, 5 km N of Boquete; 1500 m a. s. l.; 16 Jul. 1995; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23468 to 23469; AAAG • 1 spec.; Chiriqui Prov. Reserva la Fortuna Cont. Div. Trail; 1300 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 47 ' N, 82 ° 13 ' W; 18 Jan. 1992; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23324; AAAG • 4 specs; Chiriqui Prov, Reserva Fortuna, 3 rd Nov. Trail; 1234 – 1280 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 45.468 ' N, 82 ° 15.671 W; 1 Sep. 2008; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23482 to 23485; AAAG • 3 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Rsva la Fortuna Cont. Div. Trail; 1200 m a. s. l.; 27 Apr. 1996; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23323, 23466 to 23467; AAAG • 10 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Reserva Fortuna, Fortuna Hwy, N of Dam; 1151 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 24.840 ' N, 82 ° 14.562 ' W; 30 Aug. 2008; Gillogly and Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 23472 – 23481; AAAG • 2 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Reserva la Fortuna, powerline cut; 1145 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 44.80 ' N, 82 ° 13.90 ' W; 31 Jul. 2008; A. Gillogly and A. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 23486 to 23487; AAAG • 5 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Rsva Fortuna, 1.7 km N of Dam; 1152 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 44.829 ' N, 82 ° 14.572 ' W; 25 Apr. 2009; A. Gillogly and D. Ward Jr. leg.; Teneb _ base 23317 to 23321; AAAG • 2 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Rsva Fortuna, 3 rd Nov. Trail; 1527 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 45.768 ' N, 82 ° 15.358 ' W; 28 Apr. 2009; A. Gillogly and D. Ward leg.; Teneb _ base 23315 to 23316; AAAG • 2 specs; Chiriqui Prov. Rsva Fortuna, Samudio Trl.; 1090 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 44.1 ' N, 82 ° 14.8 ' W; 27 Apr. 2009; A. Gillogly and D. Ward Jr. leg.; Teneb _ base 23470 to 23471; AAAG • 3 specs; Chiriqui Reserva la Fortuna, Est. Biologica; 1200 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 43 ' 18 " N, 82 ° 14 ' 17 " W; 8 Jul. 1999; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23330, 23464 to 23465; AAAG • 1 spec.; Chiriqui, 3 rd Nov. Trail, on rotten logs; 8 ° 45.47 ' N, 82 ° 15.67 ' W; 1227 m a. s. l.; 1 Sep. 2008; A. D. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 18775; ADSC • 6 specs; Chiriqui, Powerline cut; 1 km NW of Charchita; 8 ° 24.840 ' N, 82 ° 14.562 ' W; 1151 m a. s. l.; 30 Aug. 2008; A. D. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 18766, 18769 to 18773; ADSC • 2 specs; Chiriqui, Powerline cut, N of Lago, Fortuna: 1163 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 44.75 ' N, 82 ° 13.94 ' W; 31 Aug. 2008; A. D. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 18777 to 18778; ADSC • 1 spec.; Chiriqui Fortuna; 82 ° 15 ' W, 8 ° 44 ' N; 20 May 1978; O'Briens and Marshall leg.; Teneb _ base 22814; CASC • 3 specs; Chiriqui Reserva La Fortuna, Hydrographic sta. trail; 28 May 1993; E. G. Riley; Teneb _ base 22811 – 22813; TAMU.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Length 26 – 33 mm, width 9 – 11 mm, specimens measured (n = 20). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles with tooth, inner margin crenulated. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum moderately sculptured, apex without medial notch; lateral apices rounded. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles present; shorter than wide. Clypeal horn very short, weakly arced (in lateral view) and weakly tapered to blunt point.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A0BFFA6FE40F9A4D0EABA53.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America: Panama.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 76 CB 49 A 2 - 518 F- 406 D-B 9 CE-F 161967 E 351 A Figs 2 B, 3 F, 6 – 7, 8 E – F, 16	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates gilloglyi Rincon & Smith sp. nov. can be separated from all other known congeners based on the following characters: supraorbital tubercles present, separating this species from P. dux, P. latreillei, P. educator, and P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. Supraorbital tubercles with a height greater than or equal to the width, separating them from P. bennettii and P. fortunaensis Rincon & Smith sp. nov. Clypeal horn ending in three points, unlike the smoothly tapered horn in P. ohausi. Mandibles with no crenulations or teeth on inside margin, which differs from P. bennettii and P. fortunaensis. Mentum with apical notch, unlike in P. fortunaensis or P. bennettii.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species is named after the passalid taxonomist Dr Alan Gillogly for his donation of specimens and valuable insight.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype PANAMA • ♂; “ Panama, Cocle Prov., 3 km N of El Valle, Cerro Gaital; 900 m a. s. l.; 21 Jul. 1999; A. Gillogly leg.; 8 ° 37 ′ 35 ″ N, 80 ° 6 ′ 53 ″ W; Teneb _ base 23367; Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23367 ”; Teneb _ base 23367; PERC. Other material examined PANAMA • 3 specs; Panama Prov. Cerro Jefe; 894 m a. s. l.; 9 ° 13.339 ' N, 79 ° 22.257 ' W; 18 Aug. 2008; Gillogly and Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 23364 to 23366; AAAG • 2 specs; Cocle Prov., 3 km N of El Valle Cerro Gaital; 900 m a. s. l.; 8 ° 37 ' 35 " N 80 ° 6 ' 53 " W; 21 Jul. 1999; A. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23367 to 23368; AAAG • 1 spec.; Cocle Prov. El Valle, Cerro Gaital; 850 m a. s. l.; Jun. 2008; Daniel Curoe leg.; Teneb _ base 23369; AAAG • 1 spec.; Bocas d. Toro Prov. Tank Hill, 5 km S of Chiriqui Grande; 750 m a. s. l.; 1 Aug. 1997; A. R. Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23370; AAAG • 1 spec.; Cerro Jefe road to Altos de Pacora; 894 m a. s. l.; 9 ° 13.34 ' N, 79 ° 22.26 ' W; 18 Aug. 2008; A. D. Smith leg.; Teneb _ base 18780; ADSC • 1 spec.; Cerro Jefe summit, Panama Prov.; 8 – 10 May 1985; F. T. Hovore leg.; Teneb _ base 22950; CASC • 3 specs; Cerro Jefe; 700 – 800 m a. s. l.; 26 Oct 1969; B. Malkin leg.; Teneb _ base 23356 to 23358; FMNH • 1 spec.; Rio Changena Bocas del Toro R. PAN; Sep. 1961; G. B. Fairchild leg.; Teneb _ base 23322; MCZ.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Length 26 – 33 mm, width 9 – 11 mm, specimens measured (n = 12). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum weakly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices rounded. Supraorbital tubercles present; height greater than width. Clypeal horn straight to weakly arced (in lateral view); ending in three, raised blunt points.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A09FFA8FDAFFA87D349BD3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America: Panama (Fig. 7).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A07FFAAFD9AFD6FD535BCA7.taxon	description	Figs 2 E, 3 G, 4 G – H, 6 – 7, 9 A, 17	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A07FFAAFD9AFD6FD535BCA7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates latreillei has no supraorbital tubercles, separating it from P. bennettii, P. ohausi, P. gilloglyi Rincon & Smith sp. nov. and P. fortunaensis Rincon & Smith sp. nov. The horn of P. latreillei (Fig. 3 G) differs from the unique form of P. dux (Fig. 3 D). Phrenapates latreillei (as well as P. educator) can usually be separated from P. dux (length 27 – 36 mm) as sizes range from 18 – 28 mm. The closest species morphologically to P. latreillei is P. educator. Phrenapates latreillei has a horn with a stronger arc than P. educator (Fig. 3 G – H, respectively). Additionally, there is a tooth on the mandible which is absent in P. educator. The mentum has stronger paramedial ridges and a deeper medial excavation in P. latreillei vs the less sculptured mentum in P. educator. Though not always consistent, the apex of the labrum is often more convex in P. latreillei, whereas it tends to be straight / slightly concave in P. educator.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A07FFAAFD9AFD6FD535BCA7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype [Phrenapates mandibularis syn. nov.] COLOMBIA • ♂; (green label) “ 00; // Phrenapates / mandibularis / X Geb // (red label) Type / No. 165 // Sammlung / H Gebien // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 23167 ”; Teneb _ base 23167; NHMB. Lectotype (designated here) COLOMBIA • ♂; (green rectangle label) “ Phrenapates / Latreillei Dj / Columbia [N J Les] // (green circle label) [unintelligible] / Latreillei Dej / Columb / [unintelligible] ”; MNHN. Other material examined BRAZIL • 1 spec.; Roraima; Whiteley; 6000 m a. s. l.; Teneb _ base 23279; MNHN. COLOMBIA • 1 spec; s. loc.; Teneb _ base 23278; MNHN • 2 specs; s. loc.; Teneb _ base 23276 to 23277; repository unknown. PANAMA • 36 specs; Darien Prov. Cana, Pirre Trail; 1560 m a. s. l.; 5 Jun. 1996; A. R Gillogly leg.; Teneb _ base 23246, 22740 to 22746, 22764 to 22780, 22798 to 22808; AAAG • 10 specs; Darien Prov. Cana, Pirre Ridge; 1650 m a. s. l.; 7 ° 45.825 ' N, 77 ° 43.325 ' W; 5 May 2008; A. R Gillogly and M. Seid leg.; Teneb _ base 23247, 22730 to 22738; AAAG • 1 spec.; Bocas d. Toro Prov., 3 km N of Cont. Div. Trail, Fortuna Hwy; 950 m a. s. l.; 13 Jul. 1996; A. R. Gillogly leg ..; Teneb _ base 22739; AAAG. PERU • 1 spec.; Satipo, Jauja Prov.; Nov. 1945; Teneb _ base 23211; AMNH. UNKNOWN LOCATION • 7 specs; s. loc; Teneb _ base 23203 to 23207, 23209 to 23210; FMNH • 1 spec.; s. loc.; Teneb _ base 23208; MCZ.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A07FFAAFD9AFD6FD535BCA7.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 18 – 28 mm, width 6 – 9 mm, specimens measured (n = 20). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles with additional tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum strongly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices produced. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles absent. Clypeal horn strongly arced (in lateral view); gradually tapering to sharp point. Status The name Phrenapates latreillei was made available by Lacordaire (1859). A specimen matching his provided locality and description was found in the MNHN. As Lacordaire (1859) did not specify the number of studied specimens, only indicating their plural form, a lectotype designation is needed to stabilize the concept of this species. A specimen of the presumed syntype series from MNHN is here designated as a lectotype (see label data above). Investigation of the type material and available descriptions revealed that the morphology of Gebien’s (1910) Phrenapates mandibularis is fully in line with the concept of P. latreillei. As such, P. mandibularis is hereby treated as a junior synonym of P. latreillei.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A07FFAAFD9AFD6FD535BCA7.taxon	distribution	Distribution Central America: Panama; South America: Brazil, Colombia, Peru (Fig. 7).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A05FFACFDE5FBEBD35CBE07.taxon	description	Figs 2 H, 3 A, 4 I – J, 6, 8 A – B, 9 H, 10 B, 18	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A05FFACFDE5FBEBD35CBE07.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Phrenapates ohausi can be separated from all other known congeners based on the following characters: large (28 – 39 mm), generally not overlapping in size with the smaller species P. latreillei, P. educator, P. erratus Rincon, Lumen & Kamiński nom. nov. (18 – 28 mm). In P. ohausi the clypeal horn is thick and arced to an abrupt point (Fig. 3 A), the horn of P. latreillei is thinner and tapers gradually from the base. Mandible without crenulation, unlike P. bennettii and P. fortunaensis Rincon & Smith sp. nov. Supraocular tubercles present, taller than wide (Fig. 8 A – B), unlike in P. bennettii and P. fortunaensis (Fig. 8 C – D), though not as tall as in P. gilloglyi Rincon & Smith sp. nov. (Fig. 8 E – F). Mentum with apical notch that is deeper (Fig. 2 F) than that of P. bennettii (Fig 2 A).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A05FFACFDE5FBEBD35CBE07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (designated here) ECUADOR • ♂; (green label) “ W. Ecuador / Pucay 300 m / (Ohaus) / 7. II. 1908 // 1 // Phrenapates / Ohausi / X Geb // (red label) Cotype! / No. 162 // (on circle yellow border) Paratype // Phrenapates / ohausi Geb / Det. H. Kulzer 1960 // Sammlung / H Gebien // Brit. Mus. / 1961 – 329 // (blue label) Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 22810 ”; Teneb _ base 22810 ”; BMNH. Other material examined ECUADOR • 2 specs; S. Domingo DLC; Mar. 1983; Teneb _ base 23212 to 23213; CASC • 1 spec.; Balzapampa Route de Quita, Prov. de Bolivar; Sep. – Oct. 1893; M. de Mathan leg.; Teneb _ base 23280; MNHN • 1 spec.; Chimbo; 1892; M. de Mathan leg.; Teneb _ base 23284; MNHN • 3 specs; Quito Cap D'Espinay; 1922; Teneb _ base 23281 to 23283; MNHN • 1 spec.; [Bucay]; [1] Nov. 1905; F. Ohs leg.; Teneb _ base 23182; NHMB • 3 specs; [Bucay]; 300 m a. s. l.; 31 Oct. 1905; Ohaus leg.; Teneb _ base 23165, 23176, 23181; NHMB.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A05FFACFDE5FBEBD35CBE07.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Length 28 – 39 mm, width 11 – 12 mm, specimens measured (n = 6). HEAD. Medial edge of mandibles without tooth, inner margin without crenulation. Galea with cluster of bristles situated near midpoint. Mentum weakly sculptured, apex with medial notch; lateral apices rounded. Clypeal apex not dilated. Supraorbital tubercles present; height subequal to width. Clypeal horn arced (in lateral view); thick, tapering to abrupt point. Status While the original description does not provide a specific number of specimens examined; it does indicate that there were multiple individuals by providing a size range. Therefore, we designate here a lectotype from the presumed syntype series.	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
03E6879F5A05FFACFDE5FBEBD35CBE07.taxon	distribution	Distribution South America: Ecuador (Fig. 6).	en	Rincon, Angela, Lumen, Ryan, Kamiński, Marcin J., Smith, Aaron D. (2025): Beneath the bark - Complicated taxonomy: Revision of the darkling beetle genus Phrenapates Gray, 1832 (Tenebrionidae: Phrenapatinae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1012: 49-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1012.3025, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3025/13587
